Hypospadias - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HYPOSPADIAS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFEREN...

Author: ICON Health Publications

53 downloads 390 Views 6MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

HYPOSPADIAS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

HYPOSPADIAS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hypospadias: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00583-2 1. Hypospadias-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hypospadias. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYPOSPADIAS ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hypospadias .................................................................................. 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYPOSPADIAS ................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hypospadias................................................................................. 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYPOSPADIAS ........................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 General References ....................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HYPOSPADIAS ........................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 61 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 62 Chapters on Hypospadias............................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYPOSPADIAS ............................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 65 Academic Periodicals covering Hypospadias ............................................................................... 67 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 88 HYPOSPADIAS DICTIONARY ................................................................................................... 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 113

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hypospadias is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hypospadias, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hypospadias, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hypospadias. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hypospadias, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hypospadias. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYPOSPADIAS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hypospadias.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hypospadias, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Hypospadias Repair in Adults: Adventures and Misadventures Source: Journal of Urology. 165(1): 77-79. January 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax: (301) 824-7290. Website: www.lippincott.com. Summary: Hypospadias is a developmental anomaly in males in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the long term results and complications of hypospadias repair. The authors reviewed the records of 42 consecutive men 18 to 47 years old (mean age 22.5 years) who underwent hypospadias repair between 1979 and 1999. The study population was divided into groups: Group 1 consisted of 8 patients without previous

4

Hypospadias

hypospadias surgery; Group 2 consisted of 12 patients who underwent 1 or more procedures in childhood but in whom local tissue was relatively intact; and Group 3 consisted of 22 who underwent multiple unsuccessful hypospadias repairs with various degrees of penile deformity and loss of local tissue. Complications were noted in 3 of 8 patients (37.5 percent), 5 of 12 patients (41.67 percent), and 14 of 22 (63.6 percent) patients in groups 1 to 3, including 3 (100 percent), 4 (80 percent), and 10 (71.4 percent), respectively, in whom secondary surgery was successful in the long term. A patient in group 2 and 2 patients in group 3 await further surgery, while 2 in group 3 were lost to followup. Overall primary complications developed in 22 of the 42 men (52.3 percent) and 5 of the 22 (22.7 percent) had secondary complications. There was long term success in 37 of 42 cases (88.1 percent). The authors conclude that the results of hypospadias repair in adulthood differ from the results of similar procedures in childhood. Although the various techniques are similar, there is clearly a difference in terms of wound healing, infection, complication rates, and overall success. Adults undergoing hypospadias repair must be counseled on all of these variables to avoid unreasonable expectations. 3 tables. 18 references. •

Genetic Epidemiology of Hypospadias Source: Epidemiologic Reviews. Volume 12: 29-40. 1990. Summary: Hypospadias is one of the most common urogenital abnormalities in the United States. The frequency at birth has been estimated at eight cases per 1,000 live births. Determining the etiology of hypospadias is an important step toward primary prevention of this common birth defect. The one consistent clue is the well-recognized familial clustering of hypospadias. This article reviews the epidemiologic and genetic evidence for specific factors which may contribute to the familial clustering and suggests study designs that may provide more information about the etiology of the clustering. 1 table. 63 references.

•

Hypospadias: What Every Parent Should Know Source: Family Urology. p. 8-9, 19. Summer 1996. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Diseases, Inc. 300 West Pratt Street, Suite 401, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-2908. Summary: In this article, the author describes hypospadias, a common birth abnormality among male infants in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis. The author focuses on giving primary care physicians clear information to pass on to the parents of infants with hypospadias. Topics include: the prenatal development of hypospadias; etiology and genetic components; diagnosis of hypospadias; associated abnormalities, including inguinal hernias and undescended testes; timing of the surgical repair of hypospadias; and surgical goals. The author concludes that, with good communication between pediatric urologist, parents, and pediatrician, most patients with hypospadias can expect a good outcome from repair with a minimum of discomfort and a maximum of functional and cosmetic gain. A sidebar presents one parent's perspective on having a son with hypospadias.

•

Correction of Hypospadias Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 2(6): 414-419. December 1992. Summary: More than 200 techniques have been described for the surgical correction of hypospadias at any age. There is general agreement among physicians that almost all

Studies

5

procedures should be planned, one-stage repairs, carried out at the earliest possible age in order to prevent problems in the development of gender identity. This article describes the techniques used most frequently to correct hypospadias, including urethroplasty, glansplasty, foreskin transposition or circumcision, techniques for posterior hypospadias, onlay or duplay, Duckett procedure, and vesical or buccal mucosa procedures. 19 figures. 29 annotated references. (AA-M). •

Developmental Anomalies and Disabilities Associated with Hypospadias Source: Journal of Urology. 168(7): 229-232. July 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: The incidence of developmental anomalies and disabilities associated with hypospadias (a condition in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum) is still a matter of controversy and data on this issue are sparse. The authors of this article describe their experience with and evaluation of developmental anomalies and disabilities in which posterior Hypospadias were the most common anomaly. The authors reviewed the records of 356 patients who underwent hypospadias repair from January 1986 through April 2000. Of the 356 patients, 234 (65.7 percent) had posterior, 88 (24.7 percent) anterior and 34 (9.6 percent) midhypospadias. Anatomical variants, including penoscrotal transposition, bifid scrotum and micropenis, occurred predominantly in patients with posterior Hypospadias, while penile torsion was present exclusively in the other 2 groups. Inguinal hernia, which was the most common urogenital anomaly, was distributed evenly among the 3 groups with a prevalence rate of 12.4 percent. Undescended testis in 26 cases (7.3 percent) was most often associated with posterior hypospadias. In order of frequency, associated extra-urogenital anomalies included congenital heart disease in 19 cases, musculoskeletal anomalies in 11, anorectal malformation in a6, cleft palate in 3, and other in 7. In 21 patients (5.9 percent), associated disorders were related to physical and mental development, including growth retarded in 6, cerebral palsy in 2, and psychological disorders that significantly impaired patient bodily function, behavior and performance in 11. Most extra-urogenital anomalies or disorders were associated with posterior Hypospadias. 4 tables. 19 references.

•

Care of Hypospadias Dressings Source: Journal of Urological Nursing. 9(1): 835-836. January-March 1990. Summary: This article describes procedures of nursing care for children following hypospadic repair surgery. It discusses procedures for both the compression type of dressing and the minimal or 'no dressing' technique. It also cites post-operative complications and appropriate nursing intervention strategies.

•

Hypospadias: When Baby Boys Need Surgery Source: RN. Registered Nurse. 53(6): 48-51. June 1990. Summary: This article describes the nursing care required during the care and surgery for hypospadias, a congenital anomoly of the penis. The author describes the pathophysiology and potential complications of hypospadias, identifies nursing interventions for the patient undergoing surgical care for this condition, and describes the instructions that parents will need to give the child appropriate care at home. The authors also consider such details as when to double-diaper the child, when restraints

6

Hypospadias

are appropriate, the importance of monitoring fluids, and assessing for spasms. The concluding sections address the psychosocial aspects that parents and child may encounter and emphasize the importance of providing written discharge instructions. 3 figures. 4 references. •

Hypospadias Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 8(3): 211-214. March 1998. Contact: Available from Rapid Science Publishers. 400 Market Street, Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (800) 552-5866 or (215) 574-2210. Fax (215) 574-3533. Summary: This review article addresses the causes and treatment of hypospadias, a developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra (urinary opening) is on the underside of the penis or in the perineum. The authors note that the incidence of hypospadias is increasing. Decreased androgen sensitivity, 5alpha-reductase deficiency, and chromosomal abnormalities are causes of the disease. Nonirritant suture material, coverage of the urethral reconstruction by additional tissue, and perioperative care positively influence the outcome. Complication rates after repair of distal hypospadias are low. For severe hypospadias, staged procedures provide good results. Buccal mucosa is promising for initial repair and repeat cases. The psychosocial function in patients with severe hypospadias is normal, despite urological problems. 1 table. 39 references (4 annotated). (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Hypospadias The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hypospadias. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hypospadias. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hypospadias. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hypospadias: •

Project Title: DISRUPTORS

HYPOSPADIAS

DIFFERENTIATION

AND

ENDOCRINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Baskin, Laurence S.; Chief Pediatric Urology; Urology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

7

Summary: (provided by applicant): Hypospadias or incomplete formation of the urethra is the most common congenital abnormality effecting penile development. Hypospadias has received very little basic research attention. The etiology remains undefined in the overwhelming majority of cases. Recent worldwide reports document an increase in the incidence of hypospadias. The main goal of this proposal is to investigate the mechanism of normal and abnormal urethral development in the mouse and in a mouse model of hypospadias secondary to endocrine disruptors. During normal development tubularization of the urethra requires urethral fold formation from the urethral plate, fusion of the urethral folds, formation of an epithelial seam and subsequent seam removal. In this grant we plan two related hypotheses. (#1) We hypothesize a novel mechanism that the urethral plate acts as the organizer of normal urethral development, directing urethral seam formation and remodeling via epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, and (#2) We hypothesize that maternal exposure to xogenous estrogens and/or antiandrogens disrupts these processes resulting in urethral disruption or hypospadias. To test these hypotheses, we plan four specific aims: (1) Define sexual dimorphism of the genital tubercle (GT) in the normal male and female mouse; (2) Define abnormal GT development in genetically engineered mice that spontaneous develop hypospadias or have GT abnormalities (Shh, Fgf-8, Fgf-10, Hoxa-13 and IgfRI); (3) Induce abnormal genital development with maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors (synthetic estrogens and antiandrogens); and (4) Define the role of epithelialmesenchymal interactions in penile growth, differentiation and urethra formation. The relevance of this proposal is that: (1) The mouse urethra develops in a similar fashion to the human urethra; (2) Defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hypospadias in the mouse is germane to understanding the human condition of hypospadias; and (3) If the endocrine disrupter theory can be definitely proven in the mouse, further efforts to document an endocrine disruptor hypothesis in humans is warranted. Ultimately preventative steps to decrease prenatal toxic exposure may be the must useful intervention with the mouse model providing a means to test suspected agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANOMALIES

ORGANOCHLORINE

PESTICIDES

AND

MALE

GENITAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhatia, Rajiv; Public Health Institute Oakland, Ca 946074046 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: DDT, one of the most ubiquitous of a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals, has been associated with dramatic adverse effects on the reproductive systems of animals. Effects of DDT in animals and experimental systems are observed at levels in the range of human exposure. Chemicals having endocrine activity similar to DDT are currently in use, and recent studies have suggested male reproductive system disorders are becoming more prevalent. The Investigators propose a nested case-control study of cryptorchidism and hypospadias and in utero exposure to DDT within the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) cohort. Such an examination of the role of DDT in the causation of human genital anomalies has not been done previously. The CHDS, a longitudinal study of 20,000 pregnancies among Northern California Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members, enrolled subjects between 1959 and 1966 a time of high domestic use of DDT. All subjects were interviewed during pregnancy about habits and sociodemographic characteristics and almost all children were followed for the first five years of life. The subjects will include 155 male liveborn infants with hypospadias or cryptorchidism and an equal number of randomly selected controls. Levels of DDT and

8

Hypospadias

its major metabolites will be assayed from maternal serum currently stored at the National Institutes of Health. The sex steroid hormone, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin, possible markers for reproductive system effects of DDT, will be measured from cord blood samples in a subset of 50 infants. The authors hypothesize that maternal DDT levels will be higher in mothers of male with genital anomalies after controlling for confounders. They will examine th effect of DDT on birth weight, gestational age, and steroid hormones as well as the roles these factors may play in the mechanism of DDT's effects. Finding DD to be a risk factor for male genital malformations, would suggest endocrine disrupting chemicals may be significant causes of male reproductive disorders and potentially causes of cancers of the male and female reproductive systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF PHTHALATE-INDUCED REPRODUCTIVE LESIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Barlow, Norman J.; Ciit Centers for Health Research Po Box 12137 Research Triangle Park, Nc 277092137 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): is an environmental contaminant that has been shown to have antiandrogenic properties in vivo. Interestingly, DBP does not bind the androgen receptor in vitro so its mechanism of action, which is currently unknown, is likely mediated via a pathway different from that of other classic antiandrogens such as flutamide. The developing male fetus is very sensitive to alterations in androgen levels and even a slight perturbation by an antiandrogen may have profound long-lasting effects. When exposed to DBP during a late gestational window, the period of male reproductive tract development, males exhibit an altered reproductive tract phenotype when examined at postnatal day 100. These malformations include partially to completely absent epididymides, absent vasa deferentia and hypospadias. In addition, males exposed on GD 12 - 21 have decreased anogenital distances and increased incidence of thoracic nipple retention. To better understand the time course of development of DBP-induced lesions and the molecular alterations that precede these change, studies will be undertaken in the rat using an in utero exposure model. The proposed studies will test the hypothesis that there is altered gene expression of the fetal testicular steroidogenic enzymes and that it is alterations in these enzymes that lead to altered hormone levels and subsequent development of male reproductive tract lesions. A time course study will also be undertaken to better understand lesion development in DBP-exposed males. It is hoped that the data gained through these studies will help broaden our understanding of phthalate-induced reproductive lesions in the male rat and help determine the risk to humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SIGNALING DURING MAMMALIAN UROGENTIAL-ANORECTAL DEVELOP Principal Investigator & Institution: Baker, Linda A.; Assistant Professor; Urology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: Malformations of urogenital-anorectal structures during embryonic development are frequently observed birth defects in humans. For instance, hypospadias, which is due to a failure of the urethral epithelial cells to tubularize,

