HYDROCEPHALUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hydrocephalus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84585-9 1. Hydrocephalus-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hydrocephalus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDROCEPHALUS ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hydrocephalus .............................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDROCEPHALUS ........................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydrocephalus ............................................................................. 67 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 70 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON HYDROCEPHALUS....................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Dissertations on Hydrocephalus .................................................................................................. 73 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HYDROCEPHALUS ................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Recent Trials on Hydrocephalus .................................................................................................. 75 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HYDROCEPHALUS ................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patents on Hydrocephalus ........................................................................................................... 79 Patent Applications on Hydrocephalus...................................................................................... 105 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 113 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HYDROCEPHALUS ................................................................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 115 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 116 Chapters on Hydrocephalus ....................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HYDROCEPHALUS ..................................................... 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 125 Academic Periodicals covering Hydrocephalus.......................................................................... 127 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 131 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 133 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 135 The Genome Project and Hydrocephalus ................................................................................... 135 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 139 Associations and Hydrocephalus ............................................................................................... 146 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 148 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 151 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 151 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 151
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 157 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 160 HYDROCEPHALUS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................... 161 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 225
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hydrocephalus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hydrocephalus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hydrocephalus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hydrocephalus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hydrocephalus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hydrocephalus. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HYDROCEPHALUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hydrocephalus.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hydrocephalus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Good Start to a Full Life: Managing Continence in Children with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Source: Professional Nurse. 7(7): 474-477. April 1992. Summary: Maintaining full continence control is an essential first-step for children living with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. This article presents a multidisciplinary approach to ensure that continence training takes into account all aspects of the child's lifestyle. Topics covered include integration or mainstreaming, education, continence management, the importance of establishing a daily routine, and helping children with these conditions to reach their full potential. The authors stress that adequate social, medical, and education management will then equip these children for independent living. 8 references.
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Hydrocephalus
Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus With Misleading Features of Irreversible Dementias: A Case Report Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 10: 51-54. April 1997. Summary: This journal article presents a case report of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with misleading features of irreversible dementia in a man, aged 85 years. The patient presented with the characteristic clinical triad (gait instability, dementia, and incontinence) and radiographic presentation of NPH. However, diagnostic uncertainty was raised by the rapid development of severe symptoms, and a lack of initial response to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tap tests. In addition, period sharp waves on electroencephalography were suggestive of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and positron emission tomography demonstrated a pattern of cerebral hypometabolism typical of Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, the diagnosis of NPH was supported by delayed improvement following CSF tap tests, and it was confirmed by a dramatic clinical recovery after CSF shunting, a normal brain biopsy, and resolution of the EEG and PET abnormalities. The authors recommend that clinicians focus on the core features of NPH when making diagnostic and management decisions. They note that NPH remains one of the few reversible causes of dementia, and that the presence of its core features, regardless of rate of onset or ancillary test results, warrants careful consideration of therapeutic intervention. 2 figures, 1 table, 10 references. (AA-M).
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Case Study. Psychiatric Manifestations of Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Short Review and Unusual Case Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 9(4): 465-470. December 1997. Summary: This journal article presents the case report of a 68-year-old male patient with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), a common cause of potentially reversible dementia. The patient presented with a paranoid psychosis and mild cognitive impairment. Gait disturbance and urinary incontinence developed later in the course of illness after the diagnosis of NPH had already been made on computed tomographic scanning. A lumbo-peritoneal shunt was inserted, and the patient experienced gradual improvement in functioning, continence, and gait, with full remission of the psychotic symptoms. On neuropsychological testing 3 weeks later, the patient showed little overall change in cognitive function but some recovery of remote memory. The authors conclude that NPH should be considered when older patients present with psychotic symptoms, particularly in the presence of cognitive impairment, gait disturbance, or incontinence. 28 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Hydrocephalus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hydrocephalus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
5
Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hydrocephalus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hydrocephalus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hydrocephalus: •
Project Title: A HEMODYNAMIC MODEL OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE DYNAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bergsneider, Marvin; Surgery; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-2000; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: Disorders of intracranial pressure, including traumatic brain injury and hydrocephalus, can cause significant morbidity and mortality. There is increasing evidence that many of our "standard" theories explaining the pathophysiology of these disorders should be reconsidered. In this proposal, a novel theory describing the pathophysiology of elevated intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus is studied using a combination of bioengineering modeling methods and laboratory experimental investigations. The theory, which we termed the hemodynamic theory, is based on an interrelationship between intracranial compliance, cerebral blood flow impedance, and intracranial pressure. Our preliminary studies using a small animal model have demonstrated a strong correlation between compliance and disturbances in blood flow. The overall objective of this project is to construct and validate a transmission-line circuit that models intracranial pressure changes in relationship to altered hemodynamics. In order to enhance the accuracy of the model, the individual circuit parameters will be estimated from in vitro experiments. In addition, an in vivo model of acute hydrocephalus will be used to test the theoretical basis supporting the circuit model. Finally, the computer simulations of the new circuit model will be compared to the actual physiological data derived from the animal experiments. The long-term goal of this project is to establish a comprehensive, unifying theory of intracranial pressure pathophysiology that accurately represents and predicts the various clinical disorders affected by altered intracranial pressure. The use of bioengineering modeling techniques provides a powerful method to test hypotheses by simulating complex physiologic phenomenon. An improved understanding of these disorders will offer new and better treatment modalities for millions of affected patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BRAIN VENTRICLE DEVELOPMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Sive, Hazel L.; Associate Professor; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Res Biomedical Research Cambridge, Ma 02142 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brain ventricles are a highly conserved system of cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid and are believed to protect the brain from injury, remove waste, and carry chemical signals. Blockage of free fluid circulation leads to hydrocephalus, one of the most common birth defects. Additionally, abnormalities in brain ventricle structure and size have been extensively documented in individuals affected with schizophrenia and autism. This exploratory proposal seeks to understand
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Hydrocephalus
the genetic basis for brain ventricle formation, using the zebrafish as a model, and definition of a set of brain ventricle mutants as the foundation for the study. The longer term goal is to understand the role that genes corresponding to these mutants play in formation of the brain ventricular system, and to address whether their misfunction contributes to the etiology of autism, schizophrenia and related disorders. The zebrafish has proven an excellent genetic and molecular model for issues in developmental biology including brain formation and function, and has served as a model for many human diseases. It is hypothesized that ventricle morphology and function may alter brain function, and conversely, that ventricle formation and maintenance is dependent on normal brain function. In preliminary studies, the timecourse of brain ventricle formation in the zebrafish has been described and 3 mutants with defects in brain ventricle development have been examined. It is proposed, firstly, to continue characterization of these mutants by analyzing (i) molecular and cell biological changes relative to wild type fish embryos, (ii) cell autonomy of their function and (iii) epistatic interactions between them (hierarchy of function). Secondly, 28 mutants reported to have brain ventricle phenotypes, but otherwise unstudied, that were derived from chemical mutagenesis screens will be further analyzed. Additional mutants will be defined in collaboration with Dr. Nancy Hopkins, MIT, by screening through 275 retroviral insertional mutants for which candidate genes have been identified. Brain ventricle mutants will be categorized as a prelude to cloning corresponding genes. This study will define a large collection of genes required for normal brain ventricle formation, and which may display abnormal activity in patients with mental health disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELL DEVELOPMENT
ADHESION
MOLECULES
IN
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lemmon, Vance P.; Professor; Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 is found on some classes of migrating neuronal precursors in the developing nervous system and on almost all projection axons in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Not surprisingly, it has been implicated in the fasciculation of axon bundles and in migration of some neural precursors in various in vitro systems. In the early 1990's it was shown that mutations in the L1 gene in humans cause severe mental retardation (corpus callosum hypoplasia, adducted thumbs, spastic paraplegia, and hydrocephalus). We have analyzed individuals with different mutations in the L1 gene and discovered that mutations that lead to a loss of L1 expression are much more severe than mutations that only alter the cytoplasmic domain of L1. However, mutations of the cytoplasmic domain are sufficient to cause axon guidance failures and mental retardation. Recently, we and others have analyzed the L1 knock-out mouse and discovered that it has a phenotype remarkably similar to humans with X-linked hydrocephalus. This includes hydrocephalus, abnormal development of the corticospinal tract, and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and corpus callosum. In this project we propose to test the hypothesis that L1 mediated adhesion is essential for normal development of the cerebellar vermis and that the function of the L1 cytoplasmic domain is essential for development of the corticospinal tract. To do this we will generate new mouse lines with specific alterations in the L1 cytoplasmic domain. We will also analyze mice in which the 6th Ig domain of L1 has been removed, deleting the
Studies
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RGD sequence in L1, allowing us to evaluate the difference between L1 homophilic binding and L1-integrin interactions during brain development. Finally, we will undertake the first careful analysis of cerebellar development in mice with altered or absent L1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CEREBELLAR AND MIDBRAIN FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH SPINA BIFIDA Principal Investigator & Institution: Dennis, Maureen F.; Senior Scientist; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CEREBRAL HYDROCEPHALUS
BLOOD
FLOW
RESPONSE
TO
CHRONIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Luciano, Mark G.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic adult hydrocephalus is a leading cause of preventable neurological injury. Although its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment are poorly understood it is likely that brain hypoxia, through vessel compression, plays a role in this injury. We first hypothesize that an initial mechanical cerebral blood flow (CBF) compromise is later temporized by adaptive angiogenesis, which evolves from hypoxia stimulated angiogenic factors. Our second general hypothesis states that cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) shunting partially restores CBF and oxygen level but in so doing reverses the adaptive angiogenesis. We have developed a canine model of chronic hydrocephalus, which allows measurement of ventricular size and pressure and their relationship to vascularity, cerebral blood flow, and oxygen delivery to the brain. Experimental and control animals will be studied for 12 weeks and in phase 2, will be shunted. Measurements include clinical status, ventricle size, CSF pressure, quantitative regional vessel morphology (density, size, area), immunohistochemistry (HIF-1, VEGF, GFAP), cerebral blood flow (multi-microsphere injections), and oxygen level (micro oxygen sensor). This study will be the first to identify the role and mechanism of chronic hypoxia in hydrocephalus. If the hypoxic state and proposed cerebrovascular response are demonstrated, strategies based on cerebrovascular manipulation or neuroprotection may be proposed as adjuncts to surgical shunting and shunting itself optimized. Secondary injury resulting from sudden shunt dysfunction may be minimized. With more physiological guided CSF drainage and adjunct treatments based on cerebral blood flow our treatment of adult chronic hydrocephalus would be greatly enhanced and its neurological morbidity reduced. Finally, the insights gained from these studies may have a broader application to other neuropathologies involving gradual compression or hypoxia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL TOXOPLASMA SURFACE PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ward, Gary E.; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405
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Hydrocephalus
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (adapted from application abstract): Dr. Ward`s research addresses the cell biology and molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions, with a primary focus on how the closely related parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma interact with and invade cells of their hosts. Plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria and Toxoplasma causes life-threatening disease in utero and in the immuncompromised patient. Dr. Ward`s contributions to the field include (1) defining the origin of the vacuole surrounding the intracellular parasite, (2) characterizing the mechanisms of protein trafficking within the intracellular parasite, and (3) studying the regulation of parasite actin polymerization and its role in invasion. His current focus is the identification of novel, transmembrane proteins on the surface of Toxoplasma that function in the interaction of the parasite with host cells. In preliminary work he has successfully identified at least two novel Toxoplasma surface proteins and is in the process of characterizing these proteins and identifying others. To understand the biological function of these proteins, Dr. Ward proposes to draw upon the powerful tools of Toxoplasma molecular genetics. The salary support provided by this award will enable him to have the protected research time he needs to effectively integrate molecular approaches into his research. Congenital infection with Toxoplasma can lead to disease ranging from impaired vision to hydrocephalus and death. Toxoplasma gondii also has emerged as a major opportunistic pathogen and one of the most common causes of central nervous system pathology in AIDS patients. It is estimated that 20- 47% of AIDS patients in the USA develop Toxoplasma encephalitis, which is uniformly fatal if left untreated. Dr. Ward`s long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host cell invasion by this parasite. The identification of surface proteins that function in invasion is an important first step in this direction. In addition, new approaches are urgently needed for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and immunocompromised patients, and this proposal directly addresses this need. Finally, because invasion palays such a direct role in parasite biology and the pathology of toxoplasmosis, the identification of parasite surface molecules that mediate invasion could lead to new chemotherapeutic of vaccine- based approaches to disease control or prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONSERVED MECHANISMS OF CILIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Yoder, Bradley K.; Assistant Professor; Cell Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cilia and flagella are common organelles found on the surface of cells throughout the animal kingdom, in protozoa, and in some plants. Motile cilia and flagella play important roles in cell and fluid movement and are critical for normal patterning of the mouse left-right body axis. In addition, there are immotile cilia found on most epithelial and some nonepitheliat cells in the body. In contrast to the motile form, the function of immotile cilia is more obscure. In fact, the nearly ubiquitous nature of these immotile cilia has led some to speculate that they are vestigial. However, recent data suggest that defects in either form of cilia have devastating consequences. This is most evident by the systemic nature of the pathology seen in mice lacking cilia such as the Tg737 mutants. While cilia have been analyzed in lower eukaryotes, little is known about mammalian cilia assembly such as how the process is regulated, how the structural and signaling machinery are transported into the axoneme, or the mechanism by which signaling occurs through cilia. In this application, we begin to address some of
Studies
9
these issues using the mouse and C. elegans as model systems. In the initial aim, we propose to evaluate whether ciliogenic mechanisms are conserved between these organisms, both at the level of protein function and transcriptional regulation of ciliogenic genes. The goals of the second aim are to utilize a database search of the C. elegans genome and a biochemical approach in mammalian sperm to identify novel components required for ciliogenesis. In the final aim, we will analyze the functional importance of these genes and determine how their corresponding proteins interact with other known proteins involved in the same process.Completion of the aims in this proposal will help elucidate a possible "universal mechanism (s)" driving eukaryotic ciliogenesis and will be an important advance required for future studies focused on the sensory roles of cilia and for identifying signaling machinery that concentrate in this specialized organelle. Understanding how cilia are built, are maintained, and signal will provide insights into the mechanism by which ciliary defects can have such devastating consequences to an organism. This includes such pathologies as cystic kidney disease, ductule hyperplasia of the pancreas and liver, hydrocephalus, blindness, sterility, abnormal skeletal patterning, and random determination of the left-right body axis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORPUS CALLOSUM FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH SPINA BIFIDA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hannay, Julia H.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DISCOURSE AND ACADEMIC SKILLS IN CHILDREN WITH SPINA BIFIDA Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnes, Marcia A.; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ENDOSCOPIC SHUNT INSERTION TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Iskandar, Bermans J.; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FLOW MONITOR FOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SHUNTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Saul, Tom Alan.; Eunoe, Inc. 643 Bair Island Rd Redwood City, Ca 94063 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting is the principal treatment available for hydrocephalus. Although treatment efficacy is completely
