Lamisil - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AMISIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P A...

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AMISIL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lamisil: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83998-0 1. Lamisil-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Lamisil. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LAMISIL ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Lamisil........................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LAMISIL ........................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Lamisil ......................................................................................... 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LAMISIL ..................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LAMISIL ....................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Dissertations on Lamisil .............................................................................................................. 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND LAMISIL ................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Recent Trials on Lamisil .............................................................................................................. 35 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON LAMISIL.................................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Patents on Lamisil........................................................................................................................ 37 Patent Applications on Lamisil.................................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON LAMISIL ..................................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 43 Chapters on Lamisil ..................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LAMISIL ....................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 45 Academic Periodicals covering Lamisil........................................................................................ 47 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 49 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 50 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63

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Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 LAMISIL DICTIONARY................................................................................................................ 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Lamisil is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Lamisil, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Lamisil, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Lamisil. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Lamisil, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Lamisil. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LAMISIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Lamisil.

Federally Funded Research on Lamisil The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Lamisil. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Lamisil. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Lamisil. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Lamisil: •

Project Title: LAMISIL SPOROTRICHOSIS

IN

CUTANEOUS

OR

LYMPHOCUTANEOUS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Pappas, Peter G.; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

4

Lamisil

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LAMISIL TRICHOPHYTON

TREATMENT

OF

TINEA

CAPITIS

DUE

TO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Connor, James D.; Professor; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for Lamisil in the PubMed Central database: •

Characterization of squalene epoxidase activity from the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and its inhibition by terbinafine and other antimycotic agents. by Favre B, Ryder NS.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163131

•

Clinical Trichophyton rubrum Strain Exhibiting Primary Resistance to Terbinafine. by Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, Isham N, Leitner I, Ryder NS, Ghannoum MA.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148991

•

Comparative Efficacies of Terbinafine and Fluconazole in Treatment of Experimental Coccidioidal Meningitis in a Rabbit Model. by Sorensen KN, Sobel RA, Clemons KV, Calderon L, Howell KJ, Irani PR, Pappagianis D, Williams PL, Stevens DA.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101607

•

Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. by Evans EG, Sigurgeirsson B.; 1999 Apr 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27831

•

Effect of Terbinafine on Theophylline Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers. by Trepanier EF, Nafziger AN, Amsden GW.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105520

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

5

•

Effects of a Squalene Epoxidase Inhibitor, Terbinafine, on Ether Lipid Biosyntheses in a Thermoacidophilic Archaeon, Thermoplasma acidophilum. by Kon T, Nemoto N, Oshima T, Yamagishi A.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134840

•

In Vitro Activities of Terbinafine against Aspergillus Species in Comparison with Those of Itraconazole and Amphotericin B. by Moore CB, Walls CM, Denning DW.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90563

•

In Vitro Activities of Terbinafine against Cutaneous Isolates of Candida albicans and Other Pathogenic Yeasts. by Ryder NS, Wagner S, Leitner I.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105744

•

In vitro activities of terbinafine in combination with fluconazole and itraconazole against isolates of Candida albicans with reduced susceptibility to azoles. by Barchiesi F, Falconi Di Francesco L, Scalise G.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=164012

•

In Vitro Activities of Terbinafine in Combination with Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, and Posaconazole against Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata with Decreased Susceptibility to Azoles. by Perea S, Gonzalez G, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130943

•

In Vitro Comparison of Activities of Terbinafine and Itraconazole against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. by Hahn RC, Fontes CJ, Batista RD, Hamdan JS.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120660

•

In Vitro Comparison of Terbinafine and Itraconazole against Penicillium marneffei. by McGinnis MR, Nordoff NG, Ryder NS, Nunn GB.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89885

•

In Vitro Drug Interaction Modeling of Combinations of Azoles with Terbinafine against Clinical Scedosporium prolificans Isolates. by Meletiadis J, Mouton JW, Meis JF, Verweij PE.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149034

•

In Vitro Interaction of Terbinafine with Itraconazole against Clinical Isolates of Scedosporium prolificans. by Meletiadis J, Mouton JW, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Meis JF, Verweij PE.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89710

•

Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and distribution in tissue of terbinafine and metabolites. by Kovarik JM, Mueller EA, Zehender H, Denouel J, Caplain H, Millerioux L.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163021

•

Naturally azole-resistant Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes are rendered susceptible in the presence of terbinafine: comparative study with azole-susceptible Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. by Rangel H, Dagger F, Hernandez A, Liendo A, Urbina JA.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163622

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Lamisil

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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Terbinafine in Rats and Humans. by Hosseini-Yeganeh M, McLachlan AJ.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127287

•

Successful Treatment of Fluconazole-Resistant Oropharyngeal Candidiasis by a Combination of Fluconazole and Terbinafine. by Ghannoum MA, Elewski B.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95798

•

Synergism of Voriconazole and Terbinafine against Candida albicans Isolates from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. by Weig M, Muller FM.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90406

•

Therapeutic Efficacy of Topically Applied KP-103 against Experimental Tinea Unguium in Guinea Pigs in Comparison with Amorolfine and Terbinafine. by Tatsumi Y, Yokoo M, Senda H, Kakehi K.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132781

•

Use of Terbinafine in Mouse and Rat Models of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia. by Walzer PD, Ashbaugh A.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127063

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Lamisil, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Lamisil (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative double-blind study of terbinafine (Lamisil) and griseofulvin in tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Author(s): del Palacio Hernandez A, Lopez Gomez S, Gonzalez Lastra F, Moreno Palancar P, Iglesias Diez L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 May; 15(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194715&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

7

•

A comparison of terbinafine (Lamisil) 1% cream given for one week with clotrimazole (Canesten) 1% cream given for four weeks, in the treatment of tinea pedis. Author(s): Evans EG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 April; 130 Suppl 43: 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186134&dopt=Abstract

•

A double-blind, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of terbinafine (Lamisil) with fluconazole (Diflucan) in the treatment of onychomycosis. Author(s): Havu V, Heikkila H, Kuokkanen K, Nuutinen M, Rantanen T, Saari S, Stubb S, Suhonen R, Turjanmaa K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 January; 142(1): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651701&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, duration-finding study of oral terbinafine and open-label, high-dose griseofulvin in children with tinea capitis due to Microsporum species. Author(s): Lipozencic J, Skerlev M, Orofino-Costa R, Zaitz VC, Horvath A, Chouela E, Romero G, Gourmala N, Paul C; Tinea Capitis Study Group. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 May; 146(5): 816-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000378&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute fulminant hepatitis after treatment with rabeprazole and terbinafine: is rabeprazole the culprit? Author(s): Andrade RJ, Lucena MI. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 11; 162(3): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822934&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by terbinafine. Author(s): Lombardo M, Cerati M, Pazzaglia A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 July; 49(1): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833034&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis induced by terbinafine. Author(s): Taberner R, Puig L, Gilaberte M, Alomar A. Source: Eur J Dermatol. 2003 May-June; 13(3): 313-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805000&dopt=Abstract