Studies

9

occurs in approximately 1 out of every 320 male births. The genes, proteins, and cell signaling networks that control development of urogenital and anorectal structures are poorly understood. The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membraneanchored ephrin ligands are highly conserved molecules that function in diverse cell-cell recognition events, including those required for axon pathfinding in the nervous system, in migration of neural crest cells and in vascular organization. Preliminary data is provided that show gene-targeted mice mutant for certain Eph receptors and ephrins display hypospadias and delayed septation of the cloaca and cloacal membrane, two common failures in midline fusion characteristic of abnormal urogenital-anorectal development. To explore these preliminary findings in greater detail, three specific aims are proposed: 1) To fully characterize the abnormal urogenital-anorectal development observed in the Eph and ephrin mutant mice; 2) To study and perturb the activities of Eph/ephrin signals in the urogenital system by developing in vitro and in vivo assays; and 3) To delineate the importance of Eph receptors and ephrins in human urogenitalanorectal development by documenting the expression of these molecules and by screening for mutations in ephrin genes in individuals born with hypospadias and other hindgut abnormalities. By combining the powers of mouse molecular genetics, biochemical analysis and clinical-based studies, the overall goal of this collaborative research project is to characterize in detail the cell-cell signal transduction events that are utilized in mammalian urogenital-anorectal development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hypospadias in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

Prenatal diagnosis of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (4p-) in association with congenital hypospadias and foot deformity. by Aslan H, Karaca N, Basaran S, Ermis H, Ceylan Y.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149368

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

10

Hypospadias

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hypospadias, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hypospadias (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case for 2-stage repair of perineoscrotal hypospadias with severe chordee. Author(s): Gershbaum MD, Stock JA, Hanna MK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1727-8; Discussion 1729. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352345

•

A comprehensive analysis of a tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair. Author(s): Smith DP. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4): 778-81; Discussion 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11306403

•

A high hypospadias rate in The Netherlands. Author(s): Pierik FH, Burdorf A, Nijman JM, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Juttmann RE, Weber RF. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 17(4): 1112-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925415

•

A job-exposure matrix for potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals developed for a study into the association between maternal occupational exposure and hypospadias. Author(s): Van Tongeren M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gardiner K, Armstrong B, Vrijheid M, Dolk H, Botting B. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2002 July; 46(5): 465-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12176761

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

11

•

A new algorithm for primary hypospadias repair based on tip urethroplasty. Author(s): Sozubir S, Snodgrass W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 August; 38(8): 1157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12891485

•

A novel case of hypertelorism, hypospadias, strabismus, and bilateral congenital lacrimal fistulae. Author(s): Michaelides M, Aclimandos W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2002 September-October; 39(5): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353906

•

A novel retractor for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Russell P, Shibu M. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410769

•

A one stage hypospadias repair. 1961. Author(s): Devine CJ Jr, Horton CE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 2): 1169-74; Discussion 1175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11905893

•

A one-stage hypospadias repair. 1970. Author(s): Hodgson NB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 2): 1176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11905894

•

A prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate methods of postoperative care of hypospadias. Author(s): McLorie G, Joyner B, Herz D, McCallum J, Bagli D, Merguerian P, Khoury A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 May; 165(5): 1669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11342952

•

A review of current practice for boys undergoing hypospadias repair: from preoperative work up to removal of dressing post-surgery. Author(s): Sanders C. Source: Journal of Child Health Care : for Professionals Working with Children in the Hospital and Community. 2002 March; 6(1): 60-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036178

12

Hypospadias

•

A second case of intrauterine growth retardation and primary hypospadias associated with a trisomy 22 placenta but with biparental inheritance of chromosome 22 in the fetus. Author(s): Bryan J, Peters M, Pritchard G, Healey S, Payton D. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2002 February; 22(2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11857620

•

A strategy for repairing moderately severe hypospadias using onlay urethroplasty versus onlay-tube-onlay urethroplasty. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Nakane A, Maruyama T, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Source: Urology. 2003 May; 61(5): 1019-22; Discussion 1022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736028

•

Absence of Y chromosome microdeletions involving the DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) and RBM (ribonucleic acid-binding motif) genes in patients with chordee without hypospadias. Author(s): Tateno T, Sasagawa I, Ashida J, Nakada T, Ogata T. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2000 July-August; 45(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959496

•

Ambiguous genitalia with perineoscrotal hypospadias in 46,XY individuals: longterm medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome. Author(s): Migeon CJ, Wisniewski AB, Gearhart JP, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Rock JA, Brown TR, Casella SJ, Maret A, Ngai KM, Money J, Berkovitz GD. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 September; 110(3): E31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12205281

•

Anatomical basis of surgical repair of hypospadias by spongioplasty. Author(s): Beaudoin S, Delaage PH, Bargy F. Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : Sra. 2000; 22(3-4): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11143304

•

Aniridia as part of a WAGR syndrome in a girl whose brother presented hypospadias. Author(s): Lorda-Sanchez I, Sanz R, Diaz-Guillen MA, Fernandez-Toral J, Heine-Suner D, Rodriguez De Alba M, Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, Trujillo MJ, Ramos C, Rodriguez De Cordoba S, Ayuso C. Source: Genet Couns. 2002; 13(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150218

Studies

13

•

Anterior hypospadias. Is repair necessary with urination in a sitting or squatting position? Author(s): Anikwe RM, Kamal BA, Hegazi MM, Hashish M, El-Darawani H, Taha SA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 April; 21(4): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533820

•

Application of the Cecil-Culp repair for treatment of urethrocutaneous fistulas after hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Ehle JJ, Cooper CS, Peche WJ, Hawtrey CE. Source: Urology. 2001 February; 57(2): 347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11182352

•

Association of homozygous alpha-thalassaemia of the Southeast Asian type with hypospadias: still an intriguing enigma. Author(s): Utsch B, Hansmann M, Albers N, Lentze MJ, Bidlingmaier F, Ludwig M. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2002 March-April; 17(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11844920

•

Bad news for boys: linking hypospadias and endocrine disruptors. Author(s): Wakefield J. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 November; 109(11): A542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762312

•

Balanitis xerotica obliterans complicating hypospadias repair. Author(s): Kumar MV, Harris DL. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1999 January; 52(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343594

•

Balanitis xerotica obliterans with urethral stricture after hypospadias repair. Author(s): Uemura S, Hutson JM, Woodward AA, Kelly JH, Chow CW. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2000; 16(1-2): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10663869

•

Behavior of children undergoing hypospadias repair. Author(s): Lepore AG, Kesler RW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1979 July; 122(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=458993

14

Hypospadias

•

Bilateral Wilms tumor in a boy with severe hypospadias and cryptochidism due to a heterozygous mutation in the WT1 gene. Author(s): Kohler B, Schumacher V, Schulte-Overberg U, Biewald W, Lennert T, l'Allemand D, Royer-Pokora B, Gruters A. Source: Pediatric Research. 1999 February; 45(2): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022588

•

Bladder mucosal grafts for severe hypospadias: a successful technique. Author(s): King LR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 December; 152(6 Pt 2): 2338-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7966737

•

Boys with hypospadias: a survey of behavioral difficulties. Author(s): Sandberg DE, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Aranoff GS, Sconzo JM, Hensle TW. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1989 December; 14(4): 491-514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2607390

•

Brief Clinical Report: coloboma hypospadias. Author(s): Halal F, Farsky K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1981; 8(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7246606

•

Buccal mucosa grafts for hypospadias surgery: long-term results. Author(s): Hensle TW, Kearney MC, Bingham JB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1734-6; Discussion 1736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352347

•

Buccal mucosa grafts in hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Baskin LS, Duckett JW. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 December; 76 Suppl 3: 23-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8535767

•

Buccal mucosal graft for hypospadias repairs. Author(s): Payne CE, Sumfest JM, Deshon GE Jr. Source: Tech Urol. 1998 December; 4(4): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9891996

•

Buccal mucosal graft for secondary hypospadias repair and urethral replacement. Author(s): Ahmed S, Gough DC. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 August; 80(2): 328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9284210

Studies

15

•

Case of congenital hypotransferrinemia suggests that tissue hypoxia during fetal development may cause hypospadias. Author(s): Goldwurm S, Biondi A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 November 27; 95(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11102938

•

Caudal neostigmine, bupivacaine, and their combination for postoperative pain management after hypospadias surgery in children. Author(s): Abdulatif M, El-Sanabary M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 November; 95(5): 1215-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401596

•

Chromosomal anomalies in cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Author(s): Moreno-Garcia M, Miranda EB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 November; 168(5): 2170-2; Discussion 2172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394752

•

Classification of prepuce in hypospadias according to morphological abnormalities and their impact on hypospadias repair. Author(s): Radojicic ZI, Perovic SV. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 July; 172(1): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15201800

•

Cleft palate, hypotelorism, and hypospadias: Schilbach-Rott syndrome. Author(s): Joss SK, Paterson W, Donaldson MD, Tolmie JL. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 November 15; 113(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12400075

•

Clinical experiences with different one-staged surgical methods for primary hypospadias cases. Author(s): Imamoglu MA, Bakirtas H, Tuygun C, Ersoy H, Sertcelik N. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 33(1): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090314

•

Combination of hypospadias and maldescended testis as cardinal symptoms in gonosomal chromosome aberrations. Author(s): Raff R, Schubert R, Schwanitz G, van der Ven K, Bruhl P. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2000 August; 10(4): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034519

16

Hypospadias

•

Comparison between ultrasonography and retrograde urethrography for detection of prostatic utricle associated with hypospadias. Author(s): Kojima Y, Hayashi Y, Maruyama T, Sasaki S, Kohri K. Source: Urology. 2001 June; 57(6): 1151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11377330

•

Comparison of dressing removal following hypospadias repair. Author(s): Sanders C. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 August; 12(15 Suppl): S21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937382

•

Comparison of prepucial skin, postauricular skin and buccal mucosal graft results in hypospadias repair. Author(s): Tahmeedullah, Khan AT, Obaidullah. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 September; 13(9): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12971872

•

Complex segregation analysis of hypospadias. Author(s): Fredell L, Iselius L, Collins A, Hansson E, Holmner S, Lundquist L, Lackgren G, Pedersen J, Stenberg A, Westbacke G, Nordenskjold A. Source: Human Genetics. 2002 September; 111(3): 231-4. Epub 2002 August 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215834

•

Complications of hypospadias repair. Author(s): Retik AB, Atala A. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 May; 29(2): 329-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371224

•

Complications of small intestinal submucosa for corporal body grafting for proximal hypospadias. Author(s): Soergel TM, Cain MP, Kaefer M, Gitlin J, Casale AJ, Davis MM, Rink RC. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 2): 1577-8; 1578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501665

•

Comprehensive analysis of tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty in primary and reoperative hypospadias. Author(s): El-Sherbiny MT, Hafez AT, Dawaba MS, Shorrab AA, Bazeed MA. Source: Bju International. 2004 May; 93(7): 1057-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15142164

Studies

17

•

Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (Beals syndrome): first case report with hypospadias. Author(s): Gupta B. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 December; 39(12): 1159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522281

•

Co-occurrence of coarctation of the aorta and hypospadias in smaller twins in monochorionic pregnancies: two case reports. Author(s): Yasuda K, Ohki S, Seguchi M. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2004 April; 21(3): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15085494

•

Correcting chordee without hypospadias and with deficient ventral skin: a new technique. Author(s): Jednak R, Hernandez N, Spencer Barthold J, Gonzalez R. Source: Bju International. 2001 April; 87(6): 528-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298050

•

Correction of hypospadias with a vertical preputial island flap: the Goteborg experience of 47 patients. Author(s): Santanelli F, Blomqvist G, Paolini G, Frati R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 2001 September; 35(3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11680400

•

Current technique of tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair. Author(s): Snodgrass WT, Nguyen MT. Source: Urology. 2002 July; 60(1): 157-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100946

•

Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and hypospadias: report of 4 cases. Author(s): Ben-Amitai D, Merlob P, Metzker A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11423849

•

Decreased immunoreactive androgen receptor levels are not the cause of isolated hypospadias. Author(s): Bentvelsen FM, Brinkmann AO, van der Linden JE, Schroder FH, Nijman JM. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 September; 76(3): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7551853