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Hydrocephalus
dependent on CSF flow through the device, current shunts do not provide any noninvasive means for monitoring the flow of CSF. To address this void in shunt technology, Eunoe is developing an implantable CSF shunt monitor that is designed to measure the rate of CSF flow noninvasively through implanted shunts. Currently, there are approximately 100,000 CSF shunts implanted or replaced annually worldwide. CSF shunts consist of an inflow catheter, most often positioned in a lateral ventricle, connected to a valve, and attached to an outflow catheter that drains into a lower body cavity, most often the abdomen. Shunts, which have a fifty-year history of use in hydrocephalus, are prone to dysfunction. In pediatric series, shunt failure ranges from 25 percent to 40 percent within twelve months of surgery, with a 4-5 percent risk for each year thereafter. Mechanical or functional failure, with inadequate CSF flow, account for the vast majority of complications. Invasive methods for assessing CSF flow through a shunt, "shuntograms," are costly, time consuming, and place the patient at risk of central nervous system infection. Shunt failure is most often detected by return or worsening of neurologic symptoms. In hydrocephalus, undetected shunt dysfunction can lead to permanent neurological damage or death. The Eunoeflow monitoring device is being designed to monitor flow both in existing CSF shunts and for incorporation into new shunt implants. This Phase 1 R&D plan focuses on development of the breadboard phase of the Eunoeflow sensor. This phase of the development cycle will be completed when a breadboard is successfully tested and found to meet the performance specifications. It therefore incorporates the design, fabrication, and validation of all test systems necessary to validate this performance. The performance specifications are a subset of the operational engineering specifications related to device performance, exclusive of issues associated with size, or materials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HINDBRAIN MYELOMENINGOCELE
HERNIATION
IN
SHEEP
MODEL
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Von Koch, Cornelia S.; Neurological Surgery; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 22-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Myelomeningocele (MMC), seen in 0.5-1 per 1000 live births, is almost always associated with hindbrain herniation or Chiari II malformation, and represents one of the most debilitating birth defects in humans. Hindbrain herniation results in impaired brainstem and cranial nerve function. Abnormal cerebral spinal fluid flow results in syrinx formation and hydrocephalus. Therefore, patients present with respiratory depression, apneic spells, lower cranial nerve palsies, and quadriparesis. Hydrocephalus develops in 83-90% of patients and almost always requires shunting. Shunt malfunction and infection represent the most common late mortality in MMC patients. We propose to prevent hindbrain herniation and hydrocephalus formation in sheep via in utero repair of surgically created MMC. Fetal lambs will undergo MMC creation at mid-gestation and half will be repaired in utero at 2/3 of gestation. At birth, lambs with in utero MMC repair should be free of hindbrain herniation and not develop hydrocephalus, in comparison with lambs without in utero MMC repair. If this holds true, in utero repair in humans may prevent the devastating consequences of hindbrain herniation and hydrocephalus. Furthermore, we will characterize in lambs gross pathological and axonal pathfinding anomalies usually seen in the human disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HYDROCEPHALUS, NEUROCOGNITION
INTRACRANIAL
PRESSURE
11
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Frim, David M.; Chief; Surgery; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hydrocephalus, a build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the intracranial space, is a disease that can cause significant neurological injury. Although the associated life-threatening intracranial hypertension can be well treated by diversion of cerebrospinal fluid to an absorptive surface outside of the brain, the shortand longterm cognitive effects of elevated intracranial pressure and altered cerebrospinal fluid pressure dynamics are incompletely understood. The overall objective of this proposal is to determine the cognitive effects of changes in intracranial pressure and altered CSF pressure dynamics in a population of hydrocephalics. In addition, these studies may help to determine the pressures needed to optimize cognitive outcome in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Specifically, the aims of the proposal are: (1) to determine the acute changes in cognitive function associated with graded increases in ICP seen after manipulations of novel programmable CSF shunting valves; (2) to determine the changes in cognitive function caused by the lowering of intracranial pressure (ICP) at the time of treatment of malfunctioning shunts; (3) to determine the cognitive deficits and post-treatment improvement in the sub-population of hydrocephalics with aqueductal stenosis who are treated by an internal CSF bypass procedure; and (4) to determine the shunting pressure dynamic that optimizes cognitive function when comparing the two most commonly used shunting valve systems: those that siphon and those that do not. We propose enrolling hydrocephalic patients as subjects for a series of studies addressing the above specific aims. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure dynamics will be measured using telemonitoring technology for the noninvasive measurement of ICP which is implanted in-line in the CSF shunting system as part of the standard clinical care of the hydrocephalic patient. Treatment outcome determination will be based on specific neuropsychological tests of higher cortical function. With this approach in the hydrocephalus model, we will be able to examine the effects of ICP changes on neurocognition, presumably determining which cognitive functions are ICP "sensitive" or ICP "resistant". At the study conclusion, derived data should also practically affect the surgical choice of shunting products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MALFORMATION
GENETIC
ANALYSIS
OF
DANDY-WALKER
Principal Investigator & Institution: Millen, Kathleen J.; Human Genetics; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Developmental malformations of the cerebellum are common birth defects that often cause mental retardation or developmental delay, in addition to motor and visual handicaps. The most frequent cerebellar malformation is Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), which is defined by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, dilatation of the fourth ventricle, and often hydrocephalus. Although common, the specific causes of DWM remain undefined. While it is certain that environmental teratogens can cause DWM during embryogenesis, there is clear evidence that as yet undefined genetic factors are also responsible. The investigators have identified several DWM patients with chromosomal abnormalities. In particular, a subset of these patients
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Hydrocephalus
has overlapping chromosomal deletions defining a small critical region that is hypothesized to identify a DWM locus. The experiments outlined in this application are focused on mutational and functional analysis of two excellent candidate genes, likely causative of DWM. To model DWM, the investigators will construct targeted mouse mutants for these two DWM candidate genes and assess the role of these genes during cerebellar development, based on the hypothesis that similar mechanisms underlie mouse and human CNS development. The identification of a DWM gene will represent a significant advance in the understanding of this common and often devastating brain malformation. It will also provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information that can greatly influence treatment and genetic counseling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jones, Hazel C.; Pharmacology and Therapeutics; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This project will characterize genetic loci involved in fetal-onset hydrocephalus in two rat models, through a combination of genome scanning and classic linkage analysis. The study will use two unrelated rat strains, H-Tx and LEW/Jms. Each develops hydrocephalus at 18 days of gestation (a stage equivalent to 20 weeks gestation in humans). H-Tx has a complex pattern of inheritance, whereas LEW/Jms has a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Preliminary data have identified hydrocephalus-linked loci on chromosomes 11 and 17. Fine mapping will be used to further narrow these regions of interest, and other putative regions to be identified by all-genome scanning. A congenic breeding strategy will be used to further narrow critical regions and assess the relative contribution of the loci to the phenotype. Reducing the genomic intervals will ultimately lead to positional cloning of novel genes or identification of previously mapped candidate genes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MONITORING HUMAN BRAIN MATURATION USING MRDTI Principal Investigator & Institution: Ulug, Aziz M.; Radiology; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's Description) Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging is an emerging MR methodology that is becoming to be routinely used in many facilities. The water diffusion in the human brain is a directionally-dependent quantity. The white matter fiber bundles restrict water diffusion in an orientation dependent manner and by increased myelination the restruction on water molecules increases. Using tensor formalism, information on the important characteristics of the brain tissue such as water mobility, water content, and fiber microstructure can be obtained. During human brain maturation important anatomical changes occur. The water content decreases, the number of cell and neuronal connections increase, and myelination progresses. Theses changes affect the diffusional properties of the tissue. By quantifying the diffusional changes in the maturing human brain, structural changes can be inferred. The purpose of this project is to develop quantitative methods that can be used to monitor brain maturation through non-invasive MR diffusion tensor imaging (MRDTI). The investigators recently showed that 3D MR diffusion tensor images can be reduced to single parameters that describe the entire brain structure by using
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distribution analysis and modeling. This way, brains of different subjects can be compared with each other in an unbiased manner. The proposed aims are: Aim 1: To develop and measure quantifiable parameters that describe the normal brain maturation using the 3D diffusion tensor data sets and modeling. Aim 2: To explore to use of these parameters to diagnose pathological states such as developmental delay or hydrocephalus. The investigators will use the routinely obtained diffusion tensor images and post-process them to obtain quantitative data. In this way a large amount of brain maturation data can be collected and processed in a short time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTICENTER TRIAL OF FETAL MYELOMENINGOCELE REPAIR Principal Investigator & Institution: Adzick, N. Scott.; Surgeon-In-Chief; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since 1997, 180 fetuses have had in utero closure of myelomeningocele (MMC) by open fetal surgery. Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that this procedure reduces the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and restores the cerebellum and brainstem to more normal configuration. However, clinical results of fetal surgery for MMC are based on comparisons with historical controls and examine only efficacy and not safety. The Myelomeningocele Repair Randomized Trial is a multi-center unblinded randomized clinical trial of 200 patients that will be conducted at three Fetal Surgery Units (FSUs), the University of California-San Francisco, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, along with an independent Data and Study Coordinating Center (DSCC), the George Washington University Biostatistics Center. The primary objective of the trial is to determine if intrauterine repair of fetal myelomeningocele at 18 to 25 weeks gestation improves outcome, as measured by (1) death or the need for ventricular decompressive shunting by one year of life and (2) death or Bayley Mental Development Index, as compared to standard postnatal repair. Consenting patients who satisfy eligibility criteria will be centrally randomized to either intrauterine or standard postnatal repair of the MMC. Patients assigned to the fetal surgery group will be discharged to nearby accommodation following surgery, unless unfeasible, in which case they will return to their assigned FSU at 32 weeks gestation for delivery at 37 weeks gestation by cesarean section. Patients assigned to the postnatal surgery group will return home and at 37 weeks, return to their assigned FSU for delivery by cesarean section. Magnetic resonance imaging will be conducted at enrollment, discharge or term gestation, and one year of age to determine if intrauterine repair improves the degree of the Chiari II malformation. Neonatal morbidity will be recorded as will the number of surgical procedures for conditions related to the MMC, muscle strength, ambulation status and urinary and fecal continence. Infants will make follow-up visits at twelve and thirty months corrected age for detailed neuromotor function analysis, cognitive testing and evaluation of neurodevelopmental status. In addition, the long term psychosocial and reproductive consequences in mothers will be evaluated. In summary, the proposed trial is expected to demonstrate whether fetal intervention offers improved outcome with a reasonable quality of life for spina bifida children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MYELOMENINGOCELE REPAIR RANDOMIZED TRIAL-DSCC Principal Investigator & Institution: Thom, Elizabeth A.; Associate Research Professor of Statisti; Statistics; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, Dc 20052
14
Hydrocephalus
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 11-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Since 1997, 180 fetuses have had in utero closure of myelomeningocele (MMC) by open fetal surgery. Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that this procedure reduces the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and restores the cerebellum and brainstem to more normal configuration. However, clinical results of fetal surgery for MMC are based on comparisons with historical controls and examine only efficacy and not safety. The Myelomeningocele Repair Randomized Trial is a multi-center unblinded randomized clinical trial of 200 patients that will be conducted at three Fetal Surgery Units (FSU), the University of California-San Francisco, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The primary objective of the trial is to determine if intrauterine repair of fetal myelomeningocele at 18(0) to 25(6) weeks gestation improves outcome, as measured by 1) death or the need for ventricular decompressive shunting by one year of life and 2) death or Bayley Mental Development Index, as compared to standard postnatal repair This proposal is for the George Washington University Biostatistics Center to serve as the Data and Study Coordinating Center (DSCC) for the MMC Repair Trial. The purpose of the DSCC, an important but independent member of the multi-center collaborative study group, is to provide expertise and support in study design, study conduct and statistical analysis. We will provide scientific leadership in the design of the study and prepare the final study documents including the protocol, manual of operations and case report forms. The DSCC will be responsible for all publicity for the MMC Repair Trial such as establishing a central web site, mailing of physician brochures, presenting trial information at appropriate professional meetings and placing print advertisements in medical journals and patient oriented publications. We will also serve as the central referral site for patients to learn more about the trial, conduct preliminary review of patient eligibility and assign the patient to a Fetal Surgery Unit for final evaluation. The DSCC will maintain an Internet randomization system and web-based data entry system for the patient eligibility data. We will provide a comprehensive data processing system including central data entry, data base management and data quality control. The DSCC will use appropriate statistical techniques to conduct interim and final analyses. We will assist the investigators in preparation of manuscripts and abstracts from study results. In summary, we will participate in cooperation with the FSUs on the proposed trial with the goal of demonstrating whether fetal intervention offers improved outcome with a reasonable quality of life for spina bifida children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEAR OXYGENATION
INFRARED/MR
SYSTEM
FOR
IMAGING
BRAIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Dunn, Jeffrey F.; Associate Professor of Radiology and Phy; Radiology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: We will design, and construct a combined near infrared (NIR) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system for studying brain oxygenation, and apply it to the study of brain hypoxia/ischemia. Normal function of brain, as well as pathologies such as stroke, birth asphyxia, tumors, hydrocephalus and epilepsy all induce changes in oxygenation. Imaging methods which provide high spatial and temporal information concerning brain oxygenation would be of significant use. This NIR/MR imager will provide spatially resolved data on cerebral oxygen utilization, extraction, blood volume and blood saturation. The main goal is to show that, by using structural information from the MRI, one can constrain the reconstruction of NIR data to obtain true NIR
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images. We can then co-register these oxygenation images with any MR imaging modality including diffusion, perfusion and BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent imaging). NIR provides accurate information on hemoglobin content and saturation but, without the developments which we propose, NIR data are difficult to reconstruct into an image. We will verify NIRS reconstruction algorithms for a range of study diameters. Then we will construct appropriate NMR hardware compatible with the NIBS imaging system and combine the two to create the hybrid imaging modality. We will test this on phantoms and on animal models. After developing the system, we have two hypothesis driven aims designed to show the potential of the imager, as well as to provide unique data on hypoxia/ischemia. We will test the hypothesis that the hippocampus has a high oxygen extraction during normoxia, and reduced capacity to increase extraction during hypoxia. This difference in extraction may be one of the mechanisms of increased hypoxia sensitivity in the hippocampus. We also hypothesize that the brain has a reduced extraction, and cerebral blood flow during reperfusion after hypothermic ischemia. Such a pattern of oxygenation has been implicated in neurological impairment after cardiopulmonary bypass. On the other hand, this is the period of increased oxidative damage post-ischemia, and so reduced oxygenation during reperfusion may be beneficial under some situations. We will assess brain tissue oxygenation and blood flow (using MR perfusion imaging) during ischemia/reperfusion during normoxia and hypothermia. This grant will produce a novel imaging modality which can noninvasively monitor cerebral oxygenation, structure, and blood flow. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NGCAM/L1 MISEXPRESSION IN DEVELOPING BRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Galileo, Deni S.; Biological Sciences; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (Provided By Applicant): CRASH syndrome in humans, which includes Xlinked hydrocephalus, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Ll cell adhesion molecule. There are no good experimental models in which brain syndromes, caused by various mutations in Ll, can be studied easily. The long-term goal of this exploratory project is to create a new experimental model of anomalous brain development that can be used to study in vivo the cellular effects of different mutations in L1. The overlying hypothesis to be tested is that cell behavior can be altered in the developing chicken embryo brain by ectopic expression of specific mutated Ll cDNAs, or by attenuation of endogenous Ll using direct gene conversion or antisense sequences. Human Ll mutations can be grouped according to the type of mutation. Most, but not all, severe hydrocephalus, grave mental retardation, and early deaths are caused by mutations that produce truncations in the extracellular domain (Class 3 mutations), which probably are secreted and interfere with other adhesion and signaling systems. It is theorized that similar mutations in the chicken homologue of L1, called NgCAM, will interfere with neuronal behavior (e.g., neuronal migration) when ectopically expressed in the embryonic chick brain. We also theorize that a malformed brain will result when such mutations are expressed throughout the tissue, but that localized expression will inhibit neuronal migration and axon extension only in the immediate area. Specific Aim 1: Define the developmental effects of widespread NgCAM misexpression. Hypothesis 1: A generally malformed brain will be generated in the developing chick by widespread introduction of antisense-NgCAM cDNAs, Class 3 mutant NgCAM cDNAs, or of gene conversion DNA oligonucleotides by in ovo electroporation. Specific Aim 2: Define the developmental effects of isolated NgCAM misexpression. Hypothesis2: Introduction of
16
Hydrocephalus
mutated and antisense NgCAM cDNAs in discrete, marked cell clones by retroviral vectors will inhibit neuronal migration and axon extension in some, but not all, neurons expressing such sequences. Specific Aim 3: Define the effects and distribution of mammalian Class 3 Ll misexpression. Hypothesis 3: Class 3 Ll mutations can operate beyond the cells that express them. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NON-INVASIVE EVALUATION OF ICP AND HEMODYNAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Newell, David W.; Neurological Surgery; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a serious complication in head injury and other neurologic conditions. Increased ICP compromises the cerebral circulation and can lead to permanent ischemic damage or death. Measurement of ICP forms the basis of rational therapy aimed at controlling its level. Such measurements are invasive and involve implanting transducers or catheters within-the cranium. A method for determining the ICP without having to implant measurement devices would be of considerable interest in the neurosurgical and neurological intensive care. It would be useful to have a non-invasive test and monitoring method to measure the ICP in a variety of conditions such as head injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pseudotumor cerebri, hydrocephalus and shunt obstruction, as well as in other conditions. The central theme of this proposal is to develop a method to estimate intracranial pressure (ICP) non-invasively. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) can be used to continuously record blood flow velocity from the intracranial vessels which then can be used in combination with arterial blood pressure (ABP) recording to measure the vascular tone and overall resistance in the cerebrovascular bed, which can be used to estimate intracranial pressure. We propose to utilize this information to establish the scientific principles to calculate intracranial pressure non-invasively from TCD and ABP measurements. We then propose to test this method for accuracy of continuous recording of ICP under ICU conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PEPTIDE REGULATION OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS-CSF SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Johanson, Conrad E.; Professor; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, Ri 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Choroid plexus (CP) has a great impact on the neuronal extracellular fluid environment. Choroid epithelial cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as peptides that modulate brain development, fluid balance and repair following injury and disease. Various growth factors and neuropeptides synthesized in CP are secreted into CSF, thereby exerting endocrine-like effects on target cells in brain as well as local effects on CP. Thus, CP is both a TARGET and a SOURCE for peptides. The renewal projects focus on regulation of the CP-CSF system by peptides, specifically basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). The main questions to be answered are: what functions of CP are regulated by FGF-2 and AVP, and how is the release of these peptides from CP to CSF controlled? Both FGF-2 and AVP have been widely implicated in CNS fluid homeostasis, and they are intimately associated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which generates nitric oxide (NO). The general working hypothesis is that FGF-2 and AVP, with actions mediated in part by NO, act in concert
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to reduce choroidal fluid turnover into CSF. Using acute and chronic experimentation in vivo with Sprague- Dawley rats, we will investigate how FGF-2 and AVP alter CP blood flow, CSF-forming capacity and epithelial ultrastructure. Moreover, the rat CP in vitro and the pig CP epithelium monolayer cell cultures will be utilized to analyze mechanisms of peptide effects on cellular organelles, ion transport, and fluid formation. Consequently, the three CP models, investigated with several methodologies, will enable a broad-spectrum analysis of how FGF-2, AVP, NO and other agent interact to regulate CP secretion. Elucidating the ability of FGF-2 and AVP to alter CSF dynamics will provide a larger picture of neuro-endocrine modulation of CNS fluids. Enhanced expression of FGF-2 and AVP in the CP-CSF system following ischemia and hydrocephalus suggests that peptides help to stabilize extracellular fluid volume and composition post-injury. Our long-term goal is to delineate the multifunctional roles of CP in brain fluid homeostasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHOTO-INDUCIBLE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koh, John T.; Associate Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many gene products critically involved in development elicit their effects through their unique spatial and temporal patterning in tissues. The complexity of these developmental processes is highlighted by neurogenesis, which involves the actions of dozens of temporally and spatially patterned molecular guidance cues. The co-spatial presentation of multiple molecular cues involved in the guidance of neurons makes controlled study of these molecular interactions in vivo a formidable challenge. We have recently developed a new method to control the spatial and temporal expression of genes in cultured cells (in vitro) in a light-directed manner using photo-caged agonists of nuclear hormone receptors. This method will be used to investigate the effects of spatially and temporally patterned axon guidance cues that cannot be adequately addressed by any current method. NgCAM is the avian homolog of mammalian L1, a biomedically important protein associated with the X-linked mental retardation syndrome CRASH (Corpus callosum agenesis, Retardation, Abducted thumbs, Spastic paraplegia, Hydrocephalus). NgCAM is an important cell surface protein that is involved in guiding axons during brain development. The ability of spatially discrete patterns of NgCAM to direct neurite outgrowth when presented in a biologically relevant manner on cell surfaces in cultured cell monolayers will be explored. The ability of both binary (on/off) patterns and gradients of NgCAM to direct and influence axon extension will be investigated through controlled in vitro co-culture experiments. The unique ability of this light-activated expression system to create transient expression patterns will be used to dissect the role of NgCAM in promoting axon extension versus sustaining extended axons. "Moving" patterns of expressed NgCAM will be used to assess the ability of NgCAM to redirect axons once extended. Because many events in neurogenesis involve the combined actions of multiple genes expressed within the same tissue, light-activated gene expression will be further developed to permit the independent cospatial control of multiple genes products in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Hydrocephalus
Project Title: PREVENTION OF BIOFILMS IN MEDICAL DEVICES Principal Investigator & Institution: Shenoy, Bhami C.; Altus Biologics, Inc. 625 Putnam Ave Cambridge, Ma 021394807 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Design of new efficient drug delivery systems for proteins is one of the major themes of modern biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industry. We found that cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) show remarkable stability at various pHs, on storage, against proteolysis and organic solvents. These properties make them ideal for treatment against biofilm formation on medical devices /implants such as urethral catheters, ureteric and prostatic stents, penile and testicular implants, artificial urinary sphincters, prostheses for hip and knee replacements, shunts for hydrocephalus, vascular grafts, heart valves, vascular access devices, voice prostheses, etc. In addition, the CLECS can be used for the prevention of blood clot formation, for example, in venous catheters. The CLEC agent will be used to coat the medical devices for the prevention of formation of bacterial biofilms on these devices as well as the prevention of blood clots. The biofilms form on the above medical devices by colonization of bacteria embedded in a matrix, which become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. In this Phase I study, we propose to develop two prototypes of CLECs of enzyme - Serratiopeptidase and Streptokinase for prevention of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms. The coating will prevent the adherence of these bacteria to medical devices. Currently, there are more than 850,000 case infections associated with aid devices annually in the United States. These may be associated with as many as 100,000 deaths per year. The CLECs of Serratiopeptidase and Streptokinase have enormous commercial potential over the currently available treatment for the prevention of contamination of medical devices by minimizing the need for replacement once they are implanted. The CLECs of Serratiopeptidase and Streptokinase will also be important in preventing biofilm-related infections which are resistant to commercially available antibiotics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF PITX2 IN THE MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Donna M.; Pediatrics & Communicable Dis; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pitx2, a homeobox transcription factor, was originally identified in the investigators' laboratory as an important regulator of early embryonic development [1]. Humans with mutations in PITX2 exhibit Rieger syndrome, a haploinsufftciency disorder with eye, tooth, and umbilical defects, and variable cardiac, pituitary, and brain malformations including mental retardation and hydrocephalus. The investigators have shown that mice with genetically engineered reductions in Pitx2 expression exhibit dosage-dependent abnormalities in the eye, pituitary, heart, and abdominal organs suggestive of aberrant cellular proliferation, differentiation, or migration [41, 42]. Central nervous system (CNS) defects in Pitx2 mice include abnormalities in the developing neural tube and diencephalon, which the investigators propose to further characterize. In the mouse CNS, Pitx2 is expressed in the developing neuroepithelial ventricular zone, in radially migrating cells, and in the mature cortex, mesencephalon, and diencephalon [72, 101]. In this proposal, the
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investigators will define the role of Pitx2 in the mouse central nervous system, with a focus on progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the diencephalon. Using Cre/loxP site- specific recombination in genetically engineered mice, they will characterize the effects of Pitx2 loss and gain of function on CNS progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. This proposal integrates the PI previous experience using in vitro models of neuronal development with a training program in whole animal genetic approaches to understanding genetic mechanisms of CNS development. Results of these experiments will contribute to our understanding of Pitx2 in mental retardation, in patterning the normal and Pitx2 mutant CNS, and in delineating Pitx2 molecular pathways involved in CNS stem cell fate determination. Three aims are proposed: 1) Characterize Pitx2 expression in the developing (E8.5-14.5) mouse diencephalon, 2) Develop and analyze mice with Pitx2 loss of function, and 3) Develop and analyze transgenic mice with CNS-specific Pitx2 gain of function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SKELETAL AND CNS DEFECTS IN PIEBALD DELETION IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: O'brien, Timothy P.; Associate Staff Scientist; Jackson Laboratory 600 Main St Bar Harbor, Me 04609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract): This is an application for a FIRST award from a new investigator at the Jackson Laboratory who seeks support for genetic analysis of the piebald deletion in the mouse. Specifically, he plans to focus on genes whose absence results in spinal cord malformation and homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton. The long term objectives of this work are to identify genes important in mammalian embryogenesis and to investigate the relationships that exist between genome organization and the genetic control of development. Three specific aims are outlined: 1) to determine whether a relationship exists between the 15DttMb and 36Pub phenotypes and the roles played by retinoic acid and the Hox genes in pattern formation; 2) to develop genetic and physical resources for functional genomic studies of defined chromosomal intervals within the 15DttMb and 36Pub deletions; 3) to clone and characterize genes corresponding to the 15DttMb functional interval, which is associated with hydrocephalus and respiratory failure, as well as homeotic transformation of vertebrae, and spinal cord malformations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VARIABILITY
SPINA
BIFIDA:
COGNITIVE
AND
NEUROBIOLOGICAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Fletcher, Jack M.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-MAR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Spina bifida meningomyelocele is the major severely disabling birth defect in North America, but our knowledge of the factors responsible for neurobehavioral outcome is fragmentary. The program project aims to make these fragments coherent. The overall objective of this program project is to identify sources of variability-genetic, environmental, and CNS-that explain variations in the neurobehavioral outcomes of children with spina bifida meningomyelocele and hydrocephalus (SBH). To accomplish this objective, we propose to evaluate 583 children with spina bifida and 159 controls in five projects and three cores at two primary data collection sites: the University of Texas-Houston Medical School and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Project 1
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Hydrocephalus
(Genetics; Northrup, P.I.) evaluates genetic factors associated with spina bifida and related neural tube defects in Hispanic and Caucasian cohorts. Approximately 100 candidate genes will be tested and a genome-wide search will be initiated that permits testing of 150 of 330 possible markers. Projects 2 (Early Learning; Landry, P.I.) is a longitudinal study of infants with SBH from 7-36 months of age. This study addresses the relationship of core neurobiological deficits and the environment in producing early learning deficits in children with SBH. Project 3 (Cerebellum; Dennis, P.I.) evaluates the role of cerebellum/midbrain dysmorphology in producing the motor, spatial, and attentional deficits associated with SBH. Project 4 (Corpus Callosum; Hannay, P.I.) examines the corpus callosum anomalies characteristic of SBH in relationship to interhemispheric transmission and hemispheric specialization. Project 5 (Discourse and Academic Skills; Barnes, P.I. evaluates factors producing deficits in discourse, reading comprehension, and math in children with SBH. These 5 projects are supported by an Administrative Services Core (A; Fletcher, P.I.), Subject Recruitment and Evaluation Core (B; Fletcher, P.I.), and Database, Computer, and Statistics Core (C; Francis, P.I.) Core B provides for comprehensive medical, neuroimaging and psychometric evaluations of each child. Core C provides databases, project-specific data analyses, and overall data analyses. Altogether, this comprehensive program project should facilitate an integrated, multi-disciplinary understanding of spina bifida, a common and significantly handicapping disability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SRC KINASES IN THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Maness, Patricia F.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1988; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cell adhesion molecules of the Ig family (L1 ,NCAM) play important roles in axonal growth throughout the nervous system, and have potentially novel functions in axon targeting, dendrite development, and synapse formation. These responses are regulated by multiple attractive and repulsive guidance cues (extracellular matrix, Ephrins, Semaphorins). We will investigate the hypothesis that cell adhesion molecules are necessary for neurons to respond to multiple regulatory cues important to migration, dendritic growth and axon specificity by elucidating their molecular and cellular mechanisms. L1 and the 140 kD isoform of NCAM activate MAPK signaling pathways governed by distinct Src family kinases (Src, Fyn) and RhoGTPases (Rac, Rho). In Aim 1, we will investigate the molecular mechanism of L1 and NCAM 140-induced growth by identifying effectors of Rac and Rho signaling that regulate axon growth and actin dynamics in growth cones. In Aim 2 we will study the regulation of guidance in vivo by analyzing the retinocollicular projection of L1 knockout mice and the interactions of L1 with repulsive Ephrin/Eph guidance cues. In Aim 3 we will extend our studies of L1 function to regulation of dendrite growth and migration of cortical pyramidal cells by time lapse videomicroscopy of fluorescently labeled neurons in L1 null mutants. In Aim 4 we will explore a potential role for the 180 kD NCAM isoform in synapse development by identifying proteins that bind uniquely to the cytoplasmic domain of NCAM180 not found in NCAM 140 using yeast two hybrid cloning. We will determine if NCAM 140 induces axon growth by Fyn-mediated endocytosis, whereas the cytoplasmic sequence of NCAM 180 prevents endocytosis and allows synapse formation. L1 is the target gene for the X-linked mental retardation and hydrocephalus syndrome termed CRASH, and variant NCAM expression is linked to
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schizophrenia; thus this research has implications for understanding normal and pathological aspects of nervous system development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hydrocephalus in the PubMed Central database: •
Disruption of the murine nuclear factor I-A gene (Nfia) results in perinatal lethality, hydrocephalus, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. by das Neves L, Duchala CS, Godinho F, Haxhiu MA, Colmenares C, Macklin WB, Campbell CE, Butz KG, Gronostajski RM.; 1999 Oct 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18392
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Elevated nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid of children with hydrocephalus. by Hochhaus F, Koehne P, Schaper C, Butenandt O, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Ring-Mrozik E, Obladen M, Buhrer C.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=57003
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Herpes simplex virus type 1-induced hydrocephalus in mice. by Hayashi K, Iwasaki Y, Yanagi K.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252825
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Hydrocephalus, Situs Inversus, Chronic Sinusitis, and Male Infertility in DNA Polymerase [lambda]-Deficient Mice: Possible Implication for the Pathogenesis of Immotile Cilia Syndrome. by Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M, Okada Y, Sawa H, Takai H, Nakanishi M, Kawase Y, Suzuki H, Nagashima K, Ikeda K, Motoyama N.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133740
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Male Infertility, Impaired Sperm Motility, and Hydrocephalus in Mice Deficient in Sperm-Associated Antigen 6. by Sapiro R, Kostetskii I, Olds-Clarke P, Gerton GL, Radice GL, Strauss III JF.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134010
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced hydrocephalus in hamsters. by Kohn DF, Chinookoswong N, Wang J.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261581
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Production of extracellular slime by coryneforms colonizing hydrocephalus shunts. by Bayston R, Compton C, Richards K.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263768
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Severe hydrocephalus associated with congenital varicella syndrome. by Mazzella M, Arioni C, Bellini C, Allegri AE, Savioli C, Serra G.; 2003 Mar 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149248
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hydrocephalus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hydrocephalus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the occipital bone presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Yasuda T, Inagaki T, Yamanouchi Y, Kawamoto K, Kohdera U, Kawasaki H, Nakano T. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 19(12): 792-9. Epub 2003 October 30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586633
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A comparative study of the Spiegelberg compliance device with a manual volumeinjection method: a clinical evaluation in patients with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Piper I, Spiegelberg A, Whittle I, Signorini D, Mascia L. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 December; 13(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10715727
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A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Egnor M, Zheng L, Rosiello A, Gutman F, Davis R. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 June; 36(6): 281-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12077474
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Activated protein C resistance and false type 2 protein C deficiency detected after multiple shunt failures in a patient with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kayiran SM, Ozbek N, Caner H, Tokel K, Mercan S, Alehan F. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 November; 16(11): 862-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732775
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Acute cerebellitis with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Dogulu F, Onk A, Kaymaz M, Kardes O, Baykaner MK. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 27; 60(10): 1717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771279
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Acute hydrocephalus and hemocephalus in intracranial hemorrhage. Author(s): Stehbens WE. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 June; 50(6): 1400-1; Author Reply 1401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12051191
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Acute hydrocephalus following a Chiari I decompression. Author(s): Elton S, Tubbs RS, Wellons JC 3rd, Blount JP, Grabb PA, Oakes WJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 February; 36(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11893893