•

Alternate week and combination itraconazole and terbinafine therapy for chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi in Brazil. Author(s): Gupta AK, Taborda PR, Sanzovo AD. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2002 October; 40(5): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462534&dopt=Abstract

8

Lamisil

•

An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of topical terbinafine (Lamisil) 1% cream. Author(s): Hill S, Thomas R, Smith SG, Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 October; 127(4): 396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1419761&dopt=Abstract

•

An open, randomized, comparative study of oral fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine therapy in onychomycosis. Author(s): Arca E, Tastan HB, Akar A, Kurumlu Z, Gur AR. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 March; 13(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006131&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment and prediction of the cutaneous bioavailability of topical terbinafine, in vivo, in man. Author(s): Alberti I, Kalia YN, Naik A, Guy RH. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2001 October; 18(10): 1472-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697475&dopt=Abstract

•

Black piedra: the first case treated with terbinafine (Lamisil). Author(s): Gip L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 April; 130 Suppl 43: 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186138&dopt=Abstract

•

Candida: a review of clinical experience with Lamisil. Author(s): Zaias N. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194 Suppl 1: 10-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154394&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine (Lamisil)--a new topical and systemic fungicidal drug for treatment of dermatomycoses. Author(s): Villars V, Jones TC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 March; 14(2): 124-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689015&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical pharmacokinetics of terbinafine (Lamisil). Author(s): Jensen JC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 March; 14(2): 110-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689012&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical relevance of bioequivalence acceptance criteria. The example of terbinafine. Author(s): Koytchev R, Erenmemisoglu A, van der Meer MJ, Alpan S. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(4): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785126&dopt=Abstract

Studies

9

•

Clinical Trichophyton rubrum strain exhibiting primary resistance to terbinafine. Author(s): Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, Isham N, Leitner I, Ryder NS, Ghannoum MA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 47(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499173&dopt=Abstract

•

Cost effectiveness of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis: an analysis of based on results from the L.I.ON. study. Lamisil versus Itraconazole in Onychomycosis. Author(s): Jansen R, Redekop WK, Rutten FF. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2001; 19(4): 401-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383756&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of oral terbinafine (Lamisil) compared with oral fluconazole (Diflucan) in the treatment of patients with toenail onychomycosis. Author(s): Salo H, Pekurinen M. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2002; 20(5): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994041&dopt=Abstract

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Desipramine toxicity with terbinafine. Author(s): O'Reardon JP, Hetznecker JM, Rynn MA, Baldassano CF, Szuba MP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 March; 159(3): 492. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry 2002 June; 159(6): 1076. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870022&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of terbinafine (Lamisil) in human hair by microbore liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Majumdar TK, Bakhtiar R, Melamed D, Tse FL. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2000; 14(14): 1214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918370&dopt=Abstract

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Doubled dose of oral terbinafine is required for Microsporum canis tinea capitis. Author(s): Koumantaki E, Kakourou T, Rallis E, Riga P, Georgalla S. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 18(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576412&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Lamisil and azole antifungals in experimental nail infection. Author(s): Richardson MD. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194 Suppl 1: 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154398&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of medium composition on static and cidal activity of amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and terbinafine against Aspergillus fumigatus: a multicenter study. Author(s): Tortorano AM, Dannaoui E, Meletiadis J, Mallie M, Viviani MA, Piens MA, Rigoni AL, Bastide JM, Grillot R; EBGA Network. European Group for Research on Biotypes and Genotypes of Aspergillus fumigatus. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 June; 14(3): 246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120878&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desipramine in healthy volunteers identified as cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) extensive metabolizers. Author(s): Madani S, Barilla D, Cramer J, Wang Y, Paul C. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 November; 42(11): 1211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412819&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of terbinafine for nondermatophyte and mixed nondermatophyte and dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis. Author(s): Lebwohl MG, Daniel CR, Leyden J, Mormon M, Shavin JS, Tschen E, Weiss J, Zone J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 40(5): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555003&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of terbinafine 1% emulsion gel in patients with tinea pedis. Author(s): Hollmen KA, Kinnunen T, Kiistala U, Vaananen A, Saarelainen IO, De CC, Decroix J, Broeckx W, Karvonen J. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 January; 16(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952304&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of terbinafine for toenail onychomycosis. Author(s): Wallace GF. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 NovemberDecember; 91(10): 542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734613&dopt=Abstract

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Euclidean and fractal computer-assisted corneofungimetry: a comparison of 2% ketoconazole and 1% terbinafine topical formulations. Author(s): Arrese JE, Fogouang L, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 204(3): 222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037451&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of terbinafine treatment in Leishmania chagasi-infected hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Author(s): Simoes-Mattos L, Teixeira MJ, Costa DC, Prata JR Jr, Bevilaqua CM, Sidrim JJ, Rocha MF. Source: Veterinary Parasitology. 2002 January 28; 103(3): 207-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11750114&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with terbinafine in a liver transplant recipient. Author(s): Walter RB, Lukaschek J, Renner EL, Mullhaupt B, Bachli EB. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2003 March; 38(3): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586307&dopt=Abstract

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Global overview of Lamisil. Author(s): Finlay AY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 April; 130 Suppl 43: 1-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186133&dopt=Abstract

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Hair loss after terbinafine treatment. Author(s): Richert B, Uhoda I, De la Brassinne M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 145(5): 842. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736917&dopt=Abstract

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Histologic changes resembling acute rejection in a liver transplant patient treated with terbinafine. Author(s): Lovell MO, Speeg KV, Havranek RD, Sharkey FE. Source: Human Pathology. 2003 February; 34(2): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612888&dopt=Abstract

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Imipramine toxicity and terbinafine. Author(s): Teitelbaum ML, Pearson VE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 158(12): 2086. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729036&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activities of terbinafine in combination with fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole against clinical isolates of Candida glabrata with decreased susceptibility to azoles. Author(s): Perea S, Gonzalez G, Fothergill AW, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 40(5): 1831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980970&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro activity of amphotericin B, itraconazole, terbinafine and 5-fluocytosine against Exophiala spinifera and evaluation of post-antifungal effects. Author(s): Vitale RG, De Hoog GS, Verweij PE. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2003 August; 41(4): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964723&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro and in vivo studies of the anticancer action of terbinafine in human cancer cell lines: G0/G1 p53-associated cell cycle arrest. Author(s): Lee WS, Chen RJ, Wang YJ, Tseng H, Jeng JH, Lin SY, Liang YC, Chen CH, Lin CH, Lin JK, Ho PY, Chu JS, Ho WL, Chen LC, Ho YS. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 August 10; 106(1): 125-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794767&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro comparison of activities of terbinafine and itraconazole against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Author(s): Hahn RC, Fontes CJ, Batista RD, Hamdan JS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 40(8): 2828-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149337&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro evaluation of combination of terbinafine with itraconazole or amphotericin B against Zygomycota. Author(s): Gomez-Lopez A, Cuenca-Estrella M, Mellado E, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 March; 45(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663161&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro interaction of terbinafine with itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine against Aspergillus spp. Author(s): Mosquera J, Sharp A, Moore CB, Warn PA, Denning DW. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 August; 50(2): 189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161398&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibility of Microsporum canis and other dermatophyte isolates from veterinary infections during therapy with terbinafine or griseofulvin. Author(s): Hofbauer B, Leitner I, Ryder NS. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2002 April; 40(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058731&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro susceptibility testing of ciclopirox, terbinafine, ketoconazole and itraconazole against dermatophytes and nondermatophytes, and in vitro evaluation of combination antifungal activity. Author(s): Gupta AK, Kohli Y. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 296-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932235&dopt=Abstract

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Inappropriate use of oral terbinafine in family practice. Author(s): Wilcock M, Hartley J, Gould D. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 2003 February; 25(1): 25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661473&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent terbinafine for toenail onychomycosis: is it effective? Results of a randomized pilot trial. Author(s): Warshaw EM, Carver SM, Zielke GR, Ahmed DD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 September; 137(9): 1253. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559235&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro activities of terbinafine, itraconazole and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Cladosporium species. Author(s): Kantarcioglu AS, Yucel A. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 December; 14(6): 562-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583546&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro distribution of terbinafine in rat and human blood. Author(s): Yeganeh MH, McLachlan AJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 February; 54(2): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848292&dopt=Abstract

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Is terbinafine responsible for eliciting positive patch tests performed with Lamisil tablets? Author(s): Barbaud A, Reichert-Penetrat S, Granel F, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Schmutz JL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 August; 41(2): 101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10445692&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated thrombocytopenia associated with oral terbinafine. Author(s): Tsai HH, Lee WR, Hu CH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 September; 147(3): 627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207625&dopt=Abstract

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Itraconazole and terbinafine treatment of some nondermatophyte molds causing onychomycosis of the toes and a review of the literature. Author(s): Gupta AK, Gregurek-Novak T, Konnikov N, Lynde CW, Hofstader S, Summerbell RC. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 2001 May-June; 5(3): 206-10. Epub 2001 May 02. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685666&dopt=Abstract

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Itraconazole versus terbinafine in the management of onychomycosis: an overview. Author(s): Jain S, Sehgal VN. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2003 January; 14(1): 30-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745853&dopt=Abstract

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Kerion due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes: responsiveness to fluconazole versus terbinafine in a child. Author(s): Otberg N, Tietz HJ, Henz BM, Haas N. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859959&dopt=Abstract

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L.I.ON. Study: efficacy and tolerability of continuous terbinafine (Lamisil) compared to intermittent itraconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Lamisil vs. Itraconazole in Onychomycosis. Author(s): Sigurgeirsson B, Billstein S, Rantanen T, Ruzicka T, di Fonzo E, Vermeer BJ, Goodfield MJ, Evans EG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 141 Suppl 56: 5-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730908&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effectiveness of treatment with terbinafine vs itraconazole in onychomycosis: a 5-year blinded prospective follow-up study. Author(s): Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH, Steinsson JB, Paul C, Billstein S, Evans EG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 March; 138(3): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902986&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term results in patients with onychomycosis treated with terbinafine or itraconazole. Author(s): Heikkila H, Stubb S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 250-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903235&dopt=Abstract

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Mupirocin vs terbinafine in impetigo. Author(s): Ciftci E, Guriz H, Aysev AD. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 August; 69(8): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356219&dopt=Abstract

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Once daily treatment with terbinafine 1% cream (Lamisil) for one week is effective in the treatment of tinea corporis and cruris. A placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Budimulja U, Bramono K, Urip KS, Basuki S, Widodo G, Rapatz G, Paul C. Source: Mycoses. 2001; 44(7-8): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714065&dopt=Abstract

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One week terbinafine 1% cream (Lamisil) once daily is effective in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: a vehicle controlled study. LAS-INT-06 Study Group. Author(s): Korting HC, Tietz HJ, Brautigam M, Mayser P, Rapatz G, Paul C. Source: Medical Mycology : Official Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 2001 August; 39(4): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556763&dopt=Abstract

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One-week terbinafine 1% solution in pityriasis versicolor: twice-daily application is more effective than once-daily. Author(s): Budimulja U, Paul C. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 March; 13(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006138&dopt=Abstract

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Open label trial of the efficacy and tolerability of Lamisil (Terbinafine) 500 mg once daily in the treatment of onychomycosis due to candida. Author(s): Zaidi Z, Jafri N, Khan K, Hasan P, Kapadia N. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1996 November; 46(11): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9000820&dopt=Abstract

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Oral terbinafine (Lamisil) in the short-term treatment of fungal infections of the skin: results of a post-marketing surveillance study. Author(s): Binder M, Nell G. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(9-10): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592700&dopt=Abstract

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Oral terbinafine (Lamisil) in the treatment of fungal infections of the skin and nails. Author(s): Roberts DT. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194 Suppl 1: 37-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154400&dopt=Abstract

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Oral terbinafine for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in adults. Author(s): Cassano N, Amoruso A, Loconsole F, Vena GA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 41(11): 821-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453014&dopt=Abstract

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Oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: a comparison of continuous and extended-pause regimens. Author(s): Shemer A, Weiss G, Trau H. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 May; 16(3): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195585&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of the use of terbinafine (Lamisil) in children. Author(s): Jones TC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 132(5): 683-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7772471&dopt=Abstract

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Parenteral vitamin D(3) and oral terbinafine for refractory chromoblastomycosis. Author(s): Hussain I, Rashid T, Haroon TS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966710&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic interaction between nortriptyline and terbinafine. Author(s): Van Der Kuy PH, Van Den Heuvel HA, Kempen RW, Vanmolkot LM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 November; 36(11): 1712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398564&dopt=Abstract

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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for terbinafine in rats and humans. Author(s): Hosseini-Yeganeh M, McLachlan AJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 July; 46(7): 2219-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069977&dopt=Abstract

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Pityriasis versicolor: clinical experience with Lamisil cream and Lamisil DermGel. Author(s): Faergemann J, Hersle K, Nordin P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194 Suppl 1: 19-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154396&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of terbinafine (Lamisil) in human and minipig plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): Brignol N, Bakhtiar R, Dou L, Majumdar T, Tse FL. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2000; 14(3): 141-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10637419&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised double blind comparison of terbinafine and itraconazole for treatment of toenail tinea infection. Seventh Lamisil German Onychomycosis Study Group. Author(s): Brautigam M, Nolting S, Schopf RE, Weidinger G. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 October 7; 311(7010): 919-22. Erratum In: Bmj 1995 November 18; 311(7016): 1350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580551&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid response of Trichophyton tonsurans-induced onychomycosis after treatment with terbinafine. Author(s): Aly R, Hafeez ZH, Rodwell C, Frieden IJ, Abrams B. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 41(6): 357-9. Erratum In: Int J Dermatol 2002 November; 41(11): 826. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100692&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivity to trichophytin antigen in patients with onychomycosis: effect of terbinafine. Author(s): Elewski BE, El Charif M, Cooper KD, Ghannoum M, Birnbaum JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 March; 46(3): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862171&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible agranulocytosis associated with oral terbinafine in a pediatric patient. Author(s): Aguilar C, Mueller KK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 October; 45(4): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568763&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of terbinafine (Lamisil) and five metabolites in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using on-line solidphase extraction. Author(s): Zehender H, Denouel J, Roy M, Le Saux L, Schaub P. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1995 February 17; 664(2): 347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7780587&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus induced or exacerbated by terbinafine: a report of 5 cases. Author(s): Callen JP, Hughes AP, Kulp-Shorten C. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 September; 137(9): 1196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559217&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute lupus erythematosus-like eruption due to terbinafine: report of three cases. Author(s): Hill VA, Chow J, Cowley N, Marsden RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 1056. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786843&dopt=Abstract

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Successful 2-week treatment with terbinafine (Lamisil) for moccasin tinea pedis and tinea manuum. Author(s): White JE, Perkins PJ, Evans EG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 September; 125(3): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911319&dopt=Abstract

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Successful control of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection with a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Author(s): Howden BP, Slavin MA, Schwarer AP, Mijch AM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 February; 22(2): 1113. Epub 2003 February 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627286&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of chronic tinea pedis (moccasin type) with terbinafine (Lamisil). Author(s): Savin R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 March; 14(2): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689014&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine (Lamisil) therapy for Microsporum canis scalp ringworm. Author(s): del Palacio A, Cuetara S, Valle A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1998 May; 23(3): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861751&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine (Lamisil) treatment of toenail onychomycosis in patients with insulindependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a multicentre trial. Author(s): Farkas B, Paul C, Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, Horvath A, Fekete G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 146(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903236&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine effectiveness in ketoconazole-resistant mucocutaneous candidasis in polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1. Author(s): Hassan G. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 March; 51: 323. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839367&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine exacerbates psoriasis: case report with a literature review. Author(s): Szepietowski JC. Source: Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2003; 11(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718791&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

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Terbinafine hepatotoxicity resulting in chronic biliary ductopenia and portal fibrosis. Author(s): Anania FA, Rabin L. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 15; 112(9): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079721&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine in fungal infections of the nails: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Haugh M, Helou S, Boissel JP, Cribier BJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 July; 147(1): 118-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100193&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine in the treatment of Trichophyton tinea capitis: a randomized, doubleblind, parallel-group, duration-finding study. Author(s): Friedlander SF, Aly R, Krafchik B, Blumer J, Honig P, Stewart D, Lucky AW, Gupta AK, Babel DE, Abrams B, Gourmala N, Wraith L, Paul C; Tinea Capitis Study Group. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 April; 109(4): 602-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927703&dopt=Abstract

•

Terbinafine quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: application to a bioequivalence study. Author(s): de Oliveira CH, Barrientos-Astigarraga RE, de Moraes MO, Bezerra FA, de Moraes ME, de Nucci G. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2001 December; 23(6): 709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802108&dopt=Abstract

•

Terbinafine: a review of its use in onychomycosis in adults. Author(s): Darkes MJ, Scott LJ, Goa KL. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2003; 4(1): 39-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477372&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine: efficacy and tolerability in young children with tinea capitis due to Microsporum canis. Author(s): Silm H, Karelson M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 May; 16(3): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195561&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine-associated hepatotoxicity. Author(s): Ajit C, Suvannasankha A, Zaeri N, Munoz SJ. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 May; 325(5): 292-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792250&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine-associated taste disturbance with normal taste threshold scores. Author(s): Lemont H, Sabo M. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 NovemberDecember; 91(10): 540-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734612&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine-induced hepatic dysfunction. Author(s): Chambers WM, Millar A, Jain S, Burroughs AK. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 September; 13(9): 1115-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11564966&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine-induced hepatitis and pancytopenia. Author(s): Conjeevaram G, Vongthavaravat V, Sumner R, Koff RS. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 August; 46(8): 1714-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508672&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy and safety of terbinafine in children. Author(s): Gupta AK, Cooper EA, Lynde CW. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 July; 21(3): 511-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956204&dopt=Abstract

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The use of oral terbinafine (Lamisil) in children. Author(s): Krafchik B, Pelletier J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 194 Suppl 1: 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154402&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic options for the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton species: griseofulvin versus the new oral antifungal agents, terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole. Author(s): Gupta AK, Adam P, Dlova N, Lynde CW, Hofstader S, Morar N, Aboobaker J, Summerbell RC. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2001 September-October; 18(5): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737692&dopt=Abstract

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Topical amorolfine for 15 months combined with 12 weeks of oral terbinafine, a costeffective treatment for onychomycosis. Author(s): Baran R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145 Suppl 60: 15-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777260&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Treatment of dermatophyte infection of the finger- and toe-nails with terbinafine (SF 86-327, Lamisil), an orally active fungicidal agent. Author(s): Goodfield MJ, Rowell NR, Forster RA, Evans EG, Raven A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 December; 121(6): 753-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2532927&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of 1% terbinafine HCl (Lamisil) cream for hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis and its transfer into the horny layer. Author(s): Tanuma H, Doi M, Ohta Y, Nishiyama S, Katsuoka K, Kaneko S, Mukai H, Abe M. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(11-12): 417-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204359&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND LAMISIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Lamisil.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Lamisil The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Lamisil” (or a synonym): •

Terbinafine: mode of action and properties of the squalene epoxidase inhibition. Author(s): Sandoz Research Institute, Vienna, Austria. Source: Ryder, N S Br-J-Dermatol. 1992 February; 126 Suppl 392-7 0007-0963

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

•

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to Lamisil; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Athlete’s Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LAMISIL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Lamisil. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Lamisil and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Lamisil: •

A novel sequence element is involved in the transcriptional regulation of expression of the ERG1 (squalene epoxidase) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Author(s): Leber R, Zenz R, Schrottner K, Fuchsbichler S, Puhringer B, Turnowsky F. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2001 February; 268(4): 914-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11179957&dopt=Abstract

•

Ajoene in the topical short-term treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis in humans. Randomized comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Ledezma E, Lopez JC, Marin P, Romero H, Ferrara G, De Sousa L, Jorquera A, Apitz Castro R. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1999 June; 49(6): 544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417874&dopt=Abstract

•

Allylamine antifungal drugs. Author(s): Ryder NS, Mieth H.

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Source: Curr Top Med Mycol. 1992; 4: 158-88. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1732066&dopt=Abstract •

Alterations induced by the antifungal compounds ketoconazole and terbinafine in Leishmania. Author(s): Vannier-Santos MA, Urbina JA, Martiny A, Neves A, de Souza W. Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 1995 July-August; 42(4): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7620457&dopt=Abstract

•

Antiproliferative effects and mechanism of action of ICI 195,739, a novel bis-triazole derivative, on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Author(s): Urbina JA, Lazardi K, Aguirre T, Piras MM, Piras R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 April; 35(4): 730-5. Erratum In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992 January; 36(1): 244. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2069379&dopt=Abstract

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Biosynthesis of sterols and triterpenes in cell suspension cultures of Uncaria tomentosa. Author(s): Flores-Sanchez IJ, Ortega-Lopez J, del Carmen Montes-Horcasitas M, RamosValdivia AC. Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 2002 December; 43(12): 1502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514247&dopt=Abstract

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Case report. A case of chromoblastomycosis effectively treated with terbinafine. Characteristics of chromoblastomycosis in the Kitasato region, Japan. Author(s): Tanuma H, Hiramatsu M, Mukai H, Abe M, Kume H, Nishiyama S, Katsuoka K. Source: Mycoses. 2000; 43(1-2): 79-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10838854&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of Are1p and Are2p to steryl ester synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Author(s): Zweytick D, Leitner E, Kohlwein SD, Yu C, Rothblatt J, Daum G. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2000 February; 267(4): 1075-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10672016&dopt=Abstract

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Drug interactions with itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine and their management. Author(s): Gupta AK, Katz HI, Shear NH.

Alternative Medicine 29

Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 August; 41(2 Pt 1): 23749. Review. Erratum In: J Am Acad Dermatol 2000 January; 42(1 Pt 1): 148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426895&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of allylamine antimycotic agents on fungal sterol biosynthesis measured by sterol side-chain methylation. Author(s): Ryder NS. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1985 July; 131 ( Pt 7): 1595-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3900280&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of ajoene in the treatment of tinea pedis: a double-blind and comparative study with terbinafine. Author(s): Ledezma E, Marcano K, Jorquera A, De Sousa L, Padilla M, Pulgar M, ApitzCastro R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 1): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11050588&dopt=Abstract

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Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibition by the thiocarbamate antifungal agents tolnaftate and tolciclate. Author(s): Ryder NS, Frank I, Dupont MC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 May; 29(5): 858-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3524433&dopt=Abstract

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Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors become fungicidal when combined with calcineurin inhibitors against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei. Author(s): Onyewu C, Blankenship JR, Del Poeta M, Heitman J. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 956-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604527&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental chemotherapy with combinations of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors in murine models of Chagas' disease. Author(s): Maldonado RA, Molina J, Payares G, Urbina JA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 June; 37(6): 1353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8328786&dopt=Abstract

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Export of steryl esters from lipid particles and release of free sterols in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Author(s): Leber R, Zinser E, Hrastnik C, Paltauf F, Daum G. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1995 March 8; 1234(1): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880852&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of squalene synthase and squalene epoxidase in tobacco cells triggers an up-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase. Author(s): Wentzinger LF, Bach TJ, Hartmann MA. Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 September; 130(1): 334-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12226513&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of terbinafine with human serum and serum proteins. Author(s): Ryder NS, Frank I. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1992; 30(6): 451-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1287164&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of action and biochemical selectivity of allylamine antimycotic agents. Author(s): Ryder NS. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988; 544: 208-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3063168&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of terbinafine and itraconazole. Author(s): Leyden J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 May; 38(5 Pt 3): S42-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594936&dopt=Abstract

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ROX1 and ERG regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: implications for antifungal susceptibility. Author(s): Henry KW, Nickels JT, Edlind TD. Source: Eukaryotic Cell. 2002 December; 1(6): 1041-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477804&dopt=Abstract

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Specific inhibition of fungal sterol biosynthesis by SF 86-327, a new allylamine antimycotic agent. Author(s): Ryder NS. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1985 February; 27(2): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4039119&dopt=Abstract

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Terbinafine resistance in a pleiotropic yeast mutant is caused by a single point mutation in the ERG1 gene. Author(s): Klobucnikova V, Kohut P, Leber R, Fuchsbichler S, Schweighofer N, Turnowsky F, Hapala I. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 September 26; 309(3): 666-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963042&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 31

•

Terbinafine: mode of action and properties of the squalene epoxidase inhibition. Author(s): Ryder NS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 126 Suppl 39: 2-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1543672&dopt=Abstract

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The rationale for combination therapy. Author(s): Evans EG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 October; 145 Suppl 60: 9-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777263&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural alterations induced by ICI 195,739, a bis-triazole derivative with strong antiproliferative action against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Author(s): Lazardi K, Urbina JA, de Souza W. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 April; 35(4): 736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2069380&dopt=Abstract

•

Ultrastructural alterations induced by two ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, ketoconazole and terbinafine, on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Author(s): Lazardi K, Urbina JA, de Souza W. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 November; 34(11): 2097-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2073100&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Lamisil; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Athlete's Foot Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Antifungal Agents Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Terbinafine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON LAMISIL Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Lamisil. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “Lamisil” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Lamisil, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Lamisil ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Lamisil. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

In Vitro and in Vivo Investigations into Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: the Role of Reactive Metabolites Produced by the Target Tissue in Terbinafine-induced Cholestatic Hepatitis and Antipsychotic-induced Agranulocytosis by Iverson, Suzanne Leah; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2002, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74756

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

35

CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND LAMISIL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Lamisil.

Recent Trials on Lamisil The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Lamisil.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Safety and Effectiveness of Giving Lamisil to HIV-Positive Subjects With Thrush Who Have Not Responded to Fluconazole Treatment Condition(s): Candidiasis, Oral; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Novartis Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if it is safe and effective to give Lamisil to HIV-positive patients with thrush (a fungal infection) that has not responded to fluconazole. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002394

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

36

Lamisil

The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Lamisil” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

37

CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON LAMISIL Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Lamisil” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Lamisil, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Lamisil By performing a patent search focusing on Lamisil, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

38

Lamisil

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Lamisil: •

Methods for the manufacture of terbinafine Inventor(s): Karimian; Khashayar (18 Pine Cliff Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, CA), Leung-Toung; Regis C. H. S. (3620 Kaneff Crescent, #1412, Mississauga, Ontario, CA), Li; Yiwei (101 Subway Crescent, #1201, Etobicoke, Ontario, CA), Tam; Tim Fat (155 Veneto Drive, Woodbridge, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,817,875 Date filed: September 19, 1996 Abstract: Process for the manufacture of naphthylmethylamine derivatives and among them terbinafine as potential antimycotic agents. Excerpt(s): R.sup.2 is alkyl, branched alkyl, aryl. Alkyl groups include straight and branched chain hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The lower/alkyl groups include straight and branched chain hydrocarbon radicals from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05817875__

•

Use of terbinafine for the therapeutic treatment of pneumocystosis Inventor(s): Contini; Carlo (Rome, IT), De Simone; Claudio (Ardea, IT), Tzoutzoglou; Sonia (Rome, IT) Assignee(s): Mendes s.r.l. (Rome, IT) Patent Number: 5,719,192 Date filed: September 12, 1995 Abstract: A method of use comprising administering terbinafine for the primary and secondary prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, including oral administration of terbinafine at does of 3 to 20 mg/kg/day, to a subject suffering from this type of pneumonia is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This is a 371 of PCT/IT94/00023 filed Mar. 11, 1994. This invention relates to a new therapeutic use for terbinafine ›(E)-N-(6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-inyl)-N-methyl-1naphthalene-methanamine!. More precisely, this invention relates to the use of terbinafine for the therapeutic treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, or pneumocystosis. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is one of the diseases most frequently encountered in new-born, undernourished children and subjects with leukaemia or lymphoma, as well as in transplant recipients or in patients subjected to immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, it is the most frequent infection and the main cause of death in patients suffering from AIDS. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05719192__