18

Hypospadias

•

Defects of the testosterone biosynthetic pathway in boys with hypospadias. Author(s): Aaronson IA, Cakmak MA, Key LL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 May; 157(5): 1884-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9112555

•

Denis Browne ring retractor in hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Tsang TM, Stewart RJ. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 October; 76(4): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7551895

•

Dermal grafts for correction of severe chordee associated with hypospadias. Author(s): Horton CE Jr, Gearhart JP, Jeffs RD. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 August; 150(2 Pt 1): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8326576

•

Descending urethral ultrasound of the native and reconstructed urethra in patients with hypospadias. Author(s): Toms AP, Bullock KN, Berman LH. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2003 April; 76(904): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711646

•

Detection of sex-determining region in a male with chromosomal abnormality (46,X+mar) and hypospadias. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Tsugaya M, Sasaki S, Mogami T, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1996; 56(2): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8659008

•

Developmental anomalies and disabilities associated with hypospadias. Author(s): Wu WH, Chuang JH, Ting YC, Lee SY, Hsieh CS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 July; 168(1): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12050549

•

Distal hypospadias repair by the modified Thiersch-Duplay technique with or without hinging the urethral plate: a near ideal way to correct distal hypospadias. Author(s): Decter RM, Franzoni DF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 September; 162(3 Pt 2): 1156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458454

•

Distal hypospadias repair with meatal-based flaps on an outpatient basis. Author(s): Sariyuce O, Roth DR, Gonzales ET Jr. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1997; 29(2): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9241555

Studies

19

•

Distal hypospadias repair without stents: is it better? Author(s): Buson H, Smiley D, Reinberg Y, Gonzalez R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 April; 151(4): 1059-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8126792

•

Distal hypospadias repair: comparison of two different techniques. Author(s): Dindar H, Yagmurlu A, Gokcora IH. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 33(1): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090315

•

Distal hypospadias. Author(s): Stock JA, Scherz HC, Kaplan GW. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1995 February; 22(1): 131-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7855949

•

Distal hypospadias: which repair? Author(s): Samuel M, Capps S, Worthy A. Source: Bju International. 2002 July; 90(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081777

•

Distal penile hypospadias repair in children, with complete mobilization of pendulous urethra and triangular glandular flap. Author(s): Dindar H, Cakmak M, Yucesan S, Barlas M. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 January; 75(1): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7850309

•

Distal penile lymphoedema following hypospadias repair: a case report. Author(s): Gaston P, Scobie WG. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1996 April; 41(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8632400

•

Does tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair create neourethral strictures? Author(s): Snodgrass W. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 September; 162(3 Pt 2): 1159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10458455

•

Dorsal tunica albuginea plication for hypospadias curvature. Author(s): Baskin LS, Duckett JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 June; 151(6): 1668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8189595

20

Hypospadias

•

Double onlay preputial flap for proximal hypospadias repair. Author(s): Gonzalez R, Smith C, Denes ED. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 August; 156(2 Pt 2): 832-4; Discussion 834-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8683795

•

Double purpose penile skin flap one-stage urethroplasty for repair of distal penile hypospadias cripples. Author(s): Marzouk E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1994 September; 28(3): 28790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7817172

•

Duplication of the urethral meatus: case report of distal hypospadias and a glandular urethra. Author(s): Lees VC, Sommerlad BC. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1996 October; 49(7): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8983556

•

Early closure of fistula after hypospadias surgery using N-butyl cyanoacrylate: preliminary results. Author(s): Lapointe SP, N-Fekete C, Lortat-Jacob S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1751-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352352

•

Elevated incidence of hypospadias in two sicilian towns where exposure to industrial and agricultural pollutants is high. Author(s): Bianca S, Li Volti G, Caruso-Nicoletti M, Ettore G, Barone P, Lupo L, Li Volti S. Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2003 September-October; 17(5): 53945. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555191

•

Embryology of corpus spongiosum and glans penis in hypospadias. Author(s): Kahveci R, Kahveci Z. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 February; 105(2): 813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10697216

•

Endocrine abnormalities in boys with hypospadias. Author(s): Silver RI. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004; 545: 45-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086020

Studies

21

•

Endocrine disruption and hypospadias. Author(s): Steinhardt GF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004; 545: 203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086029

•

Endocrine evaluation of hypospadias. Author(s): Hyun G, Kolon TF. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004; 545: 31-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086019

•

Endocrine screening in 32 consecutive patients with hypospadias. Author(s): Feyaerts A, Forest MG, Morel Y, Mure PY, Morel-Journel N, Mallet D, Nicolino M, Chatelain P, David M, Mouriquand P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 August; 168(2): 720-5; Discussion 725. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131359

•

Epidemiology of cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Author(s): Moller H, Weidner IS. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 1999 July; 10(4): 352-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10401867

•

Epidemiology of hypospadias. Author(s): Erickson JD. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004; 545: 25-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086018

•

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor in hypospadias. Author(s): el-Galley RE, Smith E, Cohen C, Petros JA, Woodard J, Galloway NT. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 January; 79(1): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9043509

•

Esophageal, duodenal, rectoanal and biliary atresia, intestinal malrotation, malformed/hypoplastic pancreas, and hypospadias: further evidence of a new distinct syndrome. Author(s): Gentile M, Fiorente P. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 November 5; 87(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10528254

22

Hypospadias

•

Etiologic classification of severe hypospadias: implications for prognosis and management. Author(s): Albers N, Ulrichs C, Gluer S, Hiort O, Sinnecker GH, Mildenberger H, Brodehl J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 September; 131(3): 386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329414

•

Etiological studies of severe or familial hypospadias. Author(s): Boehmer AL, Nijman RJ, Lammers BA, de Coninck SJ, Van Hemel JO, Themmen AP, Mureau MA, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Niermeijer MF, Drop SL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 April; 165(4): 1246-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257695

•

Etiology, management and surgical complications of congenital chordee without hypospadias. Author(s): Donnahoo KK, Cain MP, Pope JC, Casale AJ, Keating MA, Adams MC, Rink RC. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 September; 160(3 Pt 2): 1120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9719289

•

Evaluation of an association between loratadine and hypospadias--United States, 1997-2001. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2004 March 19; 53(10): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15029117

•

Evaluation of severe hypospadias. Author(s): Rosenbloom AL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 July; 133(1): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9672540

•

Evaluation of severe hypospadias. Author(s): Smith EP, Wacksman J. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1997 September; 131(3): 344-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9329407

•

Evidence for a critical region for penoscrotal inversion, hypospadias, and imperforate anus within chromosomal region 13q32.2q34. Author(s): Bartsch O, Kuhnle U, Wu LL, Schwinger E, Hinkel GK. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 October 28; 65(3): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9240747

Studies

23

•

Exclusion of WTAP and HOXA13 as candidate genes for isolated hypospadias. Author(s): Utsch B, Kaya A, Ozburun A, Lentze MJ, Albers N, Ludwig M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2003; 37(6): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675924

•

Extraurogenital congenital anomalies associated with hypospadias: retrospective review of 700 patients. Author(s): Latifoglu O, Yavuzer R, Demirciler N, Unal S, Atabay K. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 November; 41(5): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827966

•

Factors affecting outcome of one-stage anterior hypospadias repair: analysis of 422 cases. Author(s): Uygur MC, Unal D, Tan MO, Germiyanoglu C, Erol D. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 March; 18(2-3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956781

•

Familial hypospadias in three generations. Author(s): Dobrowolski Z, Kleczkowska A, Bugajski A, Galka M, Augustyn M. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1980; 12(3): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7251286

•

Female hypospadias associated with unilateral renal agenesis and genital malformations. A case report. Author(s): Gojaseni P, Chaturachinda K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1971 July; 54(7): 526-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5566106

•

Female hypospadias. Author(s): Antolak SJ Jr, Smith JP, Doolittle KH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1969 November; 102(5): 640-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5388444

•

Female hypospadias. Author(s): Fischelovitch J, Ben-Bassat M. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1976 February; 48(1): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1268468

•

Female hypospadias. Case reports. Author(s): Hill JT, Aker M, Fletcher MS, Yates-Bell AJ. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1982 July; 89(7): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7093174

24

Hypospadias

•

Female hypospadias: a case report. Author(s): Knight HM, Phillips NJ, Mouriquand PD. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 December; 30(12): 1738-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8749941

•

Female relative hypospadias: clinicopathologic features. Author(s): Gaber M. Source: Urology. 1981 July; 18(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7257034

•

Fertility in patients with hypospadias. Author(s): Jugenburg I, Kipikasa A. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1988; 30(2): 86-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2470226

•

Fistula advancement operation in the treatment of selected cases of persistently recurrent urethrocutaneous fistula following distal penile hypospadias repair. Author(s): Marzouk E. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1999 March; 6(3): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10226824

•

Free graft patch 1-stage procedure to repair penile hypospadias unsuitable for the flip-flap procedure: indications and experience. Author(s): Shapiro SR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 August; 136(2): 433-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3525858

•

Functional and aesthetic results in hypospadias repair with Hinderer's techniques. Author(s): Hinderer UT. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 September-October; 24(5): 323-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11084694

•

Functional evaluation of one-stage urethroplasty with parameatal foreskin flaps repair of hypospadias using uroflowmetry. Author(s): Anwar A, Kurokawa Y, Takahashi M, Yamamoto Y, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 June; 10(6): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757597

Studies

25

•

Functional evaluation of the results of hypospadias surgery with uroflowmetry. Author(s): Garibay JT, Reid C, Gonzalez R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 August; 154(2 Pt 2): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7609192

•

Functional evaluation of tubularized-incised plate repair of midshaft-proximal hypospadias using uroflowmetry. Author(s): Marte A, Di Iorio G, De Pasquale M, Cotrufo AM, Di Meglio D. Source: Bju International. 2001 April; 87(6): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298053

•

Further experience with one-stage hypospadias repair. Author(s): Sadlowski RW, Belman AB, King LR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 November; 112(5): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4420788

•

Further experience with one-stage repair of severe hypospadias and scrotal transposition. Modifications in the technique and its result in eight cases. Author(s): Koyanagi T, Imanaka K, Nonomura K, Togashi M, Asano Y, Tanda K. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1988; 20(2): 167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3384611

•

Further experience with the double onlay preputial flap for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Barroso U Jr, Jednak R, Spencer Barthold J, Gonzalez R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 September; 164(3 Pt 2): 998-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958727

•

Further experience with the tubularized-incised urethral plate technique for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Elbakry A. Source: Bju International. 2002 February; 89(3): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11856113

•

Further improvement in a dressing for hypospadias. Author(s): Zeligowski AA, Peled IJ, Wexler MR. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1987 January; 18(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3827137

26

Hypospadias

•

G syndrome (hypertelorism with esophageal abnormality and hypospadias, or hypospadias-dysphagia, or "Opitz-Frias" or "Opitz-G" syndrome)--perspective in 1987 and bibliography. Author(s): Opitz JM. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 October; 28(2): 275-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3322001

•

Gender development in boys born with hypospadias. Author(s): Sandberg DE, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Yager TJ, Hensle TW, Levitt SB, Kogan SJ, Reda EF. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995; 20(7): 693-709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8848516

•

Genetic and clinical studies on hypospadias. Author(s): Nordenskjold A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004; 545: 73-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086021

•

Genetic and environmental factors in hypospadias. Author(s): Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 September; 27(9): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2231648

•

Genetic aspects of hypospadias. Author(s): Bauer SB, Retik AB, Colodny AH. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1981 October; 8(3): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7324321

•

Genetic epidemiology of hypospadias. Author(s): Harris EL. Source: Epidemiologic Reviews. 1990; 12: 29-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2286224

•

Genetic studies on hypospadias in males. Author(s): Chen YC, Woolley PV Jr. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1971 June; 8(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4255422

•

Geographical differences in the prevalence of hypospadias in Finland. Author(s): Aho MO, Koivisto AM, Tammela TL, Auvinen AP. Source: Environmental Research. 2003 June; 92(2): 118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854691

Studies

27

•

Giant anterior urethral calculus associated with hypospadias and congenital meatal stenosis. Author(s): Al-Saleh BM, Al Ali IH, Ansari E, Adam S. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1985 February; 57(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3971094

•

Glandular hypospadias repair. Author(s): Zaontz MR, Dean GE. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 May; 29(2): 291-8, V-Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371221

•

Glans penis in hypospadias. Author(s): Ramaswamy CN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 October; 102(5): 1776-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9774062

•

Glanular reconstruction and preputioplasty repair for distal hypospadias: a unique day-case method to avoid urethral stenting and preserve the prepuce. Author(s): Gray J, Boston VE. Source: Bju International. 2003 February; 91(3): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581017

•

Glanuloplasty and in situ tubularization of the urethral plate: a simple reliable technique for the majority of boys with hypospadias. Author(s): van Horn AC, Kass EJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1995 October; 154(4): 1505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7658578