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Acute hydrocephalus in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Anton M, Alcaraz A, Rey C, Concha A, Fernandez J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 March; 89(3): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772288
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Acute subdural hematoma after lumboperitoneal shunt placement in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kamiryo T, Hamada J, Fuwa I, Ushio Y. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 April; 43(4): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760499
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Adjustable valves in normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a retrospective study of 218 patients. Author(s): Zemack G, Romner B. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 51(6): 1392-400; Discussion 1400-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445344
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Adult hydrocephalus and shunting. Author(s): Stein SC. Source: Neurosurgery. 1990 October; 27(4): 659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2234378
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Adult onset hydrocephalus and situs inversus: new autosomal dominant syndrome? Author(s): Al-Anazi AR. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 17(3): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565528
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Agreement between CSF flow dynamics in MRI and ICP monitoring in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Sensitivity and specificity of CSF dynamics to predict outcome. Author(s): Poca MA, Sahuquillo J, Busto M, Rovira A, Capellades J, Mataro M, Rubio E. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 81: 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168360
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An unusual case of hydrocephalus. Author(s): van Jaarsveld AZ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 April; 92(4): 253. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12056345
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Application of the Token Test with myelomeningocele and shunted hydrocephalus. Author(s): Vachha B, Adams RC. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 1: S33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585253
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Aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus in an infant due to aspergillus infection. Author(s): van Landeghem FK, Stiller B, Lehmann TN, Sarioglu N, Sander B, Lange PE, Stoltenburg-Didinger G. Source: Clin Neuropathol. 2000 January-February; 19(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10774948
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Assessment of the impact of the removal of cerebrospinal fluid on cerebral tissue volumes by advanced volumetric 3D-MRI in posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus in a premature infant. Author(s): Hunt RW, Warfield SK, Wang H, Kean M, Volpe JJ, Inder TE. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 May; 74(5): 658-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700314
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Assignment of X-linked hydrocephalus to Xq28 by linkage analysis. Author(s): Willems PJ, Dijkstra I, Van der Auwera BJ, Vits L, Coucke P, Raeymaekers P, Van Broeckhoven C, Consalez GG, Freeman SB, Warren ST, et al. Source: Genomics. 1990 October; 8(2): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1979056
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Asymmetric hydrocephalus: safe endoscopic perforation of septum pellucidum: technical note. Author(s): Kehler U, Gliemroth J, Arnold H. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 1997 September; 40(3): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9359088
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Autosomal recessive hydrocephalus due to aqueduct stenosis: report of a further family and implications for genetic counselling. Author(s): Lapunzina P, Delicado A, de Torres ML, Mor MA, Perez-Pacheco RF, Lopes PI. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 July;12(1):64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12422912
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Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis presenting with acute hydrocephalus. Author(s): Duke BJ, Tyson RW, DeBiasi R, Freeman JE, Winston KR. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1997 February; 26(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419041
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Baller-Gerold syndrome associated with congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Lewis ME, Rosenbaum PL, Paes BA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1991 September 1; 40(3): 307-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1951434
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Basilar artery occlusion due to mucormycotic emboli, preceded by acute hydrocephalus. Author(s): Inamasu J, Uchida K, Mayanagi K, Suga S, Kawase T. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2000 March; 102(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10717397
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Bedside external ventricular drain placement for the treatment of acute hydrocephalus. Author(s): Roitberg BZ, Khan N, Alp MS, Hersonskey T, Charbel FT, Ausman JI. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 August; 15(4): 324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599448
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Behavioral adjustment of children with hydrocephalus: relationships with etiology, neurological, and family status. Author(s): Fletcher JM, Brookshire BL, Landry SH, Bohan TP, Davidson KC, Francis DJ, Thompson NM, Miner ME. Source: Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1995 February; 20(1): 109-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7891234
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Behavioural problems in children with infantile hydrocephalus. Author(s): Fernell E, Gillberg C, von Wendt L. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1991 May; 33(5): 388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2065825
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Beneficial effect of siphoning in treatment of adult hydrocephalus. Author(s): Bergsneider M, Peacock WJ, Mazziotta JC, Becker DP. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1999 October; 56(10): 1224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10520938
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Benign external hydrocephalus in a boy with autosomal dominant microcephaly. Author(s): Akaboshi I, Ikeda T, Yoshioka S. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1996 March; 49(3): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8737983
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Benign intracranial hypertension or communicating hydrocephalus: factors in pathogenesis. Author(s): Salman MS. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1997 November; 49(5): 371-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9421800
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Bilateral diffuse hypoperfusion of posterior temporoparietals and occipitals in Tc99m HMPAO brain SPECT in a patient with noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Shih WJ, Tsai CH, Stipp V, Lu G. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 March; 21(3): 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8846577
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Bilateral enophthalmos associated with hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Author(s): Meyer DR, Nerad JA, Newman NJ, Lin JC. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1996 October; 114(10): 1206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8859079
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Bilateral optic atrophy with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kulkarni AG, Amte AP, Brid NS, Yadav SR. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 June; 74(872): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9799897
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Bilateral proptosis after post-traumatic hydrocephalus: a case report. Author(s): Tan AK, Yeow YK. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1993 May; 22(3 Suppl): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8215213
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Bilateral sensorineural deafness and hydrocephalus due to foramen of Monro obstruction in sibs: a newly described autosomal recessive disorder. Author(s): Chudley AE, McCullough C, McCullough DW. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 January 31; 68(3): 350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024571
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Binswanger's disease and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Clinical and neuropsychological comparison. Author(s): Gallassi R, Morreale A, Montagna P, Sacquegna T, Di Sarro R, Lugaresi E. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1991 November; 48(11): 1156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1953401
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Biportal endoscopic management of third ventricle tumors in patients with occlusive hydrocephalus: technical note. Author(s): Veto F, Horvath Z, Doczi T. Source: Neurosurgery. 1997 April; 40(4): 871-5; Discussion 875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9092866
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Brain biomechanics: mathematical modeling of hydrocephalus. Author(s): Tenti G, Drake JM, Sivaloganathan S. Source: Neurological Research. 2000 January; 22(1): 19-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672576
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Brain temperature in patients with chronic hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Omori T, Hirashima Y, Oka N, Takeda S, Mino Y, Harada J, Endo S. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004 January; 44(1): 1-4; Discussion 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959929
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Brief communication: An early case of hydrocephalus: the Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh 12 child (Israel). Author(s): Tillier AM, Arensburg B, Duday H, Vandermeersch B. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2001 February; 114(2): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11169907
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Case management of hydrocephalus associated with the progression of childhood brain stem gliomas. Author(s): Amano T, Inamura T, Nakamizo A, Inoha S, Wu CM, Ikezaki K. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 18(11): 599-604. Epub 2002 September 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420118
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Cerebellar granular layer aplasia in congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Vodovnik A. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2002 September; 22(3): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12416562
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Cerebral haemodynamics in patients with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage due to ruptured aneurysm. Author(s): Chang CC, Kuwana N, Ito S, Yokoyama T, Kanno H, Yamamoto I. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2003 January; 30(1): 123-6. Epub 2002 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483419
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Cerebral oedema following EVD insertion for delayed hydrocephalus after foramen magnum decompression in Chiari I malformation. Author(s): Menezes AH. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 483-4. Epub 2002 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382172
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Cerebral oedema following EVD insertion for delayed hydrocephalus after foramen magnum decompression in Chiari I malformation. Author(s): Rekate HL. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 482. Epub 2002 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382171
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Cerebral oedema following EVD insertion for delayed hydrocephalus after foramen magnum decompression in Chiari I malformation. Author(s): Martinez-Lage JF. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 480-1. Epub 2002 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382170
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Cerebral oedema following EVD insertion for delayed hydrocephalus after foramen magnum decompression in Chiari I malformation. Author(s): Boop FA. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 478-9. Epub 2002 August 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12382169
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Cerebrospinal fluid production in patients with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Rutka JT. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(6): 1269-70; Discussion 1270. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507121
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Changes in cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics following endoscopic third ventriculostomy for shunt-dependent noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Nishiyama K, Mori H, Tanaka R. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 May; 98(5): 1027-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744362
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Chronic headaches due to occult hydrocephalus. Author(s): Edwards RJ, Britz GW, Marsh H. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 February; 96(2): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562978
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Chronic hydrocephalus in rats and humans: white matter loss and behavior changes. Author(s): Del Bigio MR, Wilson MJ, Enno T. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 March; 53(3): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12601701
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Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of hydrocephalus associated with vestibular schwannoma. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Kobayashi S, Hongo K, Tada T, Sato A, Takasuna H. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 98(6): 1188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816262
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Clinical experience with the low pressure Novus valve in the treatment of adult hydrocephalus. Author(s): Chong CC, van Gelder J, Sheridan M. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 September; 9(5): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383411
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Clinical experience with the use of a shunt with an adjustable valve in children with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Zemack G, Bellner J, Siesjo P, Stromblad LG, Romner B. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 March; 98(3): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650416
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Clinical relevance of hydrocephalus as a presenting feature of tuberculous meningitis. Author(s): Chan KH, Cheung RT, Fong CY, Tsang KL, Mak W, Ho SL. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 September; 96(9): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925719
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Comparison between the lumbar infusion and CSF tap tests to predict outcome after shunt surgery in suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kahlon B, Sundbarg G, Rehncrona S. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 December; 73(6): 7216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438477
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Congenital hydrocephalus associated with congenital glaucoma and natal teeth. Author(s): Mandal AK, Hornby SJ, Jones RB. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12532500
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CSF galanin and cognition after shunt surgery in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Mataro M, Poca MA, Del Mar Matarin M, Catalan R, Sahuquillo J, Galard R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 September; 74(9): 1272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933934
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Current methods in the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in infants. Author(s): Horinek D, Cihar M, Tichy M. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2003; 104(11): 347-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055719
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Cyst of the third ventricle as an unusual cause of acquired hydrocephalus. Author(s): Vlaho S, Gebhardt B, Gerlach R, Weidauer S, Kieslich M. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 March; 28(3): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12770679
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De novo interstitial long arm deletion of chromosome 3 with facial dysmorphism, Dandy-Walker variant malformation and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Sudha T, Dawson AJ, Prasad AN, Konkin D, de Groot GW, Prasad C. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2001 July; 10(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11446413
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Decreased relative brain tissue levels of inositol in fetal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kok RD, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Eskes TK, Heerschap A, van den Berg PP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 April; 188(4): 978-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12712096
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Delayed hydrocephalus after resection of supratentorial malignant gliomas. Author(s): Marquardt G, Setzer M, Lang J, Seifert V. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 March; 144(3): 227-31; Discussion 231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956935
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Delayed papilledema and hydrocephalus associated with shaking impact syndrome. Author(s): Ogershok PR, Jaynes ME, Hogg JP. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 June; 40(6): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824180
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Dementia reversal in post-shunt normal pressure hydrocephalus predicted by neuropsychological assessment. Author(s): Goodman M, Meyer WJ. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2001 May; 49(5): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380772
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Developmental abnormalities in early-onset hydrocephalus: clues to signalling. Author(s): Miyan JA, Mashayekhi F, Bannister CM. Source: Symp Soc Exp Biol. 2001; (53): 91-106. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063851
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Diagnosis, outcome, and management of fetal abnormalities: fetal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Oi S. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 19(7-8): 508-16. Epub 2003 August 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12920541
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Diagnostic tools in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Bradley WG Jr. Source: Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2001 October; 12(4): 661-84, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11524288
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Diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, and cardiac malformations in four pregnancies of a non-consanguineous couple. Author(s): Delozier-Blanchet CD, Lespinasse J, Brundler MA, Extermann P. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 April; 38(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11370634
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Differences between ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus secondary to cysticercosis. Author(s): Rubalcava MA, Sotelo J. Source: Neurosurgery. 1995 October; 37(4): 668-71; Discussion 671-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8559294
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Differences in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics do not affect the levels of biochemical markers in ventricular CSF from patients with aqueductal stenosis and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Tisell M, Tullberg M, Mansson JE, Fredman P, Blennow K, Wikkelso C. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2004 January; 11(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14692883
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Diffusion imaging in obstructive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Ulug AM, Truong TN, Filippi CG, Chun T, Lee JK, Yang C, Souweidane MM, Zimmerman RD. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 June-July; 24(6): 1171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812949
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Diminished plantar grasp response as an additional indicator of a shunt malfunction in a case of congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Futagi Y, Morimoto K. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 June; 17(7): 415-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11465796
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Disability and quality of life in spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Cate IM, Kennedy C, Stevenson J. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 May; 44(5): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12033717
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Disorders of growth and puberty in children with non-tumoral hydrocephalus. Author(s): Cholley F, Trivin C, Sainte-Rose C, Souberbielle JC, Cinalli G, Brauner R. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 March; 14(3): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11308050
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Distal slit valve and clinically relevant CSF overdrainage in children with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Virella AA, Galarza M, Masterman-Smith M, Lemus R, Lazareff JA. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 February; 18(1-2): 15-8. Epub 2002 January 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11935238
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Diverticular enlargement of the foramina of Luschka and congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Inamura T, Morioka T, Nishio S, Ikezaki K, Nonaka H, Yoshiura T. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 18(11): 652-5. Epub 2002 September 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420129
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Do children with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus display nonverbal learning disabilities? An empirical approach to classification. Author(s): Yeates KO, Loss N, Colvin AN, Enrile BG. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2003 May; 9(4): 653-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12755177
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Downregulation of cerebrospinal fluid production in patients with chronic hydrocephalus. Author(s): Silverberg GD, Huhn S, Jaffe RA, Chang SD, Saul T, Heit G, Von Essen A, Rubenstein E. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(6): 1271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507122
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Dutch normal-pressure hydrocephalus study: prediction of outcome after shunting by resistance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. Author(s): Boon AJ, Tans JT, Delwel EJ, Egeler-Peerdeman SM, Hanlo PW, Wurzer HA, Avezaat CJ, de Jong DA, Gooskens RH, Hermans J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997 November; 87(5): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347976
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Early diagnosis of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections and malfunctions in children with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Lan CC, Wong TT, Chen SJ, Liang ML, Tang RB. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003 March; 36(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12741733
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Effectiveness of neuroendoscopic procedures in the treatment of complex compartmentalized hydrocephalus in children. Author(s): Nowoslawska E, Polis L, Kaniewska D, Mikolajczyk W, Krawczyk J, Szymanski W, Zakrzewski K, Podciechowska J. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 19(9): 659-65. Epub 2003 June 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955421
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Effects of intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus on the long-term neurobehavioral development of preterm very-low-birthweight infants. Author(s): Fletcher JM, Landry SH, Bohan TP, Davidson KC, Brookshire BL, Lachar D, Kramer LA, Francis DJ. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1997 September; 39(9): 596-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9344052
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Endocrine disorder as the only sign of chronic "non-hypertensive" hydrocephalus. Author(s): Morello A, Porcaro S, Lima J, Impallaria P. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 2002 June; 46(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12232554
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Endoscopic lamina terminalis fenestration for treatment of hydrocephalus due to tuberculous meningitis. Case illustration. Author(s): Nakao N, Itakura T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854766
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus secondary to central nervous system infection or intraventricular hemorrhage in children. Author(s): Smyth MD, Tubbs RS, Wellons JC 3rd, Oakes WJ, Blount JP, Grabb PA. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 39(5): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512690
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus: early and late efficacy in relation to aetiology. Author(s): Kwiek SJ, Mandera M, Baowski P, Luszawski J, Duda I, Wolwender A, Zymon-Zagorska A, Grzybowska K. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 March; 145(3): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632113
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for shunt dysfunction in occlusive hydrocephalus: long-term follow up and review. Author(s): Boschert J, Hellwig D, Krauss JK. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 May; 98(5): 1032-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744363
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for treatment of noncommunicating syringomyelia associated with a Chiari I malformation and hydrocephalus: case report and pathophysiological considerations. Author(s): Metellus P, Dufour H, Levrier O, Grisoli F. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 51(2): 500-3; Discussion 503-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182791
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in obstructed hydrocephalus. Author(s): Singh D, Gupta V, Goyal A, Singh H, Sinha S, Singh AK, Kumar S. Source: Neurology India. 2003 March; 51(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865513
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of non-communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Loh JK, Howng SL. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1997 October; 96(10): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343986
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Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of obstructive hydrocephalus: an outcome analysis. Author(s): Feng H, Huang G, Liao X, Fu K, Tan H, Pu H, Cheng Y, Liu W, Zhao D. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 April; 100(4): 626-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070116
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Endoscopic ventriculo-cystomy for non-communicating hydrocephalus secondary to quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cyst. Author(s): Inamasu J, Ohira T, Nakamura Y, Saito R, Kuroshima Y, Mayanagi K, Ohba S, Ichikizaki K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 January; 107(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12542516
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Evaluation of a method for noninvasive intracranial pressure assessment during infusion studies in patients with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Schmidt B, Czosnyka M, Schwarze JJ, Sander D, Gerstner W, Lumenta CB, Klingelhofer J. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 May; 92(5): 793-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10794293
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Evaluation of an antibiotic-impregnated shunt system for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Author(s): Govender ST, Nathoo N, van Dellen JR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 November; 99(5): 831-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609161
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Evaluation of cerebral vascular reserve by single photon emission tomography in children with congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Pratap A, Srinivas M, Hentok P, Bal CS, Bhatnagar V. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2003 April; 13(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12776238
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Evaluation of the Miethke dual- switch valve in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Meier U, Kiefer M, Sprung C. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 February; 61(2): 119-27; Discussion 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14751612
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Expanding Virchow Robin spaces in the midbrain causing hydrocephalus. Author(s): Papayannis CE, Saidon P, Rugilo CA, Hess D, Rodriguez G, Sica RE, Rey RC. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 24(7): 1399-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917137
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External hydrocephalus: a probable cause for subdural hematoma in infancy. Author(s): Ravid S, Maytal J. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 February; 28(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699866
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Extraventricular intracisternal obstructive hydrocephalus--a hypothesis to explain successful 3rd ventriculostomy in communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kehler U, Gliemroth J. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 38(2): 98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566844
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Factors associated with hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Sheehan JP, Polin RS, Sheehan JM, Baskaya MK, Kassell NF. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 November; 45(5): 1120-7; Discussion 1127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10549928
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Factors leading to hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Widenka DC, Wolf S, Schurer L, Plev DV, Lumenta CB. Source: Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2000; 34(6 Suppl): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452856
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Factors related to hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Dorai Z, Hynan LS, Kopitnik TA, Samson D. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 52(4): 763-9; Discussion 769-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657171
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Familial hydrocephalus. Author(s): Chalmers RM, Andreae L, Wood NW, Durai Raj RV, Casey AT. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 September; 67(3): 410-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10577029
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Familial incidence of obstructive hydrocephalus due to posterior fossa tumours leading to the diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau disease--a case report. Author(s): Bogucki J, Taraszewska A, Baraniecka J, Czernicki Z. Source: Folia Neuropathol. 2002; 40(4): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572779
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Fatal hydrocephalus in a patient with neurofibromatosis. Author(s): Pivalizza EG, Rabb MF, Johnson S. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 February; 92(2): 630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10691261
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Fetal hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage diagnosed by ultrasonography and in utero fast magnetic resonance imaging. A case report. Author(s): Hashimoto I, Tada K, Nakatsuka M, Nakata T, Inoue N, Takata M, Kudo T, Joja I. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1999 July-August; 14(4): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10420051
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Fetal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Davis GH. Source: Clin Perinatol. 2003 September; 30(3): 531-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14533894
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Fetal hydrocephalus--prenatal treatment. Author(s): Cavalheiro S, Moron AF, Zymberg ST, Dastoli P. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 19(7-8): 561-73. Epub 2003 August 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908113
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Fetal surgery for myelomeningocele and the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Author(s): Bruner JP, Tulipan N, Paschall RL, Boehm FH, Walsh WF, Silva SR, HernanzSchulman M, Lowe LH, Reed GW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 November 17; 282(19): 1819-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10573272
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First diagnostic applications of transcallosal inhibition in diseases affecting callosal neurones (multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, Huntington's disease). Author(s): Meyer BU, Roricht S, Schmierer K, Irlbacher K, Meierkord H, Niehaus L, Grosse P. Source: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1999; 51: 233-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10590955
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Five years experience with gravitational shunts in chronic hydrocephalus of adults. Author(s): Kiefer M, Eymann R, Meier U. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 August; 144(8): 755-67; Discussion 767. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12181684
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Five-year outcome of normal pressure hydrocephalus with or without a shunt: predictive value of the clinical signs, neuropsychological evaluation and infusion test. Author(s): Savolainen S, Hurskainen H, Paljarvi L, Alafuzoff I, Vapalahti M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 June; 144(6): 515-23; Discussion 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111484
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Fluctuating confusional state due to massive macro-prolactinoma resulting in obstructive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Sarkar PK, Manapuzha R, Ahmad S, Ritch AE. Source: Age and Ageing. 2001 September; 30(5): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11709386
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Fluctuating consciousness caused by hydrocephalus: a complication of aortic valve replacement. Author(s): Chamberlain MH, Ratnatunga C. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 March; 123(3): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11882834
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Frequency analyses of CSF flow on cine MRI in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Miyati T, Mase M, Banno T, Kasuga T, Yamada K, Fujita H, Koshida K, Sanada S, Onoguchi M. Source: European Radiology. 2003 May; 13(5): 1019-24. Epub 2002 October 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695823
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Frontal foramina, Chiari II malformation, and hydrocephalus in a female. Author(s): Reimao R, Plaggert PG, Adda C, Matushita H, Reed UC. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 October; 29(4): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643399
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus--case report. Author(s): Fukuhara T, Luciano MG, Liu JZ, Yue GH. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 December; 41(12): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11803591
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Functioning of the corpus callosum in children with early hydrocephalus. Author(s): Hannay HJ. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2000 March; 6(3): 351-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10824507
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Future directions for therapy of childhood hydrocephalus: a view from the laboratory. Author(s): Del Bigio MR. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 April; 34(4): 172-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359109
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Gadolinium enhancement of the leptomeninges caused by hydrocephalus: a potential mimic of leptomeningeal metastasis. Author(s): Schumacher DJ, Tien RD, Friedman H. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1994 April; 15(4): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8010263
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Gait abnormality is not the only motor disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Blomsterwall E, Bilting M, Stephensen H, Wikkelso C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1995 December; 27(4): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8650504
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Gait analysis in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus--which parameters respond to the CSF tap test? Author(s): Stolze H, Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Drucke H, Johnk K, Diercks C, Palmie S, Mehdorn HM, Illert M, Deuschl G. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 September; 111(9): 1678-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10964082
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Gait disturbance in patients with low pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kuba H, Inamura T, Ikezaki K, Inoha S, Nakamizo A, Shono T, Fukui K, Fukui M. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2002 January; 9(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749014
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Gamma knife: hydrocephalus as a complication of stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of an acoustic neuroma. Author(s): Thomsen J, Tos M, Borgesen SE. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1990 September; 11(5): 330-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2240175
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Gastroesophageal reflux in infants with hydrocephalus before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation. Author(s): Shteyer E, Rothman E, Constantini S, Granot E. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 September; 29(3): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9838266
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Gene analysis of L1 neural cell adhesion molecule in prenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Author(s): Jouet M, Kenwrick S. Source: Lancet. 1995 January 21; 345(8943): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7823673
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Genetic and clinical aspects of X-linked hydrocephalus (L1 disease): Mutations in the L1CAM gene. Author(s): Weller S, Gartner J. Source: Human Mutation. 2001; 18(1): 1-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11438988
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Genetic disorders among Palestinian Arabs. 2. Hydrocephalus and neural tube defects. Author(s): Zlotogora J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 July 11; 71(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9215765
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Genetic heterogeneity in X-linked hydrocephalus: linkage to markers within Xq27.3. Author(s): Strain L, Gosden CM, Brock DJ, Bonthron DT. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1994 February; 54(2): 236-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8304340
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Genetic mapping of an insertional hydrocephalus-inducing mutation allelic to hy3. Author(s): Robinson ML, Allen CE, Davy BE, Durfee WJ, Elder FF, Elliott CS, Harrison WR. Source: Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society. 2002 November; 13(11): 625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12461648
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Giant basilar bifurcation aneurysm presenting as a third ventricular mass with unilateral obstructive hydrocephalus: case report. Author(s): Hongo K, Morota N, Watabe T, Isobe M, Nakagawa H. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2001 January; 8(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11148080
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Giant inguinal hernia in a 5-year-old boy with hydrocephalus: a case report. Author(s): Stahl TJ, Snyder CL, Leonard AS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1989 November; 24(11): 1198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809999
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Giant posterior communicating artery aneurysm presenting as third ventricle mass with obstructive hydrocephalus. Case report. Author(s): Smith KA, Kraus GE, Johnson BA, Spetzler RF. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1994 August; 81(2): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8027817
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Glial reaction in periventricular areas of the brainstem in fetal and neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and congenital hydrocephalus. Author(s): Fukumizu M, Takashima S, Becker LE. Source: Brain & Development. 1996 January-February; 18(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8907341
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Headaches in children with shunted hydrocephalus: an investigation of psychological factors. Author(s): Stellman Ward GR, Hewison J. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 1: S49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585263
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Hematoma from arteriovenous malformation producing hydrocephalus and simulating a thalamic tumor. Report of two cases. Author(s): Ng LK, Schwarz G, Mishkin MM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1971 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768692
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How to select patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus for shunting. Author(s): Tans JT, Boon AJ; Dutch NPH Study Group. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 81: 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168331
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Hydrocephalus and epilepsy. Author(s): Sato O, Yamguchi T, Kittaka M, Toyama H. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 January; 17(1-2): 76-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11219629
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Hydrocephalus and intestinal aganglionosis: is L1CAM a modifier gene in Hirschsprung disease? Author(s): Parisi MA, Kapur RP, Neilson I, Hofstra RM, Holloway LW, Michaelis RC, Leppig KA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 February 15; 108(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11857550
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Hydrocephalus and shunts in children with brain tumors. Author(s): Ryan JA, Shiminski-Maher T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing : Official Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses. 1995 October; 12(4): 223-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7495527
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Hydrocephalus and shunts: what the neurologist should know. Author(s): Pople IK. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 September; 73 Suppl 1: I17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185257
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Hydrocephalus as a presenting manifestation of neurosarcoidosis. Author(s): Akhondi H, Barochia S, Holmstrom B, Williams MJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 April; 96(4): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12916562
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Hydrocephalus due to idiopathic stenosis of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka. Report of three cases. Author(s): Karachi C, Le Guerinel C, Brugieres P, Melon E, Decq P. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 98(4): 897-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691419
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Hydrocephalus in a hydropic fetus with Turner syndrome: a rare association. Author(s): Kalpatthil R, Lieber E, Rajegowda B, Sharma J. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2003 August;14(2):136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14629097
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Hydrocephalus internus in two patients with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Author(s): Baethmann M, Wendel U, Hoffmann GF, Gohlich-Ratmann G, Kleinlein B, Seiffert P, Blom H, Voit T. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2000 December; 31(6): 314-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508552
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Hydrocephalus internus--first manifestation of chronic meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Author(s): Grafe G, Handrik W, Geyer C. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2001 December; 11 Suppl 1: S46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848049
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Hydrocephalus therapy: reduction of shunt occlusions using a peel-away sheath. Author(s): Kehler U, Klohn A, Heese O, Gliemroth J. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 105(4): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12954541
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Hydrocephalus, mineralizing angiopathy, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipoprotein (a). Author(s): Manzur AY, Poskitt KJ, Norman MG, Frohlich J, Crichton JU. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1995 October; 13(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8554666
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Hydrocephalus, situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and male infertility in DNA polymerase lambda-deficient mice: possible implication for the pathogenesis of immotile cilia syndrome. Author(s): Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M, Okada Y, Sawa H, Takai H, Nakanishi M, Kawase Y, Suzuki H, Nagashima K, Ikeda K, Motoyama N. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2002 April; 22(8): 2769-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11909969
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Hydrocephalus, ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and cerebrospinal fluid ascites. Author(s): Binitie OP, Abdul-Azeim SA, Annobil SH. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 July-September; 21(3): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744586
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Hydrocephalus. Author(s): Summers LE, Gutierrez CM, Walsh JW, Nadell JM. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 January-February; 154(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892883
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Hydrocephalus--what's new? Author(s): Chumas P, Tyagi A, Livingston J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2001 November; 85(3): F149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11668153
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Hyponatraemia as a consequence of serial liquor punctures in preterm infants with a ventricular access device after posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Author(s): Tenbrock K, Kribs A, Roth B, Speder B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 July; 88(4): F351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819182
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Hysteresis of the cerebrospinal pressure-volume curve in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kasprowicz M, Czosnyka M, Czosnyka Z, Momjian S, Smielewski P, Juniewicz H, Pickard JD. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753500
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Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus predominantly with prolonged fever and hyponatremia. Author(s): Jung KH, Chu K, Jeong SW, Hong YH, Park KI, Roh JK. Source: Neurology. 2003 August 26; 61(4): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12939438
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Impairment of cerebrovascular reactivity to acetazolamide in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Chang CC, Kuwana N, Ito S, Ikegami T. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2000 February; 21(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10758607
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In utero diagnosis of an aneurysm of the vein of Galen causing hydrocephalus and heart failure. Author(s): Hirose M, Yomo H, Akiyama M, Kimura T, Noda Y. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2003 October; 29(5): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641707
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In utero surgery for hydrocephalus. Author(s): von Koch CS, Gupta N, Sutton LN, Sun PP. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 August; 19(7-8): 574-86. Epub 2003 July 25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955423
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Independent predictors of late hydrocephalus in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage--analysis by multivariate logistic regression model. Author(s): Hirashima Y, Hamada H, Hayashi N, Kuwayama N, Origasa H, Endo S. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 16(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865606
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Indications for shunting in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus presenting with dementia and brain atrophy (atypical idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus). Author(s): Takeuchi T, Kasahara E, Iwasaki M, Mima T, Mori K. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000 January; 40(1): 38-46; Discussion 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721254
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Infantile hydrocephalus--the impact of enhanced preterm survival. Author(s): Fernell E, Hagberg G, Hagberg B. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1990 November; 79(11): 1080-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2267927
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Influence of shunt type on ventricular volume changes in children with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Xenos C, Sgouros S, Natarajan K, Walsh AR, Hockley A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 98(2): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593611
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Intermittent lumbar drainage with functional testing in the diagnosis of normalpressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Li Z, Naugle RI, Wood A, Cafaro A, Luciano MG. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2001 December; 11 Suppl 1: S38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848044
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Intracerebral microdialysis and CSF hydrodynamics in idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome. Author(s): Agren-Wilsson A, Roslin M, Eklund A, Koskinen LO, Bergenheim AT, Malm J. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 February; 74(2): 21721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12531954
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Intracranial cerebrospinal fluid measurement studies in suspected idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus, and brain atrophy. Author(s): Tsunoda A, Mitsuoka H, Bandai H, Endo T, Arai H, Sato K. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 November; 73(5): 552-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397150
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Is a combination of Tc-SPECT or perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging with spinal tap test helpful in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus? Author(s): Hertel F, Walter C, Schmitt M, Morsdorf M, Jammers W, Busch HP, Bettag M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 April; 74(4): 479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640067
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Is decoupling of autonomic and cognitive emotional reactions a manifestation of cerebellar stroke or hydrocephalus? Author(s): Gondim Fde A, Ramos de Oliveira G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2003 October; 54(4): 555-6; Author Reply 556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520678
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Is decreased ventricular volume a correlate of positive clinical outcome following shunt placement in cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus? Author(s): Meier U, Paris S, Grawe A, Stockheim D, Hajdukova A, Mutze S. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753501
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Is normal pressure hydrocephalus a valid concept in 2002? A reappraisal in five questions and proposal for a new designation of the syndrome as "chronic hydrocephalus". Author(s): Bret P, Guyotat J, Chazal J. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 9-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12082037
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Is there a correlation between operative results and change in ventricular volume after shunt placement? A study of 60 cases of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Meier U, Paris S, Grawe A, Stockheim D, Hajdukova A, Mutze S. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 June; 45(6): 377-80. Epub 2003 May 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12750865
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Joubert's syndrome and prenatal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Anderson JS, Gorey MT, Pasternak JF, Trommer BL. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1999 May; 20(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10371391
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Kabuki make-up syndrome and report of a case with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kasuya H, Shimizu T, Nakamura S, Takakura K. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 June; 14(6): 230-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694334
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Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with hydrocephalus: an unusual association. Author(s): Gupte GL, Deshmukh CT, Bharucha BA, Irani SF. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1995; 22(6): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7577668
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Lack of relationship between resistance to cerebrospinal fluid outflow and intracranial pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Eide PK, Fremming AD, Sorteberg A. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 108(6): 381-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616289
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Language differences in young children with myelomeningocele and shunted hydrocephalus. Author(s): Vachha B, Adams R. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 39(4): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944698
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Late hydrocephalus in a case of wandering bullet into the pineal region. Author(s): Schick U, Hassler W. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 January; 145(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12545267
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Ligneous conjunctivitis, hydrocephalus, hydrocele, and pulmonary involvement in a child with homozygous type I plasminogen deficiency. Author(s): Ciftci E, Ince E, Akar N, Dogru U, Tefs K, Schuster V. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 July; 162(7-8): 462-5. Epub 2003 April 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719968
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Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in cerebrospinal fluid: a useful marker for the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Mase M, Yamada K, Shimazu N, Seiki K, Oda H, Nakau H, Inui T, Li W, Eguchi N, Urade Y. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2003 December; 47(4): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14630351
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Long-term follow-up of direct heart shunts in the management of hydrocephalus. Author(s): Martin JE, Keating RF, Cogen PH, Midgley FM. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 38(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566843
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Long-term outcome of hydrocephalus management in myelomeningoceles. Author(s): Tuli S, Drake J, Lamberti-Pasculli M. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 19(5-6): 286-91. Epub 2003 May 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12764629
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Long-term risks and benefits of a separate CSF access device with ventriculoperitoneal shunting in childhood hydrocephalus. Author(s): Lo TY, Myles LM, Minns RA. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2003 January; 45(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12549752
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Low pressure hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly: hysteresis, non-linear dynamics, and the benefits of CSF diversion. Author(s): Lesniak MS, Clatterbuck RE, Rigamonti D, Williams MA. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 16(6): 555-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617236
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Lyme neuroborreliosis revealed as a normal pressure hydrocephalus: a cause of reversible dementia. Author(s): Etienne M, Carvalho P, Fauchais AL, Pestel-Caron M, Doucet J, Chassagne P. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 April; 51(4): 579-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657092
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Magnetisation transfer ratio is low in normal-appearing cerebral white matter in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Hahnel S, Freund M, Munkel K, Heiland S, Jansen O, Reidel M, Sartor K. Source: Neuroradiology. 2000 March; 42(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10772137
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Management of childhood diseases during the Byzantine period: V - hydrocephalus. Author(s): Ramoutsaki IA, Dimitriou H, Markaki EA, Kalmanti M. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 October; 44(5): 547-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225562
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Management of hydrocephalus associated with occipital encephalocoele using endoscopic third ventriculostomy: report of two cases. Author(s): Moorthy RK, Rajshekhar V. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 May; 57(5): 351-5; Discussion 355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12128316
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Math and numeracy in young adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Dennis M, Barnes M. Source: Developmental Neuropsychology. 2002; 21(2): 141-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139196
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Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Newman WD, Hollman AS, Dutton GN, Carachi R. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 86(10): 1109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12234888
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Microsurgical fenestration of the lamina terminalis reduces the incidence of shuntdependent hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Komotar RJ, Olivi A, Rigamonti D, Tamargo RJ. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 51(6): 1403-12; Discussion 1412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445345
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Midbrain venous angioma with obstructive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Bannur U, Korah I, Chandy MJ. Source: Neurology India. 2002 June; 50(2): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134191
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Monoamine metabolism and sympathetic nervous activation following subarachnoid haemorrhage: influence of gender and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Lambert G, Naredi S, Eden E, Rydenhag B, Friberg P. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2002 May; 58(1): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121816
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MRI analysis of hydrocephalus associated with acoustic neurinoma. Author(s): Wada K, Nawashiro H, Shimizu A, Shima K. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 86: 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753504
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Multi-modal MRI in normal pressure hydrocephalus identifies pre-operative haemodynamic and diffusion coefficient changes in normal appearing white matter correlating with surgical outcome. Author(s): Corkill RG, Garnett MR, Blamire AM, Rajagopalan B, Cadoux-Hudson TA, Styles P. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 105(3): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860514
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with skull base invasion and hydrocephalus: a case report. Author(s): Wang CJ, Howng SL. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2002 November; 18(11): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513022
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Neonate with chronic meningitis and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Singh J, Arrieta A, Lang DJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 November; 22(11): 1025-6, 1030-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628782
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Neurocutaneous melanosis with hydrocephalus, intraspinal arachnoid collections and syringomyelia: case report and literature review. Author(s): Peters R, Jansen G, Engelbrecht V. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 April; 30(4): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10789914
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Neuroendoscopic stent procedure in obstructive hydrocephalus due to both foramina of monro occluding craniopharyngioma: technical note. Author(s): Tirakotai W, Riegel T, Schulte DM, Bertalanffy H, Hellwig D. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2004 March; 61(3): 293-6; Discussion 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985010
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Non-obstructive hydrocephalus associated with intracranial schwannomas: hyperproteinorrhachia as an etiopathological factor? Author(s): Bloch J, Vernet O, Aube M, Villemure JG. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 January; 145(1): 73-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12545266
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral blood flow: a PET study of baseline values. Author(s): Owler BK, Momjian S, Czosnyka Z, Czosnyka M, Pena A, Harris NG, Smielewski P, Fryer T, Donovan T, Coles J, Carpenter A, Pickard JD. Source: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2004 January; 24(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688613
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus found after anesthesia--a case report. Author(s): Tsai TC, He CC, Wu SZ, Liu K, Hung CC. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2003 December; 41(4): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768517
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus manifesting as an obsessive-compulsive disorder responding to CSF drainage. Author(s): Kaufman Y, Newman JP, Boneh O, Ben-Hur T. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 May; 250(5): 622-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12814117
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Normal pressure hydrocephalus triggers intrathecal production of TNF-alpha. Author(s): Tarkowski E, Tullberg M, Fredman P, Wikkelso C. Source: Neurobiology of Aging. 2003 September; 24(5): 707-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12885578
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Normal-pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Serot JM, Bene MC, Faure GC. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 99(4): 797-8; Author Reply 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567622
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Object-based and action-based visual perception in children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Dennis M, Fletcher JM, Rogers T, Hetherington R, Francis DJ. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2002 January; 8(1): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843078
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Obstructive hydrocephalus caused by intraventricular collapse of malacotic brain. Case report. Author(s): Nakaguchi H, Miyamoto M. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 July; 95(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453380
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Obstructive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Raman TS, Verma CM. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1990 October; 27(10): 1106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2090601
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Occurrence of subdural hematoma and resolution of gait disturbance in a patient treated with shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Nakamizo A, Inamura T, Inoha S, Kuba H, Amano T, Sasaki M, Fukui M. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2002 September; 104(4): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140096
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Oligodendroglial cell damage and demyelination in infant hydrocephalus. An electron microscopic study. Author(s): Castejon OJ, Castejon HV, Castellano A. Source: J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 2001 January-April; 33(1-2): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11686406
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One-trocar laparoscopy: a valid procedure to treat abdominal complications in children with peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. Author(s): Esposito C, Colella G, Settimi A, Centonze A, Signorelli F, Ascione G, Palmieri A, Gangemi M. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2003 May; 17(5): 828-30. Epub 2003 February 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582763
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Ophthalmoplegia and Arnold-Chiari malformation without hydrocephalus. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1990 October; 32(10): 929. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2257993
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Osteopenia, abnormal dentition, hydrops fetalis and communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): MacDermot KD, Buckley B, Van Someren V. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1995 October; 48(4): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8591675
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Outcome for preterm infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage and progressive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Levy ML, Masri LS, McComb JG. Source: Neurosurgery. 1997 November; 41(5): 1111-7; Discussion 1117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361065
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Outcome of hydrocephalus and spina bifida surgery in a referral hospital without neurosurgical services in Tanzania. Author(s): Oneko M, Lyamuya S, Mhando S. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 1: S39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585257
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Parent and school perceptions of language abilities in children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus. Author(s): Vachha B, Adams RC. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 1: S31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585252
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Parent and self-report ratings of executive function in adolescents with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Mahone EM, Zabel TA, Levey E, Verda M, Kinsman S. Source: Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. 2002 December; 8(4): 258-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759823
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Pediatric hydrocephalus: current management. Author(s): Kestle JR. Source: Neurologic Clinics. 2003 November; 21(4): 883-95, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14743654
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Pertreatment radiation induced oedema causing acute hydrocephalus after radiosurgery for multiple cerebellar metastases. Author(s): Wolff R, Karlsson B, Dettmann E, Bottcher HD, Seifert V. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 August; 145(8): 691-6; Discussion 696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520550
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Phase 1 trial of prevention of hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants by drainage, irrigation, and fibrinolytic therapy. Author(s): Whitelaw A, Pople I, Cherian S, Evans D, Thoresen M. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 April; 111(4 Pt 1): 759-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671109
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Posthemorrhagic unilateral hydrocephalus: fenestration of septum pellucidum as an alternative to shunt implantation. Author(s): Tillmann BU, Emons D, Bartmann P, Fahnenstich H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2004 January; 144(1): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722531
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Postoperative communicating hydrocephalus in patients with supratentorial malignant glioma. Author(s): Inamasu J, Nakamura Y, Saito R, Kuroshima Y, Mayanagi K, Orii M, Ichikizaki K. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2003 December; 106(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14643909
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Postsurgical cerebral perfusion changes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a statistical parametric mapping study of SPECT images. Author(s): Mataro M, Poca MA, Salgado-Pineda P, Castell-Conesa J, Sahuquillo J, DiezCastro MJ, Aguade-Bruix S, Vendrell P, del Mar Matarin M, Junque C. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2003 December; 44(12): 1884-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660712
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Posttraumatic hydrocephalus: a clinical, neuroradiologic, and neuropsychologic assessment of long-term outcome. Author(s): Mazzini L, Campini R, Angelino E, Rognone F, Pastore I, Oliveri G. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 November; 84(11): 163741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14639563
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Progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus leads to changes of amplitude-integrated EEG activity in preterm infants. Author(s): Olischar M, Klebermass K, Kuhle S, Hulek M, Messerschmidt A, Weninger M. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2004 January; 20(1): 41-5. Epub 2003 October 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556030
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Quadraparesis after a shunting procedure in a case of cervical spinal neurinoma associated with hydrocephalus: case report. Author(s): Koshu K, Tominaga T, Fujii Y, Yoshimoto T. Source: Neurosurgery. 1993 April; 32(4): 669-70; Discussion 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8474659
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Quadriparesis after a shunting procedure in a case of cervical spinal neurinoma associated with hydrocephalus: case report. Author(s): Jooma R. Source: Neurosurgery. 1993 December; 33(6): 1114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8134001
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Quantitative analysis of CSF flow dynamics using MRI in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Mase M, Yamada K, Banno T, Miyachi T, Ohara S, Matsumoto T. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1998; 71: 350-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9779227
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Quantitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics using a phase-contrast cine MR image in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kim DS, Choi JU, Huh R, Yun PH, Kim DI. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1999 September; 15(9): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10502007
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Quantitative assessment of intracranial pressure by the tympanic membrane displacement audiometric technique in children with shunted hydrocephalus. Author(s): Samuel M, Burge DM, Marchbanks RJ. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1998 August; 8(4): 200-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9783141
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Quantitative electroencephalography in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: relationship to CSF outflow resistance and the CSF tap-test. Author(s): Sand T, Bovim G, Gimse R. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1994 May; 89(5): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8085428
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Quantitative follow-up analysis by computed tomographic imaging in neonatal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Morimoto K, Nishikuni K, Hirano S, Takemoto O, Futagi Y. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 November; 29(5): 435-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684240
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Quantitative SPECT cisternography in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Larsson A, Arlig A, Bergh AC, Bilting M, Jacobsson L, Stephensen H, Wikkelso C. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1994 September; 90(3): 190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847060
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Radiation leukoencephalopathy associated with moderate hydrocephalus: intracranial pressure monitoring and results of ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Author(s): Perrini P, Scollato A, Cioffi F, Mouchaty H, Conti R, Di Lorenzo N. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 December; 23(5): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522681
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Rapid decompression of congenital hydrocephalus associated with parenchymal hemorrhage. Author(s): Bass T, White LE, Wood RD, Werner AL, Schinco FP. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1995 October; 5(4): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7579757
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Rapid neurological deterioration associated with minor head trauma in chronic hydrocephalus. Author(s): Dickerman RD, McConathy WJ, Lustrin E, Schneider SJ. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 19(4): 249-51; Discussion 252-3. Epub 2003 March 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12715191
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Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of hydrocephalus. Author(s): Rekate HL. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1997 September; 4(3): 167-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323787
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Recurrent cranial nerve palsies, midbrain infarction and hydrocephalus due to megadolichobasilar artery. Author(s): Uncini A, Lugaresi A, Porrini AM, Gallucci M. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1990 October; 11(5): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2272784
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Regional cerebral blood flow profiles of shunt-responder in idiopathic chronic hydrocephalus--a 15-O-water PET-study. Author(s): Klinge P, Berding G, Brinker T, Weckesser E, Knapp WH, Samii M. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 81: 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168354
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Results of endoscopic septal fenestration in the treatment of isolated ventricular hydrocephalus. Author(s): Aldana PR, Kestle JR, Brockmeyer DL, Walker ML. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 38(6): 286-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759507
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Re-ventriculostomy for treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus in cases of stoma dysfunction. Author(s): Koch D, Grunert P, Filippi R, Hopf N. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 2002 September; 45(3): 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12353164
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Reversible callosal disconnection syndrome in internal hydrocephalus. Author(s): Nyffeler T, Buhler R, Hollinger P, Hess CW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 March; 74(3): 389-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588939
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Review: treatment of hydrocephalus in adults. Author(s): Arriada N, Sotelo J. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 December; 58(6): 377-84; Discussion 384. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517612
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Serum- and CSF-concentrations of brain specific proteins in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Beems T, Simons KS, Van Geel WJ, De Reus HP, Vos PE, Verbeek MM. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 January; 145(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12545260
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Severe hydrocephalus associated with congenital varicella syndrome. Author(s): Mazzella M, Arioni C, Bellini C, Allegri AE, Savioli C, Serra G. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 March 4; 168(5): 561-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12615748
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Severe strongyloidiasis complicated by meningitis and hydrocephalus in an HTLV-1 carrier with increased proviral load. Author(s): Satoh M, Futami A, Takahira K, Kodaira M, Tanaka T, Kuriki K, Hori E. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 9(4): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14691660
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Short-term subarachnoid space drainage: a potential treatment for extraventricular hydrocephalus. Author(s): Eidlitz-Markus T, Shuper A, Constantini S. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 June; 19(5-6): 367-70. Epub 2003 May 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774169
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Shunt surgery for hydrocephalus complicating cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. Author(s): Liliang PC, Liang CL, Chang WN, Chen HJ, Su TM, Lu K, Lu CH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 September 1; 37(5): 673-8. Epub 2003 August 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942399
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Significance of a subdural hematoma in a child with external hydrocephalus. Author(s): Pittman T. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 39(2): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845194
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Single cell co-amplification of polymorphic markers for the indirect preimplantation genetic diagnosis of hemophilia A, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked hydrocephalus and incontinentia pigmenti loci on Xq28. Author(s): Gigarel N, Frydman N, Burlet P, Kerbrat V, Steffann J, Frydman R, Munnich A, Ray PF. Source: Human Genetics. 2004 February; 114(3): 298-305. Epub 2003 December 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673643
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Small inherited terminal duplication of 7q with hydrocephalus, cleft palate, joint contractures, and severe hypotonia. Author(s): Morava E, Bartsch O, Czako M, Frensel A, Kalscheuer V, Karteszi J, Kosztolanyi G. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2003 April; 12(2): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868476
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Subjective visual vertical and Romberg's test correlations in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Wikkelso C, Blomsterwall E, Frisen L. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 June; 250(6): 741-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796838
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Syringomyelia associated with hydrocephalus and Blake's pouch cyst: case report. Author(s): Conti C, Lunardi P, Bozzao A, Liccardo G, Fraioli B. Source: Spine. 2003 July 15; 28(14): E279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865864
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Tau protein is a potential biological marker for normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kudo T, Mima T, Hashimoto R, Nakao K, Morihara T, Tanimukai H, Tsujio I, Koike Y, Tagami S, Mori H, Nakamura Y, Tanaka T, Mori K, Takeda M. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 April; 54(2): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10803815
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The effect of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair on the incidence of shuntdependent hydrocephalus. Author(s): Tulipan N, Sutton LN, Bruner JP, Cohen BM, Johnson M, Adzick NS. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 38(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476024
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The first description of a device for repeated external ventricular drainage in the treatment of congenital hydrocephalus, invented in 1744 by Claude-Nicolas Le Cat. Author(s): Kompanje EJ, Delwel EJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 39(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12784070
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The prediction of postoperative hydrocephalus in patients with spina bifida. Author(s): Wakhlu A, Ansari NA. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 20(2): 104-6. Epub 2003 December 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704812
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The reversibility of reduced cortical vein compliance in normal-pressure hydrocephalus following shunt insertion. Author(s): Bateman GA. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 February; 45(2): 65-70. Epub 2003 January 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592485
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The role of third ventriculostomy in the management of obstructive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Grunert P, Charalampaki P, Hopf N, Filippi R. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 2003 February; 46(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640578
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Third ventriculostomy for internal hydrocephalus complicated by unrecognized subdural hygroma and hematoma: a case report of a patient treated by Dr. Walter Dandy. Author(s): King RB, Davis RL, Collins GH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 May; 98(5): 1136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744382
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Treatment of Chiari malformation, syringomyelia and hydrocephalus by neuroendoscopic third ventriculostomy. Author(s): Buxton N, Jaspan T, Punt J. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 2002 December; 45(4): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494359
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Treatment of hydrocephalus determined by the European Orbis Sigma Valve II survey: a multicenter prospective 5-year shunt survival study in children and adults in whom a flow-regulating shunt was used. Author(s): Hanlo PW, Cinalli G, Vandertop WP, Faber JA, Bogeskov L, Borgesen SE, Boschert J, Chumas P, Eder H, Pople IK, Serlo W, Vitzthum E. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854744
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Triphalangeal thumb in a case of VACTERL-hydrocephalus association. Author(s): Balci S, Senocak ME, Derbent M. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(2): 257-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872824
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Unilateral hearing loss in children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus. Author(s): Spirakis SE, Hurley RM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 2003 November; 14(9): 510-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708839
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Unilateral hydrocephalus in paediatric patients, a trial of endoscopic fenestration. Author(s): Kumar R. Source: Neurology India. 1999 December; 47(4): 282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10625899
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Unilateral posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the neonatal period or later in infancy. Author(s): de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Gooskens R, Hanlo P. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 January; 89(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10677063
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Unrecognised ventriculitis/meningitis presenting as hydrocephalus in infancy. Author(s): Udani V, Udani S, Merani R, Bavdekar M. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 September; 40(9): 870-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530547
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Unsuccessful third ventriculostomy for occlusive hydrocephalus. Author(s): Takehira N, Kang Y, Kanemoto M, Nishikawa T, Waga S. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 2003 August; 46(4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506570
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Unusual arachnoid cyst of the quadrigeminal cistern in an adult presenting with apneic spells and normal pressure hydrocephalus--case report. Author(s): Topsakal C, Kaplan M, Erol F, Cetin H, Ozercan I. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 January; 42(1): 44-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11902078
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Unusual cytomegalovirus complications after autologous stem cell transplantation for large B cell lymphoma: massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage followed by a communicating hydrocephalus. Author(s): Cohen Y, Paltiel O, Amir G, Da'as N, Engelhard D, Polliack A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2002 April; 29(8): 715-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180120
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Use of carbidopa-levodopa in a patient with hydrocephalus and frozen movement. Author(s): Aggarwal S, Childers MK, Jimenez D. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1997 November; 11(11): 831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9354260
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Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Dixon GR, Friedman JA, Luetmer PH, Quast LM, McClelland RL, Petersen RC, Maher CO, Ebersold MJ. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2002 June; 77(6): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12059119
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Use of ventriculoperitoneal shunts to treat uncontrollable intracranial hypertension in patients who have cryptococcal meningitis without hydrocephalus. Author(s): Liliang PC, Liang CL, Chang WN, Lu K, Lu CH. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 June 15; 34(12): E64-8. Epub 2002 May 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12032912
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VACTERL and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Beemer FA, Wanders RJ, Schutgens RB. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1990 November; 37(3): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2260576
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Value of transcranial Doppler indices in predicting raised ICP in infantile hydrocephalus. A study with review of the literature. Author(s): Hanlo PW, Gooskens RH, Nijhuis IJ, Faber JA, Peters RJ, van Huffelen AC, Tulleken CA, Willemse J. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1995 October; 11(10): 595-603. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8556727
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Valvular infections in patients with hydrocephalus: preventive aspects. Author(s): Viano JC, Tregnaghi M, Casagnas M, Suarez JC. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1990 November; 6(7): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1669249
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Ventricular diverticula in obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to tumor growth. Author(s): Abe M, Uchino A, Tsuji T, Tabuchi K. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 52(1): 65-70; Discussion 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493102
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Ventricular lactate in normal pressure hydrocephalus: from where has it come to where does it go? Author(s): Bateman GA. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 June-July; 23(6): 1061; Author Reply 1061-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063242
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Ventricular shunting for hydrocephalus in children: patients, procedures, surgeons and institutions in English Canada, 1989-2001. Author(s): Cochrane DD, Kestle J. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 December; 12 Suppl 1: S6-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12541207
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Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery and shunt infections in children with non-tumour hydrocephalus at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Author(s): Mwang'ombe NJ, Omulo T. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 July; 77(7): 386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12862159
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Ventriculoscopy-aided implantation of ventricular shunts in patients with hydrocephalus. Author(s): Kellnar S, Boehm R, Ring E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 October; 30(10): 1450-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8786486
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Visuospatial deficits in children 3-7 years old with shunted hydrocephalus. Author(s): Frank SV, Lazarus T, Nathoo N. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 November; 93(11): 865-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677514
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Volumetric measurements in the detection of reduced ventricular volume in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus whose clinical condition improved after ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Author(s): Anderson RC, Grant JJ, de la Paz R, Frucht S, Goodman RR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 97(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134935
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Walking-induced parkinsonism due to presumed idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): Friedman JH. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1996 January; 11(1): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8771077
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Wegener granulomatosis causing sellar mass, hydrocephalus, and global pituitary failure. Author(s): Bertken RD, Cooper VR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1997 July; 167(1): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9265867
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What's new in the genetics of hydrocephalus and spina bifida? The Casey Holter Memorial Lecture 1993. Author(s): Donnai D. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1993 December; 3 Suppl 1: 5-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8130156
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White matter changes in normal pressure hydrocephalus and Binswanger disease: specificity, predictive value and correlations to axonal degeneration and demyelination. Author(s): Tullberg M, Hultin L, Ekholm S, Mansson JE, Fredman P, Wikkelso C. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 105(6): 417-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12027829
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White matter lesions and normal-pressure hydrocephalus: Binswanger disease or Hakim syndrome? Author(s): Roman GC. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1991 January-February; 12(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1899516
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White matter lesions in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and in an age-matched control group: a comparative study. Author(s): Krauss JK, Regel JP, Vach W, Orszagh M, Jungling FD, Bohus M, Droste DW. Source: Neurosurgery. 1997 March; 40(3): 491-5; Discussion 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055287
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Why do adults with spina bifida and hydrocephalus die? A clinic-based study. Author(s): McDonnell GV, McCann JP. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery . [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2000 December; 10 Suppl 1: 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214829
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Why valve opening pressure plays a relatively minor role in the postural ICP response to ventricular shunts in normal pressure hydrocephalus: modeling and implications. Author(s): Cook SW, Bergsneider M. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 81: 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168289
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Withdrawal of shunt systems--clinical use of the programmable shunt system and its effect on hydrocephalus in children. Author(s): Takahashi Y. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 August; 17(8): 472-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508536
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X linked hydrocephalus and MASA syndrome. Author(s): Kenwrick S, Jouet M, Donnai D. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 January; 33(1): 59-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8825051
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Xenon CT measurement of cerebral blood flow in hydrocephalus. Author(s): Maeder P, de Tribolet N. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1995 July; 11(7): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7585665
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X-linked hydrocephalus and MASA syndrome present in one family are due to a single missense mutation in exon 28 of the L1CAM gene. Author(s): Fransen E, Schrander-Stumpel C, Vits L, Coucke P, Van Camp G, Willems PJ. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1994 December; 3(12): 2255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7881431
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X-linked hydrocephalus masquerading as spina bifida and destructive porencephaly in successive generations in one family. Author(s): Brewer CM, Fredericks BJ, Pont JM, Stephenson JB, Tolmie JL. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1996 July; 38(7): 632-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8674913
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X-linked hydrocephalus masquerading as spina bifida and destructive porencephaly in successive generations in one family. Author(s): Brewer CM, Fredericks BJ, Pont JM, Stephenson JB, Tolmie JL. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1996 April; 38(4): 359-63. Erratum In: Dev Med Child Neurol 1996 June; 38(6): 472. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641541
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X-linked hydrocephalus: a novel missense mutation in the L1CAM gene. Author(s): Sztriha L, Vos YJ, Verlind E, Johansen J, Berg B. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 October; 27(4): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12435569
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X-linked hydrocephalus: another two families with an L1 mutation. Author(s): Rodriguez Criado G, Perez Aytes A, Martinez F, Vos YJ, Verlind E, GonzalezMeneses Lopez A, Gomez de Terreros Sanchez I, Schrander-Stumpel C. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725590
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X-linked hydrocephalus: clinical heterogeneity at a single gene locus. Author(s): Serville F, Lyonnet S, Pelet A, Reynaud M, Louail C, Munnich A, Le Merrer M. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 July; 151(7): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1396913
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X-linked spastic paraplegia (SPG1), MASA syndrome and X-linked hydrocephalus result from mutations in the L1 gene. Author(s): Jouet M, Rosenthal A, Armstrong G, MacFarlane J, Stevenson R, Paterson J, Metzenberg A, Ionasescu V, Temple K, Kenwrick S. Source: Nature Genetics. 1994 July; 7(3): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7920659
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X-linked VACTERL with hydrocephalus: the VACTERL-H syndrome. Author(s): Genuardi M, Chiurazzi P, Capelli A, Neri G. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1993; 29(1): 235-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8280876
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HYDROCEPHALUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hydrocephalus.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Hydrocephalus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hydrocephalus” (or a synonym): •
An immunohistochemical study of the intraventricular macrophages in induced hydrocephalus in prenatal rats following a maternal injection of 6aminonicotinamide. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Source: Lu, J Kaur, C Ling, E A J-Anat. 1996 April; 188 ( Pt 2)491-5 0021-8782
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Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, CBF autoregulation, and ICP in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Author(s): University Clinic of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Schmidt, J F Andersen, A R Paulson, O B Gjerris, F Acta-Neurochir-(Wien). 1990; 106(1-2): 9-12 0001-6268
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Clinical use of lidocaine for control of stroke oedema in the posterior cranial fossa accompanied by acute hydrocephalus. Author(s): Division of Surgical Neurology, Chifune General Hospital, Osaka, Japan. Source: Hirayama, A Yamasaki, S Miyata, M Acta-Neurochir-Suppl. 2000; 76: 317-21 0065-1419
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Communicating hydrocephalus as a complication of isolated CNS angiitis--a case report. Source: Ibrahim, W N Paroski, M W Angiology. 1987 August; 38(8): 635-41 0003-3197
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Congenital hydrocephalus mimicking Dandy-Walker syndrome induced by 6aminonicotinamide injection in pregnant rat. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Yamada, H Oi, S Tamaki, N Matsumoto, S Taomoto, K Neurol-Med-Chir(Tokyo). 1991 June; 31(6): 326-9 0470-8105
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Effect of fetal hydrocephalus on the distribution patterns of calcium-binding proteins in the human occipital cortex. Author(s): Neuroembryonic Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Ulfig, N Szabo, A Bohl, J Pediatr-Neurosurg. 2001 January; 34(1): 20-32 10162291
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Exencephaly and hydrocephaly in mice with targeted modification of the apolipoprotein B (Apob) gene. Author(s): Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599, USA. Source: Homanics, G E Maeda, N Traber, M G Kayden, H J Dehart, D B Sulik, K K Teratology. 1995 January; 51(1): 1-10 0040-3709
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Experimental models of congenital hydrocephalus and comparable clinical problems in the fetal and neonatal periods. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Oi, S Yamada, H Sato, O Matsumoto, S Childs-Nerv-Syst. 1996 June; 12(6): 292302 0256-7040
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Hypothalamic obesity due to hydrocephalus caused by aqueductal stenosis. Author(s): Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Suzuki, N Shinonaga, M Hirata, K Inoue, S Kuwabara, T J-Neurol-NeurosurgPsychiatry. 1990 December; 53(12): 1102-3 0022-3050
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Immotile cilia syndrome associated with hydrocephalus and precocious puberty: a case report. Author(s): 2nd Pediatric Division, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy. Source: Picco, P Leveratto, L Cama, A Vigliarolo, M A Levato, G L Gattorno, M Zammarchi, E Donati, M A Eur-J-Pediatr-Surg. 1993 December; 3 Suppl 120-1 0939-7248
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Induced hydrocephalus in postnatal rats following an intracerebral injection of ricin. Author(s): Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge. Source: Kaur, C Ling, E A J-Hirnforsch. 1993; 34(4): 493-501 0021-8359
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Multi-infarct dementia, subcortical dementia, and hydrocephalus. Author(s): Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608-1197. Source: Nadeau, S E South-Med-J. 1991 May; 84(5 Suppl 1): S41-52 0038-4348
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Obstructive hydrocephalus caused by multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Neurology Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Vic. Source: Butler, E G Gilligan, B S Clin-Exp-Neurol. 1989; 26219-23 0196-6383
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Parkinsonian syndrome in the course of aqueductal stenosis hydrocephalus. Author(s): Istituto di Neurochirurgia dell'Universita di Pisa. Source: Cantini, R Ferrito, G Lutzemberger, L Marcacci, G Ital-J-Neurol-Sci. 1988 December; 9(6): 603-6 0392-0461
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Progressive loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase, parvalbumin, and calbindin D28K immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult rat with experimental hydrocephalus. Author(s): Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Tashiro, Y Chakrabortty, S Drake, J M Hattori, T J-Neurosurg. 1997 February; 86(2): 263-71 0022-3085
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Prolonged induction to delivery time in termination of pregnancy using 16, 16dimethyl-PGE1-methyl ester (gemeprost) for fetuses with a neural tube defect or hydrocephalus. Author(s): Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales. Source: Nesbitt, D Giles, W Aust-N-Z-J-Obstet-Gynaecol. 1996 August; 36(3): 300-3 00048666
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Relief of akinetic mutism from obstructive hydrocephalus using bromocriptine and ephedrine. Case report. Author(s): Neurology Section, Kessler Technical Training Center Medical Center, Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi. Source: Anderson, B J-Neurosurg. 1992 January; 76(1): 152-5 0022-3085
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Strain difference of the mouse in manifestation of hydrocephalus following prenatal methylmercury exposure. Author(s): National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto, Japan. Source: Inouye, M Kajiwara, Y Teratology. 1990 February; 41(2): 205-10 0040-3709
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Survey of the effect of acupuncture therapy in 35 cases of obstructive and communicating hydrocephalus. Source: Chen, X N He, C Y Huang, F L Zhang, X G Huang, C Q Sun, Z Q J-Tradit-ChinMed. 1987 June; 7(2): 101-4 0254-6272
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The pathophysiology of enlarged ventricles in normal pressure communicating hydrocephalus and schizophrenia: a possible therapeutic role for melatonin. Source: Maurizi, C P Med-Hypotheses. 1987 May; 23(1): 61-6 0306-9877
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Use of carbidopa-levodopa in a patient with hydrocephalus and frozen movement. Author(s): Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of MissouriColumbia, USA. Source: Aggarwal, S Childers, M K Jimenez, D Brain-Inj. 1997 November; 11(11): 831-6 0269-9052
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What's new in the genetics of hydrocephalus and spina bifida? The Casey Holter Memorial Lecture 1993. Author(s): Regional Genetics Service, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK. Source: Donnai, D Eur-J-Pediatr-Surg. 1993 December; 3 Suppl 15-7 0939-7248
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON HYDROCEPHALUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to hydrocephalus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “hydrocephalus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hydrocephalus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Hydrocephalus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to hydrocephalus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Experimental Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting in Rabbits by Del Bigio, Marc Ronald; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37278
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Hyperverbal Behavior in Children with Shunted Hydrocephalus and Myelomeningocele by Rahlson, Peter, PhD from The University of Iowa, 1983, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8327416
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Idiom Comprehension: Typical Development, and Atypical Function and Relations with Corpus Callosum Dysmorphology in Children with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus by Huber Okrainec, Joelene Frieda Harder; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ78051
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Mathematics Achievement and Cognitive Factors in Spina Bifida Children with Hydrocephalus by Tuleya-Payne, Helena, DED from The Pennsylvania State University, 1983, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8320940
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Perception of Musical Rhythm and Pitch in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus by Misakyan, Talar Mary; MA from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 33 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78251
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Psychological Sequelae of Infantile Hydrocephalus by Donders, Jacobus; PhD from University of Windsor (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL48149
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The Neuropsychological and Behavioural Sequelae of Children with Myelomeningocele and Hydrocephalus by O'Connor, Martina; PhD from University of Victoria (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL53701
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HYDROCEPHALUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning hydrocephalus.
Recent Trials on Hydrocephalus The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to hydrocephalus.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Establishing the Physiology of Syringomyelia Condition(s): Arnold Chiari Deformity; Hydrocephalus; Syringomyelia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF flows through channels in the brain and around the spinal cord. Occasionally, people are born with malformations of these channels. Syringomyelia is a pocket within the CSF channels that results from abnormal CSF flow. Syringomyelia is associated with problems in the nervous system. Patients with syringomyelia may be unable to detect sensations of pain and heat. If the condition is not treated it can worsen. Treatment of this condition is surgical. It requires that the flow of CSF is returns to normal. There are many different treatment options, but no one procedure has been shown to be significantly better than any other. In this study, researchers would like to learn more about how the CSF pressure and flow contribute to the progression of syringomyelia. Ultrasounds and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will be used to evaluate the anatomy of the brain. Researchers hope that information gathered about anatomy and measures of CSF pressure and flow can be used later to develop an optimal surgical treatment for syringomyelia. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001327
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON HYDROCEPHALUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hydrocephalus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hydrocephalus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Hydrocephalus By performing a patent search focusing on hydrocephalus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hydrocephalus: •
(5,6-dichloro-3-oxo-9.alpha.-propyl-2,3,9,9.alpha.-tet alkanimidamides
rahydrofluoren-7-yl)
Inventor(s): Cragoe, Jr.; Edward J. (Lansdale, PA), Pietruszkiewicz; Adolph M. (North Wales, PA), Woltersdorf, Jr.; Otto W. (Chalfont, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (rahway, Nj) Patent Number: 4,835,313 Date filed: December 10, 1987 Abstract: The invention relates to novel [5,6-dichloro-3-oxo-9a-propyl-2,3,9,9a tetrahydrofluoren-7-yl)]alkanoic acids and alkanimidamides, their derivatives and their salts. The compounds are useful for the treatment and prevention of injury to the brain and of edema due to head trauma, stroke (particularly ischemic), arrested breathing, cardiac arrest, Reye's syndrome, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral tumors, encephalomyelitis, spinal cord injury, hydrocephalus, post-operative brain injury trauma, edema due to cerebral infections, various brain concussions and elevated intracranial pressure. Excerpt(s): Trauma to the brain or spinal cord caused by physical forces acting on the skull or spinal column, by ischemic stroke, arrested breathing, cardiac arrest, Reye's syndrome, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalomyelitis, hydrocephalus, post-operative brain injury, cerebral infections, various concussions and elevated intracranial pressure results in edema and swelling of the affected tissues. This is followed by ischemia, hypoxia, necrosis, temporary or permanent brain and/or spinal cord injury and may result in death. The tissue mainly affected are classified as grey matter, more specifically astroglial cells. The specific therapy currently used for the treatment of the medical problems described include various kinds of diuretics (particularly osmotic diuretics), steroids (such as, 6-.alpha.methylprednisolone succinate) and barbiturates. The usefulness of these agents is questionable and they are associated with a variety of untoward complications and side effects. Thus, the compounds of this invention comprise a novel and specific treatment of medical problems where no specific therapy is available. A recent publication entitled "Agents for the Treatment of Brain Injury" 1. (Aryloