Diaphragmatic Hernia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00357-0 1. Diaphragmatic Hernia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on diaphragmatic hernia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ....................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Diaphragmatic Hernia .................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ............................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Diaphragmatic Hernia................................................................. 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 60 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ....................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ......................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Dissertations on Diaphragmatic Hernia...................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ....................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 69 Chapters on Diaphragmatic Hernia............................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA .......................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Academic Periodicals covering Diaphragmatic Hernia ............................................................... 75 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Associations and Diaphragmatic Hernia ..................................................................................... 87 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 91 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 91 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 91 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 97 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 98 DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA DICTIONARY......................................................................... 101 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 135

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with diaphragmatic hernia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about diaphragmatic hernia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to diaphragmatic hernia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on diaphragmatic hernia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to diaphragmatic hernia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on diaphragmatic hernia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on diaphragmatic hernia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and diaphragmatic hernia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Physiologic Approach to Management Source: Journal of Peritoneal Neonatal Nursing. 3(3): 66-79. January 1990. Summary: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is an anatomically simple defect that is surgically correctable by removing the herniated viscera from the thorax and repairing the diaphragm. Although it is anatomically simple, the mortality associated with CDH is 50 to 80 percent, despite improvements in prenatal diagnosis, resuscitation, preoperative and postoperative stabilization, and ventilatory management. This article presents a physiologic approach to the management of CDH. The author discusses the anatomic and functional developmental abnormalities associated with CDH, prenatal and postnatal diagnosis, resuscitation, and preoperative stabilization of these infants. In addition, the methods of surgical correction, the primary care concerns in postoperative

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management, and the long-term outcome for survivors of CDH repair are also addressed. 5 figures. 41 references. (AA-M). •

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Implications for Nitrous Oxide Use in Dentistry Source: Special Care in Dentistry. 13(3): 107-109. 1993. Summary: This article describes the development of diaphragmatic hernias, their associated physical and diagnostic signs and symptoms, and the potential complications with nitrous oxide use and provides a case report. Depending upon the location and extent of the diaphragmatic defect, portions of the stomach, omentum, liver and/or intestine can occupy a portion of the thoracic cavity. Nitrous oxide's solubility properties allow for rapid expansion of the herniated bowel, resulting in compression of the thoracic organs or strangulation of the herniated abdominal viscera. The authors note that the presence of a diaphragmatic hernia may necessitate a change in sedation or anesthesia plans to eliminate the use of nitrous oxide during prolonged procedures. 3 figures. 13 references. (AA-M).

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Prospective Study of the Outcome for Fetuses With Diaphragmatic Hernia Source: Journal of the American Medical Association. JAMA. 217(5): 382-384. February 2, 1994. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the natural history and outcome of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) diagnosed before birth. The authors note that the mortality of CDH with currently available postnatal care, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), reported in retrospective studies ranges from less than 25 percent to greater than 75 percent. The population consisted of 83 fetuses with isolated, potentially correctable CDH diagnosed prior to 24 weeks' gestation referred to the University of California, San Francisco, Fetal Treatment Center between January 1989 and October 1993. In this study, the mortality for potentially correctable CDH diagnosed before 24 weeks' gestation is 58 percent, despite optimal care presently available after birth. The authors mention that infants who die in utero and soon after birth constitute a substantial hidden mortality. 1 figure. 1 table. 21 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Diaphragmatic Hernia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to diaphragmatic hernia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to diaphragmatic hernia.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore diaphragmatic hernia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for diaphragmatic hernia: •

Project Title: ADVANCING CLINICAL RESEARCH IN PEDIATRIC SURGERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lally, Kevin P.; Surgery; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Congenital disorders requiring major pediatric surgical intervention are infrequent and present complex management problems. Most pediatric surgical studies are methodologically weak, single-center studies, and improved outcomes are likely to require a series of multi-center studies of exemplary quality. The applicant, Dr. Kevin Lally, the A.G. McNeese Professor and Chief of Pediatric Surgery at UT Houston, is a leader in promoting such studies. He has participated in 19 diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). CDH occurs in 1 per 2-4,000 live births; 35% of infants die; survivors are ventilated a mean of 18 days; and 34% have chronic lung disease. K24 funding is requested to substantially increase Dr. Lally's time for 1) Clinical Research including: a) A Multi-center placebo- controlled, randomized trial of antenatal steroids for infants with prenatally diagnosed CDH to improve their oxygenation and reduce time to ventilator independence. Fifteen centers have committed to participate; 7 have IRB approval; and 8, including UT-Houston, have GCRCs. The UT-Houston GCRC provides substantial statistical and database support for this trial. Collaborators at UT Houston include Drs. Larry Gilstrap and Jon Tyson, both experienced in steroid trials, and wellfunded investigators in steroid trials, and well-funded investigators in the NICHD Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Research Networks; and b) Extensive analyses of the CDH registry to define improved predictors of outcome, assess geographic differences and temporal trends, and develop hypotheses and descriptive data needed to design trials to improve outcome. This database has strict quality control, data on 1650 infants and 48 institutions now participate. 2) Mentoring Dr. Lally is a talented mentor; 3 current mentees have recently received a K08 award, a K23 award, and a Young Investigator Award. To enhance his mentoring skills, promote the funding and productivity in his Division of Pediatric Surgery, and augment his methodologic skills in clinical research, Dr. Lally will complete the NIH funded Clinical Research Curriculum work and assist with mentoring teams for young investigators in the Curriculum. He will also conduct systematic reviews of the Cochrane Collaboration and complete the Master's Degree Program in Clinical Research at UT-Houston. K24 funding will help Dr. Lally with his research and mentoring to advance the quality of clinical research in pediatric surgery, develop an expanded international trials network, and improve the outcome of highrisk infants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL STIMULI ON FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Kitterman, Joseph A.; Professor of Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: During the previous grant period, we focused on (a) effects of lung distention on fetal lung growth and development and (b) apoptosis in the fetal lung. The current project extends our observation on fetal lung distention and relates them to the clinical

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problem of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and new methods of treating CDH prenatally. Congenital anomalies are a leading cause of neonatal death, with pulmonary hypoplasia the most common anomaly in infants dying the neonatal period. CDH, a major cause of pulmonary hypoplasia, occurs once in 2400 births and has a high mortality rate. Fetal lung growth depends primarily on physical, or mechanical factors, which influence lung growth by changes in lung distension, or stretch, a potent stimulus for diverse cellular effects. With CDH, pulmonary hypoplasia results from alteration of several of these factors. Occluding the fetal trachea distends the lung with fluid and stimulates lung growth, findings that have led to clinical efforts to treat CDH prenatally by tracheal occlusion. Although preliminary results have been encouraging, little is known about effects of tracheal conclusion on some aspect of lung development crucial to adequate pulmonary function, including quantitative lung morphology, the pulmonary vasculature, and lung water balance. Also, tracheal occlusion produces potentially adverse effects, such as decreases in surfactant and alveolar type II cells. Administration of the pesticide of the pesticide, nitrofen, to pregnant rats causes CDH and pulmonary hypoplasia in 60% of the fetuses; the condition resembles CDH in human infants. We propose to distend, by tracheal occlusion, the lungs in fetal rats with nitrofen-induced CDH and to study the effects on lung growth and maturation, on differentiation of the distal pulmonary epithelium, on quantitative pulmonary and vascular morphology. on lung water transport and on components of the cytoskeleton, which is involved in cellular transduction of mechanical stimuli. We will also examine effects on maternal (a) glucocorticoids, which accelerate lung maturation, but which may adversely affect septation and lung growth, and of (b) retinoic acid, which postnatally increases septation and reverses the decreased septation due to dexamethasone. We have shown that apoptosis is a normal process in fetal lung development. How3ever, because changes in lung distension have little effect on apoptosis, further studies of that process are not included in the current project. Results of the proposed studies will increase our knowledge of fetal pulmonary biology and provide new information that may have direct bearing on the clinical problem of CDH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENGINEERED MALFORMATIONS

VASCULAR

TISSUE

FOR

CONGENITAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Marler, Jennifer J.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congenital malformations, such as esophageal atresia, gastroschisis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and cutis aplasia remain a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Traditional surgical reconstructive approaches have included the use of prosthetic materials, transfer of adjacent healthy tissues, and transplantation from donor individuals. These options are particularly limited in neonates, however, secondary to rapid growth, limited availability of healthy tissue for reconstruction, and lack of age and size-matched donor individuals. Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines engineering and the life sciences to create structures, which restore, replace or augment tissues that have been lost secondary to congenital deficiency, disease, or trauma. The most common methodology combines bioresorbable polymer scaffolds and autologous cells that have been expanded in tissue culture to form new tissues. This approach holds particular promise for generating surgical replacement structures for reconstruction of several congenital malformations. There have been significant advances in engineering avascular tissues,

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such as cartilage. There has also been some success in generating, "thin" tissues, such as cardiac leaflets and cultured skin substitutes. When tissues less than 2mm in thickness are transplanted, their metabolic requirements are supported initially through diffusion and later by the ingrowth of new blood vessels from adjacent structures. Thicker tissues, however, cannot rely initially on diffusion and are unable to survive the period required for vascular ingrowth. Thus, one strategy to engineer thicker tissues is to incorporate a blood supply de novo - assembling a microvasculature in tissue culture prior to implantation, allowing other cell types to grow around it, and then connecting this with existing vessels using microsurgical techniques. The principal objective of this project is to create a three-dimensional, branching, functional microvascular network in vitro which will provide a structural and metabolic framework to permit the engineering of thicker vascularized tissues for surgical reconstruction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FETAL MRI & ULTRASOUND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN FETUSES

FOR

CONGENITAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, Michael R.; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE MUTATIONS AND RESCUE IN HUMAN DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Donahoe, Patricia K.; Marshall K. Bartlett Professor of Surger; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a competitive supplemental request for grant # PO1 HD39942-02 "Comparative Genomics to Correct Human Lung Hopoplasia" which expands at least four-fold the patient base for mutational analysis in project IV "Gene Mutation and Rescue in Human Diaphragmatic Hernia". In this supplemental grant, we will be able to capture a large percentage of all the cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) born in the Boston and New England region. The reviewers of the grant anticipated that the number of cases accrued at the MGH would be too small for meaningful interpretation. However, initiating Projects I, II, III, and establishing a database for Project IV, has convinced us of the value of this Program Project and its likelihood of success. Completion of the database has demonstrated that the number of patients is even smaller then anticipated. Thus, we will add the impressive professional experience and patient numbers of the Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC) to the proposal, as suggested by the original reviewers of the Program Project and fortunately, agreed to by Dr. Jay Wilson and his team at the CHMC. The advantage of adding Dr. Wilson's program to that of the MGH is his unique multidisciplinary followup clinic where we can interact directly with a large number of CDH patients and families in one locale. A database will be established for all CDH patients and their families who come to the Boston CHMC for prospective care, as well as for all of those patients cared for by the CHMC Pediatric Surgical Service since 1990 (Aim I) and cared for by the multidisciplinary CDH clinic. These will be added to those generated at MGH. These patients and families giving consent will provide blood and tissue from which cell lines will be immortalized for chromosomal and genetic analysis. As with the

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original study, we will use the same previously collected and prospective CDH and normal fetal lungs to study the expression of genes known to be associated with human CDH, gene knockouts which have strong CDH phenotypes, and candidates that arise from Drosophila, chick, or rodent screens. Replaced genes which show complementation which corrects phenotypes of CDH in these models (Aim II) will satisfy the final and most stringent selection criteria necessary but not absolutely essential to be carried forward for extensive mutational analysis. We will clone or obtain human homologs and design PCR probes from the coding regions of the most promising candidates for mutational scanning of the anticipated much larger number of CDH patients and their families (Aim HI). Loss of homozygosity scanning will be done for 15q22-ter, 12q, and 8q regions (Aim IV) and candidate genes revealed by the scans will be tested for expression in the discarded fetal normal and CDH lungs and for complementation of CDH phenotype in the animal models. Genes which are abnormal in CDH lungs can be complemented in the various small animal models, and show abnormalities on mutational analyses of the patients, will be used to design treatment strategies for humans with CDH after appropriate testing in larger animal models. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC APPROACHES TO DISCOVER NEW TREATMENTS FOR CDH Principal Investigator & Institution: Kawaguchi, Akemi L.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains a difficult clinical problem with a mortality rate of nearly fifty percent. In CDH, the abdominal contents may herniate into the thoracic cavity, resulting in poor pulmonary development with resulting pulmonary hypoplasia. Even when the compression is reduced early in gestation, the lungs remain hypoplastic, suggesting a genetic component of the defect. Early lung development is remarkably conserved between humans and avian species. Therefore, a chick model was chosen for series of experiments designed to describe the function of four candidate factors- FT68, FT137, FT347, and FT399. These factors were described in our laboratory, and have been shown to be expressed in normal chick lung development. We will first study the temporal and spatial expression of these factors using in situ hybridization. Next, we will perform targeted lung infection with avian-specific retrovirus constructed with full-length, wild type candidate cDNA for overexpression and misexpression studies. The lungs will be analyzed at various developmental stages for gross morphology, histology, cytodifferention, and expression of known factors important in pulmonary development. If these factors are found to play a significant role in chick pulmonary development, the expression of human orthologs will be studied further with a library of archived normal and abnormal fetal and neonatal human lung samples. We hope that by better understanding the molecular events of normal and abnormal lung development, we will better understand pulmonary hypoplasia and to develop novel pharmacologic therapies for CDH. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LUNG DEVELOPMENT IN CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Larson, Janet E.; Ochsner Clinic Foundation New Orleans, La 70121

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with the structural abnormality of pulmonary hypoplasia. These changes are mimicked in the rodent model of nitrofen-induced CDH. Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenylp-nitrophenyl ether) is an herbicide that when fed to a pregnant rodent at day 9 or 10 creates diaphragmatic hernia and/or lung hypoplasia in the fetuses. When treated with nitrofen the fetuses demonstrate epithelial cell immaturity as well as hypoplasia. In contrast, the investigators have found that in utero gene therapy with CFTR (the gene responsible for Cystic Fibrosis) results in epithelial cell hyperplasia and accelerated epithelial cell differentiation. The investigators hypothesize that in utero gene therapy with cftr will reduce the pulmonary hypoplasia and epithelial cell immaturity associated with CDH. This hypothesis can be tested in the fetal rat by treatment with nitrofen at 910 days gestation followed by in utero gene therapy at 16-17 days gestation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR CONTROL OF PATTERN FORMATION IN THE CHICK LUNG Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, Drucilla J.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Pulmonary malformations are common human congenital anomalies that carry a high morbidity and mortality rate. Pulmonary hypoplasia (PHP), a lung growth and patterning anomaly, accounts for the majority of neonatal mortality in otherwise salvageable cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. There is very little known about the molecular aspects of PHP. In this program project we exploit the fact that molecules responsible for normal lung development are conserved across animal species from fly to man and hypothesize that alterations in their function or express pattern cause PHP. Our goal is to identify which pattern the lung and may be mutated, absent or misexpressed in human PHP to find novel treatments, prevention or early diagnosis. We propose to identify and characterize these factors in three different model systems: Drosophila, chick, and rodent- and translate our findings to humans using or archives of normal and abnormal human fetal lungs and families with an affected PHP member. In Project I (herein), the avian retroviral expression system will be used to identify factors necessary for normal lung development by analysis of candidate factors in their developmental expression patterns and function by mis-, over-, and mutated expression in the chick embryonic lung in ovo. Project 1 has three specific aims: (1) Analyze the expression pattern of candidate factors in normal lung development in the chick. Candidate factors include those from the published literature implicated as candidates by their expression pattern in the developing lung or by mutations resulting in a pulmonary phenotype: secreted factors (Shh, Bmp4, Fgf10), transcription factors (Hoxa5, Hoxb5, Sox2, Nkx2.1, Gli2, Gli3), and receptors (Fgf42IIIb). In preliminary data we present new factors identified in a chick lung bud screen (1 novel factor, 2 transmembrane receptors, 1 transcription factor) we will test for developmental pulmonary expression. Additionally, we factors to be identified in the Drosophila screen (Project II) will be cloned in the chick and studied for pulmonary developmental expression. Only those candidates with spatial and/or temporally restricted expression in the developing lung will be studied in Specific Aim 2. (2) Analyze the function of candidates in chick pulmonary development. Avian specific retroviral constructs made from wild-type full-length candidate cDNAs as well as directed mutated forms will be used to mis- and/or over-express these factors in the developing avian lung in ovo.

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Only those factors which can phenocopy PHP in these experiments will be studied in Specific Aim 3. (3) Identify which factors are expressed in human lungs and if they are altered in expression in hypoplastic lungs. Fetal and pediatric normal and abnormal lungs are available from an archived tissue bank and will be collected prospectively. Human homologs will be obtained or cloned to analyze their expression in these tissues. Those candidates that are deemed strong will be analyzed for expression (as well as function and rescue) in rodent models of pulmonary hypoplasia (Project III) and a genetic analysis of PHP families in Project IV. We expect to identify factors which when mutated or aberrantly expressed result in PHP. This information may provide novel treatment regimes and early diagnosis making early intervention possible. We hope to increase the survival rates of infants with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia and PHP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHOSPHOCREATINE RECOVERY IN WOMEN W/ CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccully, Kevin; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: In Utero surgical techniques for the reversal of anatomical malformations are developed in small mammalian models. The design of new techniques suffers from lack of non-invasive pre- and post-surgical fetal monitoring. We have applied high resolution MRI to in-vivo, in-utero imaging of a rat model for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH). CDH is a developmental anomaly which involves incomplete closure of the diaphragm, herniation of the liver and abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity, and lung hypoplasia. Eight dams were imaged on days 19-22 of gestation (once a day) to diagnose the presence or absence of CDH and monitor the effects of surgery. Those who were shown to be CDH+ on day 19 underwent immediate surgical tracheal ligation to reverse pulmonary hypoplasia and force the abdominal contents from the thoracic cavity. 39 rat fetuses were imaged using a multislice, T2 weighted, fast spin echo sequence on a 4T whole body imaging system (GE, Signa). Pathology and results of surgery were confirmed post-mortem by high resolution imaging (9.4T) and subsequent microscopic dissection. This information will help in the use and development of in utero intervention for treatment of congenital abnormalities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATORS OF FETAL RODENT PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Schnitzer, Jay J.; Associate Visiting Surgeon; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) die from inadequate lung function, which is a combination of 1) pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The pulmonary hypoplasia is characterized by immature, small lungs. We have demonstrated the efficacy of prenatal glucocorticoid therapy in accelerating pulmonary maturation in CDH lung in fetal rats and sheep. We have further shown that prenatally administered antioxidants , particularly vitamin E, accelerate prenatal growth of CDHassociated hypoplastic lungs in vitro and in vivo. We have demonstrated significant differences in the levels of mitogen- activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation (extracellular signal regulated protein kinases, ERK-1 and -2) between CDH and normal

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fetal lungs, and have shown increased phosphorylation towards that observed normally, in CDH lungs after treatment with vitamin E in vivo. We hypothesize that important regulators and pathways of normal and hypoplastic fetal lung growth converge on the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. We further hypothesize that antioxidants stimulate hypoplastic fetal lung growth via the MAP kinase cascade, and, in particular, via up-regulation of the MAP kinase kinases (MEK +) and Raf-1. We propose to define the molecular mechanism(s) in the rodent responsible for the salutary effects of the anti-oxidants and define the modulators of signal transduction pathways responsible for CDH- associated pulmonary hypoplasia. We will reestablish that the observed stimulation of embryonic lung growth by antioxidants occurs via a reductant mechanism and determine where antioxidants impact the MAP kinase pathways. We will establish the role of other candidate genes and pathways in fetal lung hypoplasia, define whether differences exist in gene expression patterns in the various rodent CDH models, and study in the rodent model worthy candidate genes identified in Projects I, II, and IV. We hope that these studies will provide new insights into the mechanisms of prenatal lung growth control. These, in turn, can provide a platform for the future development of prenatal targeted therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DROSOPHILA

REGULATORS

OF

TRACHEAL

MORPHOGENESIS

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Perkins, Lizabeth A.; Associate Professor of Surgery/Genetics; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: All multi-cellular animals must transport fluids and gases to an from all cells of the body. In many instances this process is achieved by branching tubular organs with lumen by epithelial cells. In vertebrates, organs composed of branching tubes include the vasculature system, lungs, pancreas, and kidney. In vertebrates, the tracheal system of Drosophila is a branching tubular organ conserved at the molecular level; e.g., both require the reiterative use of an FGF receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway. A unique environment within the Massachusetts General Hospital is providing an opportunity to elucidate pulmonary development from flies to humans. The identification of genetic analyses of conserved molecules that function during normal tracheal development in flies will guide the analyses of these same molecules during mammalian lung development. These integrated, comparative studies, therapies and/or therapeutics that will positively impact the treatment of the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with the common and tragic malformation Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Project 2. Regulators of Tracheal Morphogenesis to Drosophila Using Drosophila as a model system, a genome wide screen has identified regions encoding genes that modify the function of Csw, a tyrosine phosphatase that transduces RTK signals, including those required for tracheal morphogenesis. Six regions that enhance and 14 that suppress Csw function encode genes not presently identified as components of RTK signaling. The goal of Aim 1 is to identify which regions alter tracheal development, and then to isolate and characterize selected modifiers of tracheal development. Building upon findings from chick and mouse animal models (Project 1 and 4), as well as genomic and chromosomal analyses derived from the study of patients with CDH (Project 4) the goal of Aim 2 is to analyze conserved genes functioning during tracheal morphogenesis. We will determine if Drosophila homologues of genes expressed during lung morphogenesis are conserved in flies. If so, we will genetically characterize selected Drosophila homologues to elucidate their functions during tracheal

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Diaphragmatic Hernia

development. The goal of Aim 3 is to establish Drosophila as a model genetic system to search for new, or analyze existing pulmonary therapeutics. As in vertebrates, tracheal morphogenesis in flies is modified by the molecular environment. Drosophila will be used to screen existing "lung maturing" therapeutics, antioxidants, and selected drugs (Project 3) for their effects on the developing tracheal system. As the first step toward an ultimate goal to develop new lung maturing therapies, we will modify the environment with these compounds to create a "sensitized background" from which to screen for genes whose functions are modified by the compound. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VEGF REGULATION OF PULMONARY VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Akeson, Ann L.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): VEGF is a critical component of the highly integrated, multidirectional signaling that orchestrates lung development. Disruption of this coordinated deveIopment is reflected in neonatal lung disease with aberrant VEGF expression including congenital diaphragmatic hernia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. VEGF activity is regulated by generation of multiple isoforms, each with unique biological properties. The temporal and spatial expression patterns suggest that each VEGF-A isoform provides distinct positional and differentiation cues required for lung vascular development. In this proposal, we will test the hypothesis that each VEGF-A isoform regulates distinct endothelial functions required for progressive pulmonary vascular specification through differential accessibility and binding to VEGF receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. We propose that early in lung development the diffusible isoforms VEGF-A120 and VEGF-AI64 induce different signal pathways that activate distinct angioblast and endothelial responses. Further, midway through lung development, the heparin-bound isoform, VEGF-A188, expressed by distal epithelial cells generates a morphogenic gradient that induces endothelial migration and alveolarcapillary alignment. Finally, we propose that during the saccular and alveolar stages, VEGF-A164 and VEGF-A188 drive endothelial specification required for microvascular development, distal airway development and formation of the air blood barrier. We will use in vitro model systems to analyze the mechanisms of cellular activation by examining isoform-specific receptor activation and associated kinase signaling pathways. Newly developed transgenic models with conditional, lung-specific expression of VEGF-A and dominant-negative soluble receptor will be used to determine the requirements for VEGF-A at each stage of development. Completion of this project will increase understanding of the mechanism of VEGF action and expand knowledge of pulmonary vascular development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for diaphragmatic hernia in the PubMed Central database: •

A genetic model for a central (septum transversum) congenital diaphragmatic hernia in mice lacking Slit3. by Yuan W, Rao Y, Babiuk RP, Greer J, Wu JY, Ornitz DM.; 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154325

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with diaphragmatic hernia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for diaphragmatic hernia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of a fetus with gastric perforation associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hyodo H, Nitsu T, Yoshizawa K, Unno N, Aoki T, Taketani Y. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 20(5): 518-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423495

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A case of agnathia, tetramelia and diaphragmatic hernia at 18 weeks' gestation. Author(s): Falcon O, Coteron JJ, Ocon L, Zubiria A, Garcia JA. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 March; 23(3): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15027024

4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of large ventricular septal defect with right-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hashimoto I, Ichida F, Miyawaki T. Source: Cardiology in the Young. 2003 February; 13(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691298

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A congenital anterior diaphragmatic hernia with massive pericardial effusion requiring neither emergency pericardiocentesis nor operation. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ikeda K, Hokuto I, Tokieda K, Nishimura O, Ishimoto H, Morikawa Y. Source: Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 2002; 30(4): 336-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12235724

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A massive hiatal hernia that mimics a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. An unusual presentation of hiatal hernia in childhood: report of a case. Author(s): Herek O, Yildiran N. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(12): 1072-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541025

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A prospective, randomized pilot trial of perfluorocarbon-induced lung growth in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hirschl RB, Philip WF, Glick L, Greenspan J, Smith K, Thompson A, Wilson J, Adzick NS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 March; 38(3): 283-9; Discussion 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632336

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A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Harrison MR, Keller RL, Hawgood SB, Kitterman JA, Sandberg PL, Farmer DL, Lee H, Filly RA, Farrell JA, Albanese CT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 November 13; 349(20): 1916-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614166

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A statistical model to predict nonsurvival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Springer SC, Fleming D, Hulsey TC. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2002 June; 22(4): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12032786

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Abdominal wall closure with a silastic patch after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kyzer S, Sirota L, Chaimoff C. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2004 March; 139(3): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006887

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Abnormal esophageal anatomy associated with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia: report of a case. Author(s): Karnak I, Senocak ME, Tanyel FC, Buyukpamukcu N. Source: Surgery Today. 2001; 31(11): 1005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11766070

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Absence of pericardium in an infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Rais-Bahrami K, Granholm T, Short BL, Eichelberger MR. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1995 May; 12(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7612088

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Acute aortic thrombosis in a newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia masquerading as coarctation of the aorta. Author(s): Baptista MJ, Vaz T, Barreira JL, Martins A, Moreira J. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2002 March; 21(3): 351-3. English, Portuguese. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12017806

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Airway compression following thymus hyperplasia in an infant with Pierre Robin sequence and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hentschel R, Willital G, Hulskamp G, Rieger C. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2001 December; 32(6): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11747252

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Analysis of an improved survival rate for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Downard CD, Jaksic T, Garza JJ, Dzakovic A, Nemes L, Jennings RW, Wilson JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 May; 38(5): 729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720181

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Anesthesia for cesarean delivery in a patient with an undiagnosed traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Dietrich CL, Smith CE. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 October; 95(4): 1028-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11605903

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Antenatal betamethasone and favourable outcomes in fetuses with 'poor prognosis' diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ford WD, Kirby CP, Wilkinson CS, Furness ME, Slater AJ. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 May; 18(4): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021971

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Antenatal diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia: parents' emotional and cognitive reactions. Author(s): Aite L, Trucchi A, Nahom A, Casaccia G, Zaccara A, Giorlandino C, Bagolan P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004 February; 39(2): 174-8; Discussion 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14966735

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Associated malformations and chromosomal anomalies in 42 cases of prenatally diagnosed diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Witters I, Legius E, Moerman P, Deprest J, Van Schoubroeck D, Timmerman D, Van Assche FA, Fryns JP. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 November 1; 103(4): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11746006

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Association between prepregnancy maternal body mass index and the risk of having an infant with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Waller DK, Tita AT, Werler MM, Mitchell AA. Source: Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2003 January; 67(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749387

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Association of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with limb-reduction defects. Author(s): van Dooren MF, Brooks AS, Tibboel D, Torfs CP. Source: Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2003 August; 67(8): 578-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632307

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Balloon tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: experimental studies. Author(s): Chiba T, Albanese CT, Farmer DL, Dowd CF, Filly RA, Machin GA, Harrison M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 November; 35(11): 1566-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11083424

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BAPS prize-1999: Lung growth induced by prenatal tracheal occlusion and its modifying factors: a study in the rat model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kitano Y, Kanai M, Davies P, von Allmen D, Yang EY, Radu A, Kitano Y, Adzick NS, Flake AW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 February; 36(2): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172410

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Bendectin (debendox) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Mitchell AA, Shapiro S. Source: Lancet. 1983 April 23; 1(8330): 930. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6132245

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Bendectin (Debendox) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Bracken MB, Berg A. Source: Lancet. 1983 March 12; 1(8324): 586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6131274

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Bilateral cataracts, retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage in a newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kumar P, Ferrone PJ, Fox J, Koppel R. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 October; 23(7): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566355

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Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Neville HL, Jaksic T, Wilson JM, Lally PA, Hardin WD Jr, Hirschl RB, Lally KP; Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 March; 38(3): 522-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632380

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Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia: diagnostic clues at fetal sonography. Author(s): Song MS, Yoo SJ, Smallhorn JF, Mullen JB, Ryan G, Hornberger LK. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 March; 17(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11309179

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Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Differentiation between Pallister-Killian and Fryns syndromes. Author(s): Veldman A, Schlosser R, Allendorf A, Fischer D, Heller K, Schaeff B, Fuchs S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 July 22; 111(1): 86-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124742

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Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia--delayed presentation of the contralateral defect. Author(s): Barker DP, Hussain S, Frank JD, Noblett HR, Fleming PJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 November; 69(5 Spec No): 543-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285768

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Bilateral congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Furuta Y, Nakamura Y, Miyamoto K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1987 February; 22(2): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3820023

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Bilateral congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Zamir O, Eyal F, Lernau OZ, Nissan S. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1986 January; 3(1): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942614

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Bilateral diaphragmatic hernia due to blunt trauma: a case report. Author(s): Wang EY. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1980 December; 93(12): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6780272

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Bilateral diaphragmatic hernia followed by fetal ultrasonography. A report of two cases. Author(s): Kamata S, Sawai T, Usui N, Nose K, Kitayama Y, Nakai H, Okuyama H, Okada A, Kawaguchi H, Chiba Y. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2001 July-August; 16(4): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11399890

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Bilateral lung transplantation for pulmonary hypoplasia caused by congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Lee R, Mendeloff EN, Huddleston C, Sweet SC, de la Morena M. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 July; 126(1): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12878973

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Bilateral pulmonary agenesis: prenatal sonographic appearance simulates diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Vettraino IM, Tawil A, Comstock CH. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 July; 22(7): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862273

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Blepharophimosis sequence and diaphragmatic hernia associated with interstitial deletion of chromosome 3 (46,XY,del(3)(q21q23)). Author(s): Wolstenholme J, Brown J, Masters KG, Wright C, English CJ. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 August; 31(8): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7815425

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Bloody pleural effusion secondary to infarction of omentum through a non-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Schreier L, Cutler RM, Saigal V. Source: Chest. 1988 June; 93(6): 1314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3371115

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Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia presenting with acute gastric dilatation. Author(s): Quah BS, Hashim I, Simpson H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 March; 34(3): 512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211672

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Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ramani A, Kumar V, Kundaje GN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1988 May; 36(5): 349. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3182703

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Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia: not only a neonatal disease. Author(s): Mei-Zahav M, Solomon M, Trachsel D, Langer JC. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 June; 88(6): 532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765926

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Can three-dimensional ultrasound be used for the assessment of the fetal lung volume in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia? Author(s): Ruano R, Benachi A, Martinovic J, Grebille AG, Aubry MC, Dumez Y, Dommergues M. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2004 January-February; 19(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646426

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Chylothorax complicating ECMO and surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Trevisanuto D, Chiandetti L, Biban P, Zanardo V. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1995 June; 31(6): 388-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7607865

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Collapse of child from undiagnosed diaphragmatic hernia after normal barium investigation. Author(s): Cooney K, Grove W, Watson A. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1995 September-October; 49(5): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492474

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and profound prematurity: report of a survivor. Author(s): Groner JI, Teich S, Schauer GM, King DR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 September; 30(9): 1370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8523250

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and situs inversus totalis. Author(s): Tesselaar CD, Postema RR, van Dooren MF, Allegaert K, Tibboel D. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 March; 113(3 Pt 1): E256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993585

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a post-partum woman. Author(s): Abdullah M. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2003 March; 58(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556332

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on extracorporeal life support: a decade of lessons learned. Author(s): Austin MT, Lovvorn HN 3rd, Feurer ID, Pietsch J, Earl TM, Bartilson R, Neblett WW 3rd, Pietsch JB. Source: The American Surgeon. 2004 May; 70(5): 389-95; Discussion 395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15156945

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with or without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are we making progress? Author(s): Lessin MS, Thompson IM, Deprez MF, Cullen ML, Whittlesey GC, Klein MD. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1995 July; 181(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7599774

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Frenckner B. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1995 October; 18(10): 579-83. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8647587

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A case of sudden unexpected death in childhood. Author(s): Chhanabhai M, Avis SP, Hutton CJ. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1995 March; 16(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771378

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Outcome of preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Rais-Bahrami K, Robbins ST, Reed VL, Powell DM, Short BL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1995 September; 34(9): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7586919

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: advances in prenatal therapy. Author(s): Sydorak RM, Harrison MR. Source: Clin Perinatol. 2003 September; 30(3): 465-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533889

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: associated malformations--cystic adenomatoid malformation, extralobular sequestration, and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft: two case reports. Author(s): Ryan CA, Finer NN, Etches PC, Tierney AJ, Peliowski A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 June; 30(6): 883-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7666330

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is 15q26.1-26.2 a candidate locus? Author(s): Biggio JR Jr, Descartes MD, Carroll AJ, Holt RL. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004 April 15; 126A(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057983

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia; many questions, few answers. Author(s): Hosgor M, Tibboel D. Source: Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2004; 5 Suppl A: S277-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980284

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Congenital left-sided Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Thoracoscopic repair--case report. Author(s): Ochoa de Castro A, Ramos MR, Calonge WM, Reis A. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2003 December; 13(6): 4079. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14743330

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Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia in an adult. Author(s): Losanoff JE, Sauter ER. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2004 February; 8(1): 83-5. Epub 2003 September 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505240

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Congenital right diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Arioni C, Bellini C, Mazzella M, Zullino E, Serra G, Toma P. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 November; 33(11): 807-8. Epub 2003 September 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12961039

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Control and regulation of pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Schnitzer JJ. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 2004 February; 13(1): 37-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14765369

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Current therapy of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Downard CD, Wilson JM. Source: Seminars in Neonatology : Sn. 2003 June; 8(3): 215-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001140

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Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in association with group B streptococcus infection in a preterm Omani neonate. Author(s): Manzar S, Nair PM, Nayar M. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 May; 21(5): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11500688

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Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Elhalaby EA, Abo Sikeena MH. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 September; 18(5-6): 480-5. Epub 2002 July 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415386

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Delayed presentation of diaphragmatic hernia with intra-thoracic pseudo kidney sign. Author(s): Subhash HS, Raghuram L, Gnanamuthu BR, Roy A, Cherian AM. Source: Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2003 January-March; 45(1): 51-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12683711

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Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kulstad EB, Pisano MV, Shirakbari AA. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4): 455-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745051

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Delayed presentations of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Singh S, Bhende MS, Kinnane JM. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 August; 17(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493830

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Deletion 15q24-26 in prenatally detected diaphragmatic hernia: increasing evidence of a candidate region for diaphragmatic development. Author(s): Schlembach D, Zenker M, Trautmann U, Ulmer R, Beinder E. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2001 April; 21(4): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288119

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Diaphragmatic hernia after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy manifested as lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Author(s): Choi YU, North JH Jr. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 January; 67(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11206892

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Diaphragmatic hernia after right gastroepiploic artery coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Verhofste MA, Tam SK. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1995 August; 60(2): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7646122

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Diaphragmatic hernia and preaxial polydactyly in spondylothoracic dysplasia. Author(s): Day R, Fryer A. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 October; 12(4): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564219

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Diaphragmatic hernia in Denys-Drash syndrome. Author(s): Devriendt K, Deloof E, Moerman P, Legius E, Vanhole C, de Zegher F, Proesmans W, Devlieger H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1995 May 22; 57(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7645607

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Diaphragmatic hernia resulting from injury during microwave-assisted laparoscopic hepatectomy. Author(s): Sugita M, Nagahori K, Kudo T, Yamanaka K, Obi Y, Shizawa R, Yoshimoto N, Shimada H. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 November; 17(11): 1849-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959733

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Diaphragmatic hernia simulating a left pleural effusion. Author(s): Wooldridge JL, Partrick DA, Bensard DD, Deterding RR. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): E487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654651

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Diaphragmatic hernia with homolateral limb reduction. Author(s): Herman TE, Siegel MJ. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2001 September; 21(6): 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593381

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Diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, and cardiac malformations in four pregnancies of a non-consanguineous couple. Author(s): Delozier-Blanchet CD, Lespinasse J, Brundler MA, Extermann P. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 April; 38(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370634

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Diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Yetman AT, Greenberg SB, Ghaffar S. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 307-8. Epub 2003 March 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632217

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Diaphragmatic hernia: an unusual cause of postpartum collapse. Author(s): Sharifah H, Naidu A, Vimal K. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 July; 110(7): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12842063

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Does V-A ECMO increase the likelihood of chylothorax after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair? Author(s): Hanekamp MN, Tjin A Djie GC, van Hoek-Ottenkamp WG, Hazebroek FW, Tibboel D, Postema RR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 June; 38(6): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12778405

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Double vagina with sex reversal, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary and cardiac malformations--another case of Meacham syndrome. Author(s): Killeen OG, Kelehan P, Reardon W. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2002 January; 11(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822701

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Down-regulation of sonic hedgehog expression in pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Unger S, Copland I, Tibboel D, Post M. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 February; 162(2): 547-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547712

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Drug resistant neonatal Candida tropicalis septicemia. Did it cause diaphragmatic hernia? Author(s): Dutta S, Narang A. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 March; 40(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657764

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Early perfluorodecalin lung distension in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Walker GM, Kasem KF, O'Toole SJ, Watt A, Skeoch CH, Davis CF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 January; 38(1): 17-20; Discussion 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592611

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Early prenatal diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration with associated diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Luet'ic T, Crombleholme TM, Semple JP, D'Alton M. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1995 July; 14(7): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7563302

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Early sepsis, obstructive jaundice and right-sided diaphragmatic hernia in the newborn. Author(s): Garcia-Munoz F, Santana C, Reyes D, Wiehoff A, Lopez-Pinto JM, GarciaAlix A. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 January; 90(1): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11227344

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Echocardiographic predictors of outcome in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Suda K, Bigras JL, Bohn D, Hornberger LK, McCrindle BW. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 May; 105(5): 1106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10790470

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Ectrodactyly, diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart defect, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Author(s): Saal HM, Bulas DI. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1995 July; 4(3): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7551162

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Effect of mechanical ventilation on the pulmonary expression and production of elastin in nitrofen-induced diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Author(s): Guarino N, Teramoto H, Shima H, Oue T, Puri P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 September; 37(9): 1253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194112

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Effect of PEEP and suction via chest drain on functional residual capacity and lung compliance after surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: preliminary observations in 5 patients. Author(s): Dinger J, Peter-Kern M, Goebel P, Roesner D, Schwarze R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 October; 35(10): 1482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11051156

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Effect of prenatal glucocorticoids on pulmonary vascular muscularisation in nitrofeninduced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Okoye BO, Losty PD, Lloyd DA, Gosney JR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1998 January; 33(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9473105

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with a hypoplastic kidney, bladder diverticulum, and diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Zalis EG, Roberts DC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1967 November; 96(5): 540-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4964142

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Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in lungs of newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Shehata SM, Mooi WJ, Okazaki T, El-Banna I, Sharma HS, Tibboel D. Source: Thorax. 1999 May; 54(5): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10212108

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Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Hawaii, 1987-1996. Author(s): Forrester MB, Merz RD. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1998 August; 57(8): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9753831

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Etiologic and genetic factors in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Tibboel D, Gaag AV. Source: Clin Perinatol. 1996 December; 23(4): 689-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8982564

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Etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the retinoid hypothesis. Author(s): Greer JJ, Babiuk RP, Thebaud B. Source: Pediatric Research. 2003 May; 53(5): 726-30. Epub 2003 March 05. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621107

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Expression of clara cell 10-kDa protein (CC10) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Asabe K, Tsuji K, Handa N, Kajiwara M, Suita S. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1998 November; 14(1-2): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9880692

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Expression of heme oxygenase-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the lung of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Solari V, Piotrowska AP, Puri P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 May; 38(5): 808-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12720199

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Expression of surfactant proteins and thyroid transcription factor 1 in an ovine model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Benachi A, Chailley-Heu B, Barlier-Mur AM, Dumez Y, Bourbon J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 October; 37(10): 1393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12378441

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Expression patterns of heat shock proteins in lungs of neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Shehata SM, Sharma HS, Mooi WJ, Tibboel D. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1999 November; 134(11): 1248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10555641

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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Lally KP. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 1996 November; 5(4): 249-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8936654

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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation--a last-resort therapy for newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia or other causes of severe respiratory failure. Author(s): van der Staak F. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 October; 80(2): 195-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9846667

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Extreme Poland anomaly associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hou JW, Wang TR. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 May; 158(5): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333134

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Familial bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kufeji DI, Crabbe DC. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1999; 15(1): 58-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9914358

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Familial congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is an imprinting mechanism involved? Author(s): Austin-Ward ED, Taucher SC. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 July; 36(7): 578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10424826

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Fetal diaphragmatic hernia and upper limb anomalies suggest Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Author(s): Marino T, Wheeler PG, Simpson LL, Craigo SD, Bianchi DW. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 February; 22(2): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11857622

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Fetal diaphragmatic hernia detected at intra-uterine transfusion. Author(s): Boyd JJ, Bowman JM, McInnis AC, Kiernan MK. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1969 June 21; 100(23): 1105-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5815684

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Fetal diaphragmatic hernia presented with transient unilateral pleural effusion. Author(s): Lau TK, Fung HY, Fung TY. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 February; 9(2): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9132255

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Fetal diaphragmatic hernia without visceral herniation. Author(s): Stringer MD, Goldstein RB, Filly RA, Howell LJ, Sola A, Adzick NS, Harrison MR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 September; 30(9): 1264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8523221

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Fetal liver position and perinatal outcome for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Albanese CT, Lopoo J, Goldstein RB, Filly RA, Feldstein VA, Calen PW, Jennings RW, Farrell JA, Harrison MR. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 November; 18(11): 1138-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854721

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Fetal lung volume estimated by 3-dimensional ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in cases with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ruano R, Joubin L, Sonigo P, Benachi A, Aubry MC, Thalabard JC, Brunelle F, Dumez Y, Dommergues M. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2004 March; 23(3): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055782

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Fetal lung volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Mahieu-Caputo D, Sonigo P, Dommergues M, Fournet JC, Thalabard JC, Abarca C, Benachi A, Brunelle F, Dumez Y. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 August; 108(8): 863-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510714

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Fetal nuchal translucency thickness at 10-14 weeks' gestation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Sebire NJ, Snijders RJ, Davenport M, Greenough A, Nicolaides KH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 December; 90(6): 943-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9397108

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Fetal pulmonary artery diameters and their association with lung hypoplasia and postnatal outcome in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Sokol J, Bohn D, Lacro RV, Ryan G, Stephens D, Rabinovitch M, Smallhorn J, Hornberger LK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5): 1085-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12015541

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Fetal stabilization for antenatally diagnosed diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Suita S, Taguchi T, Yamanouchi T, Masumoto K, Ogita K, Nakamura M, Nakayama H, Hara T, Tsukimori K, Nakano H, Kanna T, Takahashi S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 November; 34(11): 1652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10591563

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Fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pulmonary sequestration complicated by postnatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries. Author(s): Hamrick SE, Brook MM, Farmer DL. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2004 January-February; 19(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646416

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Fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Wenstrom KD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 November 13; 349(20): 1887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614162

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Fetal surgery for lung lesions, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and sacrococcygeal teratoma. Author(s): Adzick NS, Kitano Y. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 2003 August; 12(3): 154-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12961109

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Fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion by means of detachable balloon for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Harrison MR, Albanese CT, Hawgood SB, Farmer DL, Farrell JA, Sandberg PL, Filly RA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 185(3): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568805

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Fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: prelude to a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Harrison MR, Sydorak RM, Farrell JA, Kitterman JA, Filly RA, Albanese CT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 July; 38(7): 1012-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861529

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Fibrous fusion between the liver and the lung: an unusual complication of right congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Katz S, Kidron D, Litmanovitz I, Erez I, Dolfin Z. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1998 May; 33(5): 766-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9607495

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Fryns syndrome in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Neville HL, Jaksic T, Wilson JM, Lally PA, Hardin WD Jr, Hirschl RB, Langham MR Jr, Lally KP; Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 December; 37(12): 1685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483630

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Fusion of vertebrae, diaphragmatic hernia and unusual facies in a girl: a possible further case of Mathieu syndrome. Author(s): Zelante L, Ruscitto MM. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 July; 12(3): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564164

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Gastric and omental incarceration through an occult traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in a scuba diver. Author(s): Chanson C, Hahnloser D, Nassiopoulos K, Petropoulos P. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 January; 52(1): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11791065

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Gastric incarceration and perforation following posttraumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Prieto Nieto I, Perez Robledo JP, Rosales Trelles V, De Miguel Ibanez R, Fernandez Prieto A, Calvo Celada A. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2001 March-April; 101(2): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396058

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Gastric ulcer in diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hirshberg A, Schein M. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992 February; 174(2): 165-71. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734581

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Gastric volvulus associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, wandering spleen, and intrathoracic left kidney: CT findings. Author(s): Pelizzo G, Lembo MA, Franchella A, Giombi A, D'Agostino F, Sala S. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2001 May-June; 26(3): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11429960

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Gastric volvulus with perforation of stomach in congenital diaphragmatic hernia in an infant. Author(s): Talukder BC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1979 December 16; 73(12): 219-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=546990

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Gastroesophageal reflux after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kieffer J, Sapin E, Berg A, Beaudoin S, Bargy F, Helardot PG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 September; 30(9): 1330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8523237

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Gastroesophageal reflux after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kamiyama M, Kawahara H, Okuyama H, Oue T, Kuroda S, Kubota A, Okada A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 December; 37(12): 1681-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483629

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Gastroesophageal reflux and diaphragmatic motility after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Fasching G, Huber A, Uray E, Sorantin E, Lindbichler F, Mayr J. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2000 December; 10(6): 3604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11215775

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Gastroesophageal reflux occurring after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Nagaya M, Akatsuka H, Kato J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 November; 29(11): 1447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7844718

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Gastrointestinal: diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Groneberg DA, Tai YF, Almari AF, Pereira JH. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2001 November; 16(11): 1305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11903752

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General anesthesia with isoflurane for diaphragmatic hernia repair during ECMO. Author(s): Atkinson JB, Hamid R, Steward DJ. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 1994 October-December; 40(4): 986-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7858337

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General case of the day. Acute intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Glasser DL, Shanmuganathan K, Mirvis SE. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1998 May-June; 18(3): 799-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9599403

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Genetic polymorphisms of angiotensin system genes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Solari V, Puri P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004 March; 39(3): 302-6; Discussion 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017542

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Giant Meckel's diverticulum associated with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kang IS, Ahn SM, Han A, Oh JT, Han SJ, Choi SH, Hwang EH. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2004 February 29; 45(1): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004890

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Glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in the hypoplastic lung of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Solari V, Puri P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 May; 37(5): 715-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11987085

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Grand rounds: congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Wolf SI, Hassan KJ, Randolph J. Source: Clin Proc Child Hosp Dist Columbia. 1968 January; 24(1): 12-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5236058

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Group B streptococcal septicemia and delayed-onset congenital right-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Akierman AR, Mayock DE. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 December 15; 129(12): 1289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6360323

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Group B streptococcal septicemia and delayed-onset diaphragmatic hernia. A new clinical association. Author(s): Harris MC, Moskowitz WB, Engle WD, Rosenberg H, Templeton J, Kumar S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1981 August; 135(8): 723-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7023232

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Hearing loss in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: report of two cases. Author(s): Kuga T, Taniguchi S, Inoue T, Zempo N, Esato K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 April; 35(4): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770399

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Helical CT amniography of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Urban BA, Duhl AJ, Ural SH, Blakemore KJ, Fishman EK. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1999 March; 172(3): 809-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10063887

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Hepatic interlobar fissure sonographically mimicking the diaphragm in a fetus with right congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, D'Angio C, Harshbarger R, Metlay LA, Woods JR Jr. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1993 July; 10(4): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8397573

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High apical insertion of the right diaphragm in an infant with right-sided Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ildstad ST, Stevenson RJ, Tollerud DJ, Martin LW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1990 May; 25(5): 553-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2352092

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High frequency oscillatory ventilation during repair of neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Bouchut JC, Dubois R, Moussa M, Godard J, Picaud JC, Di Maio M, Claris O, Bouletreau P. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2000; 10(4): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10886693

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High prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Western Canadian ECMO Follow-up Group. Author(s): Robertson CM, Cheung PY, Haluschak MM, Elliott CA, Leonard NJ. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1998 November; 19(6): 730-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831145

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High-frequency oscillation for persistent fetal circulation after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Fujino Y, Takezawa J, Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Taenaka N, Yoshiya I. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1989 April; 17(4): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2702845

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High-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Cacciari A, Ruggeri G, Mordenti M, Ceccarelli PL, Baccarini E, Pigna A, Gentili A. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2001 February; 11(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370980

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High-frequency ventilation at rates of 375 to 1800 cycles per minute in four neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Karl SR, Ballantine TV, Snider MT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1983 December; 18(6): 822-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6663410

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High-frequency ventilation in newborn lambs after intra-uterine creation of diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Revillon Y, Sidi D, Chourrout Y, Martelli H, Ghnassia D, Piquet J, Isabey D, Harf A, Jaubert F. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1993 June; 3(3): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8353113

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Historical aspects of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Puri P, Wester T. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1997 February; 12(2-3): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156880

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Hormonal modulation of fetal pulmonary development: relevance for the fetus with diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Keijzer R, van Tuyl M, Tibboel D. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2000 September; 92(1): 127-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10986446

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Hydrothorax, ascites, and right diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Gilsanz V, Emons D, Hansmann M, Meradji M, Donaldson JS, Omenaca F, Quero J, Tucker BL. Source: Radiology. 1986 January; 158(1): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3510022

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Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Redman M, Ross DA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1979 October; 14(5): 607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=512805

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Hypoplasia and immaturity of the terminal lung unit (acinus) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): George DK, Cooney TP, Chiu BK, Thurlbeck WM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 October; 136(4): 947-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3662245

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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome associated with congenital right-sided diaphragmatic hernia and omphalocele. Author(s): Nishimura M, Taniguchi A, Imanaka H, Taenaka N. Source: Chest. 1992 January; 101(1): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1729080

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Iatrogenic gastric fistula due to inappropriate placement of intercostal drainage tube in a case of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Rege SA, Narlawar RS, Deshpande AA, Dalvi AN. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 April-June; 47(2): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832600

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Iatrogenic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia associated with cardiac tamponade. Author(s): Kovacich JC, Boyle EM Jr, Needle D, Maier RV. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 January; 50(1): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426385

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Iatrogenic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Chin RY, Glew MJ, Brady P. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2002 September; 72(9): 681-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269926

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Image and diagnosis. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ermis B, Tastekin A, Ors R, Ceviz N. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2003 September; 52(3): 240, 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14649108

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Immunohistochemical distribution of bombesin-positive pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Asabe K, Tsuji K, Handa N, Kajiwara M, Suita S. Source: Surgery Today. 1999; 29(5): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10333410

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Immunohistochemical distribution of surfactant apoprotein-A in congenital diaphragmatic hernia-II. Author(s): Asabe K, Tsuji K, Handa N, Kajiwara M, Suita S. Source: Asian J Surg. 2003 October; 26(4): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530105

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Impact of a current treatment protocol on outcome of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Bagolan P, Casaccia G, Crescenzi F, Nahom A, Trucchi A, Giorlandino C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004 March; 39(3): 313-8; Discussion 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017544

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Impact of delayed repair and elective high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on survival of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia: first application of these strategies in the more "severe" subgroup of antenatally diagnosed newborns. Author(s): Desfrere L, Jarreau PH, Dommergues M, Brunhes A, Hubert P, Nihoul-Fekete C, Mussat P, Moriette G. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 July; 26(7): 934-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10990109

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Impact of new treatments for respiratory failure on outcome of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Somaschini M, Locatelli G, Salvoni L, Bellan C, Colombo A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 October; 158(10): 780-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10486074

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Impaired structural remodelling of pulmonary arteries in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a histological study of 29 cases. Author(s): Shehata SM, Tibboel D, Sharma HS, Mooi WJ. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1999 September; 189(1): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451497

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Improved pulmonary function after surgical reduction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs. Author(s): Major D, Cloutier R, Fournier L, Shaffer TH, Wolfson MR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1999 March; 34(3): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211647

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Incarcerated diaphragmatic hernia secondary to plication for eventration of diaphragm. Author(s): Lall A, Bajpai M, Gupta DK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 April; 68(4): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370447

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Increased levels of circulating adhesion molecules in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia complicated by persistent pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Yamataka A, Okazaki T, Lane GJ, Puri P, Miyano T. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2004 January; 20(1): 19-23. Epub 2003 December 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673614

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Index of suspicion. Case 3. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Beck AE. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000 April; 21(4): 139,143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10787351

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Index of suspicion. Case 5. Diagnosis: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Sibilia S. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001 January; 22(1): 2231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229326

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Influence of congenital heart disease on survival in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Cohen MS, Rychik J, Bush DM, Tian ZY, Howell LJ, Adzick NS, Flake AW, Johnson MP, Spray TL, Crombleholme TM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 July; 141(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12091847

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Inhalation of nitric oxide as a treatment of pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Henneberg SW, Jepsen S, Andersen PK, Pedersen SA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 June; 30(6): 853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7666321

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Inhaled nitric oxide with early surgery improves the outcome of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Okuyama H, Kubota A, Oue T, Kuroda S, Ikegami R, Kamiyama M, Kitayama Y, Yagi M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 August; 37(8): 1188-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149699

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Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia and atrial septal defect in adults. Author(s): Sariosmanoglu N, Hazan E, Metin K, Kazaz H, Oto O. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 February; 123(2): 3534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828298

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Is prognostication in congenital diaphragmatic hernia possible without sophisticated investigations? Author(s): Sharma D, Saxena A, Raina VK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1999 July-August; 66(4): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10798105

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Laparoscopic approach to surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the newborn. Author(s): Shah AV, Shah AA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 March; 37(3): 548-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11877685

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Laparoscopic diaphragmatic hernia repair. Author(s): Thoman DS, Hui T, Phillips EH. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 September; 16(9): 1345-9. Epub 2002 May 03. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11984662

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Laparoscopic repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in an adult. Author(s): Frantzides CT, Carlson MA, Pappas C, Gatsoulis N. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2000 October; 10(5): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11071411

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Laparoscopic repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Krishna A, Zargar N. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 September; 18(5-6): 491-3. Epub 2002 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415388

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Laparoscopic repair of a recurrent chronic traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Frantzides CT, Madan AK, O'Leary PJ, Losurdo J. Source: The American Surgeon. 2003 February; 69(2): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12641359

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Laparoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a 6-month-old child. Author(s): van der Zee DC, Bax NM. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1995 September; 9(9): 1001-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7482203

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Laparoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with prosthesis: a case report. Author(s): Settembre A, Cuccurullo D, Pisaniello D, Capasso P, Miranda L, Corcione F. Source: Hernia : the Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery. 2003 March; 7(1): 52-4. Epub 2002 November 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612801

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Laparoscopic repair of diaphragmatic hernia after left ventricular assist device. Author(s): Farma J, Leeser D, Furukawa S, Dempsey DT. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2003 June; 13(3): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855101

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Laparoscopic repair of Morgagni diaphragmatic hernia: a new case. Author(s): De Vogelaere K. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2003 December; 13(6): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712106

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Laparoscopic repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Cueto J, Vazquez-Frias JA, Nevarez R, Poggi L, Zundel N. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2001 June; 11(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444756

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Late diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with splenic infarction presenting as pleural effusion and respiratory distress. Author(s): Jankowski RA, Klein AS, Eshbaugh WG, Langham MR Jr. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1995 October; 34(10): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8591683

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Late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): O'Neill CP, Mabrouk R, McCallion WA. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 June; 86(6): 395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12023164

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Late presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in pregnancy. Author(s): Indar A, Bornman PC, Beckingham IJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2001 November; 83(6): 3923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11777133

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Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants. Author(s): Moyer V, Moya F, Tibboel R, Losty P, Nagaya M, Lally KP. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (3): Cd001695. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137629

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Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants. Author(s): Moyer V, Moya F, Tibboel R, Losty P, Nagaya M, Lally KP. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (3): Cd001695. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908506

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Latent traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: a surgical challenge. Author(s): Kotsis L, Csekeo A, Orban K. Source: Chest. 2002 March; 121(3): 1006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888997

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Late-onset left diaphragmatic hernia after group B streptococcal sepsis: An unusual presentation. Author(s): Vachharajani AJ, Shah JK, Paes BA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 June; 37(6): 932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037770

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Left diaphragmatic eventration diagnosed as congenital diaphragmatic hernia by prenatal sonography. Author(s): Yang JI. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 May; 31(4): 214-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692831

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Left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with intrathoracic ectopic liver lobule. Author(s): Bedii Salman A. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 March; 21(3): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888785

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Long-term outcome following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the UK experience. Author(s): Davis PJ, Firmin RK, Manktelow B, Goldman AP, Davis CF, Smith JH, Cassidy JV, Shekerdemian LS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2004 March; 144(3): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001933

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Making the most out of the least: new insights into congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Karamanoukian HL, O'Toole SJ, Holm BA, Glick PL. Source: Thorax. 1997 March; 52(3): 209-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9093333

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Malposition of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulas in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Rais-Bahrami K, Martin GR, Schnitzer JJ, Short BL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1993 May; 122(5 Pt 1): 794-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8496764

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Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Author(s): Nagaya M, Tsuda M, Murahashi O, Kishida Y. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1991 February; 1(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2031907

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Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed prenatally: an update. Author(s): Geary M. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 November; 18(11): 1155-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854724

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Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Davis CF, Sabharwal AJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1998 July; 79(1): F1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9797617

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Management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Finer NN, Tierney AJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 August; 119(2): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1861226

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Management of diaphragmatic hernia during pregnancy. Author(s): Fleyfel M, Provost N, Ferreira JF, Porte H, Bourzoufi K. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998 March; 86(3): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9495401

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Management problems of coincident traumatic diaphragmatic hernia and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Chidamdaram M, Eyres KS, Szabolcs Z, Ionescu MI. Source: The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 1988 June; 36(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3212774

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Maternal congenital diaphragmatic hernia complicating pregnancy. Author(s): Genc MR, Clancy TE, Ferzoco SJ, Norwitz E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 102(5 Pt 2): 1194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607054

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Maximal oxygen consumption and stress performance in children operated on for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Zaccara A, Turchetta A, Calzolari A, Iacobelli B, Nahom A, Lucchetti MC, Bagolan P, Rivosecchi M, Coran AG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1996 August; 31(8): 1092-4; Discussion 1095. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863241

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Mediastinal stabilization by an expansion prosthesis in postoperative congenital diaphragmatic hernia with severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Author(s): Becmeur F, Horta P, Christmann D, Donato L, Livolsi A, de Geeter B, Sauvage P. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1995 October; 5(5): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8555135

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Midgut malfixation in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: what is the risk of midgut volvulus? Author(s): Levin TL, Liebling MS, Ruzal-Shapiro C, Berdon WE, Stolar CJ. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1995; 25(4): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567230

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Misinterpretation of I-131 scintigraphy because of diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Unal S, Oguz H, Alagol F, Cantez S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 February; 21(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8697691

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Modified Ventilatory Index (MVI) in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Author(s): Ilce Z, Celayir S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 September; 40(9): 920. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530569

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Morgagni hernia: a rare form of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Robnett-Filly B, Goldstein RB, Sampior D, Hom M. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 May; 22(5): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751867

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Morphometric analysis of pulmonary development in the sheep following creation of fetal diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Lipsett J, Cool JC, Runciman SC, Kennedy JD, Martin AJ, Byard RW, Ford WD. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine : Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology, Affiliated with the International Paediatric Pathology Association. 1997 September-October; 17(5): 789-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267890

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Mortality among infants with high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Singapore. Author(s): Chan DK, Ho LY, Joseph VT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 January; 32(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9021580

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Mortality prediction in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: potential criteria for ECMO. Author(s): Butt W, Taylor B, Shann F. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 November; 20(4): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1463169

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MRI diagnosis of delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Daum-Kowalski R, Shanley DJ, Murphy T. Source: Gastrointest Radiol. 1991 Fall; 16(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1936769

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Neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have smaller neck veins than other neonates-An alternative route for ECMO cannulation. Author(s): Frenckner B, Palmer K, Linden V. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 June; 37(6): 906-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037760

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Neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: radiographic findings during partial liquid ventilation. Author(s): Garver KA, Kazerooni EA, Hirschl RB, DiPietro MA. Source: Radiology. 1996 July; 200(1): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8657915

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Neurodevelopmental outcome after congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before and after surgery. Author(s): Rasheed A, Tindall S, Cueny DL, Klein MD, Delaney-Black V. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 April; 36(4): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283873

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Neurological outcome is diminished in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): McGahren ED, Mallik K, Rodgers BM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 August; 32(8): 1216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269973

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Nihilism in the 1990s: the true mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Stege G, Fenton A, Jaffray B. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 September; 112(3 Pt 1): 532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949279

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No evidence of WT1 gene mutations in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Nordenskjold A, Tapper-Persson M, Anvret M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1996 July; 31(7): 925-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8811558

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Non-iatrogenic perforation of the stomach by a chest tube in a patient with traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Yahya AI, Przybylski J. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1998 February; 43(1): 623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9560516

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Noninvasive delivery of inhaled nitric oxide therapy for late pulmonary hypertension in newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kinsella JP, Parker TA, Ivy DD, Abman SH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 April; 142(4): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12712057

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Norepinephrine, enoximone, and nitric oxide for treatment of myocardial stunning and pulmonary hypertension in a newborn with diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Schranz D, Huth R, Michel-Behnke I, Wippermann CF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 June; 30(6): 801-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7666310

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Nucleated erythrocyte count in newborn infants with left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia: relationship with the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival. Author(s): Green DW, Lyon J, Ackerman NB Jr, Mimouni F. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 July; 127(1): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608798

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Nutritional morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Muratore CS, Utter S, Jaksic T, Lund DP, Wilson JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 August; 36(8): 1171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479850

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Obstructed volvulus of the stomach in a diaphragmatic hernia: a post-partum emergency. Author(s): Savage PT. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1968 October; 61(10): 956-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5682641

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Obstruction-strangulation of post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia--delayed diagnosis and fatal outcome. Author(s): Schulman A, Fataar S, Alheit B. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1985 July 6; 68(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4012490

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Obstructive jaundice. An unusual delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Schiffler M, Rescorla FJ, Fitzgerald J, Grosfeld JL. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1988 June; 123(6): 780-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3285815

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Obstructive shock due to labor-related diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ortega-Carnicer J, Ambros A, Alcazar R. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1998 March; 26(3): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9504595

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Octreotide for treatment of chylothorax after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Goyal A, Smith NP, Jesudason EC, Kerr S, Losty PD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): E19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891519

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Omental fat simulating pleural fluid in traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: CT characteristics. Author(s): Gurney J, Harrison WL, Anderson JC. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1985 November-December; 9(6): 1112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4056148

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Omphalocele associated with intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Westra SJ, Foglia R, Smith JB, Boechat MI. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1991; 21(7): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1771123

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Outcome at 2 years of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a populationbased study. Author(s): Jaillard SM, Pierrat V, Dubois A, Truffert P, Lequien P, Wurtz AJ, Storme L. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 January; 75(1): 250-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537224

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Outcome for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: the first year. Author(s): D'Agostino JA, Bernbaum JC, Gerdes M, Schwartz IP, Coburn CE, Hirschl RB, Baumgart S, Polin RA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 January; 30(1): 10-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7722808

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Outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Beresford MW, Shaw NJ. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2000 September; 30(3): 249-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10973043

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Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. XI: Anatomic and biochemical characterization of the heart in the fetal lamb CDH model. Author(s): Karamanoukian HL, Glick PL, Wilcox DT, O'Toole SJ, Rossman JE, Azizkhan RG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 July; 30(7): 925-8; Discussion 929. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7472946

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Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. XVI: Elevated pulmonary collagen in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hassett MJ, Glick PL, Karamanoukian HL, Rossman JE, Wilcox DT, Azizkhan RG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 August; 30(8): 1191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7472980

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Patterns of cerebral injury in a series of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia utilizing magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Hunt RW, Kean MJ, Stewart MJ, Inder TE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004 January; 39(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14694367

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Pediatric case of the day. Hypogenetic lung syndrome (scimitar syndrome) with rightsided congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Cairns RA, Culham JA, Stringer DA, Murphy JJ. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1995 March; 15(2): 496-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7761655

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Pleural hemorrhage in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: imaging findings. Author(s): Gross GW, Dougherty CH. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 April; 164(4): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7726055

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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a McFadden Kalousek type 2 triploid fetus. Author(s): Bianca S, Ettore G, Gullotta G, Galasso MG. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2004 January-February; 19(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646418

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Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: timing of visceral herniation and outcome. Author(s): Bronshitein M, Lewit N, Sujov PO, Makhoul IR, Blazer S. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 August; 15(8): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7479586

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Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 16 associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Author(s): Chen CP, Shih JC, Chern SR, Lee CC, Wang W. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2004 January; 24(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755412

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Prenatal sonographic predictors of liver herniation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Bootstaylor BS, Filly RA, Harrison MR, Adzick NS. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1995 July; 14(7): 515-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7563299

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Preoperative cardiorespiratory trends in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Moffitt ST, Schulze KF, Sahni R, Wung JT, Myers MM, Stolar CJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 April; 30(4): 604-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7595845

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Radiological decompression of bowel gas and return of mediastinal shift in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a signal for surgical repair? Author(s): Ryan CA, Finer NN, Phillips H, Ainsworth W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 April; 30(4): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7595828

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Rare cause of pericardial effusion in infancy: intra-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Akalin F, Ayabakan C, Dincer I, Sbir S, Kiyan G, Karakoc F. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2004 April; 46(2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15056250

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Recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A novel repair. Author(s): Saltzman DA, Ennis JS, Mehall JR, Jackson RJ, Smith SD, Wagner CW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 December; 36(12): 1768-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733903

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Recurrent diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Rowe DH, Stolar CJ. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 2003 May; 12(2): 107-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728396

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Reversed latissimus dorsi muscle flap for repair of recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Sydorak RM, Hoffman W, Lee H, Yingling CD, Longaker M, Chang J, Smith B, Harrison MR, Albanese CT. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 March; 38(3): 296-300; Discussion 296-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632338

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Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia a well-known pathology? Author(s): Daher P, Zeidan S, Azar E, Khoury M, Melki I, Mikhael R. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 June; 19(4): 293-5. Epub 2003 April 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695919

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Right congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Prenatal assessment and outcome. Author(s): Hedrick HL, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, Nance ML, von Allmen D, Howell LJ, Johnson MP, Wilson RD, Adzick NS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004 March; 39(3): 319-23; Discussion 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017545

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Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia masquerading as staphylococcal pneumonia. Author(s): Kaur G, Singh T. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 September; 70(9): 743-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620191

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Risk of need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Author(s): Sebald M, Friedlich P, Burns C, Stein J, Noori S, Ramanathan R, Seri I. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2004 March; 24(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14961042

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Routine ultrasound for the prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the 'isms'. Author(s): Thilaganathan B. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 April; 19(4): 327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952958

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Severe complications during the management of a child with late presentation of a diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kutzsche S, Sangolt GK, Schistad O, Sunde S. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 November; 47(10): 1302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616333

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Severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH): a critical analysis of eight years' experience. Author(s): Bagolan P, Casaccia G, Nahom A, Trucchi A, Zangari A, Laviani R, Pirozzi N, Di Liso G, Orzalesi M. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 April; 12(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12015652

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Sex reversal and diaphragmatic hernia in phenotypicaly female sibs with normal XY chromosomes. Author(s): Manouvrier-Hanu S, Besson R, Cousin L, Jeanpierre C, Kacet N, Cartigny M, Devisme L, Storme L, De Martinville B, Lequien P. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April; 37(4): 315-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819644

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Simultaneous surgical treatment of chronic post-traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, diaphragmatic hernia and giant emphysema bulla. Author(s): Luciani N, Lapenna E, De Bonis M, Pirronti T, Possati GF. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 October; 43(5): 747-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12386596

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Splenic laceration caused by chronic posttraumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Mostafa G, Matthews BD, Heniford BT, Sing RF, Perron AD. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 October; 19(6): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593476

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Spondylothoracic dysostosis associated with diaphragmatic hernia and camptodactyly. Author(s): Swietlinski J, Swist-Szulik K, Maruniak-Chudek I, Pyrkosz A. Source: Genet Couns. 2002; 13(3): 309-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12416639

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Surfactant phosphatidylcholine pool size in human neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring ECMO. Author(s): Janssen DJ, Tibboel D, Carnielli VP, van Emmen E, Luijendijk IH, Darcos Wattimena JL, Zimmermann LJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 March; 142(3): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640370

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Surfactant synthesis and kinetics in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Cogo PE, Zimmermann LJ, Rosso F, Tormena F, Gamba P, Verlato G, Baritussio A, Carnielli VP. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 July 15; 166(2): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12119226

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Surgical intervention for emphysematous pulmonary regions in a postoperative infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Yonekura T, Hirooka S, Kubota A, Hoki M, Kosumi T, Yamauchi K, Oyanagi H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 December; 35(12): 1820-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11101744

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Survival in early- and late-term infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Stevens TP, Chess PR, McConnochie KM, Sinkin RA, Guillet R, Maniscalco WM, Fisher SG. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 September; 110(3): 590-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12205265

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Technology assessment for management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: immediate versus delayed surgery. Author(s): Niramis R. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 August; 86 Suppl 3: S727-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14700173

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The confused identity of Cantrell's pentad: ectopia cordis is related either to thoracoschisis or to a diaphragmatic hernia with an omphalocele. Author(s): Davies BR, Duran M. Source: Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine. 2003 September-October; 22(5): 38390. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692189

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The effect of gentle ventilation on survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Chess PR. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 April; 113(4): 917. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060244

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The relationship of pulmonary artery pressure and survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Dillon PW, Cilley RE, Mauger D, Zachary C, Meier A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2004 March; 39(3): 307-12; Discussion 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017543

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The split abdominal wall muscle flap--a simple, mesh-free approach to repair large diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Scaife ER, Johnson DG, Meyers RL, Johnson SM, Matlak ME. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 December; 38(12): 1748-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14666458

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Three-dimensional ultrasonographic assessment of fetal lung volume as prognostic factor in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ruano R, Benachi A, Joubin L, Aubry MC, Thalabard JC, Dumez Y, Dommergues M. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 May; 111(5): 423-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104604

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Timing of repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Author(s): Sigalet DL, Tierney A, Adolph V, Perreault T, Finer N, Hallgren R, Laberge JM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 August; 30(8): 1183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7472978

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Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Schiller VL, Bein M, Cordero G. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 June; 164(6): 1552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7754920

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Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kaw LL Jr, Potenza BM, Coimbra R, Hoyt DB. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 April; 198(4): 668-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15072074

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Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: delayed presentation seven years after penetrating trauma. Author(s): Jadali S, Patel PH, Edwards JC, Raisis I. Source: Del Med J. 2003 September; 75(9): 321-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564917

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Ultrasonographic measurement of the abdominal circumference in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Rode ME, Jackson GM, Jenkins TM, Macones GA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 February; 186(2): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11854658

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Ultrasound diagnosis of fetal diaphragmatic hernia and complex congenital heart disease at 12 weeks' gestation--a case report. Author(s): Lam YH, Tang MH, Yuen ST. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1998 November; 18(11): 1159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854725

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Ultrasound prediction of fetal pulmonary hypoplasia in pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios and in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a review. Author(s): Fox HE, Badalian SS. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1994 March; 11(2): 104-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198648

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Unusual presentation of a right-sided diaphragmatic hernia in a 17-month-old girl with trisomy 18. Author(s): Herting E, Weigel W. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 December; 156(12): 975-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9453385

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Unusual problems in surgery. Indirect traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Typical and unusual features in two cases. Author(s): Beck AR, Burrows L, Leichtling JJ. Source: J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1968 May-June; 35(3): 287-300. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5239558

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Upregulated expression of EGF and TGF-alpha in the proximal respiratory epithelium in the human hypoplastic lung in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Guarino N, Solari V, Shima H, Puri P. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2004 January; 19(12): 755-9. Epub 2004 January 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14714133

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Upregulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in the hypoplastic lung in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ohshiro K, Miyazaki E, Taira Y, Puri P. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1998 November; 14(1-2): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9880689

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Usefulness of echocardiographic measurement of bilateral pulmonary artery dimensions in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Hasegawa S, Kohno S, Sugiyama T, Sato Y, Seki S, Yagyu M, Saito A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 May; 29(5): 622-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8035270

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Using splenic scans to evaluate diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Rominger CJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1968 May; 9(5): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5645908

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Utility of fetal intraperitoneal saline infusion in the prenatal evaluation of diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Meagher S, Fisk N, Boogert A. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1995 September-October; 10(5): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7576168

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Vascular changes with in utero correction of diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): MacGillivray TE, Jennings RW, Rudolph AM, Ring EJ, Adzick NS, Harrison MR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 August; 29(8): 992-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7965536

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Venoarterial versus venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry, 19901999. Author(s): Dimmitt RA, Moss RL, Rhine WD, Benitz WE, Henry MC, Vanmeurs KP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 August; 36(8): 1199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479856

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Venovenous versus venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Kugelman A, Gangitano E, Pincros J, Tantivit P, Taschuk R, Durand M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): 1131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891480

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Ventilation parameters and arterial blood gases as a prediction of hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Johnston PW, Liberman R, Gangitano E, Vogt J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1990 May; 25(5): 496-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2352081

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Ventilatory casebook. Late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in association with group B streptococcal sepsis and meningitis. Author(s): McGettigan MC. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1998 November-December; 18(6 Pt 1): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9848768

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Ventilatory changes with Bochdalek-type diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Pecora DV. Source: The American Surgeon. 1970 June; 36(6): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5442464

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Ventilatory management casebook. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia meeting criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Adolph V, Arensman RM, Falterman KW, Goldsmith JP. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1990 June; 10(2): 202-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2358909

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Ventilatory management casebook: recurrent diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): McGettigan MC. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1999 June; 19(4): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685248

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Ventilatory predictors of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, confirmed by morphologic assessment. Author(s): Bohn D, Tamura M, Perrin D, Barker G, Rabinovitch M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1987 September; 111(3): 423-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3625414

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Ventilatory problems with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Lewis MA, Young DG. Source: Anaesthesia. 1969 October; 24(4): 571-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4900397

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Wandering spleen presenting as duodenal obstruction after repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Ng T, Lessin MS, Luks FI, Wallach MT, Wesselhoeft CW Jr. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1997 December; 32(12): 1790-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9434030

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Wandering spleen presenting as gastric outlet obstruction after repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Lu CC, Chen HH, Hsieh MJ. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2004 February; 56(2): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14960990

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Warfarin-induced fetal diaphragmatic hernia. Case report. Author(s): Normann EK, Stray-Pedersen B. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1989 June; 96(6): 729-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2803994

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What do survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia look like when they grow up? Author(s): Stolar CJ. Source: Semin Pediatr Surg. 1996 November; 5(4): 275-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8936657

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Where to look for the genes related to diaphragmatic hernia? Author(s): Lurie IW. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(1): 75-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725592

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Wound dehiscence. Increased intra-abdominal pressure after repair of diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): Bitterman W, Gemer M, Lutwak EM. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1967 February; 94(2): 178-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5334074

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and diaphragmatic hernia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Diaphragmatic Hernia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “diaphragmatic hernia” (or a synonym): •

Evolution of the technique of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on ECMO. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115. Source: Wilson, J M Bower, L K Lund, D P J-Pediatr-Surg. 1994 August; 29(8): 1109-12 0022-3468

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Persistent pulmonary hypertension in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: incidence and vasodilator therapy. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Bos, A P Tibboel, D Koot, V C Hazebroek, F W Molenaar, J C J-Pediatr-Surg. 1993 November; 28(11): 1463-5 0022-3468

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Prenatal glucocorticoid therapy reverses pulmonary immaturity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia in fetal sheep. Author(s): Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. Source: Schnitzer, J J Hedrick, H L Pacheco, B A Losty, P D Ryan, D P Doody, D P Donahoe, P K Ann-Surg. 1996 October; 224(4): 430-7; discussion 437-9 0003-4932

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Successful repair of a severe left congenital diaphragmatic hernia during continuous inhalation of nitric oxide. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, Hopital SaintVincent-de-Paul, Paris, France. Source: Leveque, C Hamza, J Berg, A E Barbotin Larrieu, F Laguenie, G Goutail Flaud, F Couturier, C Egu, J F Mekouar, R Saint Maurice, C Anesthesiology. 1994 May; 80(5): 1171-5 0003-3022

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Vitamin A decreases the incidence and severity of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Author(s): Reanimation Neonatale, Hopital Antoine Beclere, 92141 Clamart, France. Source: Thebaud, B Tibboel, D Rambaud, C Mercier, J C Bourbon, J R Dinh Xuan, A T Archer, S L Am-J-Physiol. 1999 August; 277(2 Pt 1): L423-9 0002-9513

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER

3.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to diaphragmatic hernia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to diaphragmatic hernia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to diaphragmatic hernia: •

A correlation of pulmonary hypoplasia, mean airway pressure, and survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Author(s): Redmond C, Heaton J, Calix J, Graves E, Farr G, Falterman K, Arensman R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1987 December; 22(12): 1143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3440901

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Application of bu zhong yi qi tang according to TCM differentiation of syndromes. Author(s): Xie S. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2002 June; 22(2): 99-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125502

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Behavioural techniques in the management of aerophagia in patients with hiatus hernia. Author(s): Calloway SP, Fonagy P, Pounder RE, Morgan MJ. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1983; 27(6): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6363680

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Diaphragmatic and abdominal hernia with cardiac complications in a dog. Author(s): WOODWARD MB. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1964 January 1; 144: 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14118010

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Double atrial parasystole. Case report. Author(s): Cotoi S, Suciu S. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1976; 31(3): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1088034

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ECMO in evolution: the impact of changing patient demographics and alternative therapies on ECMO. Author(s): Wilson JM, Bower LK, Thompson JE, Fauza DO, Fackler JC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1996 August; 31(8): 1116-22; Discussion 1122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863246

•

Effect of prenatal tetrandrine therapy on pulmonary vascular structural remodeling in the nitrofen-induced CDH rat model. Author(s): Liu W, Feng J, Jia H, Tang Y, Hu T, Jiang X, Hu X. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2000 September; 113(9): 813-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11776077

•

Fiber as protective against gastrointestinal diseases. Author(s): Burkitt D. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984 April; 79(4): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6324574

•

How to manage constipation with high-fiber diet. Author(s): Burkitt DP, Meisner P. Source: Geriatrics. 1979 February; 34(2): 33-5, 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104901

•

Hyperactive carotid sinus reflex and His bundle electrography. Author(s): Glasser SP, McCarty RJ, Iannone LA.

Alternative Medicine 65

Source: Journal of Electrocardiology. 1974 February; 7(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4811651 •

Hyperbaric oxygen and high-frequency oscillator ventilation in experimental diaphragmatic hernia. Author(s): van Baren R, Heij HA, van Vugt JM, Peper JA, vd Kleij AJ, Klopper PJ. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1995 September; 22(3): 315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7580771

•

Impact of fundoplication on bolus transit across esophagogastric junction. Author(s): Kahrilas PJ, Lin S, Spiess AE, Brasseur JG, Joehl RJ, Manka M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1998 December; 275(6 Pt 1): G1386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9843776

•

Improvement of laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms after laparoscopic Hill repair. Author(s): Wright RC, Rhodes KP. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 185(5): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727567

•

Mortality with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in 93 infants. Author(s): Langham MR Jr, Krummel TM, Bartlett RH, Drucker DE, Tracy TF Jr, Toomasian JM, Greenfield LJ, Salzberg AM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1987 December; 22(12): 1150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3440902

•

Nursing perspectives in the management of infants and children requiring thoracic surgery. Author(s): Telfer H, Willis S. Source: Prog Pediatr Surg. 1991; 27: 30-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1907387

•

Protective effect of liposome encapsulation on paclitaxel developmental toxicity in the rat. Author(s): Scialli AR, Waterhouse TB, Desesso JM, Rahman A, Goeringer GC. Source: Teratology. 1997 November; 56(5): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451754

•

Syrup of ipecac associated fatality: a case report. Author(s): Robertson WO.

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Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1979 April; 21(2): 87-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=35878 •

The radiopaque esophageal marshmallow bolus. Author(s): McNally EF, Del Gaudio W. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1967 October; 101(2): 485-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6045410

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER

4.

DISSERTATIONS HERNIA

ON

DIAPHRAGMATIC

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to diaphragmatic hernia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “diaphragmatic hernia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on diaphragmatic hernia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Diaphragmatic Hernia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to diaphragmatic hernia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Pathogenesis and etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in an animal model by Babiuk, Randal Peter, PhD from UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (CANADA), 2003, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ82081

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to diaphragmatic hernia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on diaphragmatic hernia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on diaphragmatic hernia: •

Nyhus and Condon's Hernia, Fifth Edition Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2002. 650 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300. Fax (301) 223-2365. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0781719623. Summary: This lengthy textbook offers a comprehensive look at the surgical management of hernias. The authors stress that there are four general changes in the area of hernia surgery that have affected the way surgeons practice their craft: the widespread acceptance of the 'tension-free' principle, the routine use of prosthetic materials, the realization that the preperitoneal space can be used for hernia repair, and therapeutic laparoscopy. The text offers 50 chapters in eight sections: etiology, history and anatomy of hernias; conventional groin hernia repairs; laparoscopic and endoscopic

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groin hernia repairs; complications of groin hernia; ventral incisional hernias; pediatric hernias; diaphragmatic hernias; and miscellaneous considerations in hernia repair. Each chapter includes extensive references and black and white photographs, drawings, and charts. A subject index concludes the volume. •

Hernia. 4th ed Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 1995. 615 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 1185 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. (212) 930-9500. Fax (212) 869-3495. PRICE: $149 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0397512864. Summary: This medical textbook presents a comprehensive look at the diagnosis and treatment of hernia. Forty-five chapters are presented in 9 sections: an overview of groin hernia; clinical aspects of groin hernia; special problems; hernias of the abdominal wall; perineal hernias; intra-abdominal hernias; general aids to repair; diaphragmatic hernia; and medicolegal aspects of hernia. Each chapter, written by experts in the field, includes black-and-white photographs, tables, figures, and extensive references. A detailed subject index concludes the volume.

Chapters on Diaphragmatic Hernia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to diaphragmatic hernia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and diaphragmatic hernia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on diaphragmatic hernia: •

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Source: in Complete Directory for Pediatric Disorders. Millerton, NY: Grey House Publishing, Inc. 2002. p. 206-207. Contact: Available from Grey House Publishing, Inc. 185 Millerton Road, Millerton, NY 12546. Website: www.greyhouse.com. PRICE: $165.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1930956614. Summary: This entry from a directory of pediatric disorders covers congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a birth defect characterized by projection or bulging of organs of the abdomen into the chest cavity. This occurs as a result of an abnormal opening in the diaphragm, the dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest and plays an essential role in breathing. The entry describes the condition, including symptoms and findings, outlines diagnostic approaches used, and discusses treatment considerations. In newborns with CDH, immediate measures may be necessary to prevent or treat potentially life-threatening complications. Surgery to repair the diaphragmatic defect is deferred until the newborn's respiratory status has been stabilized. The entry then related references, including national associations and support groups, web sites, and some publications.

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73

CHAPTER

6.

PERIODICALS AND NEWS DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover diaphragmatic hernia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on diaphragmatic hernia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to diaphragmatic hernia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for diaphragmatic hernia: •

Cancer And Diaphragmatic Hernia Featured At Surgeons' Meeting Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 24, 1995

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to diaphragmatic hernia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms).

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75

Academic Periodicals covering Diaphragmatic Hernia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to diaphragmatic hernia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering diaphragmatic hernia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

79

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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81

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 11015 92 314 0 51 11472

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on diaphragmatic hernia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to diaphragmatic hernia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to diaphragmatic hernia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “diaphragmatic hernia”:

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Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Congenital Heart Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html Gastroesophageal Reflux/Hiatal Hernia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroesophagealrefluxhiatalhernia.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Metabolic Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Questions and Answers Summary: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is a birth defect that occurs when the diaphragm does not fully form, allowing organs to enter the chest cavity preventing lung growth. Source: CHERUBS - The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Advocacy, and Support http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=8019 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to diaphragmatic hernia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Diaphragmatic Hernia The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to diaphragmatic hernia: •

CHERUBS - The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Advocacy and Support Telephone: (919) 693-8158 Fax: (815) 425-9155 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.cherubs-cdh.org Background: CHERUBS - The Association of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research, Advocacy and Support is an international support group for the families of children who are born with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias (CDH) and their caregivers and physicians. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is a rare condition that is present at birth and characterized by the protrusion of organs from the abdomen into the chest through an abnormal opening (hernia) in the muscle that divides the chest from the abdominal cavity. Established in 1993, CHERUBS is a volunteer organization associated with the March of Dimes, the Association of Birth Defect Children, Inc., and the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program. The Association serves people in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Ireland. CHERUBS offers a 'Parent Reference Guide,' periodic newsletters, and brochures; has a parent-to-parent matchup program; and provides referrals. Memberships are available, although medical professionals are asked to pay a one-time fee. In addition, the organization maintains a research library and compiles data from research surveys (e.g., Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Research Survey). Relevant area(s) of interest: Diaphragmatic Hernia

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to diaphragmatic hernia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with diaphragmatic hernia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about diaphragmatic hernia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “diaphragmatic hernia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “diaphragmatic hernia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “diaphragmatic hernia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on diaphragmatic hernia: •

Basic Guidelines for Diaphragmatic Hernia Diaphragmatic hernia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001135.htm Diaphragmatic hernia repair - congenital Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002936.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Diaphragmatic Hernia Bluish coloration of the skin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Bowel sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003137.htm Breath sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm

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Breathing difficulty Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Lung disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000066.htm Polyhydramnios Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003267.htm Problems breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Diaphragmatic Hernia Chest x-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Chest X-rays Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm Prenatal ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003778.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Background Topics for Diaphragmatic Hernia Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Palpation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002284.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

Online Glossaries 99

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acinus: The berrylike ending of a tiny airway in the lung, where the alveoli (air sacs) are located. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerophagia: A condition that occurs when a person swallows too much air. Causes gas and frequent belching. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is

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characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Belching: Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. Also called burping. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of

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fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bombesin: A tetradecapeptide originally obtained from the skins of toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata. It is also an endogenous neurotransmitter in many animals including mammals. Bombesin affects vascular and other smooth muscle, gastric secretion, and renal circulation and function. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary Sequestration: A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH]

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Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chest cavity: Space in body surrounding the lungs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH]

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Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments

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that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH]

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Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral

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circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysostosis: Defective bone formation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service

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produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein syntheis in eucaryotic but not prokaryotic cells. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enoximone: 1,3-Dihydro-4-methyl-5-(4-(methylthio)benzoyl)-2H-imidazol-2-one. A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with congestive heart failure. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

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Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Atresia: Congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop that commonly occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula. Symptoms include excessive salivation, gagging, cyanosis, and dyspnea. [NIH] Esophagectomy: An operation to remove a portion of the esophagus. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from

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death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Monitoring: Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during labor and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Functional Residual Capacity: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume. Common abbreviation is FRC. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Fistula: Abnormal passage communicating with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastric Outlet Obstruction: The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression

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is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood

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clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the

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result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incarceration: Abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of

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digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipecac: A syrup made from the dried rhizomes of two different species, Cephaelis ipecacuanha and C. acuminata, belonging to the Rubiaciae family. They contain emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine and other isoquinolines. Ipecac syrup is used widely as an emetic acting both locally on the gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. [NIH]

Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Left ventricular assist device: A mechanical device used to increase the heart's pumping ability. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH]

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Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liquid Ventilation: Artificial respiration using an oxygenated fluid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobule: A small lobe or subdivision of a lobe. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs hold. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU]

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Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or

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stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Oligohydramnios: Presence of less than 300 ml of amniotic fluid at term. Principal causes include malformations of fetal urinary tracts, intra-uterine growth retardation, high maternal blood pressure, nicotine poisoning, and prolonged pregnancy. [NIH] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic

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nerve. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasystole: A cardiac arrhythmia caused by the interaction of two foci independently initiating cardiac impulses at different rates. Generally one of the foci is the sinoatrial node (the normal pacemaker) and the ectopic focus is usually in the ventricle, but can occur in the sinus and AV nodes, atrium and ventricle, and AV junction. Each focus - and thus each rhythm - is protected from the influence of the other. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH]

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Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.

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Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postnatal Care: The care provided a woman following the birth of a child. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used

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to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyloric Stenosis: Obstruction of the pyloric canal. [NIH]

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Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal Circulation: The circulation of the blood through the vessels of the kidney. [NIH] Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH]

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Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH]

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Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scimitar Syndrome: Anomalous venous drainage of the right lung into the inferior vena cava, with hypoplasia of the right lung. The scimitar-shaped radiographic shadow of the anomalous vein gives the syndrome its name. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell

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activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinoatrial Node: The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle to the ventricle. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strangulation: Extreme compression or constriction of the trachea or of any part. [NIH]

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Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH]

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Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheoesophageal Fistula: Abnormal communication between the esophagus and the trachea, acquired or congenital, often associated with esophageal atresia. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]

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Diaphragmatic Hernia

Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triploid: Pertaining to an organism with more than three chromosome sets in its vegetative cells. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH]

Dictionary 133

Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]

134

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

135

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 29, 101 A Abdomen, 70, 87, 101, 104, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 129, 133 Abdominal, 4, 8, 10, 15, 22, 31, 40, 53, 54, 57, 64, 70, 87, 101, 105, 110, 117, 122, 123 Aberrant, 12, 101 Abscess, 101, 128 Acetylcholine, 101, 120 Acinus, 36, 101 Adverse Effect, 6, 101, 128 Aerophagia, 64, 101 Aerosol, 101, 120 Agenesis, 18, 26, 101 Air Sacs, 101, 102 Airway, 12, 15, 63, 101 Algorithms, 101, 104 Alkaline, 101, 103, 105 Alpha-fetoprotein, 49, 101, 113 Alternative medicine, 74, 101 Alveoli, 101, 102, 133 Amino Acids, 102, 122, 124, 125 Amniotic Fluid, 102, 121 Ampulla, 102, 111 Analgesic, 102, 120 Anatomical, 10, 102, 103, 106 Anesthesia, 4, 15, 32, 43, 101, 102 Aneurysm, 51, 102 Animal model, 8, 11, 67, 102 Anomalies, 6, 9, 16, 28, 102 Antibody, 102, 107, 115, 116, 126 Antigen, 102, 107, 115, 116 Anti-inflammatory, 102, 110, 114 Antioxidant, 102, 121 Aorta, 15, 51, 102, 105, 109, 133 Aphakia, 102, 127 Aplasia, 6, 102 Apoptosis, 5, 102 Aqueous, 103, 109, 117, 118 Arginine, 103, 120 Arterial, 56, 103, 106, 115, 125 Arteries, 30, 37, 102, 103, 104, 109, 119, 125 Arterioles, 103, 104, 105 Arteriosus, 103, 125 Artery, 23, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 111, 125 Ascites, 35, 103 Asphyxia, 103, 120

Ataxia, 103, 115 Atrial, 39, 64, 103 Atrium, 103, 122, 129, 133 Autologous, 6, 103 Autosuggestion, 103, 115 Avian, 8, 9, 103 B Bacteria, 102, 103, 111, 113, 114, 119, 128, 130, 131, 132 Barium, 20, 103 Base, 7, 103, 117, 130 Belching, 101, 103 Bilateral, 17, 18, 28, 55, 103 Bile, 103, 104, 113, 117, 118, 129 Bile Pigments, 104, 117 Biochemical, 48, 104, 113 Biological Transport, 104, 110 Biotechnology, 12, 13, 74, 81, 104 Bladder, 26, 104, 108, 116, 132 Blood pressure, 104, 105, 106, 115, 119, 121, 125 Blood vessel, 7, 104, 105, 106, 111, 118, 129, 131, 132 Body Mass Index, 16, 104 Bolus, 65, 66, 104 Bolus infusion, 104 Bombesin, 37, 104 Bone Marrow, 104, 113, 118 Bone scan, 104, 128 Bowel, 4, 49, 97, 104, 117, 123 Bradykinin, 104, 120 Brain Neoplasms, 105, 115 Bronchi, 105, 112, 131 Bronchial, 105 Bronchopulmonary, 12, 25, 105 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 12, 105 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration, 25, 105 C Calcium, 105, 107, 128 Capillary, 12, 104, 105, 133 Carcinogenic, 105, 116, 129 Carcinogens, 105, 121 Cardiac, 7, 24, 25, 36, 64, 105, 111, 112, 113, 119, 121, 122, 127, 129 Cardiorespiratory, 49, 105 Cardiovascular, 18, 39, 43, 51, 105, 131 Carotene, 105, 127 Carotid Sinus, 64, 105

136

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Case report, 4, 14, 18, 21, 40, 54, 57, 64, 65, 105, 112 Cataract, 102, 106, 127 Causal, 106, 127 Cell, 7, 9, 27, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132 Cell Death, 102, 106, 120 Cell Differentiation, 9, 106, 128 Cell proliferation, 106, 128 Central Nervous System, 101, 105, 106, 114, 115 Central Nervous System Infections, 106, 114, 115 Cerebral, 48, 103, 105, 106, 112, 113, 115 Cerebral Cortex, 103, 106, 112, 113 Cerebral Infarction, 106, 115 Cerebrospinal, 106, 115 Cerebrospinal fluid, 106, 115 Cerebrum, 106 Chemoreceptor, 106, 117 Chest cavity, 70, 86, 106, 124 Chin, 36, 63, 106, 119 Cholesterol, 103, 107, 129 Chromatin, 103, 107, 118 Chromosomal, 7, 11, 16, 107, 127 Chromosome, 19, 107, 132 Chronic, 5, 40, 51, 105, 107, 116, 130 CIS, 107, 127 Clinical trial, 5, 81, 107, 125, 126 Cloning, 104, 107 Collagen, 48, 107, 123, 125 Collapse, 20, 24, 107 Complement, 107, 108 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 66, 108 Complementary medicine, 63, 108 Complementation, 8, 108 Compliance, 26, 108 Computational Biology, 81, 108 Computed tomography, 108, 128 Computerized axial tomography, 108, 128 Conception, 108, 113 Cones, 108, 127 Congestive heart failure, 108, 111 Connective Tissue, 104, 107, 108 Consciousness, 102, 108, 127 Constipation, 64, 108, 123 Constriction, 108, 116, 129 Contraindications, ii, 108 Contralateral, 18, 108

Conus, 108, 125 Coronary, 23, 109, 119 Coronary Artery Bypass, 23, 109 Coronary Thrombosis, 109, 119 Corpus, 26, 109, 124, 128, 133 Corpus Callosum, 26, 109, 128 Cortex, 109, 124 Corticosteroids, 109, 114 Cortisone, 109, 110 Craniocerebral Trauma, 109, 114, 115 Cues, 12, 109 Curative, 109, 130 Cyanosis, 109, 112 Cyclic, 109, 114, 120, 123 Cytoplasm, 103, 109, 114, 118 Cytoskeleton, 6, 109, 119 Cytotoxic, 109, 129 D De novo, 7, 109 Decompression, 49, 109 Decompression Sickness, 109 Degenerative, 108, 110, 127 Deletion, 19, 23, 102, 110 Depolarization, 110, 129 Dexamethasone, 6, 110 Diagnostic procedure, 74, 110 Diaphragm, 3, 10, 34, 38, 70, 86, 110, 115, 124 Diffusion, 7, 104, 110 Digestion, 103, 104, 110, 117, 118, 122, 129 Dilation, 104, 110, 115 Diploid, 108, 110, 123, 132 Direct, iii, 6, 110, 126 Dissection, 10, 110 Distal, 6, 12, 109, 110, 125 Distention, 5, 110 Diverticulum, 26, 33, 110 Drive, ii, vi, 12, 59, 110 Drug Interactions, 110 Duodenum, 103, 110, 111, 122, 129 Dura mater, 110, 119, 121 Dysostosis, 51, 110 Dysplasia, 23, 110 Dyspnea, 110, 112 E Ectopic, 42, 110, 122 Efficacy, 10, 110 Elastic, 111, 130 Elastin, 26, 107, 111 Elective, 37, 111 Electrons, 102, 103, 111, 117, 121, 126 Embolus, 111, 116

137

Embryo, 106, 111, 124 Emetic, 111, 117 Emetine, 111, 117 Emphysema, 51, 111 Endocrine System, 111, 120 Endogenous, 104, 111, 121, 131 Endoscope, 111 Endoscopic, 14, 69, 111 Endothelium, 111, 120 Endothelium-derived, 111, 120 Endotoxin, 111, 132 Enoximone, 46, 111 Environmental Health, 80, 82, 111 Enzymatic, 105, 107, 111, 127 Enzyme, 111, 114, 121, 123, 128, 131, 133 Epidemiological, 112, 113 Epigastric, 112, 122 Epinephrine, 112, 120, 132 Epithelial, 9, 11, 12, 104, 112 Epithelial Cells, 11, 12, 112 Epithelium, 6, 54, 111, 112, 113, 127 Esophageal, 6, 15, 66, 112, 131 Esophageal Atresia, 6, 112, 131 Esophagectomy, 23, 112 Esophagus, 112, 114, 122, 126, 129, 131 Ether, 9, 112 Eukaryotic Cells, 112, 116 Evacuation, 108, 112 Evoke, 112, 129 Exocrine, 112, 122 Expiration, 112, 113, 126 Expiratory, 112, 113 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 112, 113 Extracellular, 10, 108, 112 Extracorporeal, 4, 20, 21, 27, 28, 33, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 63, 65, 112 Extraction, 102, 112, 127 F Family Planning, 81, 112 Fat, 47, 104, 105, 111, 112, 118, 130 Fatal Outcome, 46, 112 Feces, 108, 113 Fetal Monitoring, 10, 113 Fetoprotein, 113 Fetus, 13, 34, 35, 48, 101, 113, 124, 132 Fissure, 34, 109, 113 Flatus, 113 Fold, 7, 113, 121 Foramen, 106, 113, 115, 122 Functional Residual Capacity, 26, 113 G Gallbladder, 101, 113

Gas, 49, 101, 103, 109, 110, 113, 115, 120, 126, 130, 133 Gas exchange, 113, 126, 133 Gastric, 13, 19, 31, 36, 57, 104, 113, 114, 117, 122 Gastric Fistula, 36, 113 Gastric Mucosa, 113, 117 Gastric Outlet Obstruction, 57, 113 Gastrointestinal, 23, 32, 64, 104, 112, 113 Gene, 7, 9, 11, 33, 45, 55, 104, 113 Gene Expression, 11, 33, 55, 113 Gene Therapy, 9, 113 Genotype, 114, 123 Gestation, 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 29, 54, 114, 122 Gland, 109, 114, 122, 128, 129, 131 Glucocorticoid, 10, 33, 60, 110, 114 Glucuronic Acid, 114 Glycoprotein, 114, 132 Gonadal, 114, 129 Governing Board, 114, 124 Grafting, 23, 109, 114, 116 Gram-positive, 114, 130 Granulocytes, 114, 129 Groin, 69, 70, 114 Guanylate Cyclase, 114, 120 H Headache, 114, 115 Heartburn, 114, 115 Hemoglobinopathies, 114 Hemorrhage, 17, 48, 109, 114, 130 Heparin, 12, 114 Herbicide, 9, 115 Heredity, 113, 115 Herniated, 3, 4, 115 Hiatal Hernia, 14, 86, 115 Histology, 8, 115 Homologous, 113, 115, 130 Hormone, 109, 112, 115, 124, 128, 131 Hydrocephalus, 24, 115, 117 Hydrogen, 103, 115, 119, 121 Hydroxylysine, 107, 115 Hydroxyproline, 107, 115 Hyperbilirubinemia, 115, 117 Hyperplasia, 9, 15, 115 Hypertension, 115, 117 Hypertrophy, 115 Hypoplasia, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, 22, 25, 29, 36, 43, 54, 56, 63, 115, 128 I Iatrogenic, 36, 45, 115 Immaturity, 9, 36, 60, 116 Immunosuppressive, 114, 116

138

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Implantation, 7, 108, 116 In situ, 8, 116 In Situ Hybridization, 8, 116 In vitro, 7, 10, 12, 113, 116, 131 In vivo, 10, 113, 115, 116, 121 Incarceration, 31, 116 Incision, 116, 117 Incisional, 70, 116 Incontinence, 115, 116 Infancy, 49, 116 Infarction, 19, 40, 106, 116 Infection, 8, 22, 103, 116, 118, 130 Inferior vena cava, 116, 128 Infusion, 55, 116, 131 Inhalation, 38, 60, 101, 116, 117, 124 Initiation, 116, 131 Inotropic, 111, 116 Intercostal, 36, 116 Interstitial, 19, 116 Intervertebral, 115, 116 Intestine, 4, 104, 116, 117, 133 Intracellular, 116, 117, 120, 128 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 115, 117 Intracranial Hypertension, 114, 115, 117 Intraperitoneal, 55, 117 Intravenous, 116, 117 Invasive, 10, 117, 118 Involuntary, 117, 119, 126 Ions, 103, 115, 117 Ipecac, 65, 111, 117 Isoflurane, 32, 117 J Jaundice, 25, 46, 115, 117 K Kb, 80, 117 Kinetics, 52, 117 L Laceration, 51, 117 Laparoscopy, 40, 69, 117 Large Intestine, 117, 126, 129, 133 Larynx, 117, 131 Left ventricular assist device, 40, 117 Lens, 102, 106, 117, 133 Lesion, 109, 117, 132 Lethargy, 115, 118 Leukemia, 114, 118 Ligaments, 109, 118 Ligation, 10, 118 Lipid, 118 Liposome, 65, 118 Liquid Ventilation, 45, 118

Liver, 4, 10, 29, 30, 42, 49, 101, 103, 113, 114, 118, 128 Liver cancer, 101, 118 Liver scan, 118, 128 Lobe, 106, 118, 122 Lobule, 42, 118 Localized, 101, 116, 118, 123, 132 Loop, 118 Lung Transplantation, 18, 118 Lung volume, 19, 29, 53, 118 Lymphatic, 111, 116, 118, 129, 131 Lymphatic system, 118, 129, 131 Lymphocytes, 102, 118, 129, 131 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 29, 48, 118, 128 Malformation, 11, 21, 118 Malignant, 105, 118, 120, 130 Mammary, 109, 118 Mechanical ventilation, 26, 35, 105, 119 MEDLINE, 81, 119 Melanin, 119, 123, 132 Membrane, 4, 20, 21, 27, 28, 33, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 63, 65, 107, 110, 112, 117, 119, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 133 Meninges, 106, 109, 110, 119 Meningitis, 56, 119 Mental, iv, 4, 47, 80, 82, 106, 119, 125 Microbe, 119, 131 Microtubules, 119, 122 Migration, 12, 119 Mitosis, 103, 119 Molecular, 8, 9, 11, 16, 52, 81, 83, 104, 108, 114, 119, 132 Molecule, 102, 103, 107, 109, 111, 114, 119, 121, 126, 128, 131, 132 Monitor, 10, 119 Mononuclear, 119, 132 Morphogenesis, 11, 119 Morphology, 6, 8, 106, 119 Motility, 32, 119 Myocardial infarction, 43, 109, 119 Myocardium, 119 Myopia, 119, 127 N Narcotic, 119, 120 Necrosis, 102, 106, 116, 119, 120 Neonatal, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 19, 25, 34, 42, 120 Neonatal period, 6, 120 Neoplasms, 105, 113, 120 Nervous System, 106, 120, 132

139

Neural, 113, 120, 127 Neuroendocrine, 37, 120 Neurologic, 115, 120 Neurotransmitter, 101, 104, 120, 128 Nicotine, 120, 121 Nitric Oxide, 27, 38, 39, 46, 50, 60, 120 Nitrous Oxide, 4, 120 Nuclei, 111, 113, 118, 119, 120 Nucleic acid, 116, 120 Nucleus, 103, 107, 109, 112, 118, 119, 120 O Occult, 31, 121 Oligohydramnios, 54, 121 Omentum, 4, 19, 121 Opacity, 106, 121 Opsin, 121, 127 Organ Culture, 121, 131 Ovaries, 121, 130 Ovum, 114, 121, 124 Oxidants, 11, 121 Oxidation, 102, 121 Oxidation-Reduction, 121 Oxygen Consumption, 43, 111, 121, 126 Oxygenase, 27, 121 Oxygenation, 4, 5, 20, 21, 27, 28, 33, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 63, 65, 110, 112, 121 Oxygenator, 112, 121 P Pacemaker, 121, 122 Pachymeningitis, 119, 121 Paclitaxel, 65, 122 Palliative, 122, 130 Pancreas, 11, 101, 122 Parasystole, 64, 122 Parietal, 122, 123, 124 Particle, 118, 122, 131 Patch, 15, 108, 122 Pathologic, 103, 109, 115, 122, 126 Pathologic Processes, 103, 122 Pelvis, 101, 116, 121, 122, 132 Peptic, 113, 122 Peptic Ulcer, 113, 122 Peptide, 122, 124, 125 Perforation, 13, 31, 45, 113, 122, 133 Pericardial Effusion, 14, 49, 122 Pericardium, 15, 122 Perinatal, 14, 17, 24, 29, 50, 56, 122 Perineal, 70, 122 Perineum, 122 Peritoneal, 3, 103, 117, 122 Peritoneal Cavity, 103, 117, 122

Peritoneum, 121, 122, 123 Peritonitis, 123, 133 Phagocyte, 121, 123 Pharmacologic, 8, 102, 123, 131 Phenotype, 8, 9, 108, 123 Phenylalanine, 123, 132 Phosphodiesterase, 111, 123 Phospholipases, 123, 129 Phospholipids, 112, 123 Phosphorus, 105, 123 Phosphorylation, 10, 123 Physiologic, 3, 113, 123, 126 Pigment, 123, 127 Plants, 115, 119, 123, 128, 131, 132 Platelet Activation, 123, 129 Platelet Aggregation, 120, 123 Platelets, 120, 123 Pleura, 124 Pleural, 19, 24, 28, 40, 47, 48, 124 Pleural cavity, 124 Pleural Effusion, 19, 24, 28, 40, 124 Pneumonia, 50, 108, 124 Poisoning, 121, 124, 128 Polypeptide, 107, 124 Posterior, 103, 122, 124 Postnatal, 3, 4, 29, 30, 124 Postnatal Care, 4, 124 Postoperative, 3, 43, 52, 124 Postsynaptic, 124, 128 Post-traumatic, 46, 51, 124 Potentiation, 124, 129 Practice Guidelines, 82, 124 Precursor, 111, 123, 124, 132 Prenatal, 3, 10, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 64, 98, 111, 124 Prenatal Diagnosis, 3, 23, 25, 28, 29, 42, 49, 50, 54, 124 Preoperative, 3, 21, 49, 124 Prevalence, 34, 124 Progesterone, 124, 129 Prognostic factor, 53, 124 Progression, 102, 125 Progressive, 12, 106, 120, 123, 125 Projection, 70, 125 Proline, 107, 115, 125 Prosthesis, 40, 43, 125 Protein Kinases, 10, 125 Protein S, 104, 111, 125 Proteins, 27, 102, 107, 119, 122, 125, 128, 131 Protocol, 37, 125

140

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 122, 125 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 122, 125 Proximal, 54, 110, 125, 128 Psychiatry, 125, 133 Psychic, 119, 125 Public Policy, 81, 125 Publishing, 13, 70, 125 Pulmonary Artery, 29, 53, 55, 104, 125, 133 Pulmonary hypertension, 10, 26, 27, 33, 38, 46, 60, 125 Pulse, 119, 125 Pyloric Stenosis, 36, 125 R Race, 119, 126 Radiation, 101, 126, 128, 134 Radiation therapy, 101, 126 Radioactive, 104, 115, 116, 118, 126, 128 Randomized, 5, 14, 30, 111, 126 Receptor, 11, 12, 33, 102, 106, 126, 128 Recombination, 113, 126 Rectum, 113, 116, 117, 126 Red blood cells, 121, 126, 128 Refer, 1, 107, 126, 128 Reflex, 64, 126 Reflux, 32, 65, 86, 126 Regimen, 110, 126 Renal Circulation, 104, 126 Residual Volume, 113, 126 Resorption, 115, 126 Respiration, 106, 118, 119, 126, 127 Respirator, 119, 126 Respiratory distress syndrome, 105, 126 Respiratory failure, 28, 37, 112, 126 Respiratory Physiology, 127, 133 Resuscitation, 3, 127 Retina, 108, 117, 119, 127, 133 Retinal, 17, 127 Retinal Detachment, 17, 127 Retinoid, 27, 127 Retinol, 127 Retrospective, 4, 127 Retrospective Studies, 4, 127 Retroviral vector, 113, 127 Retrovirus, 8, 127 Rheumatoid, 121, 127 Rhodopsin, 121, 127 Rods, 127 S Saline, 55, 127 Salivation, 112, 127 Saphenous, 109, 127, 128 Saphenous Vein, 109, 128

Saponins, 128, 129 Scans, 8, 55, 128 Scimitar Syndrome, 48, 128 Screening, 107, 128 Secretion, 104, 127, 128 Sepsis, 25, 41, 56, 128 Septal, 14, 39, 128 Septicemia, 25, 33, 128 Septum, 13, 128 Septum Pellucidum, 128 Serum, 49, 107, 123, 128, 132 Shock, 27, 47, 128, 131 Side effect, 101, 117, 128, 131 Signal Transduction, 11, 128 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 129 Sinoatrial Node, 122, 129 Skull, 109, 129, 130 Small intestine, 110, 113, 115, 117, 129, 133 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 112, 129 Smooth muscle, 104, 129 Specialist, 88, 110, 129 Species, 8, 9, 112, 117, 119, 126, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134 Sperm, 107, 129, 130 Spinal cord, 106, 107, 110, 119, 120, 121, 126, 129 Spleen, 31, 57, 118, 129 Stabilization, 3, 30, 43, 129 Staging, 128, 129 Steroid, 5, 109, 128, 129 Stimulus, 6, 110, 126, 129 Stomach, 4, 31, 45, 46, 101, 103, 112, 113, 115, 121, 122, 126, 129, 133 Strangulation, 4, 46, 129 Streptococcal, 33, 41, 56, 130 Streptococcus, 22, 130 Stress, 43, 69, 130 Subacute, 116, 130 Subclinical, 116, 130 Subspecies, 129, 130 Suction, 26, 130 Support group, 70, 87, 130 Surfactant, 6, 27, 37, 52, 130 Survival Rate, 10, 15, 130 Synaptic, 120, 129, 130 Systemic, 102, 104, 112, 116, 117, 126, 128, 130 T Tamponade, 36, 130 Temporal, 5, 8, 12, 130 Teratoma, 30, 130 Testicles, 130

141

Therapeutics, 11, 130 Thigh, 114, 130 Thoracic, 4, 8, 10, 18, 22, 23, 39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 65, 105, 110, 124, 130, 131, 133 Thoracic Surgery, 23, 42, 47, 65, 131 Thrombosis, 15, 125, 131 Thymus, 15, 118, 131 Thyroid, 27, 131, 132 Tissue Culture, 6, 131 Torsion, 116, 131 Toxic, iv, 120, 129, 131 Toxicity, 65, 110, 131 Toxicology, 82, 131 Toxins, 102, 114, 116, 128, 131 Trachea, 6, 105, 117, 129, 131 Tracheoesophageal Fistula, 112, 131 Transcriptase, 127, 131 Transcription Factors, 9, 131 Transduction, 6, 128, 131 Transfection, 104, 113, 131 Transfusion, 28, 131 Transplantation, 6, 131 Trauma, 6, 18, 31, 36, 54, 57, 120, 131 Trigger zone, 117, 132 Triploid, 48, 132 Trisomy, 49, 54, 132 Tryptophan, 107, 132 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 55, 132 Tyrosine, 11, 132 U Ulcer, 31, 132 Ultrasonography, 18, 29, 132 Urinary, 115, 116, 121, 132 Urinary tract, 121, 132 Urine, 104, 116, 132 Uterus, 109, 121, 124, 130, 132 V Vaccine, 125, 132

Vagina, 25, 130, 132 Vascular, 6, 7, 12, 26, 55, 64, 104, 111, 116, 120, 132 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 26, 132 Vasodilatation, 105, 132 Vasodilator, 60, 104, 132 Vector, 131, 132 Vegetative, 132 Vein, 102, 116, 117, 127, 128, 132 Venous, 106, 125, 128, 132 Venter, 132, 133 Ventilation, 34, 35, 37, 53, 56, 65, 133 Ventral, 70, 133 Ventricle, 122, 125, 129, 133 Ventricular, 14, 115, 133 Venules, 104, 105, 133 Vertebrae, 31, 116, 129, 133 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 133 Villi, 115, 133 Viral, 127, 131, 133 Virulence, 131, 133 Virus, 106, 127, 131, 133 Viscera, 3, 4, 10, 133 Visceral, 29, 49, 123, 133 Vitreous, 17, 117, 127, 133 Vitreous Body, 127, 133 Vitreous Humor, 127, 133 Vitro, 115, 133 Vivo, 10, 11, 133 Volvulus, 31, 43, 46, 133 W Windpipe, 131, 133 X Xenograft, 102, 134 X-ray, 98, 108, 126, 128, 134 Y Yeasts, 123, 134

142

Diaphragmatic Hernia

143

144

Diaphragmatic Hernia