•

Glove-finger dressing in paediatric hypospadias. Author(s): Singh RB, Khatri HL, Sethi R. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 March; 18(2-3): 218-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956805

•

Gonadotropin and testosterone response in prepubertal boys with hypospadias. Author(s): Shima H, Ikoma F, Yabumoto H, Mori M, Satoh Y, Terakawa T, Fukuchi M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 March; 135(3): 539-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3080607

28

Hypospadias

•

Gonadotropins and gonadal function in transsexualism and hypospadias. Author(s): Kula K, Pawlikowski M. Source: Monogr Neural Sci. 1986; 12: 69-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3099183

•

GRAP repair: single-stage reconstruction of hypospadias as an out-patient procedure. Author(s): Gilpin D, Clements WD, Boston VE. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 February; 71(2): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8461959

•

Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight. Author(s): Fredell L, Kockum I, Hansson E, Holmner S, Lundquist L, Lackgren G, Pedersen J, Stenberg A, Westbacke G, Nordenskjold A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 March; 167(3): 1423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11832761

•

Homozygous alpha-thalassemia associated with hypospadias: SEA-type deletion does not affect expression of the -14 gene and loss of the straight theta1-globin gene on 16p13.3 is compensated by its duplicate straight theta2 on chromosome 10. Author(s): Utsch B, Albers N, Dame C, Bartmann P, Lentze MJ, Ludwig M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 July 1; 101(3): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11424149

•

HOSE: an objective scoring system for evaluating the results of hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Holland AJ, Smith GH, Ross FI, Cass DT. Source: Bju International. 2001 August; 88(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488741

•

Hydrodissection technique to preserve the thin distal urethra when correcting chordee without hypospadias. Author(s): Yang SS, Chen SC, Liu SP, Hsieh JT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 November; 168(5): 2189-91; Discussion 2191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394758

•

Hypospadias and bladder exstrophy. Author(s): Stein R, Thuroff JW. Source: Current Opinion in Urology. 2002 May; 12(3): 195-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953673

Studies

29

•

Hypospadias and early gestation growth restriction in infants. Author(s): Hussain N, Chaghtai A, Herndon CD, Herson VC, Rosenkrantz TS, McKenna PH. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 March; 109(3): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11875143

•

Hypospadias and endocrine disruption: is there a connection? Author(s): Baskin LS, Himes K, Colborn T. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 November; 109(11): 1175-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713004

•

Hypospadias and the androgen receptor gene: mutation screening and CAG repeat length analysis. Author(s): Muroya K, Sasagawa I, Suzuki Y, Nakada T, Ishii T, Ogata T. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2001 May; 7(5): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331662

•

Hypospadias in a patient with Kabuki make-up (Niikawa-Kuroki) syndrome. Author(s): Cetinkaya E, Misirlioglu ED, Vidinlisan S, Baydar Z, Ozhan ZR. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 June; 14(6): 803-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453533

•

Hypospadias in adults. Author(s): Senkul T, Karademir K, Iseri C, Erden D, Baykal K, Adayener C. Source: Urology. 2002 December; 60(6): 1059-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475670

•

Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study. Author(s): Klip H, Verloop J, van Gool JD, Koster ME, Burger CW, van Leeuwen FE; OMEGA Project Group. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 30; 359(9312): 1102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11943257

•

Hypospadias repair in adults: adventures and misadventures. Author(s): Hensle TW, Tennenbaum SY, Reiley EA, Pollard J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 January; 165(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11125368

•

Hypospadias repair using a double onlay preputial flap. Author(s): Chin TW, Liu CS, Wei CF. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2001 July; 17(5-6): 496-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527203

30

Hypospadias

•

Hypospadias repair using a modified Foley catheter (hole-end catheter). Author(s): Ghareeb FM, Azooz MA. Source: Tech Urol. 2001 September; 7(3): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575522

•

Hypospadias repair: collaboration between urologist and plastic surgeon. Author(s): Karanas YL, Chang J, Yagol R, Pearl RM, Milliken RG. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 September; 45(3): 338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10987540

•

Hypospadias. Author(s): Baskin LS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004; 545: 3-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15086017

•

Hypospadias: a contemporary epidemiologic assessment. Author(s): Gallentine ML, Morey AF, Thompson IM Jr. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4): 788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11306407

•

Hypospadias: a critical analysis of cosmetic outcomes using photography. Author(s): Baskin L. Source: Bju International. 2001 April; 87(6): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298052

•

Hypospadias: incidence and effects on psychosexual development as evaluated with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test in a sample of 11,649 young Italian men. Author(s): Mondaini N, Ponchietti R, Bonafe M, Biscioni S, Di Loro F, Agostini P, Salvestrini F, Rizzo M. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2002; 68(2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11834895

•

Hypospadias-hypertelorism syndrome. Author(s): Goraya JS, Bawa AS, Bharti S. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2000 December; 67(12): 935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11262995

Studies

31

•

Iatrogenic hypospadias--a preventable injury? Author(s): Andrews HO, Nauth-Misir R, Shah PJ. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1998 March; 36(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9554017

•

Improved Mathieu repair for coronal and distal shaft hypospadias with moderate chordee. Author(s): de Jong TP, Boemers TM. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 December; 72(6): 972-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8306169

•

In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. Author(s): Silver RI, Rodriguez R, Chang TS, Gearhart JP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 June; 161(6): 1954-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10332480

•

Incidence and surgical repair rates of hypospadias in New York state. Author(s): Choi J, Cooper KL, Hensle TW, Fisch H. Source: Urology. 2001 January; 57(1): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11164162

•

Incomplete testicular feminization syndrome. A case occurring in a family with frequent hypospadias. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Yamashita H, Kimiya K, Ueda T, Kumazawa J. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1991; 46(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2024356

•

Increased birth prevalence of isolated hypospadias in Hungary. Author(s): Czeizel A, Toth J, Czvenits E. Source: Acta Paediatr Hung. 1986; 27(4): 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3593583

•

Increased incidence of hypospadias in small-for-gestational age infants in a neonatal intensive-care unit. Author(s): Gatti JM, Kirsch AJ, Troyer WA, Perez-Brayfield MR, Smith EA, Scherz HC. Source: Bju International. 2001 April; 87(6): 548-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298055

32

Hypospadias

•

Infants undergoing hypospadias repair the stent must be kept with the proximal end in the bladder. Author(s): Gonzalez R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 July; 37(7): 1115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12077784

•

Inlay-onlay flap urethroplasty for hypospadias and urethral stricture repair. Author(s): Kocvara R, Dvoracek J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 December; 158(6): 2142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366331

•

International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Author(s): Paulozzi LJ. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 April; 107(4): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10090709

•

Intersex conditions masquerading as simple hypospadias. Author(s): Aarskog D. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 May; 7(6): 122-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5173749

•

Intraoperative pharmacological erection as an aid to pediatric hypospadias repair. Author(s): Kogan BA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 December; 164(6): 2058-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061925

•

Is only meatoplasty a legitimate surgical solution for extreme distal hypospadias? A long-term follow-up after adolescence. Author(s): Mor Y, Ramon J, Jonas P. Source: Bju International. 2000 March; 85(4): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10691834

•

Is prophylactic antimicrobial treatment necessary after hypospadias repair? Author(s): Meir DB, Livne PM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 June; 171(6 Pt 2): 2621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15118434

•

Is routine karyotyping necessary in the evaluation of hypospadias and cryptorchidism? Author(s): McAleer IM, Kaplan GW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 June; 165(6 Pt 1): 2029-31; Discussion 2031-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11371923

Studies

33

•

Is the incidence of hypospadias increasing? Analysis of Finnish hospital discharge data 1970-1994. Author(s): Aho M, Koivisto AM, Tammela TL, Auvinen A. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 May; 108(5): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10811575

•

Island flap repair of hypospadias. Author(s): Hamilton JM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1969 July; 62(7): 881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4892854

•

Island pedicle graft in the correction of urethral meatal stenosis following hypospadias repair. Author(s): Palmer JM, Bishai MB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 June; 135(6): 1227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3712571

•

Isograft bladder mucosal transplantation for hypospadias repair in identical twins. Author(s): Weiss RE, Garden RJ, Stone NN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 December; 150(6): 1884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8230525

•

Isolated hypospadias is not associated with signs of midline closure defects. Author(s): Mehes K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 January 13; 75(2): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9450883

•

Ketamine as a detumescence agent during hypospadias repair. Author(s): Pietras JR, Cromie WJ, Duckett JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1979 May; 121(5): 654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=439264

•

Klinefelter's syndrome in identical twins associated with chordee without hypospadias. Author(s): Ebisuno S, Shinka T, Ohkawa T, Shirakawa H, Miyamura K. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1977 December; 118(6): 1058-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=926249

34

Hypospadias

•

Klinefelter's syndrome with hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism. Author(s): Moriyama M, Senga Y, Satomi Y. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1988; 43(5): 313-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2904716

•

Lack of defects in androgen production in children with hypospadias. Author(s): Holmes NM, Miller WL, Baskin LS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 June; 89(6): 2811-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15181062

•

Laser tissue soldering for hypospadias repair: results of a controlled prospective clinical trial. Author(s): Kirsch AJ, Cooper CS, Gatti J, Scherz HC, Canning DA, Zderic SA, Snyder HM 3rd. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 February; 165(2): 574-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176439

•

Lasso tourniquet for artificial erection in hypospadias. Author(s): Ossandon F, Ransley PG. Source: Urology. 1982 June; 19(6): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7090119

•

Late onset recurrent penile chordee after successful correction at hypospadias repair. Author(s): Vandersteen DR, Husmann DA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 September; 160(3 Pt 2): 1131-3; Discussion 1137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9719292

•

Late results of operative treatment of intersexuality in children with advanced hypospadias and simultaneous cryptorchidism. Author(s): Fryczkowski M, Paradysz A, Krauze-Balwinska Z. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1996; 28(2): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8836797

•

Late sequelae of hypospadias repair. Author(s): Flynn JT, Johnston SR, Blandy JP. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1980 December; 52(6): 555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7459589

Studies

35

•

Lengthening the urethral plate with a double flap technique: a new procedure for correction of primary hypospadias with chordee. Author(s): Vela D, Mendez R, Tellado MG, Somoza I, Liras J, Pais E. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 January; 167(1): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743347

•

Lesser evaluated determinants of fistula formation in children with hypospadias. Author(s): Ratan SK, Sen A, Pandey RM, Hans C, Roychaudhary S, Ratan J. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 March; 55(2): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321868

•

Lessons from 197 Mathieu hypospadias repairs performed at a single institution. Author(s): Uygur MC, Erol D, Germiyanoglu C. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1998 December; 14(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9880746

•

Letter: Epidemiology of hypospadias. Author(s): Harlap S, Davis AM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 October 27; 4(5886): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4758408

•

Letter: Epidemiology of hypospadias. Author(s): Trichopoulos D, Cadas C, Kalapothaki V, Pimenidou E. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 October 13; 4(5884): 109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4745333

•

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in children with phimosis and hypospadias. Author(s): Mattioli G, Repetto P, Carlini C, Granata C, Gambini C, Jasonni V. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 May; 18(4): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021978

•

Long-term follow-up of hypospadias repair. Author(s): van der Werff JF, Ultee J. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2000 October; 53(7): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11000076

•

Long-term follow-up of the MAGPI operation for distal hypospadias. Author(s): Hastie KJ, Deshpande SS, Moisey CU. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1989 March; 63(3): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2702432

36

Hypospadias

•

Long-term follow-up results of the MAGPI (meatal advancement and glanuloplasty) operations in distal hypospadias. Author(s): Unluer ES, Miroglu C, Ozdiler E, Ozturk R. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1991; 23(6): 581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1769790

•

Long-term results of distal urethral advancement glanuloplasty for distal hypospadias. Author(s): Caione P, Capozza N, Lais A, Ferro F, Matarazzo E, Nappo S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 September; 158(3 Pt 2): 1168-70; Discussion 1170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258163

•

MAGPI (meatoplasty and lanuloplasty) a procedure for subcoronal hypospadias. 1981. Author(s): Duckett JW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 May; 167(5): 2153-6; Discussion 2157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956468

•

MAGPI procedure in meatal regression after hypospadias repair. Author(s): Marte A, Di Iorio G, De Pasquale M. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2001 August; 11(4): 25962. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11558017

•

Management of recurrent urethral fistulas after hypospadias repair. Author(s): Richter F, Pinto PA, Stock JA, Hanna MK. Source: Urology. 2003 February; 61(2): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12597967

•

Management of severe hypospadias using Glassberg's modification of the Duckett repair. Author(s): MacGillivray D, Shankar KR, Rickwood AM. Source: Bju International. 2002 January; 89(1): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849172

•

Management of the penile shaft skin in hypospadias repair: alternative to Byars' flaps. Author(s): Snodgrass W, Decter RM, Roth DR, Gonzales ET Jr. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1988 February; 23(2): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3343655

Studies

37

•

Management of urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias repair: 10 years' experience. Author(s): Elbakry A. Source: Bju International. 2001 October; 88(6): 590-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678757

•

Marzouk skin tag two-stage urethroplasty for the repair of complex cases of hypospadias. Author(s): Marzouk E. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2004 January; 11(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14678181

•

Maternal age as a risk factor for hypospadias. Author(s): Fisch H, Golden RJ, Libersen GL, Hyun GS, Madsen P, New MI, Hensle TW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 March; 165(3): 934-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176518

•

Maternal serum level of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and risk of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and polythelia among male offspring. Author(s): Longnecker MP, Klebanoff MA, Brock JW, Zhou H, Gray KA, Needham LL, Wilcox AJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 February 15; 155(4): 313-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836195

•

Medicolegal aspects of hypospadias. Author(s): Wilcox DT, Ransley PG. Source: Bju International. 2000 August; 86(3): 327-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930941

•

Mercurochrome as an adjunct to local preoperative preparation in children undergoing hypospadias repair. Author(s): Ratan SK, Sen A, Ratan J, Pandey RM. Source: Bju International. 2001 August; 88(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488742

•

Midshaft hypospadias. Author(s): Upadhyay J, Shekarriz B, Khoury AE. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 May; 29(2): 299-310. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371222

38

Hypospadias

•

Modification of meatal advancement and glanuloplasty for correction of distal hypospadias. Author(s): Taneli C, Genc A, Gunsar C, Sencan A, Arslan OA, Daglar Z, Mir E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2004; 38(2): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15204393

•

Modification of the Koyanagi technique for the single stage repair of proximal hypospadias. Author(s): Emir H, Jayanthi VR, Nitahara K, Danismend N, Koff SA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 September; 164(3 Pt 2): 973-5; Discussion 976. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958720

•

Modified technique of dorsal plication for penile curvature with or without hypospadias. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Tozawa K, Sasaki S, Kohri K. Source: Urology. 2002 April; 59(4): 584-6; Discussion 586-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927319

•

Molecular analysis of hypospadias in a boy with dicentric Y chromosome. Author(s): Kojima Y, Hayashi Y, Yanai Y, Tozawa K, Sasaki S, Kohri K. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 April; 165(4): 1244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257694

•

Molecular epidemiology of hypospadias: review of genetic and environmental risk factors. Author(s): Manson JM, Carr MC. Source: Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2003 October; 67(10): 825-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14745936

•

Molecular study of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene type II in patients with hypospadias. Author(s): Codner E, Okuma C, Iniguez G, Boric MA, Avila A, Johnson MC, Cassorla FG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 February; 89(2): 957-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14764821

Studies

39

•

Morphology and urodynamics after longitudinal urethral plate incision in proximal hypospadias repairs: long-term results. Author(s): Orkiszewski M, Leszniewski J. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2004 February; 14(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15024677

•

Multi-directional dynamic retractor for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Hegazi MM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 September 1; 108(3): 804-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698874

•

Naguib-Richieri-Costa syndrome: hypertelorism, hypospadias, and polysyndactyly syndrome. Author(s): Teebi AS. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 September 1; 44(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1325738

•

New surgical technique for balanitic hypospadias correction. Author(s): Gil-Vernet JM, Carretero P, Caralps A, Ballesteros JJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1974 November; 112(5): 673. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4424355

•

New syndrome associated with partial deletion of short arms of chromosome No. 4. Clinical manifestations of hypospadias, beaked nose, abnormal iris, hemangioma of forehead, seizures, and other anomalies. Author(s): Leao JC, Bargman GJ, Neu RL, Kajii T, Gardner LI. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 October 30; 202(5): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6072506

•

Newer concepts in the management of hypospadias and its complications. Author(s): Canning DA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 October; 162(4): 1560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492253

•

Newer concepts in the management of hypospadias and its complications. Author(s): Asopa HS. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1998 May; 80(3): 161-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9682636

40

Hypospadias

•

Non-condensation of one segment of a chromosome No. 2 in a male with an otherwise normal karyotype (and severe hypospadias). Author(s): Buhler EM, Luchsinger U, Buhler UK, Mehes K, Stalder GR. Source: Humangenetik. 1970; 9(1): 97-104. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5489000

•

Nonfluorescent dicentric Y in males with hypospadias. Author(s): Drummond-Borg M, Pagon RA, Bradley CM, Nordlund J, Salk D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 September; 113(3): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3411391

•

Normal postnatal androgen production and action in isolated micropenis and isolated hypospadias. Author(s): Evans BA, Williams DM, Hughes IA. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1991 September; 66(9): 1033-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1929508

•

Nuances of distal hypospadias. Author(s): Gibbons MD. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1985 February; 12(1): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3976093

•

One stage correction of penile hypospadias using a foreskin tube. A preliminary report. Author(s): Asopa HS, Elhence IP, Atri SP, Bansal NK. Source: Int Surg. 1971 June; 55(6): 435-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5556113

•

One-stage correction of proximal hypospadias and penoscrotal transposition. Author(s): Chen SC, Yang SS, Hsieh CH, Wang CC, Chen YT. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 January; 101(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911037

•

One-stage hypospadias repair. Author(s): Hohenfellner R. Source: European Urology. 2000 October; 38(4): 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025390

•

One-stage hypospadias repair. Author(s): Barnes R, Furnas D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1970 August; 104(2): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4915377

Studies

41

•

One-stage penile cutaneous island flap repair for hypospadias in circumcized patients. Author(s): Ntia IO, Osegbe DN, Amaku EO. Source: European Urology. 1988; 14(6): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3181226

•

One-stage repair of moderately severe hypospadias using a transverse preputial tubularized island flap. Author(s): Hayashi Y, Sasaki S, Kojima Y, Maruyama T, Tozawa K, Mizuno K, Kohri K. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 April; 8(4): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260348

•

One-stage surgical correction of proximal hypospadias. Author(s): Joseph VT. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 January; 32(1): 106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12625107

•

One-stage total repair of severe hypospadias with scrotal transposition: experience in 18 cases. Author(s): Nonomura K, Koyanagi T, Imanaka K, Togashi M, Asano Y, Tanda K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1988 February; 23(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3343654

•

Onlay island flap in the repair of mid and distal penile hypospadias without chordee. Author(s): Elder JS, Duckett JW, Snyder HM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 August; 138(2): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3599258

•

Outcome of hypospadias fistula repair. Author(s): Shankar KR, Losty PD, Hopper M, Wong L, Rickwood AM. Source: Bju International. 2002 January; 89(1): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849173

•

Outcome of hypospadias repair using the tubularized, incised plate urethroplasty. Author(s): Guralnick ML, al-Shammari A, Williot PE, Leonard MP. Source: Can J Urol. 2000 April; 7(2): 986-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11119444

42

Hypospadias

•

Outcomes of one-stage techniques for proximal hypospadias repair. Author(s): Demirbilek S, Kanmaz T, Aydin G, Yucesan S. Source: Urology. 2001 August; 58(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489715

•

Outpatient catheterless modified Mathieu hypospadias repair. Author(s): Rabinowitz R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 October; 138(4 Pt 2): 1074-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3656563

•

Pattern of bacterial flora in local genital skin and surgical wounds in children undergoing hypospadias repair: a preliminary study. Author(s): Ratan SK, Sen A, Ratan J. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 June; 56(5): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137443

•

Prenatal diagnosis of a rare variant of hypospadias and review of the literature. Author(s): Lin SK, Lee YH, Pong HC, Ho ES. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 December; 18(6): 678-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11844216

•

Prenatal diagnosis of severe hypospadias with two- and three-dimensional sonography. Author(s): Cafici D, Iglesias A. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 December; 21(12): 1423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494986

•

Prospective to a randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess efficacy of double caudal analgesia in hypospadias repair. Author(s): Samuel M, Hampson-Evans D, Cunnington P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 February; 37(2): 168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11819193

•

Proximal division of the urethral plate in staged hypospadias repair. Author(s): Cheng EY, Kropp BP, Pope JC 4th, Brock JW 3rd. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 2): 1580-3; Discussion 1584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501666

Studies

43

•

Proximal hypospadias. Author(s): Cilento BG Jr, Atala A. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 May; 29(2): 311-28, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371223

•

Proximal hypospadias. Author(s): Gonzalez R, Spencer Barthold J. Source: European Urology. 2002 May; 41(5): 575; Author Reply 575-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12074803

•

Proximal hypospadias. Comparative evaluation of staged urethroplasty (modified Thiersch Duplay followed by Mathieu) and single stage on-lay island flap repair. Author(s): Samuel M, Capps S, Worth A. Source: European Urology. 2001 October; 40(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11713404

•

Pseudo-iatrogenic hypospadias: the megameatus intact-prepuce hypospadias variant. Author(s): Peretz D, Westreich M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 March; 111(3): 1182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621189

•

Psychosocial adaptation of middle childhood boys with hypospadias after genital surgery. Author(s): Sandberg DE, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Hensle TW, Levitt SB, Kogan SJ, Reda EF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2001 December; 26(8): 465-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700331

•

Re: a prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate methods of postoperative care of hypospadias. Author(s): van der Werff JF. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 April; 167(4): 1803-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11912432

•

RE: Discussion on a case for 2-stage repair of perineoscrotal hypospadias with severe chordee. Author(s): Hanna MK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 September; 170(3): 928-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12913742

44

Hypospadias

•

Re: Skin graft for 2-stage treatment of severe hypospadias: back to the future? Author(s): Snodgrass WT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 July; 170(1): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796687

•

Re: Urethral mobilization and advancement for midshaft to distal hypospadias. Author(s): da Silva EA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 May; 169(5): 1799; Author Reply 1799. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686845

•

Reduced birth weight in boys with hypospadias: an index of androgen dysfunction? Author(s): Hughes IA, Northstone K, Golding J; ALSPAC Study Team. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2002 September; 87(2): F150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12193526

•

Regular dilatation is unnecessary after tubularized incised-plate hypospadias repair. Author(s): Elbakry A. Source: Bju International. 2002 September; 90(4): 473-4; Author Reply 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175416

•

Results of single staged hypospadias surgery to repair penoscrotal hypospadias with bifid scrotum or penoscrotal transposition. Author(s): DeFoor W, Wacksman J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 2): 1585-8; Discussion 1588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501667

•

Risk of hypospadias in relation to maternal occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals. Author(s): Vrijheid M, Armstrong B, Dolk H, van Tongeren M, Botting B. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 August; 60(8): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12883014

•

Role of maternal smoking and maternal reproductive history in the etiology of hypospadias in the offspring. Author(s): Kallen K. Source: Teratology. 2002 October; 66(4): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353215

Studies

45

•

Severe hypospadias repair with meatal based paracoronal skin flap: the modified Koyanagi repair. Author(s): Sugita Y, Tanikaze S, Yoshino K, Yamamichi F. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 September; 166(3): 1051-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490297

•

Sexual behavior and sexual function of adults after hypospadias surgery: a comparative study. Author(s): Bubanj TB, Perovic SV, Milicevic RM, Jovcic SB, Marjanovic ZO, Djordjevic MM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 May; 171(5): 1876-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15076297

•

Skin graft for 2-stage treatment of severe hypospadias: back to the future? Author(s): Ferro F, Zaccara A, Spagnoli A, Lucchetti MC, Capitanucci ML, Villa M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1730-3; Discussion 1733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352346

•

Snodgrass hypospadias repair with vascularized dartos flap: the perfect repair for virgin cases of hypospadias? Author(s): Cheng EY, Vemulapalli SN, Kropp BP, Pope JC 4th, Furness PD 3rd, Kaplan WE, Smith DP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1723-6; Discussion 1726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352344

•

Snodgrass procedure for primary hypospadias repair. Author(s): Zhou Y, Lu J, Takahashi G. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 April; 9(4): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010316

•

Split hand/split foot, iris/choroid coloboma, hypospadias and subfertility: a new developmental malformation syndrome? Author(s): Giltay JC, Wittebol-Post D, van Bokhoven H, Kastrop PM, Lock MT. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2002 October; 11(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12401986

•

Spongioplasty and separation of the corpora cavernosa for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Dodat H, Landry JL, Szwarc C, Culem S, Murat FJ, Dubois R. Source: Bju International. 2003 April; 91(6): 528-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656909

46

Hypospadias

•

Staged proximal hypospadias repair: Modified thiersch duplay with midline incision in urethral plate followed by Mathieu urethroplasty. Author(s): Samuel M, Capps S. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 January; 37(1): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781997

•

Subcutaneous frenulum flap (SCUFF) for iatrogenic or primary megameatus and reoperative hypospadias repair. Author(s): Docimo SG. Source: Urology. 2001 August; 58(2): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11489717

•

Successful hypospadias repair with ventral based vascular dartos pedicle for urethral coverage. Author(s): Furness PD 3rd, Hutcheson J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 May; 169(5): 1825-7; Discussion 1827. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12686854

•

Testosterone therapy in microphallic hypospadias: topical or parenteral? Author(s): Chalapathi G, Rao KL, Chowdhary SK, Narasimhan KL, Samujh R, Mahajan JK. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 February; 38(2): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12596107

•

The Penrose drain tourniquet for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Crawford DS, Blackburn AV, Ragoowansi R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 April 15; 113(5): 1525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060387

•

The relationship between mullerian inhibiting substance and androgens in boys with hypospadias. Author(s): Austin PF, Siow Y, Fallat ME, Cain MP, Rink RC, Casale AJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1784-8; Discussion 1788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352359

•

Tissue expander enhanced onlay island flap in the repair of severe hypospadias. Author(s): Pascual LA, Benegas JC, Cuevas CR, Vega Perugorria JM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 February; 169(2): 606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544318

Studies

47

•

Tubeless Barcat: a patient-friendly hypospadias procedure. Author(s): Bernie JE, Alagiri M. Source: Urology. 2003 June; 61(6): 1230-2; Discussion 1232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12809905

•

Tubularized incised plate (TIP) hypospadias repair. Author(s): Snodgrass WT. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 May; 29(2): 285-90, V. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371220

•

Tubularized incised plate hypospadias reoperation. Author(s): Nguyen MT, Snodgrass WT. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 June; 171(6 Pt 1): 2404-6; Discussion 2406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15126861

•

Two in one: patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) to prevent erection and control pain in adult hypospadias-surgery patients. Author(s): Sengezer M, Deveci M, Ozturk S, Bozkurt M, Kurt E, Suer AH. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2002 September; 55(6): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479423

•

Two-stage hypospadias repair: a method applicable to all types of hypospadias. Author(s): Ahmad M, Hussain A, Azim W, Saeeduddin A. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 April; 13(4): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12718781

•

Two-stage repair for proximal hypospadias: a reappraisal. Author(s): Greenfield SP. Source: Curr Urol Rep. 2003 April; 4(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648434

•

Ulaanbaatar procedure for tubularization of the glans in severe hypospadias. Author(s): Dewan PA, Erdenetsetseg G, Chiang D. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 March; 171(3): 1263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14767326

•

Urethral advancement and glanuloplasty UAGP vs. MAGPI for distal hypospadias repair. Author(s): Jawad AJ. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1997; 29(6): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9477367

48

Hypospadias

•

Urethral catheterization in hypospadias surgery: Should the device enter the bladder or be made a urethral stent? Author(s): Arda IS, Mahmutoglu M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 December; 36(12): 1829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11733916

•

Urethral mobilization and advancement for midshaft to distal hypospadias. Author(s): Atala A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1738-41; Discussion 1741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352348

•

Urethral mobilization and meatal advancement: a surgical principle in hypospadias repair. Author(s): Hamdy H, Awadhi MA, Rasromani KH. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 1999; 15(3-4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10370034

•

Urethral seam formation and hypospadias. Author(s): Baskin LS, Erol A, Jegatheesan P, Li Y, Liu W, Cunha GR. Source: Cell and Tissue Research. 2001 September; 305(3): 379-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572091

•

Urethrocutaneous fistula repair after hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Cimador M, Castagnetti M, De Grazia E. Source: Bju International. 2003 October; 92(6): 621-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511048

•

Urinary flow rates in hypospadias. Author(s): Malyon AD, Boorman JG, Bowley N. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1997 October; 50(7): 530-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9422951

•

Use of a de-epithelialized local skin flap in hypospadias repairs accomplished by tubularization of the incised urethral plate. Author(s): Ross JH, Kay R. Source: Urology. 1997 July; 50(1): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218028

•

Use of parenteral testosterone prior to hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Luo CC, Lin JN, Chiu CH, Lo FS. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 April; 19(1-2): 82-4. Epub 2003 March 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721732

Studies

49

•

Valproic acid is known to cause hypospadias in man but does not reduce anogenital distance or causes hypospadias in rats. Author(s): Kallen B. Source: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004 January; 94(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14725615

•

Variables in successful repair of urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Waterman BJ, Renschler T, Cartwright PC, Snow BW, DeVries CR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 August; 168(2): 726-30; Discussion 729-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131360

•

Vascularization of the hypospadiac prepuce and its impact on hypospadias repair. Author(s): Perovic SV, Radojicic ZI. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 March; 169(3): 1098-100; Discussion 1101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576861

•

Vascularized double-sided preputial island flap with W flap glanuloplasty for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Yavuzer R, Baran C, Latifoglu O, Cenetoglu S, Baran NK. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 March; 101(3): 751-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500393

•

Vascularized urethroplasty flaps. The use of vascularized flaps of preputial and penopreputial skin for urethral reconstruction in hypospadias. Author(s): Standoli L. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1988 July; 15(3): 355-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3292108

•

Verrucous scrotal carcinoma in a patient with hypospadias: is there a possible association? Author(s): Pomara G, Pomara S, Travaglini F, Maras L, Selli C. Source: Urology. 2003 January; 61(1): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559309

•

Vertical preputial flap with double skin island for correction of hypospadias with severe recurvatum. Author(s): Santanelli F. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1994 September; 33(3): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7985968

50

Hypospadias

•

Vesicoureteral reflux in boys with hypospadias. Author(s): Shafir R, Hertz M, Boichis H, Tsur H, Aladjem M, Jonas P. Source: Urology. 1982 July; 20(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7112793

•

VSD, hypospadias and normal psychomotor development in a patient with inv dup 8(q13-q21.2). Author(s): Giltay JC, Bokma JA, de France H, Beemer FA. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1998 January; 53(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9550367

•

Wall dissection of the neourethra: a rare complication after hypospadias repair. Author(s): de Gier RP, Feitz WF, de Vries JD. Source: Urology. 1997 September; 50(3): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9301721

•

Waterproofing in hypospadias: a refinement of the two-stage reconstruction. Author(s): Khan U, Zic R, Boorman J. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2001 September; 54(6): 528-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11513517

•

What is the etiology of hypospadias? A review of recent research. Author(s): Silver RI. Source: Del Med J. 2000 August; 72(8): 343-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10984977

•

When is hypospadias not hypospadias? Author(s): Black JS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 June 17; 164(12): 758. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8668092

•

When is hypospadias not hypospadias? Author(s): Tong SY, Donaldson K, Hutson JM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 February 5; 164(3): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8628134

•

Wilm's tumour, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism in twins. Author(s): Bond JV. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1977 March; 52(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15524

Studies

51

•

Wound-care and diversion in hypospadias surgery: a point of view. Author(s): Hoebeke P, De Sy W. Source: Annales D'urologie. 1996; 30(4): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8902123

•

X-linked recessive microencephaly, microphthalmia with corneal opacities, spastic quadriplesia, hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Author(s): Siber M. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1984 November; 26(5): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6149829

•

X-shaped meatoplasty and uretheral advancement for distal hypospadias treatment. Author(s): Songur E, Bilkay U, Alper M, Ozek C, Celik N. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 July; 43(1): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403001

•

XX/XY chromosomal mosaicism presenting a chordee without hypospadias associated with scrotal transposition. Author(s): Sakamoto K, Kuroki Y, Fujisawa Y, Yoshimine K, Morita I, Kikuchi M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1978 June; 119(6): 841-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=660776

•

Yoke hypospadias repair. Author(s): Snow BW, Cartwright PC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1994 April; 29(4): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8014815

•

Y-to-I wrap: use of the distal spongiosum for hypospadias repair. Author(s): Yerkes EB, Adams MC, Miller DA, Pope JC 4th, Rink RC, Brock JW 3rd. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 May; 163(5): 1536-8; Discussion 1538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10751884

53

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYPOSPADIAS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hypospadias.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hypospadias The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

54

Hypospadias

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hypospadias” (or a synonym): •

Characterization of diethylstilbestrol-induced hypospadias in female mice. Author(s): Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. Source: Miyagawa, Shinichi Buchanan, David L Sato, Tomomi Ohta, Yasuhiko Nishina, Yukio Iguchi, Taisen Anat-Rec. 2002 January 1; 266(1): 43-50 0003-276X

•

Measurement of blood flow in the parameatal foreskin flap for urethroplasty in hypospadias repair. Author(s): Department of Urology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. Source: Nonomura, K Koyanagi, T Imanaka, K Asano, Y Eur-Urol. 1992; 21(2): 155-9 0302-2838

•

Preoperative treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin in infancy decreases the severity of proximal hypospadias and chordee. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, USA. Source: Koff, S A Jayanthi, V R J-Urol. 1999 October; 162(4): 1435-9 0022-5347

•

Stricture incidence related to suture material in hypospadias surgery. Author(s): Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento 95817, USA. Source: DiSandro, M Palmer, J M J-Pediatr-Surg. 1996 July; 31(7): 881-4 0022-3468

•

Use of testosterone ointment before hypospadias repair. Author(s): Department of Urology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. Source: Sakakibara, N Nonomura, K Koyanagi, T Imanaka, K Urol-Int. 1991; 47(1): 40-3 0042-1138

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

Nutrition

55

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

57

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HYPOSPADIAS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hypospadias. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hypospadias and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hypospadias: •

A maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias. The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Author(s): North K, Golding J. Source: Bju International. 2000 January; 85(1): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10619956

•

Androgen receptor in human foreskin. II. Characterization of the receptor from hypospadiac tissue. Author(s): Coulam CB, Razel AJ, Kelalis PP, Svensson J, Spelsberg TC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 November 1; 147(5): 51320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6685435

58

Hypospadias

•

Impact of exposure to endocrine disrupters in utero and in childhood on adult reproduction. Author(s): Norgil Damgaard I, Main KM, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002 June; 16(2): 289-309. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12064894

•

Occurrence of omphalocele in relation to maternal multivitamin use: a populationbased study. Author(s): Botto LD, Mulinare J, Erickson JD. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 May; 109(5): 904-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11986454

•

Recent advances in hypospadias: current surgical technique and research in incidence and etiology. Author(s): Andersen B, Mitchell M. Source: Curr Urol Rep. 2001 April; 2(2): 122-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084280

•

Sexual function in hypospadiacs. Author(s): Kenawi MM. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1975; 47(7): 883-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1222355

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

Alternative Medicine 59

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

61

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HYPOSPADIAS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hypospadias. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hypospadias include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hypospadias: •

Patient's Guide to Urology: Plumbing Problems in Layman's Terms Source: Toledo, OH: High Oaks Publishing Company. 1995. 258 p. Contact: Available from bookstores and libraries and, at the wholesale level, from Baker and Taylor, (908) 722-8000. Also available in orders of 10 or more copies from High Oaks Publishing Company, Center Urology of Toledo, Inc. 3425 Executive Parkway, Suite 214, Toledo, OH 43606. (419) 531-1700. PRICE: $21.95 (cloth); $12.95 (paperback). ISBN: 0964577305 (cloth); 0964577313 (paper). Summary: In this book, the author presents a clear and concise discussion of the functioning of the normal genital and urinary tracts, the common malfunctions resulting from disease, and the principles of treatment. Twenty-eight chapters cover topics including impotence; circumcision; hypospadias; Peyronie's disease; benign prostatic hyperplasia; prostatic cancer; the bladder and urinary incontinence; stress incontinence; urethral stenosis; interstitial cystitis; bedwetting; blood in the urine and bladder cancer;

62

Hypospadias

toilet training; kidney cysts and cancer; kidney stones; dialysis and kidney transplantation; scrotal problems; testicular cancer and the role of male selfexamination; vasectomy; male fertility problems; infections of the urinary tract; prostatitis; sexually transmitted diseases; and AIDS. A detailed glossary and brief subject index conclude the book. •

Pediatric Urology Practice Source: Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1999. 736 p. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $150.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397513682. Summary: This textbook on pediatric urology practice defines pediatric urology, provides an understanding of the physiology of the maturing urinary tract, considers the psychological impact that reconstruction has on the child and his or her family, and encourages a compassion for and a willingness to undertake and manage the many nonsurgical urologic conditions that are common to pediatric urologic practice (e.g., dysfunctional voiding and urinary infection). The text begins with a thorough chapter on the pediatric physical examination. The remaining 39 chapters cover pediatric anesthesia, the surgical physiology of the neonate, the workup of hematuria and tubular disorders, the management of renal failure in children, prenatal diagnosis and therapy, imaging the urinary tract in children, the molecular basis of pediatric urologic disease, clinical genetics, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, megaureter, posterior urethral valves and other obstructions of the urethra, the effect of obstruction on the detrusor, nonvirilizing adrenal disease, disorders of renal position and parenchymal development, ureteral ectopy, ureteroceles, anatomic abnormalities of the bladder, bladder and cloacal exstrophy, pediatric neurogenic bladder, the surgical and nonsurgical management of the neurogenic bladder, physiology of micturition (urination) and dysfunctional voiding, urinary infection in children, vesicoureteral reflex, hypospadias, cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), adolescent varicocele, anomalies of the penis and scrotum, intersex states, menstrual problems in the adolescent, urolithiasis (urinary stones) in children, pediatric oncology, hydrocele and hernia, imperforate anus and caudal regression syndrome, urogenital sinus and cloaca, the role of urinary diversion in childhood, and indications for laparoscopic procedures in pediatric urology. Each chapter is written by specialists in the field and includes references, black and white photographs, tables, and figures. A subject index concludes the textbook.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic

Books

63

•

Advances in hypospadias: proceedings of the International Symposium on Hypospadia held in Rome, March 15-16, 1984. Author: edited by L. Standoli; co-editors Cosmoferruccio de Stefano. [et al.]; Year: 1986

•

Epidemiological study of hypospadias in Sweden. Author: by Bengt Källe´n and Jan Winberg; Year: 1982

Chapters on Hypospadias In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hypospadias, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hypospadias using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hypospadias: •

Circumcision Source: in Graham, S.D., Jr., et al., eds. Glenn's Urologic Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 897-901. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $199.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397587376. Summary: This chapter on circumcision (removal of the foreskin of the penis) is from an exhaustive textbook on urologic surgery. The medical indications for surgery on the foreskin include phimosis (tightness of the prepuce of the penis that prevents the retraction of the foreskin over the glans), paraphimosis (inability to replace the foreskin in its normal position after it has been retracted behind the glans penis), preputial neoplasms, balanitis (inflammation of the glans penis), and posthitis (preputial inflammation) unresponsive to conservative therapy. In normal healthy neonates, circumcision is completely a matter of family choice, and parents should be given objective information regarding the benefits and drawbacks of the procedure, as well as the possible complications. Circumcision is contraindicated in boys with hypospadias (urethral opening on the underside of the penis or on the perineum), chordee (ventral curvature of the penis) without hypospadias, or a prominent dorsal preputial hood that may herald an underlying congenital deformity of the penis. The authors detail the surgical techniques, including general considerations, the sleeve resection technique, the dorsal slit procedure and circumcision, and the Gomco clamp procedure. Careful neonatal circumcision is associated with a very low complication rate. Complications include excessive skin removal, postoperative bleeding, penile adhesions, buried penis secondary to inadequate skin removal, meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula secondary to removal of excess vertal skin, necrosis of the glans, or penile amputation. 3 figures. 6 references.

database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

64

•

Hypospadias

Incontinence in Childhood Source: in Jeter, K.F.; Faller, N.; Norton, C., eds. Nursing for Continence. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1990. p. 91-107. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. PRICE: $35.50 plus shipping. ISBN: 0721628923. Summary: This chapter, from a nursing textbook about the diagnosis, treatment, and management of incontinence, discusses incontinence in childhood. Four sections discuss toilet training, persistent diurnal incontinence, nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting), and congenital abnormalities, including epispadias and hypospadias, ectopic ureter, urethral valves, and ectopia of the bladder. The author also discusses the psychosocial implications of incontinence. 5 figures. 1 table. 9 references.

65

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYPOSPADIAS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hypospadias.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hypospadias is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hypospadias. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hypospadias” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hypospadias: •

Shared and unique risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias determined Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 06, 1999

•

Increased Incidence Of Hypospadias Reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 30, 1997

66

Hypospadias

The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hypospadias” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hypospadias, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hypospadias” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

67

Academic Periodicals covering Hypospadias Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hypospadias. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hypospadias that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

69

APPENDICES

71

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

72

Hypospadias

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

73

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

74

Hypospadias

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3685 39 5 0 166 3895

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “hypospadias” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

75

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

77

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hypospadias can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hypospadias. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hypospadias. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hypospadias”:

78

Hypospadias

Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Diabetes and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesandpregnancy.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Male Genital Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malegenitaldisorders.html Prenatal Care http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prenatalcare.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hypospadias. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

79

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hypospadias. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hypospadias. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hypospadias. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hypospadias” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hypospadias”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hypospadias” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

80

Hypospadias

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hypospadias” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

81

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

82

Hypospadias

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

83

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

84

Hypospadias

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

85

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

86

Hypospadias

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

87

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on hypospadias: •

Basic Guidelines for Hypospadias Hypospadias Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001286.htm Hypospadias repair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003000.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Hypospadias Frequent urination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003140.htm Problems breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

88

•

Hypospadias

Diagnostics and Tests for Hypospadias X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Hypospadias Circumcision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002998.htm

•

Background Topics for Hypospadias Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

89

HYPOSPADIAS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alpha-Thalassemia: A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric

90

Hypospadias

acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa.

Dictionary 91

[EU]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis. [NIH] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]

Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bladder Exstrophy: Congenital eversion of the urinary bladder. It is characterized by the absence of a portion of the lower abdominal wall and the anterior vesical wall, with eversion of the posterior vesical wall through the deficit. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH]

92

Hypospadias

Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU]

Dictionary 93

Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circumcision: Excision of the prepuce or part of it. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloaca: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Coloboma: Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

94

Hypospadias

Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU]

Dictionary 95

Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU]

96

Hypospadias

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epispadias: Congenital absence of the upper wall of the urethra. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight. used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. called also extender. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU]

Dictionary 97

Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genetics, Biochemical: A branch of genetics which deals with the chemical structure of the genes and with the mechanisms by which the genes control and regulate the structure and synthesis of proteins. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH]

98

Hypospadias

Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small

Dictionary 99

intestine. [NIH] Hypertelorism: Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Imperforate Anus: A birth defect in which the anal canal fails to develop. The condition is treated with an operation. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease.

100

Hypospadias

[EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Interorbital: Between the orbits. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense

Dictionary 101

(pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maternal Exposure: Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and

102

Hypospadias

lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mosaicism: The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single zygote, as opposed to chimerism in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]

Dictionary 103

Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

104

Hypospadias

Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pendulous: A condition in which the anterior part of the abdominal wall is so relaxed that it hangs down over the pubic region. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Perioperative Care: Interventions to provide care prior to, during, and immediately after surgery. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phimosis: The inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis due to tightness of the prepuce. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH]

Dictionary 105

Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]

Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]

106

Hypospadias

Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosexual: Pertaining to the mental aspects of sex. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal agenesis: The absence or severe malformation of one or both kidneys. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reoperation: A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure. [NIH] Reproductive History: An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retractor: An instrument designed for pulling aside tissues to improve exposure at operation; an instrument for drawing back the edge of a wound. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.

108

Hypospadias

Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self-Examination: The inspection of one's own body, usually for signs of disease (e.g., breast self-examination, testicular self-examination). [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]

Dictionary 109

Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical activity. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]

110

Hypospadias

Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testicular Feminization: A type of male pseudohermaphroditism in which the individual is phenotypically female, but with XY genotype. Fallopian tubes and a uterus may be present, but the gonads are usually testes. Androgens and estrogens are formed, but tissues are unresponsive to the androgens. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toilet Training: Conditioning to defecate and urinate in culturally acceptable places. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH]

Dictionary 111

Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamics: The mechanical laws of fluid dynamics as they apply to urine transport. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Abnormalities: Congenital structural abnormalities of the urogenital system. [NIH]

Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and the organs of reproduction ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and clitoris in women and the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, seminal ducts, and penis in men. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH]

112

Hypospadias

Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]

Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

113

INDEX A Abdominal, 89, 91, 104, 109 Adaptation, 43, 89 Adhesions, 63, 89 Adjustment, 89 Adolescence, 32, 89 Adverse Effect, 7, 89, 108 Agenesis, 89 Algorithms, 89, 91 Alimentary, 89, 100, 104 Allergic Rhinitis, 89, 101 Alpha-Thalassemia, 28, 89 Alternative medicine, 66, 89 Amino acid, 89, 104, 106, 111 Amniotic Fluid, 90, 98 Amputation, 63, 90 Anabolic, 90, 95, 96 Anal, 90, 99, 101 Anaplasia, 90 Androgens, 46, 90, 110 Anemia, 89, 90 Anesthesia, 15, 62, 90 Anogenital, 8, 49, 90 Anomalies, 5, 7, 15, 18, 23, 39, 62, 90 Anorectal, 5, 8, 90 Antiandrogens, 7, 8, 90 Antibody, 90, 93, 98, 99 Antigen, 90, 93, 98, 99 Antimicrobial, 32, 90 Anus, 90, 100, 104 Aorta, 17, 90 Arterial, 90, 106 Arteries, 90, 91, 94, 102 Artery, 90, 91, 94, 110 Auditory, 90, 101 Auditory nerve, 90, 101 Autosuggestion, 90, 99 Azoospermia, 12, 90 B Bacteria, 90, 91, 102, 110 Bacterial Physiology, 89, 91 Bacteriophage, 91, 110 Balanitis, 13, 63, 91 Basilar Artery, 91, 101 Benign, 61, 91, 97, 102 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 61, 91 Bilateral, 11, 14, 34, 91 Bile, 91, 97, 101, 109

Bile duct, 91 Biliary, 21, 91 Biliary Atresia, 21, 91 Biliary Tract, 91 Biotechnology, 9, 10, 62, 66, 73, 91 Bladder, 14, 28, 32, 33, 48, 61, 62, 64, 91, 94, 99, 100, 106, 107, 111 Bladder Exstrophy, 28, 91 Blastocyst, 91, 94, 105 Blood vessel, 91, 92, 101, 104, 109, 110, 112 Blood-Brain Barrier, 91, 103, 105 Breast Feeding, 91, 107 Breast Self-Examination, 92, 108 Buccal, 5, 6, 14, 16, 92 Buccal mucosa, 5, 6, 14, 16, 92 Bupivacaine, 15, 92 C Carbon Dioxide, 92, 105 Carcinogenic, 92, 109 Carcinoma, 49, 92, 94 Cardiac, 92, 96, 102, 109 Case report, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 92 Catheter, 30, 92, 100 Catheterization, 48, 92, 100 Caudal, 15, 42, 62, 92, 95, 105 Cell, 9, 48, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111 Cell Division, 91, 92, 108 Central Nervous System, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105 Cerebral, 5, 91, 92, 96, 97, 106, 108 Cerebral Palsy, 5, 92, 108 Cerebrum, 92 Cervix, 92, 107 Chin, 29, 92, 101 Cholesterol, 91, 92, 109 Choroid, 45, 92, 107 Chromosomal, 6, 15, 18, 22, 51, 92, 102 Chromosome, 12, 15, 28, 38, 39, 40, 93, 100, 108, 111 Chromosome Aberrations, 15, 93 Chronic, 93, 99, 109 Circumcision, 5, 61, 63, 88, 93 Clamp, 63, 93 Clear cell carcinoma, 93, 95 Cleft Palate, 5, 93 Clinical trial, 6, 34, 73, 93, 95, 106 Cloaca, 9, 62, 93

114

Hypospadias

Cloning, 91, 93 Cofactor, 93, 106 Colloidal, 93, 96 Coloboma, 14, 45, 93 Complement, 93, 94, 100 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 59, 94 Complementary medicine, 57, 94 Compress, 94, 110 Computational Biology, 73, 94 Conception, 94, 97, 101 Congenita, 17, 94 Connective Tissue, 94, 97, 101 Contraceptive, 94, 107 Contraindications, ii, 94 Coronary, 94, 102 Coronary Thrombosis, 94, 102 Corpus, 20, 94, 104, 105 Cortical, 94, 108 Cranial, 90, 94, 103, 109 Cryptorchidism, 7, 15, 21, 32, 34, 37, 50, 51, 62, 65, 94 Curative, 94, 110 Cutaneous, 41, 94 Cyproterone, 94, 97 Cystitis, 61, 94 D Decidua, 95, 105 Deletion, 28, 39, 95 Deoxyribonucleic, 95, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 66, 95 Diencephalon, 95, 104 Diethylstilbestrol, 29, 54, 95 Dihydrotestosterone, 95, 107 Diploid, 95, 111 Direct, iii, 95, 107 Dissection, 50, 95 Distal, 6, 18, 19, 20, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 51, 95, 107 Diurnal, 64, 95 Dorsal, 19, 38, 63, 95, 103, 105 Dorsum, 95, 97 Double-blind, 42, 95 Drug Interactions, 95 Duct, 92, 95, 96, 109 Dysphagia, 26, 95 E Ectoderm, 95, 103 Efficacy, 42, 95 Elastic, 95, 110 Embryo, 91, 95, 97, 99, 105 Enuresis, 64, 95

Environmental Health, 13, 29, 32, 33, 72, 74, 96 Enzyme, 96, 107, 112 Epidemiological, 63, 96, 107 Epidural, 47, 96 Epigastric, 96, 104 Epinephrine, 96, 111 Epispadias, 64, 96 Epithelial, 7, 8, 95, 96 Epithelial Cells, 8, 96 Epithelium, 96, 100 Erectile, 96, 104 Erection, 32, 34, 47, 96 Esophageal, 21, 26, 96 Esophagus, 96, 107, 109 Esotropia, 96, 109 Estrogens, 7, 96, 98, 110 Exocrine, 96, 104 Exotropia, 96, 109 Expander, 46, 96 Extender, 96 F Facial, 96, 101 Fallopian tube, 97, 107, 110, 111 Family Planning, 73, 97 Fetal Development, 15, 97 Fetus, 8, 12, 97, 105, 112 Fissure, 93, 97 Fistula, 20, 24, 35, 37, 41, 48, 49, 63, 97 Flutamide, 8, 97 Fold, 7, 97, 105 Foramen, 92, 97, 101 G Gallbladder, 89, 91, 97 Ganglia, 97, 103 Ganglion, 97, 103 Gastrin, 97, 98 Gastrointestinal, 96, 97, 109 Gastrointestinal tract, 97, 109 Gene, 8, 9, 14, 28, 29, 38, 62, 91, 97, 108 Gene Expression, 8, 97 Genetics, 9, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 26, 28, 33, 39, 50, 51, 62, 97 Genetics, Biochemical, 9, 97 Genital, 7, 23, 42, 43, 61, 78, 93, 97, 111, 112 Genotype, 97, 104, 110 Germ Cells, 97, 109, 110 Gestation, 29, 93, 97, 105 Gestational, 8, 31, 97, 98 Gestational Age, 8, 31, 98 Gland, 98, 104, 106, 109, 110

115

Glomerular, 98, 107 Gonad, 98, 110 Gonadal, 28, 98, 109 Gonadotropin, 27, 54, 98 Governing Board, 98, 105 Graft, 14, 16, 24, 33, 44, 45, 98 Grafting, 16, 98 Gravis, 98, 103 Groin, 98, 100 H Hematuria, 62, 98 Hemoglobin, 89, 90, 98 Heredity, 28, 97, 98 Hernia, 5, 62, 98 Heterotropia, 98, 109 Histamine, 98, 101 Homologous, 98, 108 Hormone, 8, 95, 96, 97, 98, 105, 110 Hypertelorism, 11, 26, 30, 39, 99 Hypertrophy, 91, 99 Hypoxia, 15, 99 I Iatrogenic, 31, 43, 46, 99 Immunization, 99, 105 Immunologic, 98, 99 Imperforate Anus, 22, 62, 99 Impotence, 61, 96, 99 In situ, 27, 99 In vitro, 8, 9, 31, 99 In vivo, 8, 9, 99 Incision, 39, 46, 99 Incontinence, 61, 64, 99 Induction, 90, 99 Infancy, 54, 99 Infarction, 94, 99, 102 Infection, 4, 62, 99, 101, 109, 112 Infertility, 100, 112 Inflammation, 63, 89, 91, 94, 100, 105, 106 Inguinal, 4, 5, 100 Inguinal Hernia, 4, 100 Interorbital, 99, 100 Interstitial, 61, 100, 107 Intestinal, 16, 21, 93, 100 Intestines, 89, 97, 100 Intracellular, 99, 100 Intramuscular, 100, 104 Intraocular, 93, 100 Intravenous, 100, 104 Intubation, 92, 100 Involuntary, 95, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109 Ionizing, 100, 101 Iris, 39, 45, 100

K Karyotype, 40, 100 Kb, 72, 100 Kidney Pelvis, 100, 111 Kidney stone, 62, 100 Kidney Transplantation, 62, 100 L Lacrimal, 11, 100 Lens, 94, 100 Lesion, 8, 100 Libido, 90, 100 Ligands, 9, 101 Liver, 89, 91, 97, 101 Localized, 99, 101, 112 Longitudinal study, 7, 101 Loop, 98, 101 Loratadine, 22, 101 Lymphatic, 99, 101, 102 M Malformation, 5, 45, 101, 107 Manifest, 101, 109 Maternal Exposure, 7, 101 Meatus, 20, 101 MEDLINE, 73, 101 Melanin, 100, 101, 104, 111 Membrane, 9, 89, 92, 93, 101, 102, 107 Menarche, 101, 107 Menopause, 101, 107 Menstruation, 95, 101, 107 Mental, iv, 5, 6, 72, 74, 92, 101, 105, 106, 111 Mental Disorders, 101, 105 Mental Health, iv, 6, 72, 74, 101, 105 Mesenchymal, 7, 101 Metastasis, 102 MI, 37, 88, 102 Microbiology, 89, 102 Microorganism, 93, 102, 112 Micturition, 62, 102 Migration, 9, 102 Mitochondrial Swelling, 102 Mobilization, 19, 44, 48, 102 Modification, 36, 38, 89, 102 Molecular, 7, 8, 9, 29, 38, 62, 73, 75, 91, 94, 96, 102 Molecule, 90, 93, 102, 106, 112 Morphological, 15, 95, 102 Mosaicism, 51, 102 Mucosa, 102 Muscle relaxant, 102, 103 Myasthenia, 102, 103 Myocardium, 102

116

Hypospadias

N Necrosis, 63, 99, 102 Neonatal, 31, 44, 63, 102 Neoplasm, 102, 111 Neostigmine, 15, 103 Nerve, 90, 92, 97, 103, 109 Nervous System, 9, 92, 103 Networks, 9, 103 Neural, 9, 28, 103 Neural Crest, 9, 103 Nitrogen, 90, 103 Nuclear, 97, 102, 103 Nucleic acid, 103, 107 Nursing Care, 5, 103 O Occupational Exposure, 10, 44, 103 Oncology, 62, 103 Optic cup, 103, 104 Optic Nerve, 103, 104, 107, 108 Outpatient, 18, 42, 103 Ovaries, 103, 107, 108, 111 Ovum, 95, 97, 103, 105, 112 P Paediatric, 27, 103 Palate, 15, 93, 103 Palliative, 94, 103, 110 Pancreas, 21, 89, 104 Paralysis, 96, 104, 108 Parenteral, 46, 48, 104 Particle, 104, 110 Patch, 24, 104 Pathophysiology, 5, 104 Pedicle, 33, 46, 104 Pendulous, 19, 104 Penis, 3, 4, 5, 6, 20, 27, 62, 63, 88, 91, 104, 105, 107, 111 Peptide, 89, 104, 106 Perfusion, 99, 104 Perineum, 3, 5, 6, 63, 104 Perioperative, 6, 104 Perioperative Care, 6, 104 Pharmacologic, 90, 104, 110 Phenotype, 8, 104 Phenylalanine, 104, 111 Phimosis, 35, 63, 104 Physical Examination, 62, 98, 104 Physiologic, 97, 101, 104, 106 Physiology, 62, 104 Physostigmine, 103, 105 Placenta, 12, 105 Plasma, 96, 98, 105, 108 Plastic surgeon, 30, 105

Pneumonia, 94, 105 Posterior, 5, 62, 90, 91, 92, 95, 100, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109 Postnatal, 8, 40, 105 Postoperative, 11, 15, 43, 63, 105 Practice Guidelines, 74, 105 Precursor, 104, 105, 111 Pregnancy Maintenance, 96, 105 Pregnancy Tests, 98, 105 Prenatal, 4, 7, 9, 12, 42, 62, 78, 95, 105 Prenatal Diagnosis, 12, 62, 105 Preoperative, 37, 54, 105 Prepuce, 15, 27, 43, 49, 63, 93, 104, 105 Prevalence, 5, 26, 31, 105 Primary Prevention, 4, 105 Progesterone, 105, 109 Progression, 105, 107 Progressive, 102, 106, 107, 111 Prospective study, 101, 106 Prostate, 91, 106, 107, 111 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 106 Prostatitis, 62, 106 Protein S, 62, 91, 106 Proteins, 9, 89, 90, 93, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110 Psychic, 100, 101, 106, 108 Psychomotor, 50, 106 Psychosexual, 12, 30, 106 Public Policy, 73, 106 Publishing, 9, 16, 61, 106 R Race, 100, 102, 106 Radiation, 100, 101, 106 Radiography, 98, 106 Randomized, 11, 42, 43, 95, 106 Randomized clinical trial, 11, 43, 106 Receptor, 8, 9, 17, 21, 29, 57, 89, 90, 101, 106 Rectum, 90, 99, 106 Recurrence, 107 Reductase, 6, 107 Refer, 1, 92, 93, 107 Reflex, 62, 107 Reflux, 50, 107 Regimen, 95, 107 Renal agenesis, 23, 107 Renal failure, 62, 107 Renal pelvis, 100, 107 Reoperation, 47, 107 Reproductive History, 44, 107 Reproductive system, 7, 107 Resection, 63, 107

117

Retina, 92, 100, 103, 107 Retraction, 63, 107 Retractor, 11, 18, 39, 107 Retrograde, 16, 107 Retrospective, 23, 107 Ribonucleic acid, 12, 107 Risk factor, 8, 37, 38, 65, 106, 107 Rod, 93, 107 S Saponins, 107, 109 Sclera, 92, 108 Screening, 9, 21, 29, 93, 108 Scrotum, 5, 44, 62, 94, 108 Segregation, 16, 108 Seizures, 39, 108 Self-Examination, 62, 108 Semen, 90, 106, 108 Seminal vesicles, 108, 111 Serum, 8, 37, 93, 98, 108 Sex Characteristics, 89, 90, 96, 108, 110 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 62, 108 Side effect, 89, 108, 110 Skeletal, 90, 93, 108 Small intestine, 99, 100, 108 Sneezing, 108, 109 Somatic, 89, 108 Spastic, 51, 108 Specialist, 79, 108 Species, 96, 97, 100, 102, 106, 108, 111 Sperm, 90, 93, 109, 112 Spermatozoa, 90, 108, 109, 110 Sphenoid, 99, 109 Spinal cord, 92, 96, 97, 103, 107, 109 Steel, 93, 109 Stenosis, 27, 33, 61, 63, 109 Stent, 32, 48, 109 Steroid, 8, 107, 109 Stimulus, 107, 109 Stomach, 89, 96, 97, 98, 100, 107, 108, 109 Stool, 99, 109 Strabismus, 11, 109 Stress, 61, 109, 112 Stress incontinence, 61, 109 Stricture, 13, 32, 54, 109 Stroma, 100, 109 Subacute, 99, 109 Subclinical, 99, 108, 109 Subcutaneous, 46, 104, 109 Systemic, 90, 96, 99, 109 T Temporal, 101, 109 Testicle, 62, 98, 110, 112

Testicular, 8, 31, 62, 94, 108, 110 Testicular Feminization, 31, 110 Testis, 5, 15, 110 Testosterone, 8, 18, 27, 46, 48, 54, 107, 110 Therapeutics, 110 Thoracic, 8, 110 Thrombosis, 106, 110 Thyroid, 110, 111 Toilet Training, 62, 64, 110 Tooth Preparation, 89, 110 Topical, 46, 110 Torsion, 5, 99, 110 Tourniquet, 34, 46, 110 Toxic, iv, 7, 101, 110 Toxicity, 95, 105, 110 Toxicology, 20, 74, 110 Toxins, 90, 99, 110 Traction, 93, 110 Transduction, 9, 110 Transfection, 91, 110 Transfusion, 96, 110 Transplantation, 33, 99, 111 Trauma, 102, 111 Trisomy, 12, 111 Tubercle, 7, 111 Tubocurarine, 103, 111 Tumour, 50, 97, 111 Tunica, 19, 102, 111 Tyrosine, 9, 111 U Ultrasonography, 16, 98, 111 Uremia, 107, 111 Ureter, 64, 100, 107, 111 Urethra, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 18, 19, 20, 28, 62, 91, 96, 104, 106, 111 Urinary, 6, 48, 61, 62, 91, 93, 94, 95, 99, 111, 112 Urinary tract, 61, 62, 111, 112 Urinate, 110, 111 Urine, 61, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109, 111, 112 Urodynamics, 39, 111 Urogenital, 4, 5, 8, 62, 111 Urogenital Abnormalities, 4, 111 Urogenital System, 9, 111 Urolithiasis, 62, 111 Urologist, 4, 30, 111 Urticaria, 101, 112 Uterus, 92, 94, 95, 101, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112 V Vagina, 92, 95, 101, 107, 111, 112

118

Hypospadias

Valves, 62, 64, 112 Varicocele, 62, 112 Vascular, 9, 46, 92, 99, 105, 112 Vasectomy, 62, 112 Vector, 110, 112 Veins, 91, 101, 112 Venous, 106, 112 Venter, 112 Ventral, 17, 46, 63, 112 Vesicoureteral, 50, 62, 112 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 112

Viral, 110, 112 Virus, 91, 110, 112 Vitro, 112 Vivo, 112 W Womb, 107, 112 Wound Healing, 4, 112 Y Yeasts, 104, 112 Z Zygote, 94, 102, 112

119

120

Hypospadias

Hypospadias - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hypospadias - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents