KERATOCONUS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET
R EFERENCES
KERATOCONUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Keratoconus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00623-5 1. Keratoconus-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on keratoconus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KERATOCONUS ......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Keratoconus................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KERATOCONUS ......................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 General References ....................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON KERATOCONUS ......................................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Associations and Keratoconus...................................................................................................... 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 77 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 77 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 83 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 84 KERATOCONUS DICTIONARY................................................................................................. 85 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with keratoconus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about keratoconus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to keratoconus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on keratoconus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to keratoconus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on keratoconus. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON KERATOCONUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on keratoconus.
Federally Funded Research on Keratoconus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to keratoconus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to keratoconus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore keratoconus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for keratoconus: •
Project Title: ABNORMALITIES IN KERATOCONUS CORNEAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kenney, Maria C.; Director,Molecular Eye Reseach Lab.; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 900481804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1987; Project End 31-OCT-2002
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Keratoconus
Summary: (provided by applicant): Keratoconus is a corneal disorder characterized by excessive thinning of the stroma, severe irregular astigmatism and decreased visual acuity. It is a leading indication for corneal transplantation within the United States. Its pathogenesis is characterized by increased activities of degradative enzymes, altered processing of oxidative stress-related molecules, increased focal fibrosis and apoptosis. The underlying defect(s) that initiates these changes or ties them together is still not clear. During the past three years we have applied differential display technology, Smart cDNA synthesis and nucleic acid array analysis to keratoconus corneas and cell cultures. Approximately 3,000 genes have been screened for differential expression between normal and keratoconus. We found abnormalities in two distinct signal transduction pathways, (1) a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (leukocyte common antigen related protein- LAR) and (2) a receptor tyrosine kinase (ErbB3), its ligand (heregulin) and downstream factors, PYK2, EPB-l and TOB. Our data also show that KC corneas have increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and accumulation of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic by-product of nitric oxide. We hypothesize that KC corneas have a defect in their ability to process free radicals and have upregulation of these signal transduction pathways. This results in abnormal protein phosphorylation patterns, which contributes heavily to the pathogenesis of keratoconus. To test this hypothesis we propose the following specific aims: Specific Aim #1 will identify the LAR isoforms within the normal and keratoconus corneas and charactize changes in tyrosine phosphorylation patterns as a result of LAR activity. Specific Aim #2 will identify specific ErbB family members and heregulin isoforms present within keratoconus corneas and in vitro KC cell cultures. The nucleic acid array data demonstrating up-regulation of PYK2, JNK, EPB-l and TOB will be confirmed at the RNA (RT-PCR, Northern analyses, in situ hybridization) and protein levels (immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis). Specific Aim #3 will address whether nitric oxide donors or peroxynitrites can affect the tyrosine phosphatase (LAR) or the tyrosine kinase (ErbBIPYK2/JNK) pathways. Proteins that undergo changes in nitration as a result of peroxynitrite accumulation will be identified. Specific Aim #4 will determine if the addition of heregulins, nitric oxide donors or peroxynitrites are capable of causing normal cells to change to the phenotype associated with KC. These studies will provide fundamental insights into KC pathogensis and may provide a basis for therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADAPTABLE RASTERSTEREOGRAPHIC CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilder, Steve E.; Biomec Systems, Inc. 1507 Chambers Rd Columbus, Oh 43212 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): A unique technology has been developed by PAR Vision Systems for measuring corneal surface shape that is not reliant on specular reflection and therefore not dependant on high quality optical surfaces or strict alignment criteria. The system developed was an elevation system measuring corneal height directly rather than indirectly through slope measurements used by the leading Placido systems. A unique group of patients that would greatly benefit from this technology has been identified by BIOMEC and includes the following: 1) advanced keratoconic patients with scarring, 2) penetrating keratoplasty patients and 3) eye banking applications with non-fixating globes and potential epithelial defects. The main objective of the proposed research is to develop the existing PAR technology into a
Studies
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functional system for intra-operative topology. The aims of this phase are to modernize the existing PAR hardware to work with modem computer systems and to add novel new software algorithms to dynamically "untilt" images obtained from nonfixating globes. This system will allow real-time imaging of corneal topography for intraoperative applications; a system which is not currently available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF KERATOCONUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yue, Beatrice Y.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Scis; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1981; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Keratoconus (KC) is a blinding disease that progressively thins and scars the central cornea. We have instituted a program and have accumulated a significant body of information regarding the basic biologic defects in KC. We have shown, at both the protein and mRNA levels, that the expression of degradative enzymes such as acid hydrolases is elevated in KC corneas as compared to controls, whereas that of inhibitors such as alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI) is down-regulated. Such alterations have led us to theorize that degradation processes may be one of the mechanisms affected in KC. Furthermore, the coordinated regulation of multiple genes hints of involvement of transcriptional controls. A survey of several transcription factors revealed increased SP1 expression in KC corneas. We now hypothesize that SP1 may be an important factor regulation the enzyme and/or inhibitor genes affected in KC conditions. Preliminary data showed that SP1 does confer a down-regulatory effect on the promoter activity of the alpha1-PI gene in corneal stromal cells. In this renewal application, we propose to further test the SP1 hypothesis. We will determine whether, and to what extent, SP1 upregulates or down-regulates the expression of the enzyme and inhibitor genes altered in KC. The promoter regions of these genes will be ligated to reported genes and the constructs will be used to transfect human corneal stromal and epithelial cells for promoter activities. Co- transfection with an SP1 expression vector will be conducted to assess the effects of enhanced SP1 expression on the promoter activities. The levels of enzymes and inhibitors in corneal cells overexpressing SP1 will be studied in both tissue in both tissue culture and organ culture settings to determine whether overexpression on SP1 results in enhanced expression of enzymes or suppressed expression of inhibitors. The transfected corneal cells will also be mixed with Matrigel in a threedimensional lattice and the effects of SP1 over-expression on the matrix integrity will be monitored. We will also determine whether the abnormality increased SP1 in KC is due to increased mRNA transcript, altered mRNA stability, or decreased protein turnover, and will examine the possible upstream scenarios leading to the SP1 up-regulation in KC corneas. Cytokines and aberrant developmental regulation are speculated to be possible contributing factors for the SP1 gene abnormality in KC. The modulation of the SP1 expression by cytokines, particularly interleukin-I and its receptor will be examined. The SP1 expression and the DNA binding activity at developmental stages will be studied using mouse eyes from embryonic stages to adults. The expression pattern of enzyme and inhibitor genes such as alpha1-PI will be evaluated in parallel. Finally, differentially expressed mRNAs in the epithelium and stroma KC corneas will be identified using differential display and subtractive hybridization techniques. Comparisons between KC, age-similar normal human corneal tissues, and other diseased controls will be made. Special attention will be paid to genes of relevance to SP1 expression and/or maturation and differentiation. The results should held identify potential candidate genes in both the stroma and epithelium of KC corneas and provide
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a direction for future genetic studies. We hope to gain further insights into the molecular events associated with KC conditions and to better illustrate the fundamental mechanisms operative in normal corneas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLEK STUDY CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY READING CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmahon, Timothy T.; Ophthalmology and Visual Scis; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Corneal Topography Reading Center (CTRC) provides data collection, quality control, storage, database generation and data analysis of corneal topography acquired during the CLEK Study. Corneal topography measurements are an ever increasingly important tool for the detection, diagnosis and long term management of keratoconus. Characterizing the longitudinal changes in corneal curvature is a major CLEK Study outcome variable. This proposal provides documentation and the rationale for establishing the CTRC to incorporate this valuable data set into the overall CLEK analysis picture. The CLEK Study elected, at the outset, to collect corneal topography data on all CLEK Study subjects, and elected not to establish or budget for a reading center or a set of specific aims to analyze these data due to concerns about the accuracy, precision, and interpretation of the curvature data produced. This proposal addresses each of these areas and provides the rationale for analyzing the growing data set. This proposal seeks support for a period of five years to provide for salaries, equipment, computer programming support, consultants, supplies and travel. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLEK STUDY PHOTOGRAPHY READING CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Barr, Joseph T.; None; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: The Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Photography Reading Center (CPRC) provides objective, independent photographic verification of two important components of the CLEK Study: 1.) the presence, absence, and degree of severity of corneal scarring in all study eyes and, 2.) the rigid contact lens fit (fluorescein pattern) in all study eyes that wear rigid contact lenses, as well for the first rigid contact lens base curve that provides clearance of the corneal apex. This proposal provides documentation of the CPRC's ability to perform these functions with high sensitivity and specificity. This proposal also provides a description of the day-today organization of work, quality control and data management procedures required to insure the scientific integrity of the CLEK Study and to insure the orderly operation of the CPRC. Documentation of the capabilities of the proposed CPRC Staff for the performance of the Study in accord with the details of the CPRC Operations Manual and with the CLEK Study Operations Manual is provided. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CLEK-COORDINATING CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Gordon, Mae O.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: The objective of the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus(CLEK) Study is to characterize the progression of keratoconus over a broad spectrum of disease severity. The study will include patients ages 12 through 65 inclusive with evidence of corneal irregularity in at least one eye and either Fleishers ring; Vogt's striae or corneal scarring in at least one eye. Progression of keratoconus will be measured by changes in corneal curvature (keratometry), visual acuity (high and low contrast Bailey-Lovie), visual quality of life (Javitt Visual Function Questionnaire), incidence of central corneal scarring, and contact lens required for definite apical clearance. Thirteen clinics will participate in recruiting and following a total of 1000 patients with keratoconus. Patients will be examined annually for the study for a minimum of 3 years. Resource enters for the study include the Study Chairman's office at the University of California-Berkeley, Photography Reading Center at Ohio State University, and the Data Coordinating Center at Washington University Medical School in St. Louis. The DCC is responsible for the conduct of the study in collaboration with the Executive Committee, Steering Committee, Policy Advisory Board and representatives of the National Eye Institute. The DCC is responsible for the study design, management of study data, monitoring the performance of the Reading Center and participating clinics, preparation of performance reports, analysis of data and presentation of results. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COLLABORATIVE KERATOCONUS STUDY
LONGITUDINAL
EVALUATION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Zadnik, Karla S.; Glenn A. Fry Professor of Optometry And; None; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: Keratoconus is typically characterized by marked irregular corneal astigmatism and corneal thinning, resulting in long-term dependence on rigid gas permeable contact lenses for correcting the corneal irregularity and producing usable vision. Keratoconus is diagnosed typically during young adulthood, and the disease compromises vision during the patients' prime education and earning years. It is one of the most common diseases managed by cornea specialists and accounts for much of the time spent by contact lens practitioners. Currently employed management methods typically include, successively, spectacle correction, rigid contact lenses, and penetrating keratoplasty as the disease progresses. The objective of the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study is to characterize the progression of keratoconus over a broad spectrum of disease severity. The Study will include patients 12 through 65 years of age who have unilateral corneal irregularity and evidence of either Vogt's striae, Fleischer's ring, or corneal scarring in at least one eye. The progression of keratoconus will be measured by changes in visual acuity (high and low contrast Bailey-Lovie with best correction, habitual correction, and manifest refraction), visual quality of life, corneal curvature (keratometry), the contact lens base curve required for definite apical clearance of the cornea, and central corneal scarring. Thirteen Participating Clinics will recruit and follow a total of 1,000 keratoconus patients. CLEK Study patients will be examined annually for three years. Resource centers for the CLEK Study are the Study Chairman's Office at the University of California at Berkeley School of Optometry, Berkeley, California, the CLEK Data Coordinating Center at Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, and
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Keratoconus
the CLEK Photography Reading Center at The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORNEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bourne, William M.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1978; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The cornea is the clear window through which the eye sees. The studies in this grant proposal are designed to answer questions concerning the cells of the cornea, how they respond to preservation, transplantation, disease, and topical drug therapy, as well as how they protect themselves from ambient ultraviolet light. Most of the studies are concerned with human corneas. Human corneal cells will be photographed and analyzed in vivo in transplanted corneas, in corneas with keratoconus and Fuchs' dystrophy, and in corneas after long-term contact lens wear or topical ocular hypertensive therapy. A tandem scanning confocal microscope will be used to image the stromal keratocytes in these conditions and determine their number. The instrument will also determine epithelial thickness and stromal light reflectivity. A endothelial specular microscope will be used to image and count the endothelial cells. A unique series of 500 consecutive patients with corneal transplants will be examined at 5-year intervals 15, 20, and 25 years after transplantation in order to learn the long-term course of these operations and the importance of various preoperative and surgical factors. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) in newly transplanted human corneas and human corneal cryopreservation will be studied in a xenograft model. Finally, the high concentrations of ascorbate (vitamin C) in the corneal epithelium will be investigated in humans, guinea pigs, and rabbits as a possible mechanism by which the ocular cells are protected from the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CUSTOMIZED CONTACT LENSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Yoon, Guenyoung; Ophthalmology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Wavefront aberrations in the eye's optics degrade vision. These aberrations, including many higher order aberrations that are not corrected by conventional spectacles, are especially severe in patients with keratoconus and in patients who have had penetrating keratoplasty. Accurate measurement and correction of these higher order aberrations could result in substantial improvements in vision. However, little wave aberration data can be obtained from patients with these conditions, primarily because existing wavefront sensors have too small a dynamic range to measure the large aberrations in these eyes. Moreover, even if measurements were available, there are few available therapeutic alternatives. The research objectives of this bioengineering research project are to develop a robust wavefront sensor, with a large dynamic range, that will reliably diagnose the wave aberrations in highly aberrated eyes, and to develop a customized contact lens that can compensate for most of these aberrations. The key to expanding the dynamic range of the wavefront sensor is the use of a translational plate that increases spacing between wavefront sensing spots. The key to developing the contact lens is the use of high-power laser ablation of the contact lens based on the measurements with the wavefront sensor.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENES FOR KERATOCONUS AND OCULAR FEATURES IN TRISOMY 21 Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergwerk, Katherine L.; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 900481804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: This application for a Mentored Patient-Oriented Clinical Scientist Development Award (K23) seeks support for Katherine Bergwerk, MD, a staff ophthalmologist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), who recently completed a Clinical fellowship in Ophthalmic Genetics at CSMC and U.C.L.A.'s Jules Stein Eye institute. Under the mentorship of Julie R. Korenberg, MD, PhD, and Yaron S. Rabinowitz, MD, Dr. Bergwerk will pursue investigation of gene loci for keratoconus and other ocular abnormalities in patients with partial trisomies and tetrasomies of chromosome 21. Identifying a gene for keratoconus may allow for early detection of the disease and may enable medical therapy to be developed to retard its progression. This will obviate the need for the current therapy of multiple complex contact lens fittings or corneal transplantation surgery. Keratoconus is a major cause of visual disability and one of the leading causes for penetrating keratoplasty in the United States. In the process of completing comprehensive ocular examinations on these rare patients for keratoconus, attempts will be made to make genotype-phenotype correlations of other eye abnormalities in patients with Down syndrome. Dr. Rabinowitz is a prominent researcher in the field of ophthalmic genetics, who has established a candidate region for a keratoconus gene locus. This region is a 5.4 centimorgan (cM) region which is 11 cM distal to the centromere on the long arm of chromosome 21 (see appendix A). Review of the literature suggests that keratoconus may occur as much as 300 Xs more commonly in Down syndrome patients than in the general population. Dr. Korenberg is a renowned molecular geneticist who has served on the Human Genome Project for defining genes on Chromosome 21. Her unique population of partial trisomy Down syndrome patients are the ideal group to use in refining a gene locus for keratoconus and to make genotype- phenotype correlations of ocular features of Down syndrome. Under Dr. Rabinowitz and Dr. Korenberg's mentorship and with institutional support from the Divisions of Medical Genetics and Ophthalmology at CSMC, Dr. Bergwerk will further her training in clinical genetic research, and enhance her skills in clinical and molecular genetics. Dr. Bergwerk aspires to achieve her goal of becoming an independent investigator who is capable of solving clinical problems in a research laboratory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC FACTORS IN KERATOCONUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rabinowitz, Yaron S.; Professor; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 900481804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1993; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Keratoconus (KG) is a noninflammatory thinning disorder of the cornea with an incidence of approximately 1/2000 in the general population. As the etiology of KG is still unknown, there have been no effective therapeutic measures for the treatment of KC other than contact lenses and cornea transplantation. Association with rare genetic syndromes, observation of apparent autosomal dominant pedigrees, and results from complex segregation analysis
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Keratoconus
all suggest that the genetic factors may play an important role in the susceptibility of KC. The overall goal of this application is to identify susceptibility genes for KC by (1) more clearly refining our topographic criteria for detecting subclinical KC (KC 'suspects') through longitudinal topographic analysis of our existing cohort of patients and their relatives, (2) recruiting additional KC families suitable for nonparametric linkage analysis, and (3) performing a two stage genome-wide screen with model free linkage and association methods. Specifically, all existing study subjects (-2000) will undergo ocular evaluation and videokeratography over the next 5 years to observe longitudinal and clinical topographic changes in order to examine the relationship of videokeratography variables to biomicroscopic indicators of disease status and to develop more refined criteria for 'mildly affected' (subclinical) KC family members (Aim 1). We will recruit an additional 195 keratoconus families with at least 5 family members available to be phenotyped to provide an independent set of families to confirm the linkage findings from the initial scan (Aim 2). We will employ a two stage genomewide screen approach with two sets of families (initial panel and confirmatory panel) and two levels of markers (initial screen markers and fine mapping markers) to identify chromosomal regions linked to KC. Quantitative videokeratographic indices will be used as primary phenotypes in linkage analysis. After the linked regions are confirmed in the second sample, association studies will be carried out for candidate genes in the linked regions to identify specific susceptibility alleles. Identifying genes contributing to the pathogenesis of KG may provide insights into devising medical therapy to arrest its progression and prevent the need for multiple contact lens changes and/or cornea transplantation in select hiah risk individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF CORNEAL ALLOGRAFTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Niederkorn, Jerry Y.; Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1988; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Corneal transplantation is the oldest, most common, and arguably, the most successful form of organ transplantation. In the United States alone, over 45,000 corneal transplants are performed annually. Less than 10% of first time, uncomplicated keratoplasties will fail. By contrast, the rejection of second corneal allografts or keratoplasties performed on vascularized graft beds rises to over 65%. The leading cause of corneal graft failure - whether it occurs in the low risk keratoconus patient or the high risk host who has rejected a previous corneal transplant - is immune rejection. Understanding the immune mechanisms of corneal graft rejection and developing strategies to prevent alloimmune responses are of paramount importance in preserving vision and preventing blindness in a very large population of patients. These two goals will be pursued by addressing three specific aims. The first aim will determine the immune mechanisms of corneal graft rejection that do not involve the participation of CD4+ T cells. The roles of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factoralpha, and CD95-induced apoptosis will be explored prospectively. The second specific aim will ascertain the immune effector mechanisms that culminate in corneal graft rejection in "high-risk" hosts. Based on previous studies from our laboratory and others, we predict that the mechanisms invoked to reject corneal allografts in "high-risk" hosts are fundamentally different from those mediating rejection in normal, first-time hosts. The third specific aim will further characterize the clinical parameters of oral immunization as a strategy for reducing the risk of corneal graft rejection. Oral administration of alloantigenic cells from corneal allograft donors induces the down-
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regulation of immune responses to donor alloantigens and as a result, enhances allograft survival. This phenomenon is termed "oral tolerance" and holds promise for reducing the risk of corneal allograft rejection in the "high-risk" patients. All three of these aims will be addressed in a well-characterized mouse model of penetrating keratoplasty. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR DEHYDROGENASE
MECHANISMS
AND
CORNEAL
ALDEHYDE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Vasiliou, Vasilis; Director; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The long-range goal of this project is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of expression and the role of the corneal Class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH3c; mouse AHD4). Studies in several mammalian species, including human, have revealed high AHD4 expression in cornea. Although this enzyme represents a major (10-40 percent) corneal soluble protein, its function and molecular mechanism(s) of expression in cornea remain unclear. It has been suggested that AHD4 might play a critical role in cornea by maintaining transparency and/or redox balance, facilitating absorption of UV light, and disposing of UV generated cytotoxic aldehydes. Genetic variants of AHD4 are known to exist in mice and humans. The SWR/J mouse strain, which exhibits a low AHD4 phenotype, shows extensive corneal clouding after UV exposure, compared with that in other mouse strains having high ocular AHD4 activity. They have cloned the AHD4 cDNA from SWR/J mouse cornea and found that this gene is indeed polymorphic. A correlation between the low AHD4 enzymatic activity phenotype and keratoconus (and other corneal pathology) has been reported in humans. They have previously cloned and sequenced the mouse Ahd4 gene. The principal investigator has recently identified the promoter and enhancer elements in a 3.2-kb 5' flanking region of this gene that are presumably involved in corneal expression. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the corneal AHD4 expression, as well as its protective role in the eye, they therefore propose to: 1) characterize cis-and/or trans-regulatory DNA elements responsible for cornea-specific Ahd4 gene expression. Ahd4 promoter/enhancer-luciferase DNA constructs will be used to transfect corneal epithelial cells lines available in their laboratory. in vitro footprinting and gel retardation assays will be used to characterize the cornea-specific DNA elements. 2) characterize the Ahd4 polymorphism in mice. To elucidate functional or structural differences in AHD4 protein variants, they will clone allelic cDNAs in expression vectors and express them in prokaryotic and human corneal cell lines. 3) develop a knockout mouse line having homozygous disruptions in the Ahd4 gene. These mouse lines will allow them to study the physiologic and protective role of corneal AHD4 against oxidative damage caused by UV irradiation. These studies will greatly enhance the understanding about the regulation and the role of the corneal Ahd4 gene. Because of conservation between human and mouse, and human polymorphisms in the ALDH3c gene are known to exist, these studies should help elucidate the Ahd4 gene as a genetic factor in the UVR-induced eye damage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL ABERROMETER FOR WAVEFRONT MEASUREMENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Otten, Leonard J.; Kestrel Corporation 3815 Osuna Ne Albuquerque, Nm 87109
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Keratoconus
Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A clinical instrument is needed for accurate, repeatable measurements of corneal aberrations in patients with significant anterior segment abnormalities, such as cataracts, keratoconus, corneal scarring from previous corneal surgery, for example and specifically, scarring caused by sutures from previous penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) Retinal photography for this same population of the patient cannot be easily accomplished due to the scintillation and scatter caused by cataracts or corneal aberrations Our approach uses a state-of-the-art, patented technique in wavefront sensors and adaptive optics to address this problem in eye care. A technology based on diffraction-grating wavefront sensing (DG WFS) has been demonstrated by Kestrel Corporation in laboratory tests. This application proposes to apply the DG WFS technology to a portion of the patient population base from which it is difficult to obtain quality retinal images or for whom it is a significant challenge to make topographical measurements due to corneal aberrations The aim of the project is to compare wavefront measurements using standard wavefront technology based on Shack-Hartmann sensors with our diffraction grating-based sensor The ability of the DG WFS to make measurements where the Shack-Hartmann sensor breaks down will be demonstrated on human subjects with significant anterior segment aberrations (cornea and lens) or corneal scarring The commercial application is significant A fundus imager that will produce high quality, high resolution images of subjects with significant anterior segment abnormalities, such as cataracts, will have high demand in a market that relies heavily on imaging for diagnostic information Topographic measurements of this same patient population also represent a significant commercial application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OPTICAL AND NEURAL FACTORS IN NIGHT VISION Principal Investigator & Institution: Coletta, Nancy J.; Associate Professor; None; New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The prevailing illumination affects one's ability to see spatial patterns. The long term goals of this project are to explain how optical and neural factors in the human visual system affect spatial visibility at low luminance. Prior research in this laboratory shows that the eye's optical quality is detrimental for vision in dim light. Spatial vision is also limited by the density of visual neurons and the prior research indicates that the retinal image becomes more coarsely sampled by the visual system as the light level decreases. The perception of suprathreshold patterns is altered at dim light levels and this may be caused, in part, by changes in the spatial sampling properties of vision. The proposed study is comprised on behavioral experiments on human observers. 1) The first specific aim is to study the effects of abnormal optical quality on vision at low luminance. A rapid, objective technique to measure the eye's optical quality may allow one to predict a patient's visual performance at low luminance. Efforts to improve retinal image quality may enhance the patient's night vision. 2) The second aim is to quantify the optical and neural contributions to peripheral spatial vision at low luminance. The peripheral retina is the most sensitive retinal area under dim illumination, yet the optical quality of the eye is reduced for offaxis viewing. Experiments are proposed to measure the peripheral optical quality in normal eyes and to determine whether enhancement of the peripheral optics, such as by correcting astigmatism, would improve visibility in the peripheral visual field for night vision tasks. Peripheral sensitivity also varies according to the stimulus orientation. These meridional differences in sensitivity are due, in part, to optical astigmatism but
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they may also have a neural origin. Neural sensitivity will be examined for different orientations by measuring spatial contrast sensitivity with interference fringes that are formed directly on the retina. 3.) The third aim is to investigate the sampling density of peripheral neurons for different stimulus orientations. The density of retinal neurons can be inferred from psychophysical studies of aliasing. Under dim illumination, aliasing reflects the sampling rate of a more proximal stage of neurons than the retinal photoreceptors. Aliasing will be examined for various stimulus orientations to determine if the sampling rate is coarser for certain orientations. Differences in the sampling rate may responsible for the meridional variation in sensitivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OPTICAL PERFORMANCE
AND
RETINAL
LIMITS
TO
HUMAN
VISUAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Thibos, Larry N.; Professor; Visual Sciences; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of our research program is to understand how optical and retinal factors constrain the quality of visual experience. In central vision, poor optical quality of the eye is the chief cause of poor visual performance on many visual tasks, especially in clinically abnormal eyes. We propose to use newly developed technologies to investigate the underlying physiological mechanisms which are responsible for these optical limitations to vision. The results will improve our understanding of the optical consequences of clinical conditions such as dry eye and keratoconus, which may ultimately lead to new diagnostic and treatment strategies. Aim 1 is to test the hypothesis that the corneal tear film provides an optically smooth refracting surface which reduces light scatter and refractive aberrations that would otherwise degrade the retinal image and reduce visual performance. This hypothesis predicts that disruption of the tear film by blink suppression will expose the underlying rough, irregular surface of the cornea, thereby increasing light scatter and refractive aberrations which will degrade the retinal image. The predicted outcome is blurry vision and reduced visual performance. To test these predictions we will use a Shack-Hartmann aberrometer to objectively measure refractive aberration and light scatter simultaneously at 200 or more points in the eye's pupil. The results will be compared with topographic maps of tear film disruption obtained simultaneously by fluorescein and by retro-illumination imaging of the pupil. Image quality will also be compared with visual acuity and contrast sensitivity during tear film disruption. Aim 2 is to test the hypothesis that corneal shape is responsible for the majority of the eye's refractive aberrations. In the process, we also aim to resolve the current controversy over whether optical aberrations due to corneal shape compensate or exacerbate the aberrations of the remaining optical elements of the eye. This hypothesis will be tested in normal eyes and in clinical patients with highly abnormal corneal shape caused by the corneal disease keratoconus. We will measure the aberrations of the cornea with topographic videokeratoscopy for comparison against aberrations of the whole eye measured with the Shack-Hartmann aberrometer. The effect of corneal aberrations and scatter in keratoconic eyes on visual performance will also be measured by using simulated retinal images computed with an optical model of the keratoconic eye as visual stimuli for normal eyes. Aim 3 is to develop a comprehensive, quantitative optical model of the eye which accounts for constraints on retinal image quality and on visual performance imposed by optical imperfections of the eye. Results from our studies of the optical function of the tear film and cornea will be
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incorporated in to the optical model to provide a quantitative, functional description of the effect of the eye's optical imperfections on retinal image quality and on visual performance in normals, dry-eye patients, and keratoconus patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOBIOLOGY OF CORNEAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Farthing-Nayak, Pamela J.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Keratoconus, an inherited corneal dystrophy which is characterized by progressive stromal thinning, severe nearsightedness, irregular astigmatism and scarring in the visual axes, is a leading cause of corneal transplantation in the US. Despite years of investigation into the genetics and biochemistry of keratoconus, we are only beginning to understand the primary causes and secondary pathobiology of this complex disease. Current investigations have targeted specific groups of molecules, and several labs have recently initiated studies to examine diseasespecific changes in gene expression at the RNA level. However RNA and protein expression levels rarely correlate because of differences in synthesis and degradation rates, especially in a transcriptionally static tissue such as cornea. The ultimate function of the gene resides in the protein, and this function can be modulated by posttranslational modifications such as alternative glycosylation and phosphorylation. Recent advances in 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and proteomic bioinformatics have made it feasible for small academics labs to utilize proteomic technology. In addition to comparing relative expression levels of proteins in a mixed population, 2D gel electrophoresis also provides insight into the post-translational modifications of these proteins. The specific goal of this pilot and feasibility RO3 grant application is to use modern proteomic techniques to elucidate novel proteins whose expression is altered relative to controls in keratoconus. These proteins will be Identified using mass spectrometry, amino acid sequencing and proteomic database comparisons. Proteins which are not represented in public sequence databases will be further characterized by cDNA cloning. Identified proteins will be grouped into expression profiles according to possible roles in the pathobiology of this disease. It is expected that this pilot project will lead to the acquisition of a body of data which will significantly enhance our understanding of the pathobiology of corneal disease. This body of data will be made accessible to the community using a web-based interactive 2D database of corneal proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL BASES FOR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CORNEAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccally, Russell L.; Principal Staff Physhysict; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective is to understand how fibrillar and lamellar structures determine the optical properties of normal, diseased and edematous corneas and corneas that have undergone refractive surgery procedures. The Specific Aims are: 1) Determine the structural bases for diffuse clouding or haze seen in corneas that are edematous or have certain dystrophies; 2) Relate the optical properties of birefringence and small-angle polarized light scattering (SALS) in normal corneas and corneas with certain dystrophies to the underlying lamellar and fibrillar structures; and
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3) Determine if light scattering from sources such as micro-striae following LASIK or haze following PRK is correlated with measurements of visual performance. Aims 1 and 2 test the model or hypothesis that measurements of light scattering or birefringence properties made on fresh tissues can provide direct indications of the presence of certain structures that are suggested by histology or by structure models. The general goal is to uncover the indicator(s) most appropriate for a given tissue. Aim 3 tests the hypothesis that objective measurements of light scattered in backward directions can be used to predict clinically significant visual impairment (e.g., reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, particularly under low luminance conditions). Aims 1 and 3 have obvious clinical significance. Aim 2 has significant implications regarding the interpretation of clinical measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness using scanning laser polarimetry and to the possible in vivo detection of alterations in lamellar ultrastructure that are suggested by x-ray measurements of corneas with keratoconus. For Aims 1 and 2 the approach is to use novel analytical techniques (developed by this team) which relate light scattering and birefringence properties of normal and abnormal corneas to their structures revealed by histology in conjunction with experimental measurements of the particular light scattering or birefringence properties to test these relationships in fresh tissues. For Aim 3, we will use the APL developed scatterometer to make objective measurements of corneal scattering in refractive surgery patients and in rabbits that have undergone PRK or LASIK. Measurements from patients will be correlated with clinical measurements of visual performance that are being done as part of another research project. For the rabbit study, resolution and F.A.C.T. charts will be imaged through freshly excised corneas and the potential degradation in visual performance will be correlated with scatterometer measurements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with keratoconus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “keratoconus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for keratoconus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of two methods of evaluating cornea-to-contact lens base curve fluorescein patterns in keratoconus. Author(s): Fink BA, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Pierce GE, Schechtman KB, Rah MJ, Flom R, Zadnik K; CLEK Study Group. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2001 August; 78(8): 589-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525550
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A locus for autosomal dominant keratoconus maps to human chromosome 3p14-q13. Author(s): Brancati F, Valente EM, Sarkozy A, Feher J, Castori M, Del Duca P, Mingarelli R, Pizzuti A, Dallapiccola B. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004 March; 41(3): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985379
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A locus for autosomal dominant keratoconus: linkage to 16q22.3-q23.1 in Finnish families. Author(s): Tyynismaa H, Sistonen P, Tuupanen S, Tervo T, Dammert A, Latvala T, Alitalo T. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2002 October; 43(10): 3160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356819
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A novel locus for Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA4) with anterior keratoconus mapping to chromosome 17p13. Author(s): Hameed A, Khaliq S, Ismail M, Anwar K, Ebenezer ND, Jordan T, Mehdi SQ, Payne AM, Bhattacharya SS. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2000 March; 41(3): 629-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10711674
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A profile of keratoconus in New Zealand. Author(s): Owens H, Gamble G. Source: Cornea. 2003 March; 22(2): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605045
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A quantitative corneal topography index for detection of keratoconus. Author(s): Dastjerdi MH, Hashemi H. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1998 July-August; 14(4): 427-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9699167
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A summary of the findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. CLEK Study Group. Author(s): Szczotka LB, Barr JT, Zadnik K. Source: Optometry. 2001 September; 72(9): 574-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575695
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Acute keratoconus with perforation in a patient with Down's syndrome. Author(s): Stoiber J, Muss W, Ruckhofer J, Grabner G. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 January; 87(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488278
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Advanced glycation end-products in corneas of patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Dawczynski J, Franke S, Blum M, Kasper M, Stein G, Strobel J. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2002 April; 240(4): 296-301. Epub 2002 March 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981644
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Aid for keratoconus patient. Author(s): McDonald JE 2nd. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 March; 27(3): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11322136
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Altered expression of growth factors and cytokines in keratoconus, bullous keratopathy and diabetic human corneas. Author(s): Saghizadeh M, Chwa M, Aoki A, Lin B, Pirouzmanesh A, Brown DJ, Ljubimov AV, Kenney MC. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 2001 August; 73(2): 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11446768
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Altered organization of collagen in the apex of keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Radner W, Zehetmayer M, Skorpik C, Mallinger R. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1998; 30(5): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704337
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Anomalies of binocular function in patients with longstanding asymmetric keratoconus. Author(s): Sherafat H, White JE, Pullum KW, Adams GG, Sloper JJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 September; 85(9): 1057-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11520756
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Anterior keratoconus associated with unilateral cornea guttata. Author(s): Darlington JK, Mannis MJ, Segal WA. Source: Cornea. 2001 November; 20(8): 881-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685071
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Applying wavefront sensors and corneal topography to keratoconus. Author(s): Marsack J, Milner T, Rylander G, Leach N, Roorda A. Source: Biomed Sci Instrum. 2002; 38: 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085653
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Association between anterior and posterior keratoconus. Author(s): Vajpayee RB, Sharma N. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 26(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9630305
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Association of keratoconus and Avellino corneal dystrophy. Author(s): Igarashi S, Makita Y, Hikichi T, Mori F, Hanada K, Yoshida A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 87(3): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12598463
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Association of keratoconus and Mobius' syndrome. Author(s): Gusek-Schneider GC, Langenbucher A, Seitz B. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2001 January-February; 38(1): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11201920
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Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis. Author(s): Bawazeer AM, Hodge WG, Lorimer B. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 84(8): 834-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10906086
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Automated keratoconus detection using the EyeSys videokeratoscope. Author(s): Chastang PJ, Borderie VM, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Rostene W, Laroche L. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 May; 26(5): 675-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10831896
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Bardet-Biedl syndrome and keratoconus. Author(s): Francois J, Neetens A, Smets RM. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1982; 203: 117-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7187614
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Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Author(s): Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Jameson M, McMahon TT, Shin JA, Sterling JL, Wagner H, Gordon MO. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1998 December; 39(13): 2537-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9856763
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Between-eye asymmetry in keratoconus. Author(s): Zadnik K, Steger-May K, Fink BA, Joslin CE, Nichols JJ, Rosenstiel CE, Tyler JA, Yu JA, Raasch TW, Schechtman KB; CLEK Study Group. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus. Source: Cornea. 2002 October; 21(7): 671-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352084
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Bilateral circumscribed posterior keratoconus. Author(s): Chan DQ. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 September; 70(9): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10547973
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Bilateral keratoconus after LASIK in a keratoconus patient. Author(s): Chiang RK, Park AJ, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 April; 29(2): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695710
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Bilateral keratoconus associated with Hashimoto's disease, alopecia areata and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Kocak Altintas AG, Gul U, Duman S. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999 April-June; 9(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435426
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Bilateral keratoconus in a patient with gyrate atrophy and hyperornithinemia. Author(s): Chen CJ, Furr P. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1983 May; 95(5): 705-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6846463
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Bilateral keratoconus in Crouzon's syndrome. Author(s): Perlman JM, Zaidman GW. Source: Cornea. 1994 January; 13(1): 80-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8131412
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Bilateral keratoconus posticus circumscriptus: a case report. Author(s): Bowman KJ, Carney LG, Collin HB. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1979 July; 56(7): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=517635
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Bilateral keratoconus with ocular hypertension and the natural cure of one eye. Author(s): Bisaria KK. Source: J All India Ophthalmol Soc. 1967 October; 15(5): 197-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5602376
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Bilateral penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Tuft SJ, Gregory WM, Davison CR. Source: Ophthalmology. 1995 March; 102(3): 462-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7891986
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Bilateral pigmented retinopathy following measles: long-term follow-up and possible association with keratoconus. Author(s): Peduzzi M, Torlai F, Delvecchio G. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1991 July-September; 1(3): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1841672
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Bilateral progressive essential iris atrophy and keratoconus with coincident features of posterior polymorphous dystrophy: a case report and proposed pathogenesis. Author(s): Blair SD, Seabrooks D, Shields WJ, Pillai S, Cavanagh HD. Source: Cornea. 1992 May; 11(3): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1587135
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Bilateral severe keratoconus after laser in situ keratomileusis in a patient with forme fruste keratoconus. Author(s): Lafond G, Bazin R, Lajoie C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 July; 27(7): 1115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489585
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Bilateral versus unilateral penetrating graft in keratoconus. Author(s): Malbran ES, Fernandez-Meijide RE. Source: Ophthalmology. 1982 January; 89(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7041035
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Binding sites for human interleukin 1 alpha, gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor on cultured fibroblasts of normal cornea and keratoconus. Author(s): Fabre EJ, Bureau J, Pouliquen Y, Lorans G. Source: Current Eye Research. 1991 July; 10(7): 585-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914496
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Biochemical investigation of cells from keratoconus and normal cornea. Author(s): Ihme A, Krieg T, Muller RK, Wollensak J. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1983 May; 36(5): 625-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6852137
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Biomechanical properties of keratoconus and normal corneas. Author(s): Andreassen TT, Simonsen AH, Oxlund H. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1980 October; 31(4): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7449878
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Biomicroscopic signs and disease severity in keratoconus. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Author(s): Zadnik K, Barr JT, Gordon MO, Edrington TB. Source: Cornea. 1996 March; 15(2): 139-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8925661
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Blepharoptosis-induced superior keratoconus. Author(s): Kim T, Khosla-Gupta B, Debacker C. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 130(2): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11004300
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Can true monocular keratoconus occur? Author(s): Mahon L, Kent D. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2004 March; 87(2): 126; Author Reply 126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040781
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Changes in anterior and posterior corneal curvatures in keratoconus. Author(s): Tomidokoro A, Oshika T, Amano S, Higaki S, Maeda N, Miyata K. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 107(7): 1328-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10889107
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Changes of axial length and keratometry after keratoplasty for keratoconus using the guided trephine system. Author(s): Italon C, Pieh S, Hanselmayer G, Kahraman G, Kaminski S, Skorpik C, Dejaco-Ruhswurm I. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 134(5): 696-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429245
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Characteristics and functional outcomes of 130 patients with keratoconus attending a specialist contact lens clinic. Author(s): Lim N, Vogt U. Source: Eye (London, England). 2002 January; 16(1): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11913889
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Circumscribed posterior keratoconus: case report. Author(s): Lonsberry BB, Boyce P. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 December; 70(12): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10676075
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Clinical features and keratoplasty results in keratoconus complicated by acute hydrops. Author(s): Akova YA, Dabil H, Kavalcioglu O, Duman S. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2000 June; 8(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980682
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Comparison of axial and instantaneous videokeratographic data in keratoconus and utility in contact lens curvature prediction. Author(s): Szczotka LB, Thomas J. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1998 January; 24(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9474449
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Concomitant keratoconus and macular corneal dystrophy. Author(s): Javadi MA, Rafee'i AB, Kamalian N, Karimian F, Ja'farinasab MR, Yazdani S. Source: Cornea. 2004 July; 23(5): 508-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15220737
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Cone dimensions in keratoconus using Zernike polynomials. Author(s): Schwiegerling J. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1997 November; 74(11): 963-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9403892
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Confocal in vivo microscopy and confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy in keratoconus. Author(s): Somodi S, Hahnel C, Slowik C, Richter A, Weiss DG, Guthoff R. Source: Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996 November; 5(6): 518-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9479549
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Contrast and glare testing in keratoconus and after penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Pesudovs K, Schoneveld P, Seto RJ, Coster DJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 May; 88(5): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090418
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Corneal grafting for keratoconus in mentally retarded patients. Author(s): Haugen OH, Hovding G, Eide GE, Bertelsen T. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 79(6): 609-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782228
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Corneal hydrops associated with vernal conjunctivitis as a presenting sign of keratoconus in a Congolese child. Author(s): Kaimbo WK. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2002; (283): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12058484
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Corneal myxoma associated with keratoconus and Down's syndrome. Author(s): Leger F, Sawan B, Mortemousque B, Williamson W, Vital C. Source: Cornea. 2000 July; 19(4): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928779
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Corneal scarring and vision in keratoconus: a baseline report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Author(s): Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, Nichols JJ, Wilson BS, Siegmund K, Gordon MO. Source: Cornea. 2000 November; 19(6): 804-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095054
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Corneal scarring in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study: baseline prevalence and repeatability of detection. Author(s): Barr JT, Schechtman KB, Fink BA, Pierce GE, Pensyl CD, Zadnik K, Gordon MO. Source: Cornea. 1999 January; 18(1): 34-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9894935
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Corneal thickness indices discriminate between keratoconus and contact lensinduced corneal thinning. Author(s): Pflugfelder SC, Liu Z, Feuer W, Verm A. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 109(12): 2336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466180
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Corneal topography of spontaneous perforation of acute hydrops in keratoconus. Author(s): Nicoli C, Wainsztein RD, Trotta LP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 June; 25(6): 871-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10374172
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Correcting keratoconus with intracorneal rings. Author(s): Colin J, Cochener B, Savary G, Malet F. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008037
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Current surgical options for keratoconus. Author(s): Colin J, Velou S. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 February; 29(2): 379-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648653
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Deep lamellar keratoplasty with lyophilised tissue in the management of keratoconus. Author(s): Coombes AG, Kirwan JF, Rostron CK. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 July; 85(7): 788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423449
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De-epithelialization of donor's cornea in penetrating transplantation for keratoconus. Author(s): el-Din Mostafa MS. Source: Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt. 1968; 61(65): 97-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4909184
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Detection of keratoconus before keratorefractive surgery. Author(s): Hustead JD. Source: Ophthalmology. 1993 July; 100(7): 975. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8321536
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Detection of keratoconus before refractive surgery. Author(s): Behrens-Baumann W. Source: Ophthalmology. 1994 May; 101(5): 794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8190456
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Detection of specific collagen types in normal and keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Newsome DA, Foidart JM, Hassell JR, Krachmer JH, Rodrigues MM, Katz SI. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1981 June; 20(6): 738-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7016805
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Development of keratoconus after contact lens wear. Patient characteristics. Author(s): Macsai MS, Varley GA, Krachmer JH. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1990 April; 108(4): 534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2322155
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Diagnostic illumination test for keratoconus. Author(s): Rizzuti AB. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1970 July; 70(1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5421643
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Differentiating contact lens induced warpage from true keratoconus using corneal topography. Author(s): Lebow KA, Grohe RM. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1999 April; 25(2): 114-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344298
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Discordance for keratoconus in two pairs of monozygotic twins. Author(s): McMahon TT, Shin JA, Newlin A, Edrington TB, Sugar J, Zadnik K. Source: Cornea. 1999 July; 18(4): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10422858
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Distribution of specific collagen types and fibronectin in normal and keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Tsuchiya S, Tanaka M, Konomi H, Hayashi T. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1986; 30(1): 14-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3723868
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Distribution of types I, II, III, IV and V collagen in normal and keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Nakayasu K, Tanaka M, Konomi H, Hayashi T. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1986; 18(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3513078
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Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus? Author(s): Pearson AR, Soneji B, Sarvananthan N, Sandford-Smith JH. Source: Eye (London, England). 2000 August; 14 ( Pt 4): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11040911
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Does the progressive increasing effect of radial keratotomy (hyperopic shift) correlate with undetected early keratoconus? Author(s): Saragoussi JJ, Pouliquen YJ. Source: J Refract Corneal Surg. 1994 January-February; 10(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7517782
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Dominantly inherited keratoconus. Author(s): Falls HF, Allen AW. Source: J Genet Hum. 1969 October; 17(3): 317-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5387413
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Doyne lecture keratoconus. Author(s): Pouliquen Y. Source: Eye (London, England). 1987; 1 ( Pt 1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2951280
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Dura-T semiflexible lenses for keratoconus. Author(s): Gasset AR, Lobo L. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1975 October; 7(10): 1353-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1190661
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Effects of central corneal thickness on measurement of intra-ocular pressure in keratoconus and post-keratoplasty. Author(s): Patel S, McLaughlin JM. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1999 May; 19(3): 236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627842
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Effects of long-term rigid contact lens wear on the endothelium of corneal transplants for keratoconus 10 years after penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Bourne WM, Shearer DR. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1995 October; 21(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8565198
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Enhanced expression of a transmembrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase (LAR) in keratoconus cultures and corneas. Author(s): Chiplunkar S, Chamblis K, Chwa M, Rosenberg S, Kenney MC, Brown DJ. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1999 March; 68(3): 283-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10079136
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Epikeratophakia for keratoconus in mentally retarded patients. The use of fresh, freehand made lamellar grafts. Author(s): Hovding G, Haugen OH, Bertelsen T. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1992 December; 70(6): 730-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1488878
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Epikeratoplasty for keratoconus using manually dissected fresh lenticules: 4-year follow-up. Author(s): Vajpayee RB, Sharma N. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 November-December; 13(7): 659-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9427204
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Estimating the keratoconus index from ultrasound images of the human cornea. Author(s): Castiglione F, Castiglione F. Source: Ieee Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2000 December; 19(12): 1268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11212377
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Evaluation of mild, moderate, and advanced keratoconus using ultrasound pachometry and the EyeSys videokeratoscope. Author(s): Watters GA, Owens H. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1998 September; 75(9): 640-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9778696
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Everett Kinsey lecture. The elusive causes of keratoconus: a working hypothesis. Author(s): Kenney MC, Brown DJ, Rajeev B. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 2000 January; 26(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656302
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Evidence of apoptotic cell death in keratoconus. Author(s): Kaldawy RM, Wagner J, Ching S, Seigel GM. Source: Cornea. 2002 March; 21(2): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862097
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Excimer laser lamellar keratoplasty of augmented thickness for keratoconus. Author(s): Buratto L, Belloni S, Valeri R. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1998 September-October; 14(5): 517-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9791818
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Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for treatment of keratoconus. Author(s): Mortensen J, Ohrstrom A. Source: J Refract Corneal Surg. 1994 May-June; 10(3): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7522096
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Excimer laser superficial keratectomy for proud nebulae in keratoconus. Author(s): Moodaley L, Liu C, Woodward EG, O'Brart D, Muir MK, Buckley R. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 June; 78(6): 454-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060928
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Excimer laser surgery for keratoconus. Author(s): Mortensen J, Carlsson K, Ohrstrom A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 July; 24(7): 893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9682106
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Expression of betaig-h3 in keratoconus and normal cornea. Author(s): Zhao G, Wang C, Sun W, Zhang W, Li Y, Sheng H, Liang T. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2002 September; 115(9): 1401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12411122
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Expression of betaig-h3 is lower than normal in keratoconus corneas but increases with scarring. Author(s): Takacs L, Csutak A, Balazs E, Modis L Jr, Berta A. Source: Cornea. 1999 September; 18(5): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487436
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Expression of degradative enzymes and protease inhibitors in corneas with keratoconus. Author(s): Zhou L, Sawaguchi S, Twining SS, Sugar J, Feder RS, Yue BY. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1998 June; 39(7): 1117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620070
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Expression of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP-2 in normal and keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Collier SA, Madigan MC, Penfold PL. Source: Current Eye Research. 2000 August; 21(2): 662-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11148603
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Expression of transcription factors in keratoconus, a cornea-thinning disease. Author(s): Whitelock RB, Li Y, Zhou LL, Sugar J, Yue BY. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1997 June 9; 235(1): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9196072
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Expression of type XII collagen and hemidesmosome-associated proteins in keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Cheng EL, Maruyama I, SundarRaj N, Sugar J, Feder RS, Yue BY. Source: Current Eye Research. 2001 May; 22(5): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11600933
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Expression of wound healing and stress-related proteins in keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Zhou L, Yue BY, Twining SS, Sugar J, Feder RS. Source: Current Eye Research. 1996 November; 15(11): 1124-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8950507
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Factors associated with corneal scarring in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study. Author(s): Barr JT, Zadnik K, Wilson BS, Edrington TB, Everett DF, Fink BA, Shovlin JP, Weissman BA, Siegmund K, Gordon MO. Source: Cornea. 2000 July; 19(4): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928767
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Factors associated with the need for penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus. Author(s): Sray WA, Cohen EJ, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR. Source: Cornea. 2002 November; 21(8): 784-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410037
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Familial case of keratoconus with corneal granular dystrophy. Author(s): Mitsui M, Sakimoto T, Sawa M, Katami M. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 September-October; 42(5): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822968
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Familial cases of keratoconus associated with posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Author(s): Driver PJ, Reed JW, Davis RM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 August 15; 118(2): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8053477
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Familial keratoconus with cataract: linkage to the long arm of chromosome 15 and exclusion of candidate genes. Author(s): Hughes AE, Dash DP, Jackson AJ, Frazer DG, Silvestri G. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 December; 44(12): 5063-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638698
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Familial keratoconus. Author(s): Forstot SL, Goldstein JH, Damiano RE, Dukes DK. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 January 15; 105(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3337200
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Feasibility of fitting contact lenses with apical clearance in keratoconus. Author(s): Gundel RE, Libassi DP, Zadnik K, Barr JT, Davis L, McMahon TT, Edrington TB, Gordon MO. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1996 December; 73(12): 729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002088
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Ferrara intracorneal ring segments for keratoconus. Author(s): Kwitko S, Severo NS. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2004 April; 30(4): 812-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15093643
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Ferrara intrastromal corneal ring segments for severe keratoconus. Author(s): Miranda D, Sartori M, Francesconi C, Allemann N, Ferrara P, Campos M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 November-December; 19(6): 645-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14640429
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Ferrara intrastromal corneal rings for the correction of keratoconus. Author(s): Siganos D, Ferrara P, Chatzinikolas K, Bessis N, Papastergiou G. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 November; 28(11): 1947-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457667
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Fibrillary lines of the cornea. A clinical sign in keratoconus. Author(s): Bron AJ, Lobascher DJ, Dixon WS, Das SN, Ruben M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1975 March; 59(3): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1131353
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Fitting cellulose acetate butyrate lenses in keratoconus. Author(s): Raber IM. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1986 Spring; 26(1): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949459
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Fitting polycon lenses in keratoconus. Author(s): Cohen EJ, Parlato CJ. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1986 Spring; 26(1): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949451
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Fixed dilated pupil (Urrets-Zavalia syndrome) after air/gas injection after deep lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Maurino V, Allan BD, Stevens JD, Tuft SJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 February; 133(2): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11812433
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Fixed dilated pupil following penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus (Castroviejo syndrome). Author(s): Gasset AR. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1977 May; 9(5): 623-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=143227
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Floppy eyelid syndrome associated with keratoconus. Author(s): Negris R. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1992 May; 63(5): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1593067
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Fluid lamellar keratoplasty in keratoconus. Author(s): Amayem AF, Anwar M. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 January; 107(1): 76-9; Discussion 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10647723
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Fluoroperm extended wear RGP contact lenses for myopia, hyperopia, aphakia, astigmatism, and keratoconus. Author(s): Kastl PR, Johnson WC. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1989 January-March; 15(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2917400
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Four cases of keratoconus and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Author(s): Weissman BA, Ehrlich M, Levenson JE, Pettit TH. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1989 April; 66(4): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2786175
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Further developments in keratoconus. Author(s): Jackson WR Jr. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1976 March; 47(3): 375. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1027841
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Genetic epidemiological study of keratoconus: evidence for major gene determination. Author(s): Wang Y, Rabinowitz YS, Rotter JI, Yang H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 August 28; 93(5): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951465
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Genetics in keratoconus: A, B, O blood groups. Author(s): Gasset AR, Hinson WA, Frias JL. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1978 April; 10(5): 601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=98088
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Glycoconjugate abnormalities in cultured keratoconus stromal cells. Author(s): Yue BY, Panjwani N, Sugar J, Baum J. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1988 December; 106(12): 1709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3196213
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Graft reactions after keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Chandler JW, Kaufman HE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1974 April; 77(4): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4594667
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Graft reactions after unilateral and bilateral keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Buxton JN, Schuman M, Pecego J. Source: Ophthalmology. 1981 August; 88(8): 771-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7033863
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Hard contact lens wear as an environmental risk in keratoconus. Author(s): Gasset AR, Houde WL, Garcia-Bengochea M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1978 March; 85(3): 339-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=655213
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Hereditary keratoconus-like keratopathy in Japanese wild mice mapped to mouse Chromosome 13. Author(s): Tachibana M, Okamoto M, Sakamoto M, Matsushima Y. Source: Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society. 2002 December; 13(12): 692-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514747
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Herpes simplex keratitis and keratoconus in the atopic patient. A clinical and immunological study. Author(s): Easty D, Entwistle C, Funk A, Witcher J. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1975 July; 95(2): 267-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=775699
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Heterogeneity in keratoconus: possible biochemical basis. Author(s): Yue BY, Sugar J, Benveniste K. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1984 March; 175(3): 336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6694981
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Heterogeneity of type I collagen expression in human corneal keratoconus fibroblasts. Author(s): Peters DP, Harrison DA, Brandt CR. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 1993; 25(5): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7505054
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Histochemical studies of keratoconus. Author(s): Yue BY, Sugar J, Schrode K. Source: Current Eye Research. 1988 January; 7(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2452051
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Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in keratoconus. Author(s): McKinney PJ, Yolton DP. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984 August; 61(8): 528-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6496649
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Histologic evidence of recurrent keratoconus seven years after keratoplasty. Author(s): Kremer I, Eagle RC, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 April; 119(4): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7709977
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Histopathologic changes after thermokeratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Arentsen JJ, Rodriques MM, Laibson PR. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1977 January; 16(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=832962
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Histopathological and ultrasound biomicroscopy findings in a case of irreversible mydriasis after keratoplasty in keratoconus. Author(s): Gonzalez F, Suarez-Penaranda JM, Diez-Feijoo E, Pazos B, Sanchez-Salorio M. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1997 August; 75(4): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9374265
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Histopathological changes of cornea in keratoconus. Author(s): Hefny W, Abdalla SI. Source: Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt. 1970; 63(67): 285-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5520188
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Histopathological variation in keratoconus. Author(s): Scroggs MW, Proia AD. Source: Cornea. 1992 November; 11(6): 553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1468218
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HLA and keratoconus. Author(s): Klouda PT, Syrbopoulos EK, Entwistle CC, Goffin RB, Easty DL, Bradley BA. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1983 May; 21(5): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6868060
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HLA antigens and keratoconus. Author(s): Gasset AR, Richman AV, Frias JL. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1977 June; 9(6): 767-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=911119
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HLA-A, B and DR antigens in patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Klouda PT, Harrison R, Corbin SA, Bradley BA, Easty DL. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1986 February; 27(2): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3486497
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Human basement membrane components of keratoconus and normal corneas. Author(s): Millin JA, Golub BM, Foster CS. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1986 April; 27(4): 604-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3514532
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Iatrogenic keratectasia after LASIK in a case of forme fruste keratoconus. Author(s): Seiler T, Quurke AW. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 July; 24(7): 1007-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9682124
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Iatrogenic keratoconus as a complication of radial keratotomy. Author(s): Shaikh S, Shaikh NM, Manche E. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 March; 28(3): 553-5. Erratum In: J Cataract Refract Surg 2002 May; 28(5): 737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11973109
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Iatrogenic keratoconus: corneal ectasia following laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. Author(s): McLeod SD, Kisla TA, Caro NC, McMahon TT. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 February; 118(2): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10676799
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Identity-by-descent approach to gene localisation in eight individuals affected by keratoconus from north-west Tasmania, Australia. Author(s): Fullerton J, Paprocki P, Foote S, Mackey DA, Williamson R, Forrest S. Source: Human Genetics. 2002 May; 110(5): 462-70. Epub 2002 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12073017
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Idiopathic keratoconus in a patient with congenital rubella syndrome. Author(s): Pinna A, Carta F. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 October; 82(10): 1215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924313
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Incidence of keratoconus in subjects with vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a videokeratographic study. Author(s): Totan Y, Hepsen IF, Cekic O, Gunduz A, Aydin E. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 April; 108(4): 824-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305286
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Increased gelatinolytic activity in keratoconus keratocyte cultures. A correlation to an altered matrix metalloproteinase-2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase ratio. Author(s): Kenney MC, Chwa M, Opbroek AJ, Brown DJ. Source: Cornea. 1994 March; 13(2): 114-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8156782
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Infectious keratitis with corneal perforation associated with corneal hydrops and contact lens wear in keratoconus. Author(s): Donnenfeld ED, Schrier A, Perry HD, Ingraham HJ, Lasonde R, Epstein A, Farber B. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 May; 80(5): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8695560
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Influence of contact lens wear on the corneal topography of keratoconus. Author(s): Szczotka LB, Rabinowitz YS, Yang H. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1996 October; 22(4): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8906386
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Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients. Author(s): Georgiou T, Funnell CL, Cassels-Brown A, O'Conor R. Source: Eye (London, England). 2004 April; 18(4): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15069434
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INTACS inserts for treating keratoconus: one-year results. Author(s): Colin J, Cochener B, Savary G, Malet F, Holmes-Higgin D. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 108(8): 1409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11470691
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Intracameral air injection for acute hydrops in keratoconus. Author(s): Miyata K, Tsuji H, Tanabe T, Mimura Y, Amano S, Oshika T. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 133(6): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036664
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Intraoperative cauterization of the cornea can reduce postkeratoplasty refractive error in patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Busin M, Zambianchi L, Franceschelli F, Lamberti G, al-Naweiseh I. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 105(8): 1524-9; Discussion 1529-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9709768
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Intrastromal clefts in keratoconus patients with hydrops. Author(s): Feder RS, Wilhelmus KR, Vold SD, O'Grady RB. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 July; 126(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9683144
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Involvement of Sp1 elements in the promoter activity of genes affected in keratoconus. Author(s): Maruyama Y, Wang X, Li Y, Sugar J, Yue BY. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 August; 42(9): 1980-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481261
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Iridoschisis following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Hersh PS. Source: Cornea. 1994 November; 13(6): 545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7842718
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Iris ischaemia following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus (Urrets-Zavalia syndrome) Author(s): Naumann GO. Source: Cornea. 1997 January; 16(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8985644
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Iris ischaemia following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus (Urrets-Zavalia syndrome) Author(s): Tuft SJ, Buckley RJ. Source: Cornea. 1995 November; 14(6): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8575186
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Is keratoconus a true ectasia? An evaluation of corneal surface area. Author(s): Smolek MK, Klyce SD. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 September; 118(9): 1179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980762
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Is the corneal degradation in keratoconus caused by matrix-metalloproteinases? Author(s): Collier SA. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 29(6): 340-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11778801
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Jadassohn-type anetoderma in association with keratoconus and cataract. Author(s): Brenner S, Nemet P, Legum C. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1977; 174(4): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=140354
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Joint hypermobility in keratoconus. Author(s): Woodward EG, Morris MT. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1990 October; 10(4): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2263369
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Keratectasia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis in keratoconus. Author(s): Schmitt-Bernard CF, Lesage C, Arnaud B. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2000 May-June; 16(3): 36870. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832988
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Keratocan expression is increased in the stroma of keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Wentz-Hunter K, Cheng EL, Ueda J, Sugar J, Yue BY. Source: Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 2001 July; 7(7): 470-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683372
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Keratoconus and Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis: a coincidence or a defect during embryogenesis? Author(s): Yagci A, Uretmen O, Egrilmez S, Gunenc U, Kusbeci T. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2001 January-March; 11(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284490
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Keratoconus and mitral valve prolapse. Author(s): Lichter H, Loya N, Sagie A, Cohen N, Muzmacher L, Yassur Y, Weinberger D. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 May; 129(5): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10844063
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Keratoconus associated with a chromosome 7,11 translocation. Author(s): Morrison DA, Rosser EM, Claoue C. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 August; 15(Pt 4): 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11767043
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Keratoconus associated with chromosome 13 ring abnormality. Author(s): Heaven CJ, Lalloo F, Mchale E. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 September; 84(9): 1079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11032444
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Keratoconus associated with cone-rod dystrophy: a case report. Author(s): Fogla R, Iyer GK. Source: Cornea. 2002 April; 21(3): 331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11917188
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Keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to punctal agenesis. Author(s): Lindsay RG, Bruce AS, Gutteridge IF. Source: Cornea. 2000 July; 19(4): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928781
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Keratoconus associated with corneal granular dystrophy in a patient of Italian origin. Author(s): Wollensak G, Green WR, Temprano J. Source: Cornea. 2002 January; 21(1): 121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11805523
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Keratoconus detection with the KISA% method-another view. Author(s): Klyce SD, Smolek MK, Maeda N. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 April; 26(4): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819626
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Keratoconus evaluation using the Orbscan Topography System. Author(s): Auffarth GU, Wang L, Volcker HE. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 February; 26(2): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10683789
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Keratoconus in Asian eyes at a tertiary eye care facility. Author(s): Saini JS, Saroha V, Singh P, Sukhija JS, Jain AK. Source: Clinical & Experimental Optometry : Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association. 2004 March; 87(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15040776
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Keratoconus staging with ultrasound biomicroscopy. Author(s): Avitabile T, Marano F, Castiglione F, Reibaldi A. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1998; 212 Suppl 1: 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9730738
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Keratoconus with good unaided visual acuities: two case reports. Author(s): Johnson LM, Weissman BA. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1999 December; 70(12): 769-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10676074
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Keratoconus-like topographic changes in keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Author(s): De Paiva CS, Harris LD, Pflugfelder SC. Source: Cornea. 2003 January; 22(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12502943
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Keratocyte apoptosis associated with keratoconus. Author(s): Kim WJ, Rabinowitz YS, Meisler DM, Wilson SE. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1999 November; 69(5): 475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548467
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Keratocyte density in keratoconus. A confocal microscopy study(a). Author(s): Erie JC, Patel SV, McLaren JW, Nau CB, Hodge DO, Bourne WM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 134(5): 689-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429244
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Keratographic analysis of a family with keratoconus in identical twins. Author(s): Schmitt-Bernard C, Schneider CD, Blanc D, Arnaud B. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 December; 26(12): 1830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11134887
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Keratolysis following excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy in a patient with keratoconus. Author(s): Lahners WJ, Russell B, Grossniklaus HE, Stulting RD. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 September-October; 17(5): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11583226
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KISA% index: a quantitative videokeratography algorithm embodying minimal topographic criteria for diagnosing keratoconus. Author(s): Rabinowitz YS, Rasheed K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 October; 25(10): 1327-35. Erratum In: J Cataract Refract Surg 2000 April; 26(4)480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511930
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Lamellar keratoplasty in keratoconus. Author(s): Malbran ES, Malbran E Jr, Malbran J. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 108(6): 1010-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11382612
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Laser in situ keratomileusis to correct myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: a series of 27 cases. Author(s): Lima G da S, Moreira H, Wahab SA. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2001 December; 36(7): 391-6; Discussion 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11794388
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Late onset post-keratoplasty astigmatism in patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Lim L, Pesudovs K, Goggin M, Coster DJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 March; 88(3): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977772
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Late-stage progressive corneal astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Szczotka-Flynn L, McMahon TT, Lass JH, Sugar J, Weissman BA, Stiegemeier MJ, Reinhart WJ. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2004 April; 30(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15260360
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Leber congenital amaurosis and its association with keratoconus and keratoglobus. Author(s): Elder MJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1994 January-February; 31(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8195961
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Leber's congenital amaurosis with anterior keratoconus in Pakistani families is caused by the Trp278X mutation in the AIPL1 gene on 17p. Author(s): Damji KF, Sohocki MM, Khan R, Gupta SK, Rahim M, Loyer M, Hussein N, Karim N, Ladak SS, Jamal A, Bulman D, Koenekoop RK. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2001 August; 36(5): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11548141
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Lectin binding in normal, scarred, and keratoconus corneas. Author(s): Tuori A, Virtanen I, Uusitalo R, Uusitalo H. Source: Cornea. 1998 January; 17(1): 88-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9436886
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Lens opacities after nonmechanical versus mechanical corneal trephination for keratoplasty in keratoconus. Author(s): Behrens A, Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Kus MM, Kuchle M, Naumann GO. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 November; 26(11): 1605-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11084267
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Levels of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha2-macroglobulin in the tear film of patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Ahn CS, McMahon T, Sugar J, Zhou L, Yue BY. Source: Cornea. 1999 March; 18(2): 194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090366
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Levels of collagen degradation products (telopeptides) in the tear film of patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Abalain JH, Dossou H, Colin J, Floch HH. Source: Cornea. 2000 July; 19(4): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928761
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Life expectancy in keratoconus. Author(s): Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 October; 76(10): 590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1420040
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Life expectancy in keratoconus--correction to data used. Author(s): Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ, Bloomfield DS. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 June; 78(6): 511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060953
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Live-epikeratophakia for keratoconus. Author(s): Krumeich JH, Daniel J, Knulle A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 April; 24(4): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9584238
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Longitudinal study of the normal eyes in unilateral keratoconus patients. Author(s): Li X, Rabinowitz YS, Rasheed K, Yang H. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 March; 111(3): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15019316
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Long-term follow-up of intraocular pressure after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus and Fuchs' dystrophy: comparison of mechanical and Excimer laser trephination. Author(s): Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Nguyen NX, Kuchle M, Naumann GO. Source: Cornea. 2002 May; 21(4): 368-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11973385
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Long-term functional and topographic results seven years after epikeratophakia for keratoconus. Author(s): Spitznas M, Eckert J, Frising M, Eter N. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2002 August; 240(8): 639-43. Epub 2002 July 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192457
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Long-term refraction and keratometry after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Tuft SJ, Gregory W. Source: Cornea. 1995 November; 14(6): 614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8575185
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Loosening of single versus double running sutures in penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Jonas JB, Budde WM. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1999 June; 237(6): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10379616
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Lysosomal enzyme activities in conjunctival tissues of patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Fukuchi T, Yue BY, Sugar J, Lam S. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 October; 112(10): 1368-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7945042
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Lysosomal hydrolase staining of conjunctival impression cytology specimens in keratoconus. Author(s): Shen JF, McMahon TT, Cheng EL, Sugar J, Yue BY, Anderson RJ, Begley C, Zhou J; Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Source: Cornea. 2002 July; 21(5): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072717
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Management of keratoconus with Intacs. Author(s): Siganos CS, Kymionis GD, Kartakis N, Theodorakis MA, Astyrakakis N, Pallikaris IG. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 January; 135(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504699
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Management of keratoconus: comparative visual assessments. Author(s): Carney LG, Lembach RG. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1991 January; 17(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007286
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Management of perforations during epikeratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Teichmann KD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1996 November; 22(9): 1143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8972363
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Manifest diabetes and keratoconus: a retrospective case-control study. Author(s): Seiler T, Huhle S, Spoerl E, Kunath H. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2000 October; 238(10): 822-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11127568
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Matrix metalloproteinase 2: involvement in keratoconus. Author(s): Smith VA, Easty DL. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2000 July-September; 10(3): 215-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11071029
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Measurement of corneal topography in keratoconus. Author(s): de Cunha DA, Woodward EG. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1993 October; 13(4): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8278190
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Measurement of total and specific IgE levels in the management of a family exhibiting a high incidence of keratoconus. Author(s): Kemp EG, Lewis CJ. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1984 August; 62(4): 524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6485750
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Microkeratome-assisted lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus: stromal sandwich. Author(s): Bilgihan K, Ozdek SC, Sari A, Hasanreisoglu B. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 July; 29(7): 1267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900231
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Microsurgery of keratoconus. Author(s): Troutman RC. Source: Bibl Ophthalmol. 1970; 81: 217-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4916284
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Misalignment of videokeratoscope produces pseudo-keratoconus suspect. Author(s): Silverman CM. Source: J Refract Corneal Surg. 1994 July-August; 10(4): 468. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7528621
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Mitral valve prolapse and keratoconus. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 December; 85(12): 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1308132
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Mitral valve prolapse, keratoconus and Down's syndrome. Author(s): Howells G. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 December; 85(12): 773. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1494176
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Modification of prostaglandin E2 and collagen synthesis in keratoconus fibroblasts, associated with an increase of interleukin 1 alpha receptor number. Author(s): Bureau J, Fabre EJ, Hecquet C, Pouliquen Y, Lorans G. Source: Comptes Rendus De L'academie Des Sciences. Serie Iii, Sciences De La Vie. 1993; 316(4): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8402271
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Molecular genetic analysis in autosomal dominant keratoconus. Author(s): Rabinowitz YS, Maumenee IH, Lundergan MK, Puffenberger E, Zhu D, Antonarakis S, Francomano CA. Source: Cornea. 1992 July; 11(4): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358551
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Mooren ulcer following epikeratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Teichmann KD, Wagoner MD. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998 October; 116(10): 1381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9790645
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Morphological and biochemical assessment of the cornea in a Gaucher disease carrier with keratoconus. Author(s): Salgado-Borges J, Silva-Araujo A, Lemos MM, Sa-Miranda MC, Abreu-Dias P, Tavares MA. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1995 April-June; 5(2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7549445
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Morphological changes in keratoconus: pathology or pathogenesis. Author(s): Sherwin T, Brookes NH. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2004 April; 32(2): 211-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15068441
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Morphological variants in keratoconus: anatomical observation or aetiologically significant? Author(s): Armitage JA, Bruce AS, Phillips AJ, Lindsay RG. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 26 Suppl 1: S68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9685028
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Myopia following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Tuft SJ, Fitzke FW, Buckley RJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 November; 76(11): 642-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1477036
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Nebulae at keratoconus--the result after excimer laser removal. Author(s): Fagerholm P, Fitzsimmons T, Ohman L, Orndahl M. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1993 December; 71(6): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8154261
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Neural network-based system for early keratoconus detection from corneal topography. Author(s): Accardo PA, Pensiero S. Source: Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2002 June; 35(3): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12669978
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New correlations in keratoconus using pachymetric and keratometric analysis. Author(s): Insler MS, Cooper HD. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1986 April-June; 12(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3708784
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Nonfreeze lamellar epikeratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Colin J, Mimouni F, Malet F. Source: Dev Ophthalmol. 1989; 18: 181-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2673869
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Noonan's syndrome with keratoconus and optic disc coloboma. Author(s): Ascaso FJ, Del Buey MA, Huerva V, Latre B, Palomar A. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1993 April-June; 3(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8353429
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Normal expression levels of cathepsins, protease inhibitors, and Sp1 in conjunctival tissues from patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Maruyama I, Zhou L, Sugar J, Yue BY. Source: Current Eye Research. 2000 November; 21(5): 886-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11262610
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Normal lysosomal enzyme staining in skin tissues of patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Zhou L, Sugar J, Yue BY. Source: Cornea. 1996 July; 15(4): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776567
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Occurrence of pseudoexfoliation following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Kuchle M, Naumann GO. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 February; 76(2): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1739725
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Ocular rigidity and intraocular pressure in keratoconus. Author(s): Brooks AM, Robertson IF, Mahoney AM. Source: Aust J Ophthalmol. 1984 November; 12(4): 317-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6529376
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Ocular rigidity in keratoconus. Author(s): Foster CS, Yamamoto GK. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1978 December; 86(6): 802-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=736078
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One-year follow-up of epikeratophakia for keratoconus. Author(s): Uusitalo RJ, Lehtosalo J, Klyce SD. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1989; 227(5): 401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2806923
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On-lay lamellar keratoplasty for the treatment of keratoconus. Author(s): McDonald MB, Koenig SB, Safir A, Kaufman HE. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1983 September; 67(9): 615-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6349676
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Ophthalmoscopic sign of early keratoconus. Author(s): Pathmanathan T, Falcon MG, Reck A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 June; 78(6): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8060950
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Ophthalmoscopic sign of early keratoconus. Author(s): Nartey IN. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 April; 79(4): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7742300
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Ophthaproblem. Keratoconus. Author(s): Urton T, Sharma S. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 November; 47: 2225, 2233. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768918
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Optical classification of keratoconus--final report. Author(s): Poster MG, Gelfer DN, Greenwald I, Posner JN. Source: Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1969 December; 46(12): 899-903. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5262333
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Optical classification of keratoconus--interim report. Author(s): Poster MG, Gelfer DM, Greenwald I, Posner JM. Source: Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1968 October; 45(10): 660-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5245733
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Over-expression of a gelatinase A activity in keratoconus. Author(s): Smith VA, Hoh HB, Littleton M, Easty DL. Source: Eye (London, England). 1995; 9 ( Pt 4): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7498560
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Oversize donor buttons in corneal transplantation surgery for keratoconus. Author(s): Perry HD, Foulks GN. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1987 October; 18(10): 751-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3323981
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Penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Brierly SC, Izquierdo L Jr, Mannis MJ. Source: Cornea. 2000 May; 19(3): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832693
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Penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: a long-term review of results and complications. Author(s): Olson RJ, Pingree M, Ridges R, Lundergan ML, Alldredge C Jr, Clinch TE. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 July; 26(7): 987-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10946188
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Penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: visual outcome and success. Author(s): Lim L, Pesudovs K, Coster DJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 June; 107(6): 1125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10857832
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Penetrating keratoplasty in eyes with keratoconus and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Mahmood MA, Wagoner MD. Source: Cornea. 2000 July; 19(4): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928759
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Penetrating keratoplasty vs. epikeratoplasty for the surgical treatment of keratoconus. Author(s): Wagoner MD, Smith SD, Rademaker WJ, Mahmood MA. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 March-April; 17(2): 138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310764
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Peripheral radial incisions to treat inferior contact lens edge lift after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Budak K, Friedman NJ, Rhodes L, Koch DD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 November; 24(11): 1529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818347
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Photorefractive keratectomy in keratoconus suspects. Author(s): Sun R, Gimbel HV, Kaye GB. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 November; 25(11): 1461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10569160
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Postkeratoplasty keratoconus in a nonkeratoconus patient. Author(s): Krivoy D, McCormick S, Zaidman GW. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 May; 131(5): 653-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11336943
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Precision of three topography instruments in keratoconus subjects. Author(s): McMahon TT, Anderson RJ, Joslin CE, Rosas GA; Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Topography Analysis Group. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2001 August; 78(8): 599-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525551
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Progression of keratoconus assessed by fourier analysis of videokeratography data. Author(s): Oshika T, Tanabe T, Tomidokoro A, Amano S. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 February; 109(2): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11825821
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Quantitative analysis of endothelial mosaic pattern changes in anterior keratoconus. Author(s): Matsuda M, Suda T, Manabe R. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1984 July 15; 98(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6742079
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Recurrent keratoconus 40 years after keratoplasty. Author(s): Thalasselis A, Etchepareborda J. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2002 July; 22(4): 330-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162484
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Recurrent keratoconus in a patient with Leber congenital amaurosis. Author(s): Stoiber J, Muss WH, Ruckhofer J, Thaller-Antlanger H, Alzner E, Grabner G. Source: Cornea. 2000 May; 19(3): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832707
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Referral patterns, treatment management and visual outcome in keratoconus. Author(s): Weed KH, McGhee CN. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 4): 663-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850261
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Refractive surgery for keratoconus: a new approach. Author(s): Koch DD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1099-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11008024
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Relaxing incision guided by videokeratography for astigmatism after keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Solomon A, Siganos CS, Frucht-Pery J. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 May-June; 15(3): 3438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10367578
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Repeatability of refraction and corrected visual acuity in keratoconus. The CLEK Study Group. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus. Author(s): Davis LJ, Schechtman KB, Begley CG, Shin JA, Zadnik K. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1998 December; 75(12): 887-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9875994
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Results of photorefractive keratectomy in keratoconus suspects at 4 years. Author(s): Bilgihan K, Ozdek SC, Konuk O, Akata F, Hasanreisoglu B. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2000 July-August; 16(4): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10939723
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Rigid contact lens fitting relationships in keratoconus. Author(s): McMonnies CW, Boneham GC. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2000 April; 77(4): 177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795799
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Rigid contact lens fitting relationships in keratoconus. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Author(s): Edrington TB, Szczotka LB, Barr JT, Achtenberg JF, Burger DS, Janoff AM, Olafsson HE, Chun MW, Boyle JW, Gordon MO, Zadnik K. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1999 October; 76(10): 692-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10524784
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Role of Orbscan II in screening keratoconus suspects before refractive corneal surgery. Author(s): Rao SN, Raviv T, Majmudar PA, Epstein RJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 109(9): 1642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208710
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Same-size donor corneas for myopic keratoconus. Author(s): Shimmura S, Ando M, Ishioka M, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Source: Cornea. 2004 May; 23(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15097127
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Secondary keratoconus with corneal epithelial iron ring similar to Fleischer's ring. Author(s): Hiratsuka Y, Nakayasu K, Kanai A. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 July-August; 44(4): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10974294
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Should transplantation be considered for keratoconus? Author(s): Sugar J, McLeod SD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 September; 23(7): 971-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9379392
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Spontaneous corneal hydrops and perforation in keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration. Author(s): Aldave AJ, Mabon M, Hollander DA, McLeod SD, Spencer WH, Abbott RL. Source: Cornea. 2003 March; 22(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605056
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Standardized rigid contact lens fitting protocol for keratoconus. Author(s): Edrington TB, Barr JT, Zadnik K, Davis LJ, Gundel RE, Libassi DP, McMahon TT, Gordon MO. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1996 June; 73(6): 369-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8807647
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Superior keratoconus. Author(s): Prisant O, Legeais JM, Renard G. Source: Cornea. 1997 November; 16(6): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9395882
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Superior keratoconus. Author(s): Eiferman RA, Lane L, Law M, Fields Y. Source: Refract Corneal Surg. 1993 September-October; 9(5): 394-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8241047
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Surgery to improve contact lens wear in keratoconus. Author(s): Moodaley L, Buckley RJ, Woodward EG. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1991 April; 17(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2049822
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Surgical treatment of keratoconus at the turn of the 20th century. Author(s): Sekundo W, Stevens JD. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 January-February; 17(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11201780
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Synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of keratoconus corneal stroma. Author(s): Fullwood NJ, Tuft SJ, Malik NS, Meek KM, Ridgway AE, Harrison RJ. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1992 April; 33(5): 1734-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1559773
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The association of HLA with young-onset keratoconus in Japan. Author(s): Adachi W, Mitsuishi Y, Terai K, Nakayama C, Hyakutake Y, Yokoyama J, Mochida C, Kinoshita S. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 133(4): 557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11931792
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The expression of laminin-5 and ultrastructure of the interface between basal cells and underlying stroma in the keratoconus cornea. Author(s): Ebihara N, Watanabe Y, Nakayasu K, Kanai A. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 May-June; 45(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11369367
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The genetics of keratoconus. Author(s): Edwards M, McGhee CN, Dean S. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 29(6): 345-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11778802
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The relation between disease asymmetry and severity in keratoconus. Author(s): Nichols JJ, Steger-May K, Edrington TB, Zadnik K; CLEK study group. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 June; 88(6): 788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15148213
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Therapeutic keratoplasty using preserved corneas from keratoconus eyes. Author(s): Goto S, Fukuhara A, Miyasaka H. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 November-December; 43(6): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672882
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Three year results of photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for mild and atypical keratoconus. Author(s): Kremer I, Shochot Y, Kaplan A, Blumenthal M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 December; 24(12): 1581-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850894
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Three-year clinical outcome after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus with the guided trephine system. Author(s): Ruhswurm I, Scholz U, Pfleger T, Zehetmayer M, Hanselmayer G, Skorpik C. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 June; 127(6): 666-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10372876
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Topographic pattern and apex location of keratoconus on elevation topography maps. Author(s): Demirbas NH, Pflugfelder SC. Source: Cornea. 1998 September; 17(5): 476-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9756441
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Treatment of keratoconus with laser in situ keratomileusis, photorefractive keratectomy, and radial keratotomy. Author(s): Appiotti A, Gualdi M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 March-April; 15(2 Suppl): S240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10202732
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Treatment of mild to moderate keratoconus with laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Buzard KA, Tuengler A, Febbraro JL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 December; 25(12): 1600-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609203
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Ultrastructure of keratoconus with healed hydrops. Author(s): Stone DL, Kenyon KR, Stark WJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1976 September; 82(3): 450-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=961796
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Ultrastructure of the cornea epithelium in keratoconus. Author(s): Aktekin M, Sargon MF, Cakar P, Celik HH, Firat E. Source: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1998 May; 75(1): 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9715085
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Understanding keratoconus. Author(s): Loughnan MS, Snibson GR. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 29(6): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11778800
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Unilateral keratoconus. Incidence and quantitative topographic analysis. Author(s): Holland DR, Maeda N, Hannush SB, Riveroll LH, Green MT, Klyce SD, Wilson SE. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 September; 104(9): 1409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9307634
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Use of CAB Soper Cone contact lenses in keratoconus. Author(s): Raber IM. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1983 July-September; 9(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6616802
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Use of contact lenses for management of keratoconus. Author(s): Lembach RG. Source: Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 2003 September; 16(3): 383-94, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564761
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Utilization of refractive surgery technology in keratoconus and corneal transplants. Author(s): Colin J, Velou S. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 13(4): 230-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165705
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Validation of the estimation of corneal aberrations from videokeratography in keratoconus. Author(s): Barbero S, Marcos S, Merayo-Lloves J, Moreno-Barriuso E. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3): 26370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051382
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Variables affecting rigid contact lens comfort in the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) study. Author(s): Edrington TB, Gundel RE, Libassi DP, Wagner H, Pierce GE, Walline JJ, Barr JT, Olafsson HE, Steger-May K, Achtenberg J, Wilson BS, Gordon MO, Zadnik K; CLEK STUDY GROUP. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2004 March; 81(3): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017177
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Videokeratographic anomalies in familial keratoconus. Author(s): Levy D, Hutchings H, Rouland JF, Guell J, Burillon C, Arne JL, Colin J, Laroche L, Montard M, Delbosc B, Aptel I, Ginisty H, Grandjean H, Malecaze F. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 May; 111(5): 867-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15121361
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Videokeratographic indices to aid in screening for keratoconus. Author(s): Rabinowitz YS. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1995 September-October; 11(5): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8528916
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Videokeratography of keratoconus in monozygotic twins. Author(s): Parker J, Ko WW, Pavlopoulos G, Wolfe PJ, Rabinowitz YS, Feldman ST. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1996 January-February; 12(1): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8963810
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Vision care benefits and outcomes of treatment of keratoconus. Author(s): Soroka M. Source: Manag Care Interface. 2002 December; 15(12): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12530294
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Visual acuity repeatability in keratoconus: impact on sample size. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Author(s): Gordon MO, Schechtman KB, Davis LJ, McMahon TT, Schornack J, Zadnik K. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1998 April; 75(4): 249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9586749
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Visual function after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: a prospective longitudinal evaluation. Author(s): Brahma A, Ennis F, Harper R, Ridgway A, Tullo A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 January; 84(1): 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10611101
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Visual performance and comfort with the Rose K lens for keratoconus. Author(s): Betts AM, Mitchell GL, Zadnik K. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2002 August; 79(8): 493-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199541
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VSX1: a gene for posterior polymorphous dystrophy and keratoconus. Author(s): Heon E, Greenberg A, Kopp KK, Rootman D, Vincent AL, Billingsley G, Priston M, Dorval KM, Chow RL, McInnes RR, Heathcote G, Westall C, Sutphin JE, Semina E, Bremner R, Stone EM. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2002 May 1; 11(9): 1029-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11978762
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Wavefront aberrations measured with Hartmann-Shack sensor in patients with keratoconus. Author(s): Maeda N, Fujikado T, Kuroda T, Mihashi T, Hirohara Y, Nishida K, Watanabe H, Tano Y. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 109(11): 1996-2003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414405
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Wedge resection in the cone after failed refractive surgery in a patient with keratoconus. Author(s): Martin RG. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1995 May; 21(3): 348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7674175
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Wound dehiscence in a patient with keratoconus after penetrating keratoplasty and LASIK. Author(s): Ranchod TM, McLeod SD. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2004 June; 122(6): 920-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15197071
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Xeroderma pigmentosum and keratoconus. Author(s): Blanksma LJ, Donders PC, van Voorst Vader PC. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1986 December 30; 64(1): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556116
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND KERATOCONUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to keratoconus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to keratoconus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “keratoconus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to keratoconus: •
Acute bilateral corneal hydrops caused by high temperature and high moisture in the Finnish sauna. A clinical and histological case report of a patient with keratoconus. Author(s): Ruusuvaara P, Setala K, Liesto K, Tarkkanen A. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1989 June; 67(3): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2763821
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An analysis of contrast sensitivity in identical twins with keratoconus. Author(s): Zadnik K, Mannis MJ, Johnson CA. Source: Cornea. 1984; 3(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6399238
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Anterior corneal mosaic in eyes with keratoconus wearing hard contact lenses. Author(s): Dangel ME, Kracher GP, Stark WJ.
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Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1984 June; 102(6): 888-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6732571 •
Cleavage of human corneal type VI collagen alpha 3 chain by matrix metalloproteinase-2. Author(s): Myint E, Brown DJ, Ljubimov AV, Kyaw M, Kenney MC. Source: Cornea. 1996 September; 15(5): 490-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862926
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Keratoconus and ocular massage. Author(s): Gritz DC, McDonnell PJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 December 15; 106(6): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3195666
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Managing the keratoconus patient. Author(s): Rakow PL. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1998 November-December; 17(6): 244-8. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol 1999 March-April; 18(2): 73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10095531
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Nursing care of the patient having penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Smith JF. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1984 July-August; 3(4): 160-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6205161
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On the location of the cone and the etiology of keratoconus. Author(s): Baum J. Source: Cornea. 1995 March; 14(2): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7743795
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The effect of penetrating keratoplasty on contrast sensitivity in keratoconus. Author(s): Mannis MJ, Zadnik K, Johnson CA. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1984 October; 102(10): 1513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6385934
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The Seventh Frederick H. Verhoeff Lecture. Collagenase and collagenase inhibitors. Author(s): Francois J. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1977; 75: 285-315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=206998
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON KERATOCONUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to keratoconus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on keratoconus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “keratoconus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “keratoconus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “keratoconus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Diagnosis, Contact Lens Prescribing, and Care of the Keratoconus Patient: Clinical Practice in Contact Lenses by Karla Zadnik, Joseph T. Barr; ISBN: 0750696761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750696761/icongroupinterna
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
4
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
5
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway7 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “keratoconus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2174 17 6 1 34 2232
HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “keratoconus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
7
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
8
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 11
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
12 Adapted 13
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on keratoconus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to keratoconus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to keratoconus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “keratoconus”:
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Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Laser Eye Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Refractive Errors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/refractiveerrors.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to keratoconus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on keratoconus can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
Patient Resources
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Keratoconus The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to keratoconus: •
National Keratoconus Foundation Telephone: (310) 423-6455 Toll-free: (800) 521-2524 Fax: (310) 360-9712 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nkcf.org Background: The National Keratoconus Foundation (NKCF) is a non-profit, tax exempt organization founded to disseminate educational materials to individuals affected by Keratoconus (KC) and their families, as well as to eye care professionals. Keratoconus is characterized by the slow progressive thinning and protrusion of the curved transparent outer layer of fibrous tissue covering the eyeball. The disease leads to visual impairment. Established in 1985, NKCF supports research into keratoconus and its causes, treatments, and eventual cure. Informational materials include a reference guide entitled 'What Is Keratoconus?' brochures, and a quarterly newsletter. Program activities include communication channels for affected individuals and their families through an outreach program and an information 'WARMLINE.' Consisting of 3,000 members, the NKCF maintains a registry of individuals affected by keratoconus and eye care providers who have a special interest and expertise in treating people with keratoconus. Relevant area(s) of interest: Conical Cornea, Keratoconus
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to keratoconus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with keratoconus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about keratoconus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.
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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “keratoconus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “keratoconus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “keratoconus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “keratoconus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
15
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
16
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on keratoconus: •
Basic Guidelines for Keratoconus Keratoconus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001013.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Keratoconus Decreased visual acuity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm
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Diagnostics and Tests for Keratoconus AST Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003472.htm
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Surgery and Procedures for Keratoconus Corneal transplant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003008.htm
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Corneal transplantation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003008.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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KERATOCONUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amaurosis: Partial or total blindness from any cause. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH]
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Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU]
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Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule,
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especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Cathepsins: A group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissue. They function optimally within an acidic pH range. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Centromere: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]
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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Coloboma: Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Systems: Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Diseases: Diseases of the cornea. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the
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cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneal Topography: Measurement of the anterior surface of the cornea, its curvature and shape. It is used often to diagnose keratoconus and other corneal diseases, and corneal changes after keratotomy and keratoplasty. A significant application is in the fitting of contact lenses. In performing corneal topography, many different techniques can be employed: keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computerassisted image processing, videokeratography, etc. [NIH] Corneal Transplantation: Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]
Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]
Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used
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to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH]
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Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epikeratophakia: A procedure that modifies the refractive error of the lens by the transplantation of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea. The basic indication for epikeratophakia is the incapability of correcting refractive errors with conservative methods, such as glasses, contact lenses, or intraocular lenses. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH]
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Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye Abnormalities: Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]
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Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glare: Scatter from bright light that decreases vision. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU]
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Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypermetropia: Visual disorder caused by an insufficient refractive power of the eye; only objects far from the eyes appear to be in focus. [NIH] Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH]
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In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Iridocyclitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil.
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Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision. [NIH]
Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Kerato: Prefix indicating relationship to the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Keratotomy: A surgical incision (cut) of the cornea. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or
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site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meridional: The meridional or longitudinal fibers of the ciliary muscle. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and
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viruses. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriasis: Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie syndrome. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH]
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Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the
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levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Hydrolases: A subclass of enzymes from the hydrolase class that catalyze the
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hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Exopeptidases and endopeptidases make up the sub-subclasses for this group. EC 3.4. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases: A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. [NIH] Photokeratoscopy: Determination of corneal curvatines and topography by observing or photographing the corneal image of the target of a photokeratoscope. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH]
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Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH]
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Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radial Keratotomy: Commonly referred to as RK; a surgical procedure designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) by flattening the cornea using radial cuts. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH]
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Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH]
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Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in
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which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH]
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Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the
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crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Aberrant, 5, 85 Ablation, 8, 85 Acetylcholine, 85, 102 Acuity, 56, 85 Adaptability, 85, 89 Agenesis, 39, 85 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 11, 85 Aldehydes, 11, 85 Algorithms, 5, 85, 87 Alleles, 10, 85 Allogeneic, 85, 96 Allograft, 10, 85 Alopecia, 19, 85 Alternative medicine, 85 Amaurosis, 16, 41, 50, 85 Amino acid, 14, 85, 86, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110 Anal, 85, 101 Analogous, 86, 109 Anatomical, 46, 86, 87, 97 Angiogenesis, 86, 100 Anomalies, 17, 56, 86 Antibacterial, 86, 108 Antibiotic, 86, 108 Antibodies, 86, 97, 100 Antibody, 86, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 106, 108, 111 Antigen, 4, 86, 90, 96, 97, 98 Antioxidant, 86, 103 Aphakia, 31, 86 Apoptosis, 4, 8, 10, 40, 86 Aqueous, 86, 89, 92, 99 Arginine, 86, 102 Arrhythmia, 86, 101 Arterial, 86, 91, 105, 109 Arteries, 86, 88, 92, 100, 106 Aseptic, 86, 103 Astigmatism, 4, 7, 12, 14, 31, 41, 51, 87, 106 Atopic, 19, 33, 36, 87 Atrial, 87, 91, 110 Atrioventricular, 87, 91 Atrium, 87, 91, 101, 110 Atrophy, 19, 20, 87 Atypical, 54, 87 B Bacteria, 86, 87, 100, 108, 109 Bacteriophage, 87, 109
Basal cells, 53, 87 Basement Membrane, 34, 87, 94, 99 Benign, 87, 106, 107 Bilateral, 19, 20, 32, 59, 87 Biochemical, 21, 29, 33, 46, 85, 87, 96 Bioengineering, 8, 68, 87 Biological therapy, 87, 96 Biosynthesis, 87, 105 Biotechnology, 15, 69, 87 Bladder, 88, 95 Blood Groups, 32, 88 Blood vessel, 86, 88, 91, 93, 99, 100, 109, 110 Blot, 4, 88 Bone Marrow, 88, 97, 100, 108 Brachytherapy, 88, 98, 99, 106, 111 Bradykinin, 88, 102 Bullous, 17, 88 C Calcium, 88, 90, 100 Callus, 88, 93 Carbohydrate, 88, 96, 105 Carcinogenesis, 88, 104 Carcinogenic, 88, 98, 105 Cardiac, 88, 91, 94, 101 Carotene, 88, 107 Case report, 20, 22, 39, 59, 88 Cataract, 17, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 49, 50, 52, 54, 57, 86, 88 Cathepsins, 47, 89 Caudal, 89, 105 Caustic, 89 Cauterization, 36, 89 Cell Death, 8, 27, 86, 89, 102 Cell Division, 87, 89, 96, 101, 107 Cell Survival, 89, 96 Cellobiose, 89 Cellulose, 31, 89 Centromere, 9, 89 Cervical, 89, 107 Choroid, 89, 107 Chromatin, 86, 89 Chromosomal, 10, 89 Chromosome, 9, 16, 30, 33, 38, 89, 99, 107, 110 Chronic, 89, 98 Ciliary, 89, 98, 100, 103 Ciliary Body, 89, 98
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CIS, 11, 89, 107 Clinical trial, 3, 69, 90, 106 Clone, 11, 90 Cloning, 14, 87, 90 Cofactor, 90, 105 Collagen, 17, 25, 29, 33, 42, 45, 60, 85, 87, 90, 94, 95, 100, 104, 105 Colloidal, 90, 93 Coloboma, 47, 90 Complement, 90, 91, 95 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 61, 90 Complementary medicine, 59, 91 Computational Biology, 69, 91 Computer Systems, 5, 91 Cone, 22, 39, 55, 57, 60, 91 Conjunctiva, 91, 99 Conjunctivitis, 23, 91 Connective Tissue, 88, 90, 91, 95, 100, 108 Constrict, 91, 101 Contraindications, ii, 91 Contrast Sensitivity, 13, 15, 59, 60, 91 Cor, 4, 5, 8, 14, 17, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34, 38, 41, 52, 54, 91 Corneal Diseases, 91, 92 Corneal Stroma, 5, 53, 91 Corneal Topography, 5, 6, 16, 18, 25, 36, 44, 46, 92 Corneal Transplantation, 4, 9, 14, 48, 92 Coronary, 92, 100 Coronary Thrombosis, 92, 100 Cryofixation, 92 Cryopreservation, 8, 92 Cyclic, 92, 96, 102 Cytokines, 5, 17, 92 Cytoplasm, 86, 92 Cytotoxic, 4, 11, 92, 106 D Data Collection, 6, 92 Degenerative, 92, 107 Deletion, 86, 92 Dendrites, 92, 102 Density, 12, 40, 92, 103 Diagnostic procedure, 92 Diploid, 92, 110 Direct, iii, 15, 92, 100, 104, 106 Dislocation, 86, 92 Distal, 9, 92 Domesticated, 93, 96 Dorsal, 93, 105 Drug Tolerance, 93, 109
Dystrophy, 8, 14, 18, 20, 22, 29, 32, 39, 42, 57, 93 E Effector, 10, 85, 90, 93 Elastin, 90, 93, 94 Electrophoresis, 14, 93 Embryo, 93 Embryogenesis, 38, 93 Endogenous, 93, 104, 109 Endopeptidases, 89, 93, 104, 105 Endothelial cell, 8, 93 Endothelium, 26, 93, 102 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 93 Endothelium, Vascular, 93 Endothelium-derived, 93, 102 Enhancer, 11, 94 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 94 Enzymatic, 11, 85, 88, 90, 94, 107 Enzyme, 5, 11, 43, 47, 85, 93, 94, 96, 100, 105, 108, 109, 111 Epidemiological, 32, 94 Epidermis, 87, 94 Epikeratophakia, 27, 42, 43, 47, 94 Epinephrine, 94, 102, 110 Epithelial, 4, 5, 8, 11, 52, 89, 94, 99 Epithelial Cells, 5, 11, 94, 99 Epithelium, 5, 8, 55, 87, 93, 94, 99 Erythrocytes, 88, 94 Eukaryotic Cells, 94, 98 Evoke, 94, 108 Excimer laser, 27, 28, 40, 42, 46, 94 External-beam radiation, 94, 99, 106, 111 Extracellular, 91, 94, 95, 100 Extracellular Matrix, 91, 94, 95, 100 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 94, 100 Extraction, 86, 95 Eye Abnormalities, 9, 95 F Family Planning, 69, 95 Fat, 88, 91, 95, 99 Fibroblasts, 21, 33, 45, 95 Fibronectin, 25, 95 Fibrosis, 4, 95 Fissure, 90, 95 Flatus, 95 Fluorescence, 23, 95 Free Radicals, 4, 86, 95 Fundus, 12, 95 G Gallbladder, 95 Gas, 7, 31, 95, 102
115
Gene, 5, 9, 11, 14, 32, 35, 41, 57, 85, 87, 95, 107 Gene Expression, 11, 14, 95 Genetic Code, 95, 102 Genetic Engineering, 87, 90, 95 Genetics, 9, 14, 16, 32, 35, 53, 57, 95 Genotype, 9, 95, 104 Gestation, 90, 96 Gland, 96, 100, 107, 108, 109 Glare, 23, 96 Glucose, 89, 96 Glycine, 85, 96, 102 Glycoprotein, 95, 96, 99, 110 Glycoside, 96, 97 Glycosylation, 14, 96 Governing Board, 96, 105 Graft, 10, 20, 32, 96 Graft Rejection, 10, 96 Grafting, 23, 96 Growth factors, 17, 96 Guanylate Cyclase, 96, 102 Guinea Pigs, 8, 96 H Habitual, 7, 96 Hereditary, 33, 95, 96 Heredity, 95, 96 Histology, 15, 96 Homologous, 85, 96, 107 Hormonal, 87, 97 Hormones, 92, 96, 97, 103, 110 Humoral, 96, 97 Hybrid, 90, 97 Hydrolases, 5, 97, 104 Hydroxylysine, 90, 97 Hydroxyproline, 85, 90, 97 Hyperaemia, 91, 97 Hypermetropia, 41, 97 Hyperopia, 31, 97, 106 Hypertrophy, 91, 97, 110 I Immune response, 11, 86, 96, 97, 110 Immune Sera, 97 Immune system, 87, 97, 100 Immunization, 10, 97 Immunohistochemistry, 4, 97 Immunologic, 97, 106 Impairment, 15, 75, 97 Implant radiation, 97, 98, 99, 106, 111 In situ, 4, 20, 35, 38, 41, 54, 98 In Situ Hybridization, 4, 98 In vitro, 4, 11, 98, 109 In vivo, 8, 15, 23, 98
Incision, 51, 98, 99 Infarction, 92, 98, 100 Infection, 86, 87, 89, 97, 98, 100, 108 Inflammation, 22, 89, 91, 95, 98, 99, 105, 107 Initiation, 98, 109 Insight, 14, 98 Interferon, 10, 21, 98 Interferon-alpha, 98 Internal radiation, 98, 99, 106, 111 Interstitial, 88, 98, 99, 111 Intracellular, 98, 102 Intraocular, 42, 47, 90, 94, 98, 102 Intraocular pressure, 42, 47, 98, 102 Intrinsic, 87, 98 Iridocyclitis, 38, 98 Iris, 20, 37, 91, 98, 99, 106 Irradiation, 11, 99, 111 Ischemia, 87, 99 K Kb, 11, 68, 99 Keratectomy, 28, 40, 49, 51, 54, 99 Keratitis, 33, 36, 99 Kerato, 35, 40, 99 Keratoconjunctivitis, 19, 35, 40, 49, 99 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 40, 99 Keratotomy, 92, 99 L Lacrimal, 99 Laminin, 53, 87, 94, 99 Laser Surgery, 99 Lens, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 36, 41, 44, 46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 63, 86, 88, 94, 99, 111 Lesion, 99, 110 Leukocytes, 88, 92, 98, 99, 110 Linkage, 10, 16, 30, 89, 99 Lipid, 99, 103 Lipid Peroxidation, 99, 103 Localization, 97, 99 Localized, 92, 98, 99, 100, 110 Lucida, 99, 100 Luciferase, 11, 100 Lymph, 89, 93, 100, 107 Lymph node, 89, 100, 107 Lymphatic, 93, 98, 100, 107, 109 Lymphatic system, 100, 107, 109 Lymphocyte, 86, 100 M Malnutrition, 87, 100 Manifest, 7, 44, 100
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Keratoconus
Matrix metalloproteinase, 28, 35, 44, 60, 100 MEDLINE, 69, 100 Melanin, 99, 100, 104, 110 Membrane, 28, 89, 90, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 105, 107, 110, 111 Meridional, 12, 100 Metastasis, 100 MI, 84, 100 Microbiology, 87, 100 Mitosis, 86, 101 Mitral Valve, 38, 101 Mitral Valve Prolapse, 38, 101 Modification, 45, 85, 95, 101, 106 Molecular, 3, 6, 9, 11, 38, 45, 57, 69, 71, 87, 91, 101, 109, 110 Molecule, 86, 90, 93, 96, 101, 103, 106, 110 Monoclonal, 99, 101, 106, 111 Monocular, 21, 101 Mononuclear, 101, 110 Morphology, 89, 101 Mucosa, 101, 108 Multivariate Analysis, 18, 101 Muscular Dystrophies, 93, 101 Mydriasis, 34, 101 Myocardium, 100, 101 Myopia, 31, 35, 41, 46, 101, 106 N NCI, 1, 67, 89, 101 Nearsightedness, 14, 101, 106 Necrosis, 86, 98, 100, 102 Nerve, 15, 92, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110 Nervous System, 85, 102, 103 Neural, 12, 46, 97, 102 Neurons, 12, 92, 102 Neurotransmitter, 85, 88, 96, 102 Neutrons, 99, 102, 106 Nitric Oxide, 4, 102 Nuclei, 95, 101, 102, 103, 107 Nucleic acid, 4, 95, 98, 102 Nucleotidases, 97, 102 Nucleus, 86, 89, 92, 94, 101, 102 O Ocular, 8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 22, 26, 47, 60, 102 Ocular Hypertension, 20, 102 Oculomotor, 101, 102 Oculomotor Nerve, 101, 102 Opacity, 88, 92, 103 Ophthalmic, 9, 17, 25, 26, 33, 38, 44, 48, 50, 60, 103 Ophthalmologist, 9, 103 Opsin, 103, 107
Optic disc, 47, 103 Optic Nerve, 103, 107 Orderly, 6, 103 Organ Culture, 5, 103, 109 Organ Transplantation, 10, 103 Ovary, 103, 108 Oxidation, 86, 99, 103 Oxidative Stress, 4, 103 P Particle, 103, 109 Pathogenesis, 4, 10, 20, 46, 103 Pathologic, 86, 92, 103 Pathologic Processes, 86, 103 Peptide, 85, 93, 97, 103, 105 Peptide Hydrolases, 93, 97, 103 Perception, 12, 91, 104 Perforation, 17, 24, 36, 52, 104 Peripheral vision, 104, 110 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 89, 104 Pharmacologic, 104, 109 Phenotype, 4, 9, 11, 104 Phenylalanine, 104, 110 Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, 97, 104 Phosphorus, 88, 104 Phosphorylation, 4, 14, 104 Phosphotyrosine, 26, 104 Photokeratoscopy, 92, 104 Photophobia, 99, 104 Photoreceptors, 13, 104 Physiologic, 11, 87, 104, 106 Pigments, 88, 104, 107 Plasma, 86, 93, 95, 104 Platelet Aggregation, 102, 104 Platelets, 102, 104 Pneumonia, 91, 105 Polyarthritis, 99, 105 Polymorphic, 11, 105 Polymorphism, 11, 105 Polypeptide, 85, 90, 105 Polysaccharide, 86, 89, 105 Posterior, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 32, 57, 85, 89, 93, 99, 105 Post-translational, 14, 105 Practice Guidelines, 70, 105 Precursor, 93, 94, 104, 105, 110 Preoperative, 8, 105 Prevalence, 23, 105 Progression, 7, 9, 10, 50, 105 Progressive, 14, 20, 26, 41, 75, 93, 101, 102, 105 Prolapse, 45, 105
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Proline, 90, 97, 105 Promoter, 5, 11, 37, 105 Protease, 28, 47, 105 Protease Inhibitors, 28, 47, 105 Protein S, 87, 95, 105 Proteins, 4, 14, 29, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 109 Proteoglycans, 87, 94, 105 Protocol, 52, 106 Public Policy, 69, 106 Publishing, 74, 106 Pulmonary, 91, 106, 110 Pulmonary hypertension, 91, 106 Pupil, 13, 31, 91, 98, 106 Q Quality of Life, 7, 106 R Radial Keratotomy, 26, 35, 54, 106 Radiation, 94, 95, 98, 99, 106, 111 Radiation therapy, 94, 98, 99, 106, 111 Radioactive, 97, 98, 99, 106, 111 Radiolabeled, 99, 106, 111 Radiotherapy, 88, 99, 106, 111 Reagent, 100, 106 Receptor, 4, 5, 45, 86, 91, 106 Recombinant, 106, 110 Rectum, 95, 106 Refer, 1, 90, 99, 102, 106, 109 Refraction, 7, 43, 51, 101, 106, 108 Refractive Errors, 74, 94, 106 Refractive Power, 97, 101, 107 Regurgitation, 101, 107 Resection, 57, 107 Retina, 12, 87, 89, 99, 101, 103, 107, 111 Retinal, 12, 13, 15, 91, 101, 103, 107, 110 Retinol, 107 Retinopathy, 20, 107 Retrospective, 44, 107 Rhodopsin, 103, 107 Rod, 39, 107 Rubella, 35, 107 S Scatter, 12, 13, 96, 107 Screening, 51, 56, 90, 107 Secretion, 99, 107 Segregation, 9, 107 Sensor, 8, 12, 57, 107 Sequencing, 14, 108 Serous, 93, 108 Sharpness, 108, 110 Social Environment, 106, 108 Somatic, 93, 97, 101, 108
Specialist, 22, 75, 108 Species, 11, 85, 93, 94, 96, 97, 101, 103, 108, 110, 111 Specificity, 6, 93, 108 Spectrum, 7, 108 Sperm, 89, 108 Staging, 39, 108 Stimulus, 12, 108 Stomach, 95, 108 Stress, 29, 103, 108 Stroma, 4, 5, 38, 53, 99, 108 Stromal, 5, 8, 14, 32, 44, 108 Stromal Cells, 32, 108 Subclinical, 10, 98, 108 Subspecies, 108 Substrate, 97, 108 Suppression, 13, 108 Systole, 101, 109 Systolic, 101, 109 T Telecommunications, 91, 109 Thrombosis, 105, 109 Thymus, 97, 100, 109 Thyroid, 109, 110 Tissue Culture, 5, 109 Tolerance, 11, 85, 109 Topical, 8, 109 Toxic, iv, 109 Toxicology, 70, 109 Toxin, 109 Transcription Factors, 5, 29, 109 Transduction, 4, 104, 109 Transfection, 5, 87, 109 Transfer Factor, 97, 109 Transferases, 96, 109 Translation, 85, 109 Translational, 8, 14, 110 Translocation, 38, 110 Transplantation, 8, 9, 10, 24, 52, 84, 94, 97, 110 Tricuspid Atresia, 91, 110 Trisomy, 9, 110 Tryptophan, 90, 110 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 10, 21, 110 Tyrosine, 4, 104, 110 U Ulcer, 45, 110 Uterus, 89, 95, 110 V Vascular, 89, 93, 98, 102, 110 Vasodilators, 102, 110 Vector, 5, 109, 110
118
Keratoconus
Venous, 105, 110 Ventricle, 87, 91, 101, 109, 110 Ventricular, 91, 110 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 110 Viral, 109, 110 Virus, 87, 94, 95, 98, 107, 109, 110 Visual Acuity, 4, 7, 13, 15, 51, 83, 91, 110 Visual field, 12, 110 Vitreous, 99, 107, 110 Vitreous Body, 107, 110 Vitro, 111
Vivo, 111 W Wound Healing, 29, 100, 111 X Xenograft, 8, 111 Xerostomia, 99, 111 X-ray, 15, 53, 95, 99, 106, 111 X-ray therapy, 99, 111 Y Yeasts, 104, 111
119
120
Keratoconus
