Inguinal Hernia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

INGUINAL HERNIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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INGUINAL HERNIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Inguinal Hernia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84467-4 1. Inguinal Hernia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on inguinal hernia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON INGUINAL HERNIA ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Inguinal Hernia ............................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND INGUINAL HERNIA ......................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Inguinal Hernia ........................................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON INGUINAL HERNIA ..................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Dissertations on Inguinal Hernia ................................................................................................ 55 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON INGUINAL HERNIA ................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patents on Inguinal Hernia ......................................................................................................... 57 Patent Applications on Inguinal Hernia...................................................................................... 66 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON INGUINAL HERNIA ................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 71 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 73 Chapters on Inguinal Hernia ....................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON INGUINAL HERNIA ......................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON INGUINAL HERNIA ...................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 77 Academic Periodicals covering Inguinal Hernia.......................................................................... 78 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 83 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 85 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 95 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 95 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 101 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 102

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INGUINAL HERNIA DICTIONARY ........................................................................................ 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with inguinal hernia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about inguinal hernia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to inguinal hernia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on inguinal hernia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to inguinal hernia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on inguinal hernia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON INGUINAL HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on inguinal hernia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and inguinal hernia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Inguinal Hernia Repair in Adults Source: Lancet. 344(8919): 375-379. August 6, 1994. Summary: In this article, the authors provide guidelines for the treatment of inguinal hernia, combining the results of recent published work with their own personal experience. They note that the addition of mesh procedures and the recent introduction of laparoscopic surgery have not solved earlier controversies; instead, they provoke discussion about the procedure of choice. Topics include epidemiology; pathophysiology; classification of hernia; diagnosis; indications for surgery; anesthesia; surgical technique; and complications. 1 figure. 2 tables. 51 references. (AA-M).

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Federally Funded Research on Inguinal Hernia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to inguinal hernia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to inguinal hernia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore inguinal hernia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for inguinal hernia: •

Project Title: INGUINAL HERNIA MGMENT: WATCHFUL WAITING VS. OPERATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitzgibbons, Robert J.; Professor of Surgery; American College of Surgeons 633 N St. Clair St Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: Inguinal hernia is one of the most common worldwide afflictions of men. Because the presence of an inguinal hernia is usually considered an indication for its repair, little is known about the natural history of this abnormality in minimally symptomatic patients. Approximately 700,000 herniorrhaphies are performed in the U.S. each year, with large direct costs of surgical care and indirect costs to the economy resulting from time-off from work, school, or usual activities. The indications for surgical repair of a minimally symptomatic hernia are vague, and it is not known whether patients with inguinal hernias can safely delay surgical treatment and if they will accept Watchful Waiting (WW) as the method of management for their hernia. This multicenter collaborative project between the American College of Surgeons, Northwestern University, and the VA Cooperative Studies Program, proposes to enroll 753 men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias, either primary or-recurrent. Patients will be recruited at 5 community and academic sites over a 2.5 year period with follow-up for a minimum of two years and an average of 3.25 years. WW will be compared with tension-free open repair (TFH). Primary outcome measurements will be: (1) Pain or discomfort limiting usual activities; (2) Changes in the Physical Component Summary score of the SF-36. Secondary outcome comparisons include cost, complications (including hernia accident and recurrence), satisfaction, and the incidence of any hernia-related operation. The role of age and comorbidity and their interactions in influencing the patient-centered outcome of hernia management will be determined. This trial will substantially increase knowledge of the natural history of inguinal hernia in men, provide useful information on medical, patient-centered, and cost outcomes of the various treatment options, and guide selection of the appropriate treatment of this common surgical disease.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL STUDIES IN NEONATAL SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Blakely, Martin L.; Surgery; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's description): The purpose of the career development activities described in this proposal is for Dr. Martin Blakely, a pediatric surgeon, to acquire the knowledge and skills required to conduct patient-oriented research of the highest quality. The candidate has a proven history of commitment to research during his surgical training. The institutional environment at UT Houston offers extensive resources available to the candidate, e.g. the Clinical Research Curriculum and Mentorship Program funded by an NIH K30 award and directed by the candidate's mentor. The career development plan includes formal mentorship, extensive coursework leading to a Master's of Science degree in clinical research, and participation in the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Jon Tyson, M.D., M.P.H., is a renowned neonatologist and epidemiologist with extensive experience in clinical research study design and will serve as Dr. Blakely's primary mentor. Dr. Tyson also directs the Center for Population Health and Evidence-Based Medicine whose faculty members are available to the candidate. Kevin Lally, M.D., is a pediatric surgeon with experience in multi-center studies in this field and is the candidate's second mentor. Dr. Lally has established collaborative relationships with pediatric surgeons throughout the US that will facilitate the studies proposed by Dr. Blakely. There are four phases of the research plan. Initially, a series of systematic reviews of therapy for extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) will be completed and published in the Cochrane Library. Secondly, a multi- center prospective observational study documenting center variability and patient outcome after surgery for NEC in ELBW infants will be performed. The proposal for this study is under review by the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, of which Dr. Tyson is a principal investigator. A primary purpose of this study is to document the need for and to help design a randomized clinical trial described below. The third phase consists of completing an on-going randomized clinical trial comparing early versus late inguinal hernia repair in premature infants. And lastly, based on the results of the observational NEC study, it is anticipated that a randomized trial will be designed near the end of the award period to compare simple peritoneal drainage versus formal laparotomy in infants with NEC, which is a very controversial question in neonatal surgery. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for inguinal hernia in the PubMed Central database: •

A role for the collagen I/III and MMP-1/-13 genes in primary inguinal hernia? by Rosch R, Klinge U, Si Z, Junge K, Klosterhalfen B, Schumpelick V.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=65699

•

Impact of NICE guidance on laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernias: analysis of interrupted time series. by Bloor K, Freemantle N, Khadjesari Z, Maynard A.; 2003 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151520

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Open tension free repair of inguinal hernias; the Lichtenstein technique. by Sakorafas GH, Halikias I, Nissotakis C, Kotsifopoulos N, Stavrou A, Antonopoulos C, Kassaras GA.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59657

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Prospective randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic versus open inguinal hernia mesh repair: five year follow up. by Douek M, Smith G, Oshowo A, Stoker DL, Wellwood JM.; 2003 May 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154759

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Randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic versus open mesh repair for inguinal hernia: outcome and cost. by Wellwood J, Sculpher MJ, Stoker D, Nicholls GJ, Geddes C, Whitehead A, Singh R, Spiegelhalter D.; 1998 Jul 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28600

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Surgical physiology of inguinal hernia repair - a study of 200 cases. by Desarda MP.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155644

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with inguinal hernia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “inguinal hernia” (or

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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for inguinal hernia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 6-week-old infant with irreducible inguinal hernia. Author(s): Listernick R. Source: Pediatric Annals. 2003 July; 32(7): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891760

•

A clinical pathway for inguinal hernia repair reduces hospital admissions. Author(s): Willis B, Kim LT, Anthony T, Bergen PC, Nwariaku F, Turnage RH. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2000 January; 88(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10644460

•

A constricting ring structure within the wall of the inguinal hernia sac in infants and children and its role in the occurrence of incarceration. Author(s): Al-Wattar KM. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2003 June; 7(2): 725. Epub 2003 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820027

•

A follow-up study on recurrence after inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Asmussen T, Jensen FU. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983 February; 156(2): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6823655

•

A measurement of the ability to drive after different types of inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Ismail W, Ravikumar R, Mukherjee D. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2000 April; 10(2): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10789586

•

A prospective cost and outcome comparison of inguinal hernia repairs. Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal versus open tension-free preperitoneal. Author(s): Goodwin JS 2nd, Traverso LW. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1995 September; 9(9): 981-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7482217

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A rare case of pseudomyxoma peritonei presenting an unusual inguinal hernia and splenic metastasis. Author(s): Shimoyama S, Kuramoto S, Kawahara M, Yamasaki K, Endo H, Murakami T, Kaminishi M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 July; 16(7): 825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11446896

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A technique of doubling the cremasteric muscle in large inguinal hernia repair in infants and children--a late follow-up. Author(s): Schimpl G, Sauer H, Fredrich H. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1993 October; 3(5): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8292581

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Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture masquerading as strangulated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Moissinac K, Boon Chong Se To, Liew NC, Yunus Gul. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 November; 19(7): 604-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699015

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Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of direct and indirect inguinal hernia. Author(s): Cameron AE. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 February; 81(2): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8156349

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Acute appendicitis in an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Bannister SL, Wong AL, Leung AK. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2001 December; 93(12): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11800278

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Age, deprivation and rates of inguinal hernia surgery in men. Is there inequity of access to healthcare? Author(s): Seymour DG, Garthwaite PH. Source: Age and Ageing. 1999 September; 28(5): 485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10529045

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Amyand's hernia: a case report of an incarcerated and perforated appendix within an inguinal hernia and review of the literature. Author(s): Logan MT, Nottingham JM. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 July; 67(7): 628-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11450774

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An audit of open and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Eno LM, Spigelman AD. Source: Journal of Quality in Clinical Practice. 2000 June-September; 20(2-3): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11057983

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•

An audit of the early outcomes of ambulatory inguinal hernia repair at a surgical daycare centre. Author(s): Lau H, Lee F. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 June; 6(2): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895147

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Analgesia-sedation for day-case inguinal hernia repair. A review of patient acceptance and morbidity. Author(s): McFarlane ME. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2000 June; 49(2): 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948857

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Anterior tension-free repair of recurrent inguinal hernia under local anesthesia: a 7year experience in a teaching hospital. Author(s): Gianetta E, Cuneo S, Vitale B, Camerini G, Marini P, Stella M. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2000 January; 231(1): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10636113

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Atrichia, ichthyosis, follicular hyperkeratosis, chronic candidiasis, keratitis, seizures, mental retardation and inguinal hernia: a severe manifestation of IFAP syndrome? Author(s): Boente MC, Bibas-Bonet H, Coronel AM, Asial RA. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2000 March; 10(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10694306

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Attendance at a pain clinic with severe chronic pain after open and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs. Author(s): Hindmarsh AC, Cheong E, Lewis MP, Rhodes M. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 September; 90(9): 1152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12945086

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Back to work more quickly after an inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Ambach R, Weiss W, Sexton JL, Russo A. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 October; 165(10): 747-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11050871

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Bartholin cyst presenting as inguinal hernia. Author(s): Altstiel T, Coster R. Source: S D J Med. 1993 January; 46(1): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8424150

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Inguinal Hernia

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Bassini repair compared with laparoscopic repair for primary inguinal hernia: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Dirksen CD, Beets GL, Go PM, Geisler FE, Baeten CG, Kootstra G. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1998 June; 164(6): 439-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696445

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Bassini vs Lichtenstein: two basic techniques for inguinal hernia treatment. Author(s): Maggiore D, Muller G, Hafanaki J. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 March; 5(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387718

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Bilateral adult inguinal hernia. One-stage or two-stage operation? Author(s): Ger R, Omar AM, Moza SK. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1978 September; 23(5): 300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=702415

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Bilateral cryptorchidism with bilateral inguinal hernia and retrovesical mass in an infertile man: single-stage laparoscopic management. Author(s): Ansari MS, Mandal S, Ray R, Hemal AK. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2002 February; 12(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11905867

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Bilateral exploration in children with unilateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Kalani BP, Sogani KC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1972 January; 9(1): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5034311

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Bilateral inguinal hernia associated with Alport's syndrome: report of the first case. Author(s): Khoshsorour MR, Rezaie-Jami T, Islami M, Madani A, Farhud DD, Broumand B. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 March; 11(3): 559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8671836

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Bilateral inguinal hernia repaired by laparoscopic technique: a rare complication of femorofemoral bypass. Author(s): Kawamura YJ, Futakawa N, Oshiro H, Yasuhara H, Shigematsu H, Muto T. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 November; 13(11): 1157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10556461

Studies

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Bilateral laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair can complicate subsequent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Author(s): Katz EE, Patel RV, Sokoloff MH, Vargish T, Brendler CB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 1): 637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792935

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Bilateral megaureters presenting as an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Powell MC, Kapila L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1985 April; 20(2): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4009364

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Bladder cancer within a direct inguinal hernia: CT demonstration. Author(s): Caterino M, Finocchi V, Giunta S, De Carli P, Crecco M. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2001 November-December; 26(6): 664-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11907736

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Bladder herniation in inguinal hernia detected during bone imaging. Author(s): Lee HK, Skarzynski J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1986 October; 11(10): 740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3769333

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Bladder outlet obstruction and inguinal hernia: incidence in males over fifty years of age. Author(s): Brugh R 3rd, Rous SN. Source: Urology. 1977 December; 10(6): 550-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=601934

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Blunt preperitoneal finger dissection during extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: an effective alternative to instrumental techniques. Author(s): Posta CG. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996 February; 6(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919177

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Bowel obstruction in the postoperative period of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TAPP): review of the literature. Author(s): Cueto J, Vazquez JA, Solis MA, Valdez G, Valencia S, Weber A. Source: Jsls. 1998 July-September; 2(3): 277-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876754

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Inguinal Hernia

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Breast-feeding and inguinal hernia. Author(s): Yurdakok K. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 August; 129(2): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8765637

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Breast-feeding and inguinal hernia. Author(s): Pisacane A, de Luca U, Vaccaro F, Valiante A, Impagliazzo N, Caracciolo G. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 July; 127(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608794

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Bubo masquerading as an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Hodge KR, Orgler RJ, Monson T, Read RC. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 June; 5(2): 978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505657

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Changing the path of inguinal hernia surgery decreased the recurrence rate ten-fold. Report from a county hospital. Author(s): Bemdsen F, Sevonius D. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2002; 168(11): 592-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699094

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Chronic pain and quality of life following open inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Silen W. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 January; 89(1): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11851681

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Chronic pain and quality of life following open inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Poobalan AS, Bruce J, King PM, Chambers WA, Krukowski ZH, Smith WC. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 August; 88(8): 1122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488800

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Chung RS, Rowland DY. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of laparoscopic vs conventional inguinal hernia repairs. Surg Endosc 1999;13(7):689-94. Author(s): CAGS Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery Group. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2002 February; 45(1): 19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837915

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Churchill's inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Connolly JE. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 January; 198(1): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698330

Studies

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Clinical usefulness, safety, and plasma concentration of ropivacaine 0.5% for inguinal hernia repair in regional anesthesia. Author(s): Wulf H, Behnke H, Vogel I, Schroder J. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2001 July-August; 26(4): 348-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464355

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Combined transurethral prostatectomy and inguinal hernia repair: a retrospective audit and literature review. Author(s): Devarajan R, Jaganathan RS, Harriss DR, Chua CB, Bishop MC. Source: Bju International. 1999 October; 84(6): 637-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510107

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Combined transurethral prostatectomy and mesh-based tension-free inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Gonzalez-Ojeda A, Anaya-Prado R, Fuentes-Orozco C, Portilla-de-Buen E, Mucino-Hernandez MI, Medina-Meza CO. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2003 September; 7(3): 141-5. Epub 2003 April 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12712366

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Common iliac artery pseudoaneurysm following inguinal hernia repair--a case report and literature review. Author(s): Teodorescu VJ, Reiter BP. Source: Vascular Surgery. 2001 May-June; 35(3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452352

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Comparison between modern mesh and conventional non-mesh methods of inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Pavlidis TE, Atmatzidis KS, Lazaridis CN, Papaziogas BT, Makris JG, Papaziogas TB. Source: Minerva Chir. 2002 February; 57(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832851

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Comparison of Bassini repair and mesh-plug repair for primary inguinal hernia: a retrospective study. Author(s): Miyazaki K, Nakamura F, Narita Y, Dohke M, Kashimura N, Matsunami O, Katoh H. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(7): 610-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11495156

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Comparison of spinal vs general anesthesia via laryngeal mask airway in inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Burney RE, Prabhu MA, Greenfield ML, Shanks A, O'Reilly M. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 February; 139(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769578

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Contralateral exploration is not mandatory in unilateral inguinal hernia in children: a prospective 6-year study. Author(s): Nassiri SJ. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 September; 18(5-6): 470-1. Epub 2002 July 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415383

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Contralateral groin exploration is not justified in infants with a unilateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Ballantyne A, Jawaheer G, Munro FD. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 May; 88(5): 720-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350448

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Contralateral groin exploration is not justified in infants with a unilateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Shabbir J, Moore A, O'Sullivan JB, Delaney PV, Drumm J, Flood H, Grace PA. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 2003 January-March; 172(1): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760457

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Conventional or laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair? The surgeon's choice. Author(s): Stoker DL. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1999 November; 81(6): 435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10655900

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Costing anaesthetic practice. An economic comparison of regional and general anaesthesia for varicose vein and inguinal hernia surgery. Author(s): Kendell J, Wildsmith JA, Gray IG. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 November; 55(11): 1106-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069339

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Could incarceration of inguinal hernia in children be prevented? Author(s): Niedzielski J, Kr l R, Gawlowska A. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 January; 9(1): Cr16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12552244

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Current practice for anticoagulation prophylaxis in inguinal hernia surgery: a questionnaire survey. Author(s): Anwar S, Scott P. Source: N Z Med J. 2003 September 12; 116(1181): U583. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581966

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Cytokine modifications after tension-free hernioplasty or open conventional inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Di Vita G, Milano S, Patti R, Raimondo D, Di Bella G, D'Agostino P, Leo P, Cillari E. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 June; 181(6): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11513771

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Day surgery for inguinal hernia. Author(s): Gilbert AI. Source: Int Surg. 1995 January-March; 80(1): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7657489

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Decision-making in surgery: how should an inguinal hernia be repaired? Author(s): Jones A, Thomas P. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 October 18-31; 54(8): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8535591

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Demonstration of inguinal hernia by means of peritoneal 99mTc-MAA scintigraphy with a load produced by standing in a patient treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Suga K, Kaneko T, Nishigauchi K, Soejima K, Utsumi H, Yamada N. Source: Ann Nucl Med. 1992 August; 6(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1389897

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Demonstration of subclinical inguinal hernia by peritoneal scintigraphy. Author(s): Gupta SM, Bagga S, Gelfman N, Margules R. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1997 June; 22(6): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193820

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Diagnosing inguinal hernia. Author(s): Klein MD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1992 September; 27(9): 1258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1432547

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Diagnosing the occult contralateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Koehler RH. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 March; 16(3): 512-20. Epub 2001 November 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928039

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Diagnosis of inguinal hernia and hydrocele. Author(s): Ziegler MM. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1994 July; 15(7): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8084849

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Diagnostic laparoscopy for congenital inguinal hernia. Author(s): Holcomb GW 3rd. Source: Semin Laparosc Surg. 1998 March; 5(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516561

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Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum in the pediatric patient with a unilateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Timberlake GA, Ochsner MG, Powell RW. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1989 June; 124(6): 721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2730326

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Direct inguinal hernia and giant omphalocele: case report. Author(s): Wright JE. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1982 June; 18(2): 134-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7138425

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Direct inguinal hernia containing bladder carcinoma: CT demonstration. Author(s): Epner SL, Rozenblit A, Gentile R. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1993 July; 161(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8517332

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Direct inguinal hernia strangulating through the superficial inguinal ring. Author(s): Awad ZT. Source: Ir Med J. 2001 November-December; 94(10): 313. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11837633

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Disability and chronic pain after open mesh and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Bozuk M, Schuster R, Stewart D, Hicks K, Greaney G, Waxman K. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 October; 69(10): 839-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570359

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Dispositional pessimism predicts delayed return to normal activities after inguinal hernia operation. Author(s): Bowley DM, Butler M, Shaw S, Kingsnorth AN. Source: Surgery. 2003 February; 133(2): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605174

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Distribution and morphometry of fiber types in cremaster muscles of boys with inguinal hernia or undescended testis. Author(s): Tanyel FC, Erdem S, Altunay H, Ergun L, Ozcan Z, Alabay B, Buyukpamukcu N, Tan E. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2000; 196(9): 613-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10997735

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Diverticulitis presenting as a strangulated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Girotto JA, Shaikh AY, Freeswick PD, Todd LB, Harmon JW. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2002; 19(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11961361

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Do ex-premature infants need mechanical ventilation for inguinal hernia repair? Author(s): Bouchut JC, Claris O. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 February; 88(2): 301-2; Author Reply 302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878667

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Does a truss benefit a patient with inguinal hernia? Author(s): Law NW, Trapnell JE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 April 25; 304(6834): 1092. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1586824

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Does the addition of clonidine affect duration of analgesia of bupivacaine wound infiltration in inguinal hernia surgery? Author(s): Elliott S, Eckersall S, Fligelstone L, Jothilingam S. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997 October; 79(4): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389260

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Dual carcinoid tumors of Meckel's diverticulum presenting as metastasis in an inguinal hernia sac: case report with literature review. Author(s): Dixon AY, McAnaw M, McGregor DH, Keushkerian S, Miller LK, Pierce PD. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988 November; 83(11): 1283-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3055946

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Early repair of inguinal hernia in premature babies. Author(s): Uemura S, Woodward AA, Amerena R, Drew J. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1999; 15(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9914352

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Early results of inguinal hernia repair by the 'mesh plug' technique--first 200 cases. Author(s): Fasih T, Mahapatra TK, Waddington RT. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2000 November; 82(6): 396400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11103156

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Editor's note: How we do it: repair of recurrent inguinal hernia. Author(s): Teich S, Caniano DA. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 2003 May; 12(2): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728392

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Effect of single-dose prophylactic ampicillin and sulbactam on wound infection after tension-free inguinal hernia repair with polypropylene mesh: the randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. Author(s): Yerdel MA, Akin EB, Dolalan S, Turkcapar AG, Pehlivan M, Gecim IE, Kuterdem E. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2001 January; 233(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11141221

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Efficacy and safety of caudal injection of levobupivacaine, 0.25%, in children under 2 years of age undergoing inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy. Author(s): Taylor R, Eyres R, Chalkiadis GA, Austin S. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2003 February; 13(2): 114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562483

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Efficacy and safety of promethazine hydrochloride as a local anaesthetic agent for inguinal hernia repair: a pilot study. Author(s): Kumar S, Gupta RL, Chawla R. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1997 January-February; 51(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158269

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Emergency replacement for damaged balloon dissector for laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Pekmezci S, Saribeyoglu K. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2001 August; 11(4): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525379

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Endometrioma simulating inguinal hernia: case reports. Author(s): Li AC, Siu WT, Li MK. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1999 October; 42(5): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10526526

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Endoscopic inguinal hernia repair in comparison with Shouldice and Lichtenstein repair. A systematic review of randomized trials. Author(s): Schmedt CG, Leibl BJ, Bittner R. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2002; 19(6): 511-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499747

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Endoscopically guided percutaneous repair of inguinal hernia through a 2-cm incision. Minihernia repair. Author(s): Darzi A, Nduka CC. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1997 July; 11(7): 782-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9214334

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Endoscopically guided surface repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Nassar A, Abdulmoneum M. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 September; 82(9): 1279; Author Reply 127980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7552022

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Endoscopically guided surface repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Bett NJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 September; 82(9): 1279; Author Reply 127980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7552021

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Enterocutaneous fistula as a postoperative complication of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Klein AM, Banever TC. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1999 January; 9(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9950132

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Enterogenous duplication cyst presenting as obstructed inguinal hernia. Author(s): Iyer S, Nair S, Thapar P, Samsi AB, Kale CH, Hegde DK, Chaphekar A. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1999 July-September; 18(3): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10407568

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Inguinal Hernia

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Evaluation criteria of inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Lerut J, Foxius A, Collard A. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1998 June; 98(3): 127-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689973

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Evolution of an inguinal hernia surgery practice. Author(s): Mokete M, Earnshaw JJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 March; 77(905): 188-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11222828

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Experience with the preperitoneal 'plug and patch' inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Ramanand B, Fayaz M, Patil P. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 April; 87(4): 517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809565

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Experience with the preperitoneal 'plug and patch' inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Goyal S, Abbasakoor F, Stephenson BM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1999 October; 86(10): 1284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10540134

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Exploiting vs avoiding the preperitoneal space in inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Amid PK. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 February; 139(2): 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769567

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Expression of the extracellular matrix proteins collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 in the skin of patients with inguinal hernia. Author(s): Klinge U, Zheng H, Si Z, Schumpelick V, Bhardwaj RS, Muys L, Klosterhalfen B. Source: European Surgical Research. Europaische Chirurgische Forschung. Recherches Chirurgicales Europeennes. 1999; 31(6): 480-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861344

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Factors associated with early discharge after inguinal hernia repair in 500 consecutive unselected patients. French Associations for Surgical Research. Author(s): Millat B, Fingerhut A, Gignoux M, Hay JM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1993 September; 80(9): 1158-60. Erratum In: Br J Surg 1993 November; 80(11): 1491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8402121

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Factors influencing the morbidity of strangulated inguinal hernia in Ife, Nigeria. Author(s): Oluwole SF, Lawal OO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1984 November; 61(11): 817-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6535705

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Factors predisposing to inguinal hernia: an analysis of 1,100 cases. Author(s): Lord R. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1968 May; 37(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5243173

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False-positive Ga-67 citrate scan secondary to an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Fong W, Lim E. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 July; 27(7): 534-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072788

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Fecal fistula developing in inguinal hernia. Author(s): Rao PL, Mitra SK, Pathak IC. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1980 May-June; 47(386): 253-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7239629

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Femoral nerve block after inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Collier CB. Source: Anaesthesia. 1989 February; 44(2): 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2539027

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Femoral nerve injury following inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): van Hoff J, Shaywitz BA, Seashore JH, Collins WF. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1985 May-June; 1(3): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3880405

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Fertility of men following inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Yavetz H, Harash B, Yogev L, Homonnai ZT, Paz G. Source: Andrologia. 1991 November-December; 23(6): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1814243

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Flexible sigmoidoscopy as a screening procedure for asymptomatic colorectal carcinoma in patients with inguinal hernia. Author(s): Wheeler WE, Scott-Conner CE, Stone RA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 December; 78(12): 1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4071166

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Inguinal Hernia

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Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for asymptomatic colorectal disease in patients with and without inguinal hernia. Author(s): Wheeler WE, Wilson SL, Kurucz J, Flanigan J, Ratliff D, Scott-Conner C. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1991 July; 84(7): 876-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2068629

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Focal testicular infarction from laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Mincheff T, Bannister B, Zubel P. Source: Jsls. 2002 July-September; 6(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12166758

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Follow-up after inguinal hernia repair. Questionnaire compared with physical examination: a prospective study in 299 patients. Author(s): Vos PM, Simons MP, Luitse JS, van Geldere D, Koelemaij MJ, Obertop H. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1998 July; 164(7): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696976

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Follow-up study of inguinal hernia in adults repaired by dividing the spermatic cord in the inguinal canal. Author(s): Shah NC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1970 September 1; 55(5): 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5485878

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Frequency of contralateral inguinal hernia in children. A study of the indications for bilateral herniotomy in children with unilateral hernia. Author(s): Bock JE, Sobye JV. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1970; 136(8): 707-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5518148

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Further experience with bilateral operations for inguinal hernia in infants and children. Author(s): Simpson TE, Gunnlaugsson GH, Dawson B, Lynn HB. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1969 March; 169(3): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5380871

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Fusion of childhood inguinal hernia induced by HGF and CGRP via an epithelial transition. Author(s): Cook BJ, Hasthorpe S, Hutson JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 January; 35(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10646779

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Future of laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery. Author(s): Beattie DK, Foley RJ, Callam MJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 December; 87(12): 1727-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11122193

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G. Buchanan on inguinal hernia treatment: a review 111-years after. Author(s): Etker S. Source: Pediatr Cerrahi Derg. 1990; 4: 136-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11639915

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Ga-67 accumulation in inguinal hernia mimicking lymph nodes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Berk F, Demir H, Erdincler O, Isgoren S, Aktolun C. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 January; 27(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11805495

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Gas extravasation complicating laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Hagopian EJ, Steichen FM, Lee KF, Earle DB. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 March; 15(3): 324. Epub 2001 February 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11344443

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Gastrointestinal/genitourinary case of the day. Incarcerated inguinal hernia of the left fallopian tube and ovary. Author(s): Roth CG, Varma JD, Tello R. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999 September; 173(3): 787, 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10470925

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Genetic study of indirect inguinal hernia. Author(s): Gong Y, Shao C, Sun Q, Chen B, Jiang Y, Guo C, Wei J, Guo Y. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 March; 31(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8014965

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Genital oedema in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: an unusual presentation of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Schurgers ML, Boelaert JR, Daneels RF, Robbens EJ, Vandelanotte MM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 July 30; 287(6388): 358-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6409304

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Genital oedema in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: an unusual presentation of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Cooper JC, Nicholls AJ, Simms JM, Platts MM, Brown CB, Johnson AG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 June 18; 286(6382): 1923-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407636

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Inguinal Hernia

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Giant inguinal hernia in a 5-year-old boy with hydrocephalus: a case report. Author(s): Stahl TJ, Snyder CL, Leonard AS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1989 November; 24(11): 1198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809999

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Giant inguinal hernia. Author(s): Serpell JW, Polglase AL, Anstee EJ. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1988 October; 58(10): 8314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3250419

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Giant inguinal hernia. Author(s): King JN, Didlake RH, Gray RE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 February; 79(2): 252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945859

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Giant paratesticular undifferentiated liposarcoma that developed in a long-standing inguinal hernia. Author(s): Cariati A, Brignole E, Tonelli E, Filippi M. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2002; 168(8-9): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12549695

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Glandular inclusions in inguinal hernia sacs: a clinicopathological study of six cases. Author(s): Gomez-Roman JJ, Mayorga M, Mira C, Buelta L, Fernandez F, Val-Bernal JF. Source: Pediatr Pathol. 1994 November-December; 14(6): 1043-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7855006

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Glandular inclusions in inguinal hernia sacs: morphologic and immunohistochemical distinction from epididymis and vas deferens. Author(s): Cerilli LA, Sotelo-Avila C, Mills SE. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 April; 27(4): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657931

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Groin laparoscopy: a new technique for contralateral groin evaluation in pediatric inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Groner JI, Marlow J, Teich S. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1995 August; 181(2): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7627391

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Groin Laparoscopy: a new technique for contralateral groin evaluation in pediatric inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Colodny AH. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1996 April; 182(4): 378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8605564

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Guidelines for inguinal hernia repair in everyday practice. Author(s): Metzger J, Lutz N, Laidlaw I. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2001 May; 83(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11432143

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Hazard of barium enema in elderly with inguinal hernia. Author(s): Wapnick S, Ramsey W, LeVeen HH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 January 13; 296(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=830294

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Herniation of the bladder trigone into an inguinal hernia causing acute urinary obstruction and acute renal failure. Author(s): Laniewski PJ, Watters GR, Tomlinson P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 October; 156(4): 1438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8808894

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Herniation of ureter in inguinal hernia. Author(s): Singla SL, Bansal S, Garg P, Dadoo RC. Source: Trop Doct. 1995 April; 25(2): 92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778208

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Herniographic appearance of contralateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Ekberg O, Fritzdorf J, Blomquist P. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1984; 25(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6731016

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Herniography and inguinal hernia in childhood--a study of 100 cases. Author(s): Singh JP, Nagabhushanam V, Mehra S, Rao PL, Sahai I. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1972 November; 9(11): 710-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4658690

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Herniography and its accuracy in diagnosis of inguinal hernia in infants and children. Author(s): Kaswan HS, Bothra VC, Bhargava SC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1978 March; 15(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=680974

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Inguinal Hernia

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Herniography and the pediatric contralateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Guttman FM, Bertrand R, Ducharme JC. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1972 October; 135(4): 551-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4672919

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Herniography in an uncommon inguinal hernia. Author(s): Ratcliffe JF, Doig C, Stassen L. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1986 June; 31(3): 188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3772865

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Herniography in atypical inguinal hernia. Author(s): Ekberg O, Fork FT, Fritzdorf J. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1984 December; 57(684): 1077-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6439276

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Herniography in patients with clinically suggested recurrence of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Ekberg O, Blomquist P, Fritzdorf J. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1984; 25(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6475559

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Herniography in symptomatic patients following inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Hamlin JA, Kahn AM. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 January; 162(1): 28-31. Erratum In: West J Med 1995 March; 162(3): 278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7863653

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Herniography with methylene blue for the detection of recurrent inguinal hernia. Author(s): Tepetes KN, Tzoracoleftherakis EE, Petsas TG. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1994 May; 160(5): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8075197

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Hernioplasty and simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized study of open tension-free versus laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Sarli L, Villa F, Marchesi F. Source: Surgery. 2001 May; 129(5): 530-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331444

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Hernioplasty using the hernial sac in repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Shafey OA, Azzam ZA. Source: The American Surgeon. 1976 April; 42(4): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=773231

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Hernioscopic stuffing of direct inguinal hernia in female patients using resorbable mesh. Author(s): Popp LW. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1993 January-February; 7(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8424227

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Hernioscopy: laparoscopy via an inguinal hernia sac. Author(s): Binderow SR, Klapper AS, Bufalini B. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1992 October; 2(5): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1421541

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High recurrence rate 12 years after primary inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Melis P, van der Drift DG, Sybrandy R, Go PM. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2000 April; 166(4): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817329

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High-dose ropivacaine wound infiltration for pain relief after inguinal hernia repair: a clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Author(s): Pettersson N, Emanuelsson BM, Reventlid H, Hahn RG. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 March-April; 23(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570609

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Historical evolution of inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Sachs M, Damm M, Encke A. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1997 February; 21(2): 218-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8995083

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How to repair an adult indirect inguinal hernia? Author(s): Beets GL. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2000 April; 166(4): 348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817336

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Iliac arterial thrombosis after inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Van Buren SF, Heit JA, Panneton JM, Donohue JH. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2002 December; 77(12): 1361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479526

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Impact of randomized trials on the application of endoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair in The Netherlands. Author(s): Knook MT, Stassen LP, Bonjer HJ. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 January; 15(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11178764

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Impact of randomized trials regarding endoscopic inguinal hernia repair in The Netherlands. Author(s): Voyles CR. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 March; 16(3): 547. Epub 2001 November 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928053

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Incarcerated inguinal hernia in premature babies--a report of two cases. Author(s): Coren ME, Madden NP, Haddad M, Lissauer TJ. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 April; 90(4): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332941

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Incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Punnam SR, Ridout D. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2003 November; 58(5): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595317

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Incidence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis in children with inguinal hernia. Author(s): Schier F, Danzer E, Bondartschuk M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 October; 36(10): 1561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11584408

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Incisional self-administration of bupivacaine or ropivacaine provides effective analgesia after inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Vintar N, Pozlep G, Rawal N, Godec M, Rakovec S. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2002 May; 49(5): 481-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11983663

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Inguinal hernia after radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a study of incidence and risk factors in comparison to no operation and lymphadenectomy. Author(s): Lodding P, Bergdahl C, Nyberg M, Pileblad E, Stranne J, Hugosson J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 September; 166(3): 964-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490256

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Inguinal hernia detected during bone scintigraphy. Author(s): Buyukdereli G. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 April; 26(4): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11290912

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Inguinal hernia in preterm infants (< or = 32-week gestation). Author(s): Kumar VH, Clive J, Rosenkrantz TS, Bourque MD, Hussain N. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 March; 18(2-3): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956782

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Inguinal hernia in the premature infant: management of a common problem. Author(s): Burd AJ, Burd RS. Source: Neonatal Netw. 2002 November-December; 21(7): 39-44; Quiz 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12514988

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Inguinal hernia management. Author(s): Voeller G. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 October; 197(4): 702-3; Author Reply 703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522346

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Inguinal hernia repair in the Amsterdam region 1994-1996. Author(s): Schoots IG, van Dijkman B, Butzelaar RM, van Geldere D, Simons MP. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 March; 5(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11387721

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Inguinal hernia repair in the new millennium: plug and patch repair with local anesthesia. Author(s): Zieren J, Hoksch B, Wenger FA, Opitz I, Muller JM. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2001 February; 25(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11338012

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Inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Macintyre IMC. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 2001 December; 46(6): 349-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768576

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Inguinal hernia. Author(s): Maisonet L. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2003 January; 24(1): 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12509545

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Inguinal hernia: a patch covering only the myopectineal orifice is effective. Author(s): Pelissier EP, Blum D, Marre P, Damas JM. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 June; 5(2): 847. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505654

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Inguinal hernia: an old condition with new solutions. Author(s): Nathan JD, Pappas TN. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2003 December; 238(6 Suppl): S148-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703756

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Inguinal hernia: obligatory indication for elective surgery? A prospective assessment of quality of life before and after plug and patch inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Zieren J, Kupper F, Paul M, Neuss H, Muller JM. Source: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Chirurgie. 2003 February; 387(11-12): 417-20. Epub 2003 January 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12607122

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Irreducible inguinal hernia, bowel obstruction, and torsion of testis in a patient with testicular feminization syndrome. Author(s): Arikan S, Yucel AF, Barut G, Isik V, Kocakusak A. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2003 September; 7(3): 153-5. Epub 2003 March 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942347

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Laparoscopic closure of patent canal of Nuck for female indirect inguinal hernia. Author(s): Russell JC. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 February; 8(1): 10-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11274615

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Laparoscopic closure of patent canal of Nuck for female indirect inguinal hernia. Author(s): Yen CF, Wang CJ, Lin SL, Chang PC, Lee CL, Soong YK. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 February; 8(1): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172130

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Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair versus open mesh repair: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Andersson B, Hallen M, Leveau P, Bergenfelz A, Westerdahl J. Source: Surgery. 2003 May; 133(5): 464-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12773973

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Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair with spinal anesthesia and nitrous oxide insufflation. Author(s): Spivak H, Nudelman I, Fuco V, Rubin M, Raz P, Peri A, Lelcuk S, Eidelman LA. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 October; 13(10): 1026-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10526041

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Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. A safe approach based on the understanding of rectus sheath anatomy. Author(s): Katkhouda N, Campos GM, Mavor E, Trussler A, Khalil M, Stoppa R. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 December; 13(12): 1243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10594277

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Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with extraperitoneal double-mesh technique. Author(s): Halkic N, Ksontini R, Corpataux JM, Bekavac-Beslin M. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 1999 December; 9(6): 491-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632509

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Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Schultz C, Baca I, Gotzen V. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 June; 15(6): 582-4. Epub 2001 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591945

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Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: lessons learned after 1224 consecutive cases. Author(s): Ramshaw B, Shuler FW, Jones HB, Duncan TD, White J, Wilson R, Lucas GW, Mason EM. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 January; 15(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11178763

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Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: optimal technical variations and results in 1700 cases. Author(s): Quilici PJ, Greaney EM Jr, Quilici J, Anderson S. Source: The American Surgeon. 2000 September; 66(9): 848-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993614

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Inguinal Hernia

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Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: review of 6 years experience. Author(s): Vanclooster P, Smet B, de Gheldere C, Segers K. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2001 May-June; 101(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11501389

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Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay polytetrafluoroethylene mesh repair (IPOM) for inguinal hernia during spinal anesthesia in patients with severe medical conditions. Author(s): Schmidt J, Carbajo MA, Lampert R, Zirngibl H. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2001 February; 11(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269553

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Laparoscopic management of omental torsion secondary to an occult inguinal hernia. Author(s): Siu WT, Law BK, Tang CN, Chau CH, Li MK. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2003 June; 13(3): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855104

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Laparoscopic or Lichtenstein repair for recurrent inguinal hernia: one unit's experience. Author(s): Kumar S, Nixon SJ, MacIntyre IM. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1999 October; 44(5): 3012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10550952

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Laparoscopic techniques versus open techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): McCormack K, Scott NW, Go PM, Ross S, Grant AM; EU Hernia Trialists Collaboration. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd001785. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535413

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Laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair for recurrent inguinal hernia. Author(s): Hawasli A, Thao U, Chapital A. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 March; 68(3): 303-7; Discussion 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894858

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Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine found within an inguinal hernia sac: a case report. Author(s): Acar T, Guzel K, Aydin R. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2003 June; 103(3): 336-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12914376

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Lichtenstein or plug-and-mesh in inguinal hernia repair? Author(s): Metzger J, Schupfer G, von Flue M. Source: Surgery. 2000 November; 128(5): 870-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11056456

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Lichtenstein patch or Perfix plug-and-patch in inguinal hernia: a prospective doubleblind randomized controlled trial of short-term outcome. Author(s): Kingsnorth AN, Porter CS, Bennett DH, Walker AJ, Hyland ME, Sodergren S. Source: Surgery. 2000 March; 127(3): 276-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10715982

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Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord masquerading as an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Hassan JM, Quisling SV, Melvin WV, Sharp KW. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 February; 69(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641360

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Local anaesthesia in elective inguinal hernia repair: a randomised, double-blind study comparing the efficacy of levobupivacaine with racemic bupivacaine. Author(s): Kingsnorth AN, Cummings CG, Bennett DH. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 2002; 168(7): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12463428

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Male genital tract injuries after contemporary inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Ridgway PF, Shah J, Darzi AW. Source: Bju International. 2002 August; 90(3): 272-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12133064

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Malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the ovary growing into an inguinal hernia sac: report of a case. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Tsuzuki Y, Ando T, Sekihara M, Hara T, Kori T, Kawakami T, Ohno Y, Kuwano H. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(10): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513334

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Management of primary and recurrent inguinal hernia by surgeons from the South West of England. Author(s): Richards SK, Earnshaw JJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 November; 85(6): 4024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629882

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Inguinal Hernia

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Mesh infections after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Avtan L, Avci C, Bulut T, Fourtanier G. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1997 June; 7(3): 192-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9194276

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Mesh migration following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Hume RH, Bour J. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1996 October; 6(5): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8897245

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Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of laparoscopic vs conventional inguinal hernia repairs. Author(s): Chung RS, Rowland DY. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 July; 13(7): 689-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10384076

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Meta-analysis of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair favors open hernia repair with preperitoneal mesh prosthesis. Author(s): Slim K. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 April; 185(4): 395; Author Reply 395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657399

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Meta-analysis of laparoscopic inguinal hernia trials favors open hernia repair with preperitoneal mesh prosthesis. Author(s): Voyles CR, Hamilton BJ, Johnson WD, Kano N. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2002 July; 184(1): 6-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135710

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Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing open and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Memon MA, Cooper NJ, Memon B, Memon MI, Abrams KR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2003 December; 90(12): 1479-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14648725

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Metabolic and inflammatory responses after laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Akhtar K, Kamalky-asl ID, Lamb WR, Laing I, Walton L, Pearson RC, Parrott NR. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1998 March; 80(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623379

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Metastatic colon carcinoma found within an inguinal hernia sac: report of a case. Author(s): Matsumoto G, Ise H, Inoue H, Ogawa H, Suzuki N, Matsuno S. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(1): 74-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10648089

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Minimally invasive approaches to inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Safadi BY, Duh QY. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2001 December; 11(6): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814126

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Minimally invasive operation techniques for inguinal hernia: spectrum of indications in Austria. Author(s): Scheyer M, Arnold S, Zimmermann G. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 June; 5(2): 739. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505652

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Minimally invasive preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair with epidural anaesthesia. Author(s): Salihoglu Z, Demiroluk S, Yavuz N. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 December; 30(6): 813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500526

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Minimally invasive surgery for inguinal hernia. Author(s): Lucas SW, Arregui ME. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1999 April; 23(4): 350-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10030858

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Modified posterior preperitoneal mesh hernioplasty for repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Akinci OF, Duzgun SA, Bozer M, Coskun A, Uzunkoy A. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1999 May; 165(5): 500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10391170

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Morbidity and mortality of inguinal hernia in the newborn. Author(s): Ameh EA. Source: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2002 December; 9(4): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690685

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Mucin deposits within inguinal hernia sacs: a presenting finding of low-grade mucinous cystic tumors of the appendix. A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Young RH, Rosenberg AE, Clement PB. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1997 December; 10(12): 1228-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9436968

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Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix appearing as an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Chen KT, Davies OG. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1982 August; 106(8): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6896633

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Myofibroblasts defined by electron microscopy suggest the dedifferentiation of smooth muscle within the sac walls associated with congenital inguinal hernia. Author(s): Tanyel FC, Muftuoglu S, Dagdeviren A, Kaymaz FF, Buyukpamukcu N. Source: Bju International. 2001 February; 87(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167652

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Needlescopic inguinal hernia repair in children. Author(s): Shalaby R, Desoky A. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 March; 18(2-3): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956783

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Neonatal acute appendicitis: a strangulated appendix in an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Martins JL, Peterlini FL, Martins EC. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2001 November; 17(8): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727059

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Neonatal appendicitis: ischemic infarction in incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Srouji MN, Buck BE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1978 April; 13(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=650369

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Neonatal inguinal hernia and recurrent apnea. Author(s): Philip AG. Source: Hosp Pract. 1980 August; 15(8): 21, 24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7399497

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Nerve injury during laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Kraus MA. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1993 August; 3(4): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8269257

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Neuralgia after inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Bower S, Moore BB, Weiss SM. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 August; 62(8): 664-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712565

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New method of inguinal hernia repair: a new solution. Author(s): Losanoff JE, Jones JW, Richman BW. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2001 November; 71(11): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11736834

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New method of inguinal hernia repair: a new solution. Author(s): Desarda MP. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2001 April; 71(4): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11355734

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New surgical procedure for sliding inguinal hernia repair in female infants and girls. Author(s): Kaneko K, Ando H, Tsuda M. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002 April; 194(4): 544-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949760

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New trends: preperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Ammar G, Abdelnour A, Souraty P. Source: J Med Liban. 1996; 44(3): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9260401

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Non-palpable inguinal hernia in the female. Author(s): Spangen L, Andersson R, Ohlsson L. Source: The American Surgeon. 1988 September; 54(9): 574-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3415101

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Obstructing sigmoid cancer with local invasion in an incarcerated inguinal hernia. Author(s): Tan GY, Guy RJ, Eu KW. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2003 January-February; 73(1-2): 80-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534750

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Occupational rehabilitation following open mesh surgical repair of an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Pesanelli KE, Cigna JA, Basu SG, Morin AR. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 January; 83(1): 58-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12495413

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One-thousand consecutive inguinal hernia repairs under unmonitored local anesthesia. Author(s): Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 December; 93(6): 1373-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726409

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Open mesh versus non-mesh for repair of femoral and inguinal hernia. Author(s): Scott NW, McCormack K, Graham P, Go PM, Ross SJ, Grant AM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd002197. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519568

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Open mesh-plug technique in inguinal hernia repair--short-term results. Author(s): Seleem MI. Source: S Afr J Surg. 2003 May; 41(2): 44-7; Discussion 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12889242

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Open tension-free mesh repair for adult inguinal hernia: eight years of experience in a community hospital. Author(s): Yamamoto S, Maeda T, Uchida Y, Yabe S, Nakano M, Sakano S, Yamamoto M. Source: Asian J Surg. 2002 April; 25(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376230

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Optimal mesh size for endoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a study in a porcine model. Author(s): Knook MT, van Rosmalen AC, Yoder BE, Kleinrensink GJ, Snijders CJ, Looman CW, van Steensel CJ. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 December; 15(12): 1471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11965468

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Our operative technique for inguinal hernia. Author(s): Zanon C, Cirigliano W, Alluminio P, Triulzi M. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1993 December; 35(4): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8202338

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Outcome of inguinal hernia repair total extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernia repair versus open tension free repair (Lichtenstein technique). Author(s): Subwongcharoen S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 October; 85(10): 1100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12501902

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Ovarian and tubal inguinal hernia--an unusual presentation. Author(s): Ray S, Som SC, Adedji EA, Williams GT, Ferguson A. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 May; 23(3): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918500

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Overview of randomized trials of inguinal hernia repair-a European Union concerted action. Report of first collaborators' meeting, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands, October 16-17, 1998. EU Hernia Trialists Collaboration. Author(s): Webb K. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 October; 13(10): 1030-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10526042

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Partial preoperative reduction of inguinal hernia through compression with an ultrasound transducer. Author(s): Koseoglu K, Ozsunar Y, Taskin F, Unsal A. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 September; 31(7): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12923884

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Perforated carcinoma of the sigmoid colon in an incarcerated inguinal hernia: report of a case. Author(s): Kouraklis G, Kouskos E, Glinavou A, Raftopoulos J, Karatzas G. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(9): 707-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928851

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Peritoneal dialysis and an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Tintillier M, Coche E, Malaise J, Goffin E. Source: Lancet. 2003 December 6; 362(9399): 1893. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667746

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Peritoneography (herniography) for detecting occult inguinal hernia in patients with inguinodynia. Author(s): Heise CP, Sproat IA, Starling JR. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2002 January; 235(1): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11753053

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Pfannenstiel incision for incarcerated inguinal hernia in neonates. Author(s): Koga H, Yamataka A, Ohshiro K, Okada Y, Lane GJ, Miyano T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): E16-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891518

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Postoperative analgesia is not different after local vs systemic administration of meloxicam in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Romsing J, Mysager S, Vilmann P, Sonne J, Larsen NE, stergaard D. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 November; 48(10): 978-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698316

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Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction after bilateral inguinal hernia repair: a prospective randomized study comparing the Stoppa procedure with laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair (TEPP). Author(s): Suter M, Martinet O. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2002 December; 12(6): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496548

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Previous appendicitis may affect peritoneal overlap of the mesh in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Vecchio R, Di Martino M, Lipari G, Sambataro L. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 February; 16(2): 359. Epub 2001 November 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11967702

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Prospective randomized trial of pre-emptive analgesics following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair: intravenous ketorolac versus diclofenac suppository. Author(s): Lau H, Wong C, Goh LC, Patil NG, Lee F. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 October; 72(10): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534378

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Prospective study of open preperitoneal mesh repair for recurrent inguinal hernia. Author(s): Kurzer M, Belsham PA, Kark AE. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 January; 89(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11851671

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Quality of life in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Lawrence K, McWhinnie D, Jenkinson C, Coulter A. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1997 January; 79(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9038494

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Quantitative analysis of collagen and elastic fibers in the transversalis fascia in direct and indirect inguinal hernia. Author(s): Rodrigues Junior AJ, Rodrigues CJ, da Cunha AC, Jin Y. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2002 November-December; 57(6): 265-70. Epub 2003 February 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612758

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Randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal approach with open mesh repair in inguinal hernia. Author(s): Colak T, Akca T, Kanik A, Aydin S. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2003 June; 13(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819504

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Randomized clinical trial of lightweight composite mesh for Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Post S, Weiss B, Willer M, Neufang T, Lorenz D. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2004 January; 91(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716792

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Randomized clinical trial of non-mesh versus mesh repair of primary inguinal hernia. Author(s): Vrijland WW, van den Tol MP, Luijendijk RW, Hop WC, Busschbach JJ, de Lange DC, van Geldere D, Rottier AB, Vegt PA, IJzermans JN, Jeekel J. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2002 March; 89(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872052

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Randomized controlled study of laparoscopic total extraperitoneal versus open Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Lal P, Kajla RK, Chander J, Saha R, Ramteke VK. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 June; 17(6): 850-6. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658428

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Re: Bilateral laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair can complicate subsequent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Author(s): Kennedy-Smith A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 April; 169(4): 1475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641083

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Re: Bilateral laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair can complicate subsequent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Author(s): Foley CL, Kirby RS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 April; 169(4): 1475. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629393

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Re: Inguinal hernia after radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a study of incidence and risk factors in comparison to no operation and lymphadenectomy. Author(s): Anderson WR, Holmes SA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 April; 167(4): 1800-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11912426

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Recurrences after conventional anterior and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a randomized comparison. Author(s): Liem MS, van Duyn EB, van der Graaf Y, van Vroonhoven TJ; Coala Trial Group. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2003 January; 237(1): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496541

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Recurrent inguinal hernia: disease of the collagen matrix? Author(s): Zheng H, Si Z, Kasperk R, Bhardwaj RS, Schumpelick V, Klinge U, Klosterhalfen B. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2002 April; 26(4): 401-8. Epub 2002 January 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11910470

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Round ligament varicosities mimicking inguinal hernia: a diagnostic challenge during pregnancy. Author(s): Guillem P, Bounoua F, Duval G. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2001 November-December; 101(6): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868510

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Sexual function and testicular perfusion after inguinal hernia repair with mesh. Author(s): Zieren J, Beyersdorff D, Beier KM, Muller JM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2001 March; 181(3): 204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376571

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Simultaneous bilateral laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: an analysis of 1336 consecutive cases at a single center. Author(s): Schmedt CG, Daubler P, Leibl BJ, Kraft K, Bittner R; Laparoscopic Hernia Repair Study Team. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 February; 16(2): 240-4. Epub 2001 November 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11967671

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Sliding appendiceal inguinal hernia with a congenital fibrovascular band connecting the appendix vermiformis to the right testis. Author(s): Oguzkurt P, Kayaselcuk F, Oz S, Serdar Arda I, Oguzkurt L. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 September; 5(3): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759803

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Sliding appendiceal inguinal hernia: preoperative sonographic diagnosis. Author(s): Celik A, Ergun O, Ozbek SS, Dokumcu Z, Balik E. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 March-April; 31(3): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594801

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Special aspects of neonatal inguinal hernia and herniotomy. Author(s): Fette AM, Hollwarth ME. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 June; 5(2): 926. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505656

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Spinal anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair? Author(s): Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 January; 47(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492789

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Stapled and nonstapled laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Jago R. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 July; 15(7): 766-7. Epub 2000 June 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591999

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Stapler versus suture technique of mesh in Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia. Author(s): Garg P, Singla SL, Godara R, Goel V. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 September-October; 22(5): 197. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14658544

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Surgery for inguinal hernia in Byzantine times (A.D. 324-1453): first scientific descriptions. Author(s): Lascaratos JG, Tsiamis C, Kostakis A. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2003 October; 27(10): 1165-9. Epub 2003 August 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925906

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Surgical repair of primary saphenous vein aneurysm of the proximal leg after initial presentation as an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Majeski J. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 November; 68(11): 999-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12455795

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Tension-free inguinal hernia repair: TEP versus mesh-plug versus Lichtenstein: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Bringman S, Ramel S, Heikkinen TJ, Englund T, Westman B, Anderberg B. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2003 January; 237(1): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496542

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Testicular pain after inguinal hernia repair: an approach to resection of the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. Author(s): Ducic I, Dellon AL. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 February; 198(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14759772

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The effects of the critical pathway for inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Joh HJ, Moon IS, Park HR, Kim NC, Yang S. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 February; 44(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12619179

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The importance of the size of Hessert's triangle in the etiology of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Abdalla RZ, Mittelstaedt WE. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2001 September; 5(3): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11759795

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The Stoppa procedure in inguinal hernia repair: to drain or not to drain. Author(s): Rodrigues AJ Jr, Jin HY, Utiyama EM, Rodrigues CJ. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 2003 March-April; 58(2): 97-102. Epub 2003 June 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845362

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The use of laparoscopy to assess viability of slipped content in incarcerated inguinal hernia: a case report. Author(s): Al-Naami MY, Al-Shawi JS. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2003 August; 13(4): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960798

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Torsion of the greater omentum with inguinal hernia. Author(s): Xavier S, John P. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 September-October; 22(5): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14658542

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Totally extraperitoneal endoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TEP). Author(s): Tamme C, Scheidbach H, Hampe C, Schneider C, Kockerling F. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 February; 17(2): 190-5. Epub 2002 December 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457220

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Totally extraperitoneal endoscopic repair of recurrent inguinal hernia (Br J Surg 2001; 88: 884-6). Author(s): Losanoff JE, Jones JW, Richman BW. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 November; 88(11): 1545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11683764

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Totally extraperitoneal endoscopic repair of recurrent inguinal hernia. Author(s): van der Hem JA, Hamming JF, Meeuwis JD, Oostvogel HJ. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2001 June; 88(6): 884-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11412263

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Ultrasonographic diagnosis for potential contralateral inguinal hernia in children. Author(s): Toki A, Watanabe Y, Sasaki K, Tani M, Ogura K, Wang ZQ, Wei S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 February; 38(2): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12596108

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Ultrasonographic evaluation of bilateral groins in children with unilateral inguinal hernia. Author(s): Kervancioglu R, Bayram MM, Ertaskin I, Ozkur A. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2000 November; 41(6): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11092492

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Ultrasound-based volumetric evaluation of fluid retention after inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Peiper C, Ponschek N, Truong S, Schumpelick V. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 July; 14(7): 666-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10948306

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Umbilical hernia, inguinal hernias, and hydroceles in children: diagnostic clues for optimal patient management. Author(s): Gill FT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 1998 September-October; 12(5): 231-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9987252

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Urethral catheterization causing incarceration of a previously reducible inguinal hernia. Author(s): Cattermole HR, Burling DN, Hunt TM. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 July; 82(7): 897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7648100

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Use of skin staples for securing the mesh in the Lichtenstein repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Kingsnorth AN. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 July; 78(4): 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712669

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Use of skin staples for securing the mesh in the Lichtenstein repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Fligelstone L, Wanendeya N, Palmer B. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 July; 78(4): 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712668

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Use of skin staples for securing the mesh in the Lichtenstein repair of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Cheek C. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1996 July; 78(4): 398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712667

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Use of spinal or continuous caudal anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in premature infants: are there advantages? Author(s): Broadman LM. Source: Reg Anesth. 1996 November-December; 21(6 Suppl): 108-13. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8956434

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Use of the prolene hernia system for inguinal hernia repair: retrospective, comparative time analysis versus other inguinal hernia repair systems. Author(s): Murphy JW. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 October; 67(10): 919-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11603544

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Vaginal bleeding in an infant secondary to sliding inguinal hernia. Author(s): Zitsman JL, Cirincione E, Margossian H. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 May; 89(5 Pt 2): 840-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9166343

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Variability of inguinal hernia surgical technique: A survey of North American pediatric surgeons. Author(s): Levitt MA, Ferraraccio D, Arbesman MC, Brisseau GF, Caty MG, Glick PL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 May; 37(5): 745-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987092

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Vasopressin and haemostatic responses to inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia. Author(s): Grant PJ, Hampton KK, Primrose J, Davies JA, Prentice CR. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1991 October; 2(5): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1782335

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Ventilatory capacity after three methods of anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Godfrey PJ, Greenan J, Ranasinghe DD, Shabestary SM, Pollock AV. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1981 August; 68(8): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7023596

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Vesical diverticulum extending into an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Bolton DM, Joyce G. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1994 March; 73(3): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8162519

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Videolaparoscopy of the contralateral internal inguinal ring via the hernia sac in children with unilateral inguinal hernia-initial experience in Brazil, with a metaanalysis. Author(s): Eller Miranda M, Duarte Lanna JC. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 September; 18(5-6): 463-9. Epub 2002 July 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415382

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Volvulus of an ileal conduit in an inguinal hernia. Author(s): Ramayya GR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1984 August; 71(8): 637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743989

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Weight gain: a possible factor in deciding timing for inguinal hernia repair in premature infants. Author(s): Desch LW, DeJonge MH. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1996 May; 35(5): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8804543

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What effect does the duration of an inguinal hernia have on patient symptoms? Author(s): Hair A, Paterson C, Wright D, Baxter JN, O'Dwyer PJ. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 August; 193(2): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491441

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When a hernia is not a hernia: the evaluation of inguinal hernias in the cirrhotic patient. Author(s): Horn TW, Harris JA, Martindale R, Gadacz T. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 November; 67(11): 1093-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11730227

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When to return to work following a routine inguinal hernia repair: are doctors giving the correct advice? Author(s): Baker DM, Rider MA, Fawcett AN. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1994 February; 39(1): 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7515427

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When to use mesh in inguinal hernia repair. Author(s): Chang EG. Source: Military Medicine. 1991 July; 156(7): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1922850

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Which inguinal hernia repair? Author(s): Kirk RM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 July 2; 287(6384): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6407687

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Why do so many small infants develop an inguinal hernia? Author(s): Powell TG, Hallows JA, Cooke RW, Pharoah PO. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 October; 61(10): 991-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3096222

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Winston S Churchill's (1874-1965) inguinal hernia repair by Thomas P Dunhill (18761957). Author(s): Schein M, Rogers P. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 August; 197(2): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12892817

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND INGUINAL HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and inguinal hernia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Inguinal Hernia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “inguinal hernia” (or a synonym): •

Effect of low-dose subcutaneous heparin on postoperative wound hematomas: randomized clinical trial on hospitalized inguinal hernia patients in Germany. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Evangelisches Krankenhaus/Academic Hospital, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. Source: Schmitz, R Kansy, M Moser, K H Treckmann, J World-J-Surg. 1995 May-June; 19(3): 416-8; discussion 419 0364-2313

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Multiple faecal and urinary fistulae as a complication of native treatment of inguinal hernia. Author(s): Department of Surgery, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria. Source: Udofot, S U Trop-Geogr-Med. 1991 Jan-April; 43(1-2): 105-7 0041-3232

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Small bowel and mesenteric injury following traditional treatment and self-inflicted trauma to inguinal hernia. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Source: Sabo, S Y Chirdan, L B East-Afr-Med-J. 1999 September; 76(9): 533-4 0012-835X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON INGUINAL HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to inguinal hernia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “inguinal hernia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on inguinal hernia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Inguinal Hernia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to inguinal hernia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

The Changing Path of Inguinal Hernia Surgery by Berndsen, Fritz Hendrik; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f316161

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON INGUINAL HERNIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “inguinal hernia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on inguinal hernia, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Inguinal Hernia By performing a patent search focusing on inguinal hernia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on inguinal hernia: •

Apparatus for the installation of a prosthesis in the treatment of inguinal hernias via the peritoneoscopic route Inventor(s): Cancel; Richard (317, rue Olive Tamari, F-83130 La Garde, FR), Sassi; Gerard (105, boulevard Coste Chaude, F-83200 Toulon, FR), Wallace; Richard (18, rue du Paradis, F-83400 Hyeres, FR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,428,546 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus enabling the introduction of a prosthesis of the pad form with increased ease into the interior of the abdominal cavity and to automatically unroll it, such that its installation and stapling are easier for the practitioner. More specifically, the invention includes a device for the installation of a prosthesis in the treatment of inguinal hernias via peritoneoscopy, including an applicator essentially constituted of a substantially cylindrical tube capable of containing the prosthesis, a plunger for injecting the prosthesis from the tube at the desired site, and a spring attached to the plunger such that it is capable of attaching to the prosthesis in a detachable manner and of spreading it out when it is discharged to the exterior of the tube. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the treatment of inguinal hernias via the peritoneoscopic route. More specifically, the invention relates to apparatus for the installation of a prosthesis in the abdominal cavity in the implementation of this treatment. Inguinal hernias result from the passage of intra-abdominal organs to the outside of the abdominal cavity, passing through the muscular wall. This abnormal passage stems from a defect which can be congenital or acquired. Inguinal hernias are very common disorders, such that surgical interventions for repairing these defects are at present among the most frequently performed operations. There are two problems related to the repair of inguinal hernias: their frequency and the rate of recidivism after treatment. An imperfect operative technique results in a high recidivism rate with the associated human and social consequences (repeated surgical interventions, increased costs). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06428546__

•

Curved prosthetic mesh and its method of manufacture Inventor(s): Coddaire; John W. (North Chelmsford, MA), Herzog; Fred D. (Westford, MA), Pajotin; Docteur Philippe (Cholet, FR) Assignee(s): C.r. Bard Inc. (murray Hill, Nj) Patent Number: 5,954,767 Date filed: July 24, 1996 Abstract: A prothesis is provided for repairing a defect in a muscle or tissue wall. The prothesis has a preformed shape that conforms to the wall to facilitate placement and minimize shifting of the prothesis when positioned on the wall. The prosthesis may include a body formed of a sheet of surgical mesh fabric having a flexible inner portion

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surrounded by a stiffer periphery that is capable of resuming the preformed shape after being temporarily deformed to allow for implantation. The body may include a tapered end to facilitate insertion of the prothesis between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominopelvic wall during hernia repairs. The body may also include a curved end to permit repositioning of the bladder after implantation. In one embodiment, the prothesis includes a conical portion at the tapered end and a spherical portion at the curved end. The body may also include a permanent depression on a surface that receives the iliac vessels when the prothesis is positioned on the wall to repair an inguinal hernia. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to prosthetic meshes and their methods of manufacture. The prior art includes a prosthetic mesh made of an implantable, nonresorbable, flexible material, designed to be implanted for the parietal repair of hernias and eventrations of the abdominal wall. These meshes, which are usually made of implantable polypropylene, preferably have tight mesh openings and are obtained by knitting, welding or weaving. They are supplied to surgeons pre-cut, in the form of a flat element. However, this flat element must be applied to a concave surface by the surgeon. As a result of the difference in conformation, the mesh is difficult to put into position, especially since one of its relatively broad margins has to be slipped between the parietal peritoneium and the abdominopelvic wall. Moreover, as it is being put in place, the mesh folds or wrinkles and is hard to keep in place at the point where many surgeons prefer to attach it. Its inner margin corresponding to the other small side must be slipped between the bladder and the abdominopelvic wall. A straight margin is poorly suited for insertion of the internal edge. The invention palliates these disadvantages by means of a mesh which is easier to put in place and which, once in position, has virtually no tendency to shift, without the need for any additional intervention such as fixation, thereby making it possible to reinforce all the weak points of the inguinofemoral region, resulting in a much lower failure rate than heretofore. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05954767__ •

Device and method for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair Inventor(s): Benchetrit; Salomon (276 rue Andre Philip 69003, Lyon, FR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,681,342 Date filed: August 17, 1995 Abstract: A laparoscopic surgical separating device (1) for creating a preperitoneal workspace, for use in preperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, comprising a relatively rigid longitudinal element (2), a longitudinal axis (5), an interior wall (6) defining a throughbore (7), an inflatable element (8) fixedly attached to a point (9) along the length of an outer wall (10) of element (2), fluid insufflation member (11), connected to inflatable element (8), and to throughbore (7), and sealing member (12) capable of preventing fluid from escaping from element (2), wherein inflatable element (8) is of generally asymmetrical shape, having, on one side of the axis (5), a relatively large portion (13) of inflatable material, and on the other side of the axis (5) in the same plane, a relatively small portion (15) of inflatable material, the portions (13, 15) corresponding to the space available in the body after insertion and inflation of the device (1) via an incision (16) made at the antero-superior iliac crest (17).

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Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a device used in laparoscopic surgery, in particular, laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair surgery, and a method of carrying out such surgical repair. Laparoscopic or keyhole surgical interventions have recently taken on increasing importance as surgeons have realized the benefits, both in terms of cost and patient comfort, of minimal invasive surgical techniques. Accordingly, there has been a constant development in the techniques used in this type of surgery and the equipment necessary to successfully carry out such operations. In the particular field of hernia repair, the application of preperitoneal laparoscopic techniques has enabled surgeons to obviate many of the dangers of traditional open bowel surgery, and even intraperitoneal laparoscopy, since the technique does not involve the risk of the surgeon damaging a sensitive organ with one of the inserted instruments. The basis for this technique lies in separating two layers of tissue, namely the peritoneum from the overlying abdominal wall, and creating a sufficiently large working preperitoneal space therebetween to enable the surgeon to carry out the hernia repair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681342__ •

Double layer dynamic prosthesis for surgical treatment of the inguinal hernia Inventor(s): Valenti; Gabriele (Via Nicola Fabrizi, 8, I-00153 Roma, IT) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,813,975 Date filed: July 8, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to a double layer prothesis that is applied to every patient suffering from inguinal hernia. The two lower and upper layers of this dynamic prosthesis can move independently one from the other, since each of said two layers is fixed only on a side facing the side of the other layer. All this avoids, during muscular movements, (deambulation, cough efforts and so on), the formation of some traction and/or torsion points, frequently responsible for immediate post-operative and/or long term troubles and pains. The lower layer creates a new internal inguinal orifice and exercises a "sling" action on the spermatic cord. Said cord takes a "S" shape crossing the double prosthetic layer. The combination of the "sling" with the "S" shape of the cord prevents relapsing external oblique hernias. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a prosthesis for inguinal hernia treatment of the type made with one thin layer of prosthesic material, which frequently includes mesh. The dynamic prosthesis is a prosthetic set constituted by two layers which may be reabsorbable or mixed materials which is applied to the floor of the inguinal canal as a treatment of an original or relapsing inguinal hernia. The two prosthetic layers are independent one from the other or are reciprocally fixed along a line or only in one point. The problems and limits of Lichtenstein's methodology are the excessive tension and bad distribution of the prosthesis which, being externally (that is along its periphery) sutured, isn't able to dynamically suit the modification of relationships among the anatomic structures of the inguinal canal. This produces pain that the patient frequently feels during the movements of the muscular-aponeurotic structures in the inguinal region (cough, effort, passage from the sitting to the upright position and so on). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05813975__

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•

Hernia mesh patches and methods of their use Inventor(s): Kugel; Robert D. (Chehalis, WA) Assignee(s): Surgical Sense, Inc. (arlington, Tx) Patent Number: 5,634,931 Date filed: September 29, 1994 Abstract: Surgically implantable hernia mesh patches are available in several embodiments, wherein each embodiment has double like size layers of inert synthetic mesh material, compressibly positioning an internally positioned loop of a resilient monofilament fiber, when these double layers of mesh are sewn together around their edges, while leaving one centimeter free of both top and bottom layers of mesh. During operating time of a surgical repair of an inguinal hernia, one of these hernia mesh patches is compactively arranged and then inserted through a relatively small incision, for subsequent planar expansion and directed placement to where the hernia is, usually under minimal anesthesia, without the need for entering a patient's abdominal cavity, and without the need to use instrumentation, such as laparoscopic equipment. One of the double layers has a transverse slit for the insertion of a surgeon's finger between these layers of mesh, which facilitates a surgeon's maneuvering and positioning of these double layers of mesh, being always expanded by the loop of resilient monofilament fiber, within a patient's preperitoneal pocket volume to serve as this surgical patch without sutures. The other embodiments have very worthwhile additive features. Excerpt(s): In 1954, Benjamin F. Pease, Jr., in his U.S. Pat. No. 2,671,444 illustrated and described his nonmetallic mesh surgical insert for hernia repair, comprising a sheet of relatively fine uniform open mesh work of a durable, permanently pliable, non-toxic radiation permeable resinous material, which was compatible with body tissues and fluids, and inert chemically with respect thereto. All the joints of the mesh work were preferably unitary, in consequence of which the surgeon could trim the she, of open mesh work to any desired size and shape, without any danger of it unraveling. The cut edge provided an adequate strong portion for suturing the mesh work to the patient's body tissues at any convenient location. The mesh work itself promoted the ready growth therethrough of the patient's own repair tissue. The mesh work insert was adapted to remain permanently in the patient's body, facilitating the body's own efforts to repair the hernia, and minimizing the chance of reoccurrence, without the danger of future difficulties because of irritation, corrosion, or the like. In 1962, Francis C. Usher in his U.S. Pat. No. 3,054,406, illustrated and described his improved surgical mesh which was intended to be held in place by sutures. This surgical mesh was made of a polyethylene thread, free of water leachable irritant impurities and having a tensile strength of at least 50,000 p.s.i., and a weight from 100 to 500 denier. The threads of the improved surgical mesh were spaced at intervals in the range of 5 to 50 mils. These threads were unattached to each other at their points of crossing. This improved surgical mesh was physiologically inert even in the presence of any possible infection. In 1982, Francis C. Usher in his U.S. Pat. No. 4,347,847, continued describing and illustrating his improvements in providing surgical mesh and the method of the use thereof in hernia repair. In his method of repairing hernias and other defects of the abdominal and chest wall, he placed a tubular surgical mesh over the defect in its flattened form to provide continuous border edges. The tubular surgical mesh was of a size sufficient to bridge the defect, and to position the continuous border edges thereof on tissue adjacent the opposite sides of the defect, free of selvage edges. He then sutured through the mesh adjacent the continuous border edges to the tissue. The surgical mesh was comprised of monofilament threads which were free of water leachable irritant impurities and were

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physiologically inert, even in the presence of infection. The monofilament threads had a tensile strength sufficient, when doubled, to withstand wound tension. The threads of the mesh had a diameter in the range of 5 to 15 mils. The mesh was formed having 10 to 20 stitches per inch, and during the formation a continuous tubular shape was created. The threads were unattached to each other at their points of crossing. The threads were made of a polypropylene monofilament. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05634931__ •

Inguinal hernia model Inventor(s): Goldfarb; Michael A. (409 Little Silver Point Rd., Little Silver, NJ 07739) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,908,302 Date filed: June 12, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides a model for simulating inguinal hernias including a frame and a plurality of sheets supported by the frame in overlapping relation to one another to create an anatomically accurate simulation of a portion of a patient's abdomen. Each of the sheets includes openings defined therethrough. A pump is interconnected to and in flow communication with at least one conduit that is supported by the frame so that an open end of the conduit is positioned adjacent to the openings. At least one balloon is disposed in sealed flow communication with the at least one conduit and positioned through the openings so that when the pump is actuated, fluid is urged through the at least one conduit and into the at least one balloon thereby inflating the balloon so as to simulate a hernia sac. Three balloons are utilized to demonstrate an indirect inguinal hernia, a direct inguinal hernia, and a femoral hernia. Anatomically correct overlays may also be placed in overlapping relation to the front and back of the frame so as to show a patient the relative placement of other anatomical structures relative to the position of the hernia. Excerpt(s): The invention generally relates to the field of medical education, and more particularly to the provision of information, via simulation, to a prospective surgical patient, who is faced with surgery to repair an inguinal hernia, so that the patient is in a position to make an informed consent to the proposed surgical procedure. A hernia is an abnormal protrusion of an organ, tissue, or any anatomical structure through a forced opening in some part of the surrounding abdominal muscle wall. For example, if a part of the intestine were to protrude through the surrounding abdominal wall, it would create a hernia--an abdominal hernia. Hernias occur in both males and females in the groin area, also called the inguinal region. In both sexes, the abdominal wall may be weak on both right and left sides a little above the crease in the groin. Hernias are found most frequently in males where the potential for weakness originates during the development of the fetus when the testicles are located inside the abdomen. Just prior to birth, the testicles "descend" and leave the abdomen and enter the scrotum, the sac that contains the testicles. In doing so, they push their way through the lower portion of the abdominal wall. Although the abdominal wall "closes" around the spermatic cord to which the testicle is attached after the testicles descend, the area remains slightly weakened throughout adult life. If a part of the intestines or other tissue within the abdominal cavity pushes through one of the weak spots, it forms a hernia--an inguinal hernia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05908302__

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Inguinal hernia support Inventor(s): Altafi; Ali A. (5770 Rudy Dr., San Jose, CA 95124) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,112,704 Date filed: July 14, 1999 Abstract: A support for inguinal hernia is disclosed wherein a corset garment having elasticized walls is provided with a pocket or pockets on the inside wall of the portion of the garment that is adjacent the abdomen of a wearer. A plurality of pads are provided for insertion in the pocket or pockets to provide pressure against the underlying inguinal area. The pockets are placed in a location to accommodate the location of a hernia or hernias suffered by a particular user. The number of pads placed in the pocket or pockets is selected to obtain a combined thickness of pads that affords optimum wearer comfort so that the support is thereby customized for the wearer. Excerpt(s): A hernia is the protrusion of part of an organ into or through an abnormal opening in a containing wall for the organ. The most common type of hernia is the inguinal hernia, which is due to weakness of the lower abdominal wall at its junction with the thigh in the region of the groin. Hernias frequently occur here on both sides in men and women. Commonly, hernias develop because of a congenital weakness or a prolonged or sudden strain without proper support in the region involved. Hernias occur in the middle of the abdomen particularly in women after the abdominal muscles have been weakened from childbirth. Occasionally, hernia develops at a site of weakening in a scar resulting from an invasive operation. In general, the invention disclosed herein includes a corset-like garment for use by sufferers of inguinal hernia. The garment has elasticized wall portions for surrounding the hips and buttocks of a wearer and extends into the wearer's inguinal area. A pocket or pockets is fastened in any convenient fashion to the inside of the garment in positions overlying the location of the herniated tissue. A pad or combination of pads, of sufficient thickness to provide a comfortable level of pressure to the herniated area is inserted in the pocket (or pockets for multiple hernial areas). Alternatively, an inflatable bag is located in a properly located pocket and inflated to provide the comfortable level of pressure. Although the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present invention has been shown and described herein, it will be understood that modification and variation may be made without departing from what is regarded to be the subject matter of the invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06112704__

•

Method and apparatus for hernia repair Inventor(s): Campos; Luis I. (Allentown, PA) Assignee(s): Sipes; Earl K. (allentown, Pa) Patent Number: 5,290,217 Date filed: October 10, 1991 Abstract: Surgical repairs such as hernia repairs are made via laparoscopic techniques, by attaching a panel or patch of substantially continuous prosthetic material, dimensioned for introduction into a patient via a laparoscopic instrument. The panel is preferably expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), provided with a plurality of holes at a peripheral edge for engagement via a surgical clip applicator. The applicator can be

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used readily to spread the patch over the site of the repair, and to receive the surgical clips which attach the patch to ligamentous structures of the patient. Examples of application of the patch to inguinal hernia repair and diaphragmatic hernia repair are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to repair of hernias and similar defects in the tissues of humans and animals, and in particular to a laparoscopic hernia repair method and a synthetic patch used therefor. The patch is manipulated in the body cavity of the patient and is attached to connective tissues, by engaging the patch at a plurality of peripheral punch holes preliminarily formed in the patch. A hernia is a weakening of the musculofascial tissues defining the structural wall of a body cavity such as the abdomen, resulting in a gap through which tissues can protrude. Typically a sac is formed confining the tissues at the musculofascial defect, which sac protrudes from the plane of the tissue wall. There is a possibility of constriction of the neck of the sac, and life-threatening infection if untreated. A weakening or separation of the musculofascial tissues due to any cause can develop into a hernia. For example scarring from a previous incision or other trauma of the abdominal wall can develop into a hernia, or a hernia can form at the site of a passage through the musculofascial tissue, the passage becoming enlarged, for example, due to pressure of the viscera during muscular exertion. There are various forms of hernias, the inguinal hernia being a common example wherein the abdominal viscera and peritoneal sac protrude through the floor of the inguinal cavity at the point where the musculofascial tissue is relatively weakened due to the passage of the spermatic duct (in males) or the femoral blood vessels and the round ligament (in females). Another common site of a hernia is the passage of the umbilical cord. Hernias can also develop in the diaphragm, and elsewhere. In general similar problems occur wherever visceral tissues are abutted against a confining wall of tissue which, when weakened for whatever reason, permits the tissues to protrude through the confining wall, where the tissues become subject to constriction and infection or exert potentially dangerous pressure on tissues beyond the wall. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05290217__ •

Multilayer prosthesis to surgically correct inguinal hernia Inventor(s): Beretta; Luciano (Arcore, IT) Assignee(s): Sofradim Production (trevoux, Fr) Patent Number: 6,565,580 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: Inguinal hernia correcting prosthesis having an upper layer and a lower layer connected to each other by a flexible band, the flexible band having a first end fixed to the upper layer next to a recess provided on an edge of the upper layer, and a second end fixed next to a hole provided in the lower layer and connected by a cut to an external edge of the lower layer, the hole being axially aligned with the band and the recess. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a prosthesis to surgically correct inguinal hernia and particularly to a prosthesis formed of two parallel layers of biocompatible net which are joined one to the other in a translational way. It is known that the wall defects of the inguinal canal, which cause inguinal hernia, are surgically corrected by means of prostheses formed of profiled pieces of biocompatible material, normally netshaped. Said known prostheses are generally formed of a net sheet, provided with a

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hole for the passage of the spermatic cord, which is applied by the surgeon on the suprafascial plane parallel to the back wall of the inguinal canal (according to the well known Liechtenstein technique). This kind of prosthesis imply the risk of relapses especially in the region of the internal inguinal orifice, due to the fact that the prosthesis is applied on a plane which is considerably distant, above said orifice. Another kind of known prosthesis consists in a so-called "plug" of biocompatible material which is inserted like a stopper in the internal inguinal orifice. Inserting said kind of prosthesis implies drawbacks due to the patient's intolerance towards the material, because of the difficult incorporation of such a voluminous and tied up prosthesis. Prostheses formed of many layers of biocompatible material have been recently proposed in the attempt to solve said drawbacks of the above described prostheses. EP-A-0719 527 describes a prosthesis for surgically correcting an inguinal hernia comprising an upper layer and a lower layer connected to each other by knitting. A hole is provided in said lower layer for the passage of the spermatic cord, and connected by means of a cut to an external edge of the same lower layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06565580__ •

Prosthetic element for the treatment of inguinal hernias, in particular by the celioscopic route Inventor(s): Sgro; Jean-Claude (42 cours General de Gaulle, 21000 Dijon, FR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,697,978 Date filed: December 27, 1995 Abstract: A prosthetic element for the treatment of an inguinal hernia by celloscopy is disclosed, comprising an elongate and flexible binding member, and three leaves which are linked to one another by the binding member, each leaf extending away from the binding member, the leaves being made of a biocompatable material which is sufficiently lacunar or porous to support in vivo a tissue implantation or growth, and sufficiently flexible to be folded back on itself and unfolded, one of the leaves having a cutting therethrough culminating in a hole, the leaf being adapted to tightly enclose the spermatic cord after its passage through the hole. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the surgical treatment of hernias, and more particularly by celioscopy. and a third, inferior, leaf fixed on or replacing Cooper's ligament, and if appropriate on the envelope of the femoral artery. The prosthetic element previously described and the surgical technique which is associated with it have various disadvantages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05697978__

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Surgical mesh introduce with bone screw applicator for the repair of an inguinal hernia Inventor(s): Braeuer; Harry L. (1007 Cragmore, Seabrook, TX 77586), Youngblood; James L. (1514 Neptune La., Houston, TX 77062) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,354,292 Date filed: March 2, 1993 Abstract: A surgical device particularly directed toward the endoscopic repair of inguinal hemas is disclosed. The device includes of a specially adapted surgical mesh and a mechanical means for attaching the surgical mesh to the pubic bone. The surgical mesh is mechanically attached to the pubic bone by an orthopedic screw and the peripheral margins of the mesh either sutured or stapled to the appropriate anatomical structures. The screw is held by the distal end of an inner tube which is positioned inside an outer tube providing an annular space therebetween. The surgical mesh is wrapped around the distal end of the inner tube and the screw and is held in place in the annular space. An actuator tool is placed in the inner tube to provide torque to the screw. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a surgical instrument and more particularly to a surgical instrument and methods for use in the repair of an inguinal hernia. A hernia is the formation of an opening in the abdominal wall typically accompanied with abdominal tissue and viscera which push through the opening in the abdominal wall. The abdominal wall has several relatively weak regions where hernias tend to occur with greatest frequency. These include: 1) the internal inguinal ring where an indirect hernia occurs, 2) Hesselbach's triangle where a direct hernia occurs, and 3) the femoral ring where a femoral hernia occurs. Each of these defects is considered an inguinal hernia. A femoral hernia forms in the femoral ring in the iliopubic tract spanning the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pubic bone. This conforms to the space between the femoral vessels and the pubic bone beneath the inguinal ligament. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05354292__

Patent Applications on Inguinal Hernia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to inguinal hernia: •

Hernia prosthesis Inventor(s): Nicolo, Enrico; (Clairton, PA) Correspondence: Wolf Greenfield & Sacks, PC; Federal Reserve Plaza; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20030083543 Date filed: December 2, 2002

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: A prosthesis and a method for repairing a tissue or muscle wall defect, such as an inguinal hernia, near a cord-like structure, such as the spermatic cord. The prosthesis comprises a layer of repair fabric having a cord opening therethrough that is adapted to receive the cord-like structure when the prosthesis is implanted at the repair site. The prosthesis also includes a cord protector that is attachable to the repair fabric at the opening to isolate the cord-like structure from the fabric in proximity to the opening. The repair fabric may be formed from a material which is susceptible to the formation of adhesions with sensitive tissue and organs. The cord protector may be formed from material which inhibits the formation of adhesions with sensitive tissue and organs. The cord protector may overlie a portion of at least one of the first and second surfaces of the repair fabric. The cord protector may extend substantially farther away from the opening edge on one of the first and second surfaces than on the other of the first and second surfaces. The cord protector may be configured as an insert that is separate from and attachable to the repair fabric. Alternatively, the cord protector may be integral with the repair fabric to form a composite prosthesis. Excerpt(s): Various prosthetic materials have been proposed to reinforce the abdominal wall and to close abdominal wall defects. In certain procedures, the prosthetic fabric may come into contact with sensitive tissue or organs potentially leading to postoperative adhesions between the mesh and the sensitive tissue or organs. There has been a suggestion that, in an inguinal hernia repair, the prosthetic fabric may come into direct contact with the spermatic cord. Postoperative adhesions between the mesh and the spermatic cord and/or erosion of the mesh into the cord, were they to occur, could potentially affect spermatic cord structure and function. For example, tissue ingrowth could potentially result in infertility, pain or other detrimental effects due to strangulation of the spermatic cord. Uzzo et al., "The Effects of Mesh Bioprosthesis on the Spermatic Cord Structures: A Preliminary Report in a Canine Model", The Journal of Urology, Vol. 161, April 1999, pp. 1344-1349, suggests that the interposition of autologous fat between the mesh and the cord during open inguinal repair may prove beneficial. It had been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,441, assigned to C.R. Bard, Inc., also the assignee of the present application, to repair ventral hernias and/or reconstruct chest walls using a prosthesis that is covered with an adhesion resistant barrier, such as a sheet of expanded PTFE. In the repair of ventral hernias and in chest wall reconstruction, the composite is positioned with the barrier relative to the region of potential adhesion, such as the abdominal viscera. Other configurations of composite prostheses can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,725,577 and 5,743,917, both of which are also assigned to C.R Bard, Inc. International Publication No. WO 97/35533, by the present Applicant and also assigned to C.R. Bard, Inc., proposed a universal composite prosthesis in which one side of a layer of mesh material is completely covered with a layer of barrier material. The mesh material promotes biological tissue ingrowth while the barrier material retards biological tissue adherence thereto. The prosthesis may be utilized for various surgical procedures, including ventral hernia repair and inguinal hernia repair. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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MESH PLUG KIT FOR THE INGUINAL BOX SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR HERNIOPLASTY Inventor(s): TRABUCCO, ERMANNO E.; (GREAT NECK, NY) Correspondence: Collard & Roe; 1077 Northern Blvd; Roslyn; NY; 11576 Patent Application Number: 20010049538 Date filed: July 16, 1999 Abstract: A series of kits for an indirect and direct inguinal hernia operations for both male patient and a female patients. The kit for the male patient comprises two plugs and one mesh piece. The plugs and mesh are made from a polymer mesh and are pretreated so that they lay flat within the body after a hernia operation. These two plugs and mesh piece are sterilized and placed within a kit so that during an operation for hernia repair, a doctor has the necessary plugs precut and sterilized so that he can place these plugs within a patient's body. In this case, the plugs and mesh pieces have holes and slits formed to receive a spermatic cord. Since a female patient does not have a spermatic cord, the plug and mesh piece in this kit do not have holes or slits for a spermatic cord. There is also a third kit for large primary and recurrent groin hernias that cause weakening of the entire floor canal. This kit contains a flat rigid hernial plug and a preshaped mesh piece. The two pieces are attached in a two-mesh pair. Excerpt(s): In accordance with 35 U.S.C.sctn.120, this application is a continuation in part application based upon U.S. application Ser. No. 09/154,458 filed on Sep. 16, 1998. The invention relates to a plurality of kits for use in an indirect and direct inguinal hernia operations and large primary and recurrent groin hernias. The operation consists of exposing a 12 centimeter by 4.5 centimeter "Inguinal Box" for the insertion of mesh plugs. These kits are comprised of a series of plugs and mesh pieces of various shapes and sizes with one of the plugs and one of the mesh pieces having a hole in the center to fit around the spermatic cord. Many inguinal hernia plugs are known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,409 to Debbas discloses a reinforcement sheet for use in surgery that includes an opening to receive a spermatic cord and a passageway designed to allow the opening to fit around the spermatic cord. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Prosthetic repair fabric Inventor(s): Cherok, Dennis; (North Smithfield, RI), Darois, Roger E.; (Foster, RI), Eldridge, Stephen N.; (Exeter, RI), Greene, Ronald L.; (Warwick, RI) Correspondence: Jason M. Honeyman; Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; Federal Reserve Plaza; 6000 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20020052654 Date filed: July 6, 2001 Abstract: A prosthetic repair fabric and method for repairing an inguinal hernia in the inguinal canal. The prosthesis including a layer of mesh fabric that is susceptible to the formations of adhesions with sensitive tissue and organs, and a barrier layer that inhibits the formation of adhesions with sensitive tissue and organs. The mesh fabric including a medial section and a lateral section that are configured to be positioned adjacent the medial corner and the lateral end of the inguinal canal, respectively, when the prosthesis is placed in the inguinal canal to repair the defect. The barrier layer is

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positioned on the mesh fabric to inhibit the formation of adhesions between the spermatic cord and the mesh fabric. At least a portion of the lateral section of the mesh fabric is free of the barrier layer on both of its sides to promote enhanced tissue ingrowth therein. The barrier layer may include at least one flap that is to be folded through the mesh fabric to isolate the spermatic cord from internal edges of the fabric when the spermatic cord is routed through the prothesis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a prosthetic repair fabric and, more particularly, to an adhesion resistant fabric for use in soft tissue repair and reconstruction. Various prosthetic mesh materials have been proposed to reinforce the abdominal wall and to close abdominal wall defects. In certain procedures, the prosthetic mesh may come into contact with sensitive tissue or organs potentially leading to postoperative adhesions between the mesh and the sensitive tissue or organs. There has been a suggestion that, in an inguinal hernia repair, the prosthetic mesh may come into direct contact with the spermatic cord. Postoperative adhesions between the mesh and the spermatic cord and/or erosion of the mesh into the cord, were they to occur, could potentially affect spermatic cord structure and function. Inguinal hernias are commonly repaired using a sheet of mesh fabric, such as BARD MESH, which may be trimmed, as necessary, to match the particular size and shape of the inguinal floor. A slit is preformed or made by the surgeon from the lateral end of the mesh opposite the medial corner of the inguinal canal toward the medial end of the mesh to form a pair of lateral tails that are separated to receive the spermatic cord therebetween. The tails may then be overlapped to encircle the cord and reinforce the internal ring. A preshaped mesh may be provided with the slit and a keyhole at the end of the slit for receiving the cord therein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with inguinal hernia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on inguinal hernia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning inguinal hernia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON INGUINAL HERNIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to inguinal hernia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on inguinal hernia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on inguinal hernia: •

Laparoscopy in Children Source: Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 2003. 147 p. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. Tiergartenstr. 17, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany. (49)6221-487-0. Website: www.springer.de. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 3540429751. Summary: Most surgeons are familiar with the techniques of laparoscopic surgery, however, in children there are variations in size and technical approach. This book describes the differences and characteristic aspects of laparoscopy in small children. The book is an atlas of numerous drawings, accompanied by textual descriptions. Technical guidelines are given on how to perform laparoscopy safely, even in small children. Topics include patient selection, anesthesia, insufflation, trocar insertion, instruments, ligating, needle insertion, suturing, adhesiolysis, appendectomy, cholecystectomy

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(gallbladder removal), cryptorchidism, fundoplication, inguinal hernia, intussusception, liver biopsy, Meckel's diverticulum, ovary, pyloromyotomy, sigmoid resection, splenectomy, varicocele, thoracoscopy, and postoperative care. The aim of the book is to provide surgeons with the knowledge to extend their expertise in adult laparoscopy to children. A subject index concludes the textbook. •

Guide to Laparoscopic Surgery Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 1998. 169 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Commerce Place, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (617) 388-8250. Fax (617) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. PRICE: $54.95. ISBN: 086542649X. Summary: This book reviews the important aspects of laparoscopy that every surgeon needs to know. The authors address the needs of trainees in all surgical disciplines, as well as the concerns of qualified surgeons, urologists, and gynecologists. The emphasis is on procedures and practical approaches; four sections are included. In the introduction, the authors review the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopy, risk factors, combined laparoscopy and open surgery, physiological changes during laparoscopy, anesthesia during the procedures, and postoperative management. The second section on equipment, instruments, basic techniques, problems and solutions includes: imaging and viewing, sterilization and maintenance of optics and the camera, creation of the pneumoperitoneum access, gasless laparoscopy, Veress needle procedures, primary cannula insertion, open cannulation (Hasson's technique), secondary cannula, extraperitoneal laparoscopy, instruments for dissection, diathermy and electrocautery, hemostasis, laser, ultrasound, high velocity water jet, ligation and suturing, and specimen extraction. The section on setting up in the operating theater covers hand instruments, equipment, patient position and preparation, and setting up for the procedure. The final section on laparoscopic procedures themselves, covers diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopic ultrasonography, adhesiolysis, cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), management of common bile duct stones, appendectomy, laparoscopic Nissen's fundoplication, gastroenterostomy, truncal vagotomy, laparoscopy for perforated duodenal ulcer, splenectomy, laparoscopy for undescended testicles, varicocele, laparoscopic simple nephrectomy (kidney removal), and inguinal hernia repair. The book is illustrated with numerous line drawings of the equipment and procedures being discussed. A subject index concludes the book.

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Surgical Laparoscopy Source: St. Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 1991. 359 p. Contact: Available from Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 2086 Craigshire Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (314) 878-7808. PRICE: $110, shipping and handling free with prepaid orders. ISBN: 094221921X. Summary: This textbook is a guide to the burgeoning field of surgical laparoscopy. It is intended to introduce surgeons to the principles of laparoscopic surgery and to familiarize those already performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the newer procedures and instruments that have been developed. Seventeen chapters cover topics including the history of laparoscopy, laparoscopic equipment and instrumentation, practical anesthesia, open laparoscopy, and clinical applications, including those for preoperative diagnosis and staging for gastrointestinal cancers, for gallstone disease, cholecystectomy, cholangiography and management of choledocholithiasis,

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appendectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, truncal and selective vagotomy, inguinal hernia repair, and intestinal surgery. Two final chapters cover the complications of laparoscopic general surgery and training and credentialing for laparoscopic surgery. One appendix provides a partial listing of manufacturers of surgical laparoscopy equipment. A detailed subject index concludes the volume.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “inguinal hernia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “inguinal hernia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “inguinal hernia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Colour Atlas of Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles in Infants and Children (Single Surgical Procedures) by Caroline M. Doig, Clive Preece (Illustrator); ISBN: 0723410038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723410038/icongroupinterna

•

Color Atlas of Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles in Infants and Children: Single Surgical Procedures Series by Caroline May Doig; ISBN: 0874895022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874895022/icongroupinterna

•

Inguinal Hernia Repair: Expert Meeting on Hernia Surgery, St. Moritz, February 2-5, 1994 by Expert Meeting on Hernia Surgery, et al (1995); ISBN: 3805560311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805560311/icongroupinterna

•

Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair (Laproscopic Surgical Technique) by James Rosser, James C., Jr. Rosser (1998); ISBN: 0387142444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387142444/icongroupinterna

•

Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair: Transabdominal & Balloon-Assisted Extraperitoneal Approaches Patient Education Program (CD-ROM for Windows & Macintosh) by James "butch" Rosser, James C., Jr. Rosser; ISBN: 0387142428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387142428/icongroupinterna

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Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair by Ara Darzi (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 1899066012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899066012/icongroupinterna

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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Inguinal Hernia: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications (2002); ISBN: 059783394X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059783394X/icongroupinterna

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The Original Bassini Operation for Inguinal Hernia by Alcide Chinaglia; ISBN: 8829902292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8829902292/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on Inguinal Hernia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to inguinal hernia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and inguinal hernia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on inguinal hernia: •

Reduction of Inguinal Hernia Source: in Walsh-Sukys, M.C. and Krug, S.E. Procedures in Infants and Children. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1997. p. 378-379. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $69.00. ISBN: 0721637892. Summary: This brief chapter, from a textbook of medical procedures in infants and children, describes the technique for reduction of inguinal hernia. The chapter outlines the indications, contraindications, equipment used, step-by-step procedure, and possible complications. The indications are reduction of herniated or incarcerated bowel to prevent strangulation ischemia. Contraindications include suspected ischemia or gangrene of the incarcerated bowel or hydrocele. Potential complications can include injury to the bowel from excessive compression or perforation of the bowel due to excessive compression or incarceration-associated ischemia. 1 figure. 2 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON INGUINAL HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on inguinal hernia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on inguinal hernia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “inguinal hernia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on inguinal hernia: •

Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy Source: St. Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 1992. Contact: Available from Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 11970 Borman Drive, Suite 222, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 348-7808 or, in Missouri, (314) 878-7808. Fax (314) 878-9937. PRICE: $89 for 1/2 in NTSC; $114 for PAL, SECAM, and 3/4 in formats. Summary: This videotape program is from a series of instructional videotapes designed to take viewers into the operating room for a firsthand look at laparoscopic procedures. This program focuses on laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. Dr. John Corbitt demonstrates the latest techniques and instrumentation for laparoscopic-guided prosthetic mesh repair of direct and indirect inguinal hernias. The video provides clear, unobstructed views of the operative procedure. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON INGUINAL HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover inguinal hernia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on inguinal hernia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to inguinal hernia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for inguinal hernia: •

Laparoscopic Versus Open Repair Of Inguinal Hernia Debated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 13, 1995

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to inguinal hernia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Inguinal Hernia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to inguinal hernia. In addition

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to these sources, you can search for articles covering inguinal hernia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7732 119 226 15 116 8208

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on inguinal hernia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to inguinal hernia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to inguinal hernia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “inguinal hernia”:

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Guides on inguinal hernia Inguinal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/inguinalhernialoader.html

•

Other guides Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Gastroesophageal Reflux/Hiatal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroesophagealrefluxhiatalhernia.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html Testicular Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/testicularcancer.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to inguinal hernia, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Causes and Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Hernia Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZESG4TWAC &sub_cat=195

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Hernia Exam: Why Do I Have to Cough? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00491

•

Treatment Hernia Repair Source: American College of Surgeons http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=n:&mstr=/ZZZBTQW1 RWC.html&soc=ACS&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH Laparoscopic Hernia Repair: Is It Right for You? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00980

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Incisional Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/incisionalhernialoader.html Inguinal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/inguinalhernialoader.html

Patient Resources 91 Inguinal Hernia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00364 Umbilical Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/umbilicalhernialoader.html Umbilical Hernia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00270 •

Children Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) Source: Children's Hospital Boston http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/A2ZtopicDisplay.cfm?Topic=Congenita l%2520Diaphragmatic%2520Hernia%2520%2528CDH%2529 Could That Lump Be a Hernia? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/surgical/hernia.html Diaphragmatic Hernia Source: Children's Hospital Boston http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/A2ZtopicDisplay.cfm?Topic=Diaphrag matic%2520Hernia Hernia (Umbilical / Inguinal) Source: Children's Hospital Boston http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/A2ZtopicDisplay.cfm?Topic=Hernia%2 520%2528Umbilical%2520%252F%2520Inguinal%2529

•

From the National Institutes of Health Inguinal Hernia Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/inguinalhernia/index.htm

•

Organizations National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/

•

Teenagers Hernias Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/digestive/hernias.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the

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exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on inguinal hernia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Inguinal Hernia Source: in Sodeman, W.A., Jr. Instructions for Geriatric Patients. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1995. p. 303-304. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $38.95. ISBN: 0721643353. Summary: This chapter, from a book of instructions for geriatric patients, provides a basic information sheet on inguinal hernias, or hernias that occur in the groin. An inguinal hernia is the protrusion of a loop of the intestine through a weakened area in the abdominal wall. Elderly patients are neither particularly susceptible to nor particularly protected from this problem. The author notes that controversy regarding the treatment of hernias has to do with when and how to repair the defect in the abdominal wall if there are no complications. Hernia repair is by operation with general anesthesia or with simple local anesthesia applied only to desensitize the area of the surgery. Short-stay surgery provides for rapid rehabilitation of the patient and decreases the possibility of other complications that can occur following surgery. The information sheet concludes by reminding readers to contact their health care provider if they have a hernia that is always present (as opposed to one that recedes) or if they have pain or tenderness in a hernia. The instructions are designed to supplement and reinforce physician instructions to their patients. (AA-M). The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to inguinal hernia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Patient Resources 93 Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to inguinal hernia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with inguinal hernia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about inguinal hernia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “inguinal hernia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “inguinal hernia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “inguinal hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “inguinal hernia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 97

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on inguinal hernia: •

Basic Guidelines for Inguinal Hernia Inguinal hernia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000960.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Inguinal Hernia Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Groin lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003100.htm Groin pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003111.htm Hernia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003100.htm

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Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nausea and vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Inguinal Hernia Hernia repair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002940.htm

•

Background Topics for Inguinal Hernia Aggravated by Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002227.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Scrotum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002296.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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INGUINAL HERNIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve

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function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures.

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Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium enema: A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]

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Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ,

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or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Cholangiography: Radiographic examination of the bile ducts. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Choledocholithiasis: Gallstones in the bile ducts. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in

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mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans)

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end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Credentialing: The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc. [NIH] Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystic Duct: The tube that carries bile from the gallbladder into the common bile duct and the small intestine. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a

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primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU]

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Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenterostomy: Surgical construction of a channel between the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

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Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH]

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Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Herniorrhaphy: An operation to repair a hernia. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperkeratosis: 1. Hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. Any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. A disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. [EU] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but

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some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incarceration: Abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full

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comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]

Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Keyhole: A carrier molecule. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney

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calices. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Liposarcoma: A rare cancer of the fat cells. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]

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Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatologist: Doctor who specializes in treating the diseases and disorders of newborn babies. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

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Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in

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radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH]

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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polytetrafluoroethylene: Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postoperative Period: The period following a surgical operation. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH]

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Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudomyxoma peritonei: A build-up of mucus in the peritoneal cavity. The mucus may come from ruptured ovarian cysts, the appendix, or from other abdominal tissues, and mucus-secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. [NIH]

Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

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Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Retropubic prostatectomy: Surgery to remove the prostate through an incision made in the abdominal wall. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Round Ligament: A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH]

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Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Sigmoidoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the sigmoid flexure. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such

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alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatic: A cord-like structure formed by the vas deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the testis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strangulation: Extreme compression or constriction of the trachea or of any part. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH]

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Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Surgical Mesh: Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testicular Feminization: A type of male pseudohermaphroditism in which the individual is phenotypically female, but with XY genotype. Fallopian tubes and a uterus may be present, but the gonads are usually testes. Androgens and estrogens are formed, but tissues are unresponsive to the androgens. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is

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analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Fistula: An abnormal passage in any organ of the urinary tract or between urinary organs and other organs. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents

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(from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]

Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

131

INDEX A Abdomen, 62, 63, 64, 103, 106, 107, 109, 113, 116, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129 Acute renal, 25, 103 Adhesions, 67, 68, 69, 103 Aerosol, 103, 119 Airway, 14, 103 Algorithms, 103, 105 Alkaline, 103, 105, 106 Alpha Particles, 103, 123 Alternative medicine, 78, 103 Ampicillin, 18, 103 Ampulla, 103, 111 Anaesthesia, 14, 17, 18, 21, 28, 33, 35, 40, 43, 47, 103, 115 Anaesthetic, 14, 18, 103 Anal, 103, 112 Analgesic, 103, 109, 119 Anatomical, 62, 66, 103, 115 Androgens, 103, 127 Anesthesia, 3, 9, 13, 14, 27, 29, 31, 32, 38, 46, 61, 71, 72, 92, 103 Aneurysm, 44, 104 Angiogenesis, 104, 118 Ankle, 104, 129 Antiallergic, 104, 122 Antibacterial, 104, 126 Antibiotic, 103, 104, 106, 120, 126 Antibody, 104, 115 Antigen, 104, 115 Anti-inflammatory, 104, 109, 116 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 104, 116 Antipyretic, 104, 109 Anus, 103, 104, 105, 111 Aorta, 104, 115 Aortic Aneurysm, 8, 104 Apnea, 36, 104 Appendectomy, 71, 72, 73, 104 Appendicitis, 8, 36, 40, 104 Arterial, 27, 104, 107, 123 Arteries, 104, 105, 108, 115, 118, 128 Arterioles, 104, 105 Ascites, 104, 120 Asphyxia, 104, 119 Asymptomatic, 4, 21, 22, 104 Ataxia, 104, 114 Atypical, 26, 105 Autologous, 67, 105

B Bacteria, 104, 105, 110, 111, 118, 126 Barium, 25, 105 Barium enema, 25, 105 Base, 105, 109, 116 Basement Membrane, 105, 111, 117 Benign, 105, 106, 113 Beta-Lactamases, 105, 126 Bilateral, 10, 11, 22, 40, 41, 42, 45, 105, 128 Bile, 105, 107, 109, 112, 117 Bile Ducts, 105, 107 Biliary, 105, 108 Biopsy, 72, 105, 121 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 78, 85, 105 Bladder, 11, 16, 25, 59, 105, 115, 116, 122, 124, 128 Blood vessel, 64, 104, 105, 106, 116, 117, 118, 121, 125, 126, 127, 129 Body Fluids, 106, 110, 125 Bowel, 11, 30, 52, 60, 74, 103, 106, 111, 116, 121 Brain Neoplasms, 106, 114 Branch, 44, 99, 106, 117, 120, 126 Broad Ligament, 106, 124 Broad-spectrum, 103, 106 Buccal, 106, 114 Bupivacaine, 17, 28, 33, 106 Bypass, 10, 106 C Calcium, 106, 118 Candidiasis, 9, 106 Candidosis, 106 Cannula, 72, 106 Carbon Dioxide, 106, 112, 121, 124 Carcinoid, 17, 106 Carcinoma, 16, 21, 35, 39, 106 Case report, 8, 13, 16, 17, 19, 24, 32, 44, 106 Catheterization, 46, 106, 116 Caudal, 18, 46, 107, 122 Cell, 105, 107, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128 Central Nervous System, 106, 107, 113, 114 Central Nervous System Infections, 107, 113, 114 Cerebral, 105, 106, 107, 114, 120 Cerebral Infarction, 107, 114 Cerebrospinal, 107, 114

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Cerebrospinal fluid, 107, 114 Chest wall, 61, 67, 107 Cholangiography, 72, 107 Cholecystectomy, 26, 71, 72, 107 Choledocholithiasis, 72, 107 Chronic, 9, 12, 16, 107, 115, 126 Circumcision, 18, 107 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 85, 107, 108, 120, 123, 124 Cloning, 105, 107 Coagulation, 47, 106, 107, 113, 127 Codons, 107 Collagen, 6, 20, 41, 42, 105, 107, 111, 118, 122 Colorectal, 21, 22, 108 Common Bile Duct, 72, 108, 109 Comorbidity, 4, 108 Computational Biology, 85, 108 Conception, 108, 112, 126 Connective Tissue, 64, 108, 117 Connective Tissue Cells, 108 Consciousness, 103, 108 Constriction, 64, 108, 115, 116, 126 Contraindications, ii, 74, 108 Contralateral, 14, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 45, 47, 108 Controlled study, 41, 108 Cornea, 108, 116 Corneum, 108, 111, 114 Coronary, 108, 118 Coronary Thrombosis, 108, 118 Corrosion, 61, 108 Cortical, 108, 125 Cranial, 108, 109, 113, 116, 128 Craniocerebral Trauma, 109, 113, 114 Credentialing, 73, 109 Cryptorchidism, 10, 72, 109 Cutaneous, 106, 109 Cyanide, 109, 118 Cyst, 9, 19, 109 Cystic Duct, 108, 109 D Databases, Bibliographic, 85, 109 Density, 109, 122, 125 Deprivation, 8, 109 Diagnostic procedure, 57, 78, 109 Diaphragm, 64, 109, 121 Diarrhoea, 109, 114 Diathermy, 72, 109 Diclofenac, 40, 109 Diclofenac Sodium, 109 Diffusion, 109, 115

Digestion, 105, 106, 109, 116, 117, 126 Digestive tract, 109, 125 Dilatation, 104, 109 Dilation, 109, 114 Direct, iii, 4, 8, 11, 16, 27, 41, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 109, 124 Dissection, 11, 72, 110, 117, 128 Distal, 66, 110, 123 Diverticulum, 17, 47, 72, 110 Dorsal, 110, 122 Drive, ii, vi, 7, 51, 72, 74, 75, 92, 110 Duct, 64, 103, 106, 108, 110, 129 Duodenal Ulcer, 72, 110 Duodenum, 105, 110, 111, 126 E Edema, 110, 116, 120 Efficacy, 18, 33, 110 Elastin, 108, 110, 111 Elective, 30, 33, 110 Electrons, 105, 110, 123 Embolus, 110, 115 Embryo, 110, 115, 128 Emulsion, 110, 112 Endocarditis, 106, 110 Endoscope, 111 Endoscopic, 19, 28, 38, 45, 66, 111, 125, 127 Enema, 111 Environmental Health, 84, 86, 111 Enzymes, 105, 111, 118, 119, 120 Epidermis, 108, 111, 114 Epidural, 35, 111, 116 Epithelial, 22, 111, 117 Estrogens, 111, 127 Extracellular, 20, 108, 111, 118, 125 Extracellular Matrix, 20, 108, 111, 118 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 20, 111, 118 Extracellular Space, 111 Extraction, 72, 111 Extravasation, 23, 111 F Faecal, 52, 109, 111 Family Planning, 85, 111 Fat, 67, 110, 111, 117, 125 Feces, 111 Femoral, 21, 38, 62, 64, 65, 66, 112 Femoral Artery, 65, 112 Femur, 112 Fetus, 62, 112, 121, 128 Fibronectin, 20, 112 Fistula, 19, 21, 112 Fixation, 59, 112 Fold, 12, 106, 112, 118, 120, 122

Index 133

Foramen, 112, 114, 121 Fovea, 112 Fungus, 106, 112 G Gallbladder, 72, 103, 105, 107, 109, 112 Gangrene, 74, 112 Gas, 23, 106, 109, 112, 114, 116, 119, 129 Gastroenterostomy, 72, 112 Gastrointestinal, 23, 28, 72, 105, 106, 112 Gastrointestinal tract, 105, 112 Gene, 105, 112, 116 Genital, 23, 33, 44, 90, 113, 128 Genitourinary, 23, 113, 128 Genotype, 113, 127 Geriatric, 92, 113 Germ Cells, 113, 120, 126, 127 Gestation, 29, 113, 121 Gland, 113, 117, 119, 120, 122, 126 Glucuronic Acid, 113 Glycoprotein, 112, 113, 117 Glycosaminoglycans, 111, 113 Gonads, 113, 127 Governing Board, 113, 122 Grade, 36, 113 Grafting, 113, 115 Groin, 14, 24, 25, 62, 63, 68, 92, 101, 113, 116 Growth, 61, 65, 103, 104, 113, 119, 125, 128 H Headache, 113, 114 Heart failure, 113, 120 Hemostasis, 72, 113 Heparin, 52, 113 Hepatic, 108, 114 Heredity, 112, 114 Herniated, 63, 74, 114 Herniorrhaphy, 75, 114 Histamine, 114, 122 Hormones, 103, 111, 113, 114, 120, 127 Hydrocephalus, 24, 114, 116 Hydrogen, 105, 111, 114, 119, 123 Hydroxylysine, 108, 114 Hydroxyproline, 108, 114 Hyperkeratosis, 9, 114 Hyperthermia, 109, 114 Hypertrophy, 114 I Ichthyosis, 9, 114 Id, 53, 90, 91, 93, 98, 100, 115 Ileal, 48, 115 Ileostomy, 115, 119 Ileum, 115

Iliac Artery, 13, 112, 115, 128 Impairment, 104, 115, 118 Implantation, 59, 65, 108, 115 In vitro, 115 In vivo, 65, 113, 115 Incarceration, 7, 14, 46, 74, 115 Incision, 19, 40, 59, 61, 64, 115, 116, 117, 122, 124 Incontinence, 114, 115 Indicative, 73, 115, 120, 129 Induction, 103, 109, 115 Infarction, 22, 36, 107, 108, 115, 118 Infection, 61, 64, 106, 115, 117, 120, 126 Infertility, 67, 115 Infiltration, 17, 27, 115 Inflammation, 104, 115, 116, 128 Informed Consent, 62, 115 Ingestion, 114, 116, 122 Insufflation, 31, 59, 71, 116 Intermittent, 116, 121 Intervertebral, 114, 116 Intestinal, 73, 116 Intestine, 62, 92, 106, 116, 117 Intracellular, 115, 116 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 114, 116 Intracranial Hypertension, 113, 114, 116 Intraperitoneal, 32, 60, 116 Intravenous, 40, 116 Introns, 116 Intubation, 107, 116 Intussusception, 72, 116 Invasive, 35, 60, 63, 116 Ischemia, 74, 116 K Kb, 84, 116 Keratitis, 9, 116 Ketorolac, 40, 116 Keyhole, 60, 69, 116 Kidney Pelvis, 116, 128 L Laminin, 105, 111, 117 Laparoscopy, 7, 16, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 32, 34, 37, 40, 41, 44, 60, 71, 72, 117 Laparotomy, 5, 117 Large Intestine, 109, 116, 117, 124, 125 Laryngeal, 14, 117 Larynx, 117, 127, 129 Lethargy, 114, 117 Library Services, 98, 117 Ligament, 42, 65, 66, 117, 122 Ligation, 72, 117 Liposarcoma, 24, 33, 117

134

Inguinal Hernia

Liver, 72, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117 Localized, 112, 115, 117, 120, 128 Loop, 61, 92, 114, 115, 117 Lumen, 106, 117 Lymph, 23, 117, 119 Lymph node, 23, 117, 119 Lymphadenectomy, 28, 42, 73, 117 Lymphatic, 115, 117, 120, 126 Lymphatic system, 117, 126 Lymphoid, 117, 118 Lymphoma, 23, 118 M Matrix metalloproteinase, 20, 118 Mechanical ventilation, 17, 118 Medial, 68, 69, 118 Medical Records, 118, 124 MEDLINE, 85, 118 Membrane, 117, 118, 121, 128 Mental Retardation, 9, 118 Mesenteric, 52, 118 Mesentery, 118, 121 Meta-Analysis, 47, 118 Metastasis, 7, 17, 118 Methylene Blue, 26, 118 MI, 13, 34, 38, 102, 118 Microbiology, 105, 118 Microscopy, 36, 105, 118 Migration, 34, 118 Modification, 60, 63, 118, 123 Molecular, 85, 87, 105, 108, 113, 118 Molecule, 104, 105, 116, 118 Motion Sickness, 119, 122 Mucinous, 36, 119 Mucus, 119, 123 Myocardium, 118, 119 N Narcotic, 119 Necrosis, 107, 115, 118, 119 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 5, 119 Need, 3, 5, 17, 59, 61, 71, 74, 75, 94, 118, 119 Neonatal, 5, 29, 36, 43, 119 Neonatologist, 5, 119 Neoplastic, 118, 119 Nephrectomy, 72, 119 Nerve, 21, 37, 44, 103, 105, 114, 119, 124, 126, 128 Nervous System, 107, 119 Neurologic, 114, 119 Neutrons, 103, 119, 123 Nitrogen, 103, 111, 112, 119, 128

Nitrous Oxide, 31, 119 O Observational study, 5, 120 Occult, 16, 32, 39, 120 Oedema, 23, 120 Omentum, 45, 120 Ophthalmology, 112, 120 Ovarian Cysts, 120, 123 Ovary, 23, 33, 72, 113, 120 Ovum, 113, 120 P Pancreas, 103, 120 Papillary, 114, 120 Parietal, 59, 120, 121 Parietal Lobe, 120 Patch, 20, 29, 30, 33, 61, 63, 64, 120 Pathologic, 105, 106, 108, 120, 124 Pathophysiology, 3, 120 Patient Education, 73, 92, 96, 98, 102, 120 Patient Selection, 71, 120 Pelvic, 73, 120, 122 Penicillin, 103, 120 Percutaneous, 7, 18, 19, 32, 40, 41, 44, 120 Perforation, 74, 112, 121 Perfusion, 42, 121 Peritoneal, 5, 15, 23, 39, 40, 64, 104, 116, 120, 121, 123 Peritoneal Cavity, 104, 116, 120, 121, 123 Peritoneal Dialysis, 15, 23, 121 Peritoneum, 59, 60, 106, 118, 120, 121 Phallic, 112, 121 Pharmacokinetic, 27, 121 Pharmacologic, 104, 121, 127 Phospholipids, 111, 121 Physical Examination, 22, 121 Physiology, 6, 121, 129 Pilot study, 18, 121 Placenta, 121, 128 Plasma, 13, 112, 113, 121, 125 Platinum, 117, 121 Pleural, 120, 121, 127 Pleural cavity, 120, 121, 127 Poisoning, 118, 122 Polyethylene, 61, 122 Polymers, 122, 123, 127 Polypeptide, 107, 122 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 32, 63, 122 Posterior, 35, 103, 105, 110, 120, 122 Postoperative, 11, 19, 40, 52, 67, 69, 72, 122 Postoperative Period, 11, 122 Practice Guidelines, 86, 122 Prepuce, 107, 122

Index 135

Progressive, 113, 119, 122 Proline, 108, 114, 122 Promethazine, 18, 122 Prophylaxis, 15, 122 Prospective study, 22, 40, 122 Prostate, 28, 42, 122, 124, 128 Prostatectomy, 13, 122 Prosthesis, 34, 58, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 123 Protein S, 105, 123 Proteins, 104, 108, 111, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 127 Proteoglycans, 105, 111, 123 Protons, 103, 114, 123 Proximal, 44, 110, 123 Pruritus, 122, 123 Pseudomyxoma peritonei, 7, 123 Psychiatry, 112, 123, 129 Psychic, 123, 125 Public Policy, 85, 123 Publishing, 6, 72, 75, 123 Pulmonary, 40, 123, 129 Putrefaction, 112, 123 Q Quality of Life, 12, 30, 123 R Race, 33, 118, 123 Radiation, 61, 114, 123, 129 Radio Waves, 109, 123 Radioactive, 114, 115, 123 Radiological, 121, 123 Randomized, 5, 12, 18, 19, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 52, 110, 123, 124 Randomized clinical trial, 5, 34, 41, 52, 124 Randomized Controlled Trials, 12, 34, 124 Rectum, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 115, 117, 122, 124, 125 Recurrence, 4, 7, 12, 26, 27, 124 Refer, 1, 106, 112, 119, 124 Refraction, 124, 126 Regimen, 110, 124 Remission, 124 Resection, 44, 72, 124, 128 Resorption, 114, 124 Respiration, 104, 106, 124 Respirator, 118, 124, 129 Retropubic, 11, 28, 41, 42, 122, 124 Retropubic prostatectomy, 11, 28, 41, 42, 124 Retrospective, 13, 47, 124 Retrospective study, 13, 124 Risk factor, 28, 42, 72, 122, 124 Round Ligament, 64, 124

S Saphenous, 44, 124, 125 Saphenous Vein, 44, 125 Screening, 21, 22, 107, 125 Scrotum, 62, 102, 109, 125, 127, 129 Secondary tumor, 118, 125 Sedative, 122, 125 Seizures, 9, 125 Semen, 122, 125 Seminal vesicles, 125, 129 Sensibility, 103, 125 Shock, 125, 128 Side effect, 125, 127 Sigmoid, 37, 39, 72, 125 Sigmoid Colon, 39, 125 Sigmoidoscopy, 21, 22, 125 Small intestine, 32, 105, 109, 110, 115, 116, 125, 129 Smooth muscle, 36, 108, 114, 125 Social Environment, 123, 125 Sodium, 109, 125 Soft tissue, 69, 125 Sound wave, 109, 125 Specialist, 93, 109, 126 Species, 118, 123, 126 Spectrum, 35, 123, 126 Sperm, 103, 126, 127 Spermatic, 22, 33, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 126 Spermatozoa, 125, 126, 129 Spinal cord, 107, 111, 119, 126 Spleen, 117, 126 Splenectomy, 72, 126 Staging, 72, 126 Sterility, 115, 126 Sterilization, 72, 126 Stimulus, 110, 126 Stomach, 103, 109, 112, 120, 121, 125, 126 Strangulation, 67, 74, 126 Subacute, 115, 126 Subclinical, 15, 115, 125, 126 Subcutaneous, 52, 110, 120, 126 Sulbactam, 18, 126 Sulfur, 111, 127 Surgical Mesh, 58, 61, 66, 127 Symphysis, 122, 127 Symptomatic, 4, 26, 127 Systemic, 40, 104, 106, 115, 116, 120, 127 Systemic disease, 115, 127 T Testicles, 62, 72, 109, 125, 127 Testicular, 22, 30, 42, 44, 90, 109, 127

136

Inguinal Hernia

Testicular Feminization, 30, 127 Testis, 17, 30, 43, 113, 126, 127 Thigh, 63, 112, 113, 127 Thoracic, 109, 127 Thoracoscopy, 72, 127 Thorax, 103, 127, 129 Thrombosis, 27, 47, 123, 127 Thrombus, 108, 115, 127 Torsion, 30, 32, 45, 60, 115, 127 Toxic, iv, 61, 109, 127 Toxicology, 86, 127 Toxins, 104, 113, 115, 127 Trachea, 117, 126, 127 Traction, 60, 127 Transfection, 105, 127 Translational, 64, 128 Transurethral, 13, 122, 128 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 122, 128 Trauma, 52, 64, 119, 128, 129 Truncal, 72, 73, 128 Tryptophan, 108, 128 U Ulcer, 110, 128, 129 Ultrasonography, 72, 128 Umbilical Arteries, 128 Umbilical Cord, 64, 128 Unconscious, 115, 128 Ureter, 25, 116, 128 Urethra, 122, 128 Urinary, 25, 52, 113, 114, 115, 122, 124, 128 Urinary Fistula, 52, 128 Urinary tract, 128

Urine, 105, 115, 128 Urogenital, 113, 128 Uterus, 106, 124, 127, 128 V Vagina, 106, 128 Vaginitis, 106, 128 Vagotomy, 72, 73, 128 Vagus Nerve, 128 Varicocele, 72, 129 Varicose, 14, 129 Varicose vein, 14, 129 Vas Deferens, 24, 126, 129 Vascular, 13, 115, 120, 121, 127, 129 Vein, 104, 116, 124, 125, 128, 129 Venous, 107, 120, 123, 129 Ventilation, 129 Ventilator, 118, 124, 129 Ventral, 67, 129 Ventricles, 107, 114, 129 Ventricular, 114, 129 Venules, 105, 129 Veterinary Medicine, 85, 129 Villi, 114, 129 Viruses, 107, 118, 129 Viscera, 64, 66, 67, 118, 129 Visceral, 64, 121, 128, 129 Vitro, 113, 129 Vivo, 129 W Wound Healing, 118, 129 Wound Infection, 18, 129 X X-ray, 105, 129

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