Patents 39

Patent Applications on Lamisil As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Lamisil: •

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising terbinafine Inventor(s): Becker, Dieter; (Freiburg, DE), Eugster, Andreas Carl; (Allschwill, CH), Guitard, Patrice; (Hegenheim, FR), Hirsch, Stefan; (Lorrach, DE) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis Corporation; Patent And Trademark Dept; 564 Morris Avenue; Summit; NJ; 079011027 Patent Application Number: 20030017200 Date filed: July 19, 2002 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration comprising terbinafine, a buffering component and a disintegrant. The compositions show rapid disintegration and having taste-masking properties. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oral pharmaceutical composition comprising terbinafine. Terbinafine is known from e.g. BE-PS-853976 and EP-A-24587. It belongs to the class of allylamine anti-mycotics. It is acknowledged in the art and is commercially available under the trade name Lamisil.RTM. Terbinafine is highly active upon both topical and oral administration. While numerous pharmaceutical compositions for topical and oral administration have been proposed, there still exists a need for commercially acceptable terbinafine formulations for oral administration with good patient convenience and acceptance, especially for children or the elderly. One particular difficulty in the formulation of terbinafine in oral pharmaceutical compositions is its unpleasant, e.g. bitter, taste and/or low physical integrity. Applicants have now surprisingly found that pharmaceutically acceptable solid dosage forms of terbinafine showing rapid disintegration in aqueous medium, e.g. upon oral administration, and having an acceptable taste can been obtained by formulating buffered pharmaceutical compositions (hereinafter called compositions of the present invention) comprising terbinafine as the active agent and one or more disintegrants. More specifically, it was found that the inclusion of a suitable buffer in a sufficient amount provided taste-masking properties to the compositions of the invention. Furthermore, these rapidly disintegrating compositions of the invention were found to show high stability and physical integrity, e.g. during storage, handling, packaging and the like, without limiting the disintegration performance of the composition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

40

Lamisil

•

Process for preparing terbinafine and HCI salt thereof Inventor(s): Kim, Hong-Bae; (Kyonggi-do, KR), Ku, Chang-Hoe; (Seoul, KR), Kwon, Kyoung-Chan; (Kyonggi-do, KR), Lee, Tai-Au; (Seoul, KR), Wang, Kyu-Jung; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Michael A. Cantor; 55 Griffin South Road; Bloomfield; CT; 06002; US Patent Application Number: 20030130530 Date filed: December 27, 2002 Abstract: Provided are a process for preparing terbinafine or its HCl salt, which comprises: (a) reacting a furan derivative with a base; (b) performing a reductive alkylation of the resulting compound obtained in the step (a) with N-methyl-1naphthalenemethylamine or its HCl salt; and (c) purifying the resulting compound obtained in the step (b). Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims priority from Korean Patent Application No. 2001-86713 filed Dec. 28, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The present invention relates to a process for preparing terbinafine and its HCl salt useful as an anti-fungal agent. Conventional processes for preparing terbinafine or its HCl salt are disclosed in European Pat. No. 24,587, U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,049, U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,875, J. Med. Chem., 27, 1539 (1984), and Korean Laid-open Pub. No. 2000-65,691. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Process for the preparation of terbinafine Inventor(s): Barreca, Giuseppe; (Montevecchia, IT), Castaldi, Graziano; (Briona, IT), Rossi, Renzo; (Pisa, IT) Correspondence: Bucknam And Archer; 600 Old Country Road; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20020123651 Date filed: February 28, 2002 Abstract: A process for the preparation of terbinafine which comprises the reaction of tert-butylacetylene with a compound of formula (II) 1characterized in that the reaction is carried out in the presence of copper (I) salts and of a base, in the absence of palladium. Excerpt(s): c) reductive amination 1-naphthylmethylamine with trans-6,6-dimethylhept2-en-4-yn-1-al in the presence of formaldehyde and sodium borohydride. Said processes are however not convenient in that the undesired stereoisomer (Z) is also formed, which has then to be removed with chromatographic procedures. U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,875 discloses other processes, which comprise the reaction of N-methyl-1napthalenemethylamine with epichlorohydrin or with bromoacetaldehyde dialkylacetal, followed by the introduction of the alkyne side chain by reaction of the epoxy group with a lithium tert-butylacetylene and subsequent dehydration, or by reaction of the acetal carbonyl with a suitable ilide according to Wittig. In this case also, the Z isomer is still present in addition to the desired isomer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 41

•

Specific monoclonal antibody against terbinafine Inventor(s): Dorobek, Birgit; (Schopfheim, DE), Nussbaumer, Peter; (Maria Enzerdorf, AT) Correspondence: Thomas Hoxie; Novartis Corporation; Patent And Trademark Dept; 564 Morris Avenue; Summit; NJ; 079011027 Patent Application Number: 20030087323 Date filed: August 6, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns monoclonal antibodies to terbinafine in free base or salt form, immunogenic conjugates suitable for preparing them, hybridoma capable of producing them, and corresponding assay kits. The antibodies can be prepared by administering to an appropriate animal an immunogenic conjugate of a suitable derivative of terbinafine covalently linked to an immunogen, recovering antibodyproducing cells sensitized to the conjugate, immortalizing the antibody-producing cells, selecting a resultant immortalized cell line, and recovering the resultant antibodies therefrom. They are indicated for use in particular in the measurement of terbinafine tissue concentration and distribution in bodily fluids or compartments, especially nails. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to monoclonal antibodies. in free form or salt form, particularly hydrochloride salt form, hereinafter briefly named "the antibodies of the invention". Terbinafine is an antimycotic agent marketed worldwide in both oral and topical formulations, particularly for the treatment of fungal infections of the skin, nail and hair. It is a representative of the allylamine class of synthetic antifungal agents, which is chemically and mechanistically distinct from the other antimycotic drugs used clinically. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Lamisil, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Lamisil. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Lamisil. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

43

CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON LAMISIL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Lamisil. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Lamisil include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Lamisil” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Lamisil” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Lamisil” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Lamisil: The Evidence by R. J. Hay, K. Casano; ISBN: 1842140477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842140477/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Lamisil In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Lamisil, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Lamisil using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

45

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LAMISIL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Lamisil.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Lamisil is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Lamisil. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Lamisil” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Lamisil: •

Novartis pulls Lamisil TV ad after FDA complaint Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 29, 2003

•

Lamisil TV ads misleading, should be pulled: FDA Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 29, 2003

46

Lamisil

•

Novartis falls as generic Lamisil looms Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 19, 2002

•

Dr. Reddy's ANDA for generic Lamisil triggers Novartis lawsuit Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 19, 2002

•

Glaxo warns of Lamictal adverse events resulting from confusion with Lamisil Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 03, 2000

•

FDA switches Lamisil solution to over-the-counter status Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 23, 2000

•

Sandoz Cleared to Market Lamisil In U.S. Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 14, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

Periodicals and News

47

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Lamisil” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Lamisil, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Lamisil” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Lamisil Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Lamisil. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Lamisil that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

49

CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Lamisil. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Lamisil. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

50

Lamisil

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Lamisil: Terbinafine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202760.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Lamisil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202666.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

51

APPENDICES

53

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

54

Lamisil

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

55

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 788 1 636 14 0 1439

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “Lamisil” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

57

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

59

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Lamisil can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Lamisil. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Lamisil. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Lamisil”:

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•

Other guides Athlete's Foot http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/athletesfoot.html Drug and Medical Device Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/drugandmedicaldevicesafety.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Nail Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/naildiseases.html Toe Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Lamisil. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

61

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Lamisil. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Lamisil. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Lamisil. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Lamisil” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Lamisil”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Lamisil” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Lamisil” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

63

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

67

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

69

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LAMISIL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agranulocytosis: A decrease in the number of granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils). [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amination: The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-

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COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Producing Cells: Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often Blymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of

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donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the

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buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the

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standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH]

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Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatomycoses: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU]

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Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH]

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Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Veins: Veins which drain the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease: Blockage of the small- or medium-sized hepatic veins due to nonthrombotic subendothelial edema which may progress to fibrosis. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH]

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Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the

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microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer

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detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the

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increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Piedra: Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, moustache and genital areas and is caused by

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Trichosporon beigelii. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from

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otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-

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mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by

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clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolnaftate: A synthetic antifungal agent. [NIH] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trichophytin: Antigens from the genus Trichophyton. Trichophytin has been used in studies of immunological responses to these dermatophytes. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voriconazole: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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INDEX A Adverse Effect, 71, 86 Affinity, 71, 77, 87 Agranulocytosis, 17, 33, 71 Algorithms, 71, 73 Alkylation, 40, 71 Allylamine, 27, 29, 30, 39, 41, 71 Alternative medicine, 46, 71 Amber, 71, 80 Amination, 40, 71 Amine, 71 Amino Acid Sequence, 71, 72 Amino Acids, 71, 72, 84, 85 Analog, 72, 78 Antibodies, 41, 72, 82, 85 Antibody, 41, 71, 72, 75, 80, 82 Antibody-Producing Cells, 41, 72 Antifungal, 12, 13, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41, 72, 78, 81, 88 Antifungal Agents, 20, 29, 32, 41, 72 Antigen, 17, 71, 72, 75, 80 Antimycotic, 4, 29, 30, 38, 41, 72, 75 Antiproliferative, 28, 31, 72 Aqueous, 39, 72, 78 Arterial, 71, 72, 85 Arteries, 72, 73, 76, 82 Aspergillosis, 72, 81 Assay, 41, 72 Atypical, 72, 83 B Bacteria, 72, 82, 87 Base, 40, 41, 72, 76, 81, 84, 85 Basophils, 71, 73, 79, 81 Bewilderment, 73, 76 Bile, 73, 79, 81 Bile Ducts, 73 Biliary, 19, 73 Bioavailability, 8, 73 Biochemical, 30, 73, 84, 86 Biosynthesis, 28, 29, 30, 31, 73, 75 Biotechnology, 4, 6, 46, 55, 73 Bladder, 73, 88, 89 Blastomycosis, 73, 81 Blood Glucose, 73, 81 Blood Platelets, 73, 86, 88 Blood pressure, 73, 87 Blood vessel, 73, 79, 87, 88, 89 Body Fluids, 73, 77, 87

Bowel, 73, 77 Bowel Movement, 73, 77 Branch, 67, 73, 84, 87, 88 Buccal, 73, 82 C Calcineurin, 29, 74 Calcium, 74, 75, 86 Calmodulin, 74 Candidiasis, 6, 35, 74, 78 Capsules, 74, 77 Carcinogen, 74, 78 Cardiac, 71, 74, 77, 83 Case report, 18, 28, 74 Cause of Death, 38, 74 Cell, 12, 28, 30, 41, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89 Cell Cycle, 12, 74 Cell Division, 72, 74 Cell membrane, 74, 75 Central Nervous System, 74, 86 Chemotherapy, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 28, 29, 30, 31, 74 Chronic, 18, 19, 73, 75, 80, 81, 85, 87 Chronic Disease, 75, 81 Clinical trial, 3, 35, 36, 55, 75, 76, 83, 86 Cloning, 73, 75 Clotrimazole, 7, 75 Cod Liver Oil, 75, 78 Coenzyme, 30, 75 Combination Therapy, 31, 75 Complement, 75 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 32, 75 Complementary medicine, 27, 75 Computational Biology, 55, 76 Confusion, 46, 76, 77 Conjugated, 76 Connective Tissue, 76, 78 Contamination, 76, 79 Contraindications, ii, 76 Controlled study, 15, 76 Coronary, 76, 82 Coronary Thrombosis, 76, 82 Curative, 76, 88 Cutaneous, 5, 8, 14, 17, 73, 74, 76, 82 Cytochrome, 10, 76 Cytosine, 76, 78 Cytotoxicity, 71, 76

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D Databases, Bibliographic, 55, 76 Decompensation, 71, 77 Degenerative, 77, 79 Dehydration, 40, 77 Depressive Disorder, 77, 81 Dermatitis, 13, 15, 77 Dermatomycoses, 8, 77 Desipramine, 9, 10, 77 Diabetes Mellitus, 77 Diagnostic procedure, 37, 46, 77 Digestion, 73, 77, 81, 87 Digestive system, 36, 77 Dihydrotestosterone, 77, 86 Dimethyl, 38, 77 Direct, iii, 49, 77, 86 Disorientation, 76, 77 Dosage Forms, 39, 77 Drug Interactions, 50, 77 Duct, 77, 84, 86 E Edema, 77, 79 Efficacy, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 20, 29, 77 Electrolyte, 77, 87 Electrons, 73, 78, 81, 84 Emulsion, 10, 78 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 78 Enzyme, 75, 78, 85, 86, 89 Eosinophils, 71, 78, 79, 81 Epichlorohydrin, 40, 78 Epidermis, 78, 79, 86 Erythrocytes, 78, 84 Esophagus, 77, 78, 87 Extensor, 78, 85 Extracellular, 76, 78, 87 Extraction, 17, 78 F Family Planning, 55, 78 Family Practice, 13, 78 Fibrosis, 19, 71, 78, 79 Fluconazole, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 20, 28, 35, 78 Flucytosine, 12, 78 Fungi, 72, 77, 78, 79, 82, 89 Fungicides, Industrial, 72, 79 G Gallbladder, 73, 77, 79 Gastric, 77, 79 Gene, 27, 30, 73, 79 Genital, 79, 84 Glucose, 73, 77, 79, 81 Governing Board, 79, 85

Granulocytes, 71, 79, 81, 87, 89 Growth, 72, 79, 83 H Heme, 76, 79 Hemolytic, 79, 80 Hemorrhage, 79, 87 Hepatic, 11, 20, 79 Hepatic Veins, 79 Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease, 11, 79 Hepatitis, 7, 20, 33, 79 Hepatitis A, 7, 20, 79 Hepatocytes, 79 Hepatotoxicity, 19, 79 Hepatovirus, 79 Heredity, 79 Hormone, 79, 81, 86, 88 Horny layer, 21, 78, 79 Hybrid, 80 Hybridoma, 41, 80 Hydrogen, 71, 72, 80, 82, 84 Hypersensitivity, 80, 84 I Id, 24, 31, 60, 66, 68, 80 Imidazole, 75, 80 Immune response, 72, 80 Immune system, 80, 82, 89 Immunity, 80 Immunogen, 41, 80 Immunogenic, 41, 80 Immunoglobulin, 72, 80, 82 Immunophilin, 74, 80 Immunosuppressive, 38, 74, 80 Immunosuppressive therapy, 38, 80 Impairment, 73, 80, 82 Impetigo, 14, 80 In vitro, 5, 11, 12, 13, 80 In vivo, 8, 12, 80 Indicative, 43, 80, 84, 89 Infarction, 76, 80, 82 Infection, 9, 17, 18, 21, 35, 38, 73, 74, 80, 82, 84, 87, 89 Inflammation, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82 Insulin, 18, 81 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 18, 81 Intermittent, 4, 9, 13, 14, 81 Intracellular, 80, 81, 86 Ions, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81 Itraconazole, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 28, 30, 81 K Kb, 54, 81

Index 93

Ketoconazole, 10, 13, 18, 28, 31, 81 L Large Intestine, 77, 81, 86 Lesion, 73, 81, 88 Leucocyte, 81 Leukaemia, 38, 81 Leukocytes, 73, 78, 79, 81, 83, 84 Library Services, 66, 81 Lipid, 5, 29, 81 Lithium, 40, 81 Liver, 11, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81 Localized, 80, 82 Lupus, 17, 82 Lymphatic, 81, 82, 87 Lymphocyte, 72, 82 Lymphoid, 72, 81, 82 Lymphoma, 38, 82 M Manic, 81, 82 MEDLINE, 55, 82 Membrane, 74, 75, 82, 83, 86 Meningitis, 4, 78, 81, 82 Mental Disorders, 36, 82 Meta-Analysis, 19, 82 Metabolite, 77, 82, 83 Methionine, 77, 82 MI, 7, 69, 82 Microbe, 82, 88 Microorganism, 82, 89 Molecular, 55, 57, 71, 73, 74, 76, 82, 88 Molecule, 72, 75, 82, 84, 85, 86 Monoclonal, 41, 82 Monoclonal antibodies, 41, 82 Mucocutaneous, 18, 83 Mucosa, 82, 83 Multicenter study, 10, 83 Myeloma, 80, 83 Myocardium, 82, 83 Myosin, 74, 83 N Nausea, 77, 83 NCI, 1, 36, 53, 83 Necrosis, 80, 82, 83 Need, 39, 43, 61, 83 Neoplastic, 82, 83 Neural, 77, 83 Neutrophils, 71, 79, 81, 83 Norepinephrine, 77, 83 Nortriptyline, 16, 83 O Ointments, 77, 83 On-line, 17, 69, 83

Onychomycosis, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 83 Oxidation, 76, 83 P Palladium, 40, 84 Palliative, 84, 88 Pancreas, 77, 81, 84 Pancytopenia, 20, 84 Patch, 13, 84 Patch Tests, 13, 84 Pathologic, 76, 80, 84, 85 Peptide, 84, 85 Petrolatum, 78, 84 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 77, 84 Pharmacodynamics, 10, 84 Pharmacokinetic, 6, 16, 84 Pharmacologic, 84, 88 Phenolphthalein, 78, 84 Phosphorylated, 75, 84 Physiologic, 73, 84, 86 Piedra, 8, 84 Pityriasis, 15, 16, 85 Plasma, 16, 17, 19, 72, 74, 83, 85 Plasma cells, 72, 83, 85 Platelets, 84, 85 Platinum, 84, 85 Point Mutation, 30, 85 Polysaccharide, 72, 85 Potentiates, 77, 85 Practice Guidelines, 56, 85 Prophylaxis, 38, 85 Protease, 75, 85 Protein S, 73, 85 Proteins, 30, 71, 72, 74, 75, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88 Pruritic, 85, 88 Psoriasis, 18, 85 Public Policy, 55, 85 Publishing, 4, 85 Purifying, 40, 85 Pustular, 80, 86 R Radioactive, 80, 83, 86 Randomized, 7, 8, 13, 19, 27, 77, 86 Randomized clinical trial, 19, 86 Receptor, 72, 86 Rectum, 73, 77, 81, 86 Reductase, 30, 86 Refer, 1, 73, 75, 78, 86 Refractory, 16, 86 Regimen, 77, 86 S Salivary, 77, 86

94

Lamisil

Salivary glands, 77, 86 Screening, 75, 86 Secretion, 81, 86 Serotonin, 77, 86 Serum, 30, 75, 86 Side effect, 49, 71, 86, 88 Signal Transduction, 74, 86 Smooth muscle, 71, 87 Sodium, 40, 87 Solvent, 78, 84, 87 Specialist, 61, 87 Species, 5, 7, 13, 20, 71, 80, 82, 87, 88, 89 Spectrum, 75, 81, 87 Spleen, 80, 82, 87 Staphylococcus, 80, 87 Staphylococcus aureus, 80, 87 Stimulus, 87, 88 Stomach, 77, 78, 79, 83, 87 Streptococci, 80, 87 Stroke, 36, 54, 87 Subacute, 17, 80, 87 Subclinical, 80, 87 Subspecies, 87, 88 Systemic, 8, 50, 73, 74, 80, 88 T Testosterone, 86, 88 Therapeutics, 50, 88 Threshold, 20, 88 Thrombocytopenia, 13, 88

Thrombosis, 85, 87, 88 Tinea Pedis, 7, 10, 15, 18, 21, 29, 88 Tissue, 5, 33, 41, 72, 73, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 86, 88 Tolnaftate, 29, 88 Tome, 28, 88 Topical, 8, 10, 20, 27, 39, 41, 50, 84, 88 Toxic, iv, 76, 80, 88 Toxicity, 9, 11, 77, 88 Toxicology, 56, 88 Toxins, 72, 80, 83, 88 Transfection, 73, 88 Trichophytin, 17, 88 Tricyclic, 77, 88 Tuberculosis, 82, 88 U Unconscious, 80, 88 Urethra, 88, 89 Urine, 17, 73, 88, 89 V Vascular, 71, 80, 81, 89 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 89 Virulence, 88, 89 Vitro, 5, 13, 33, 89 Vivo, 33, 89 Voriconazole, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, 89 W White blood cell, 72, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89

Index 95

96

Lamisil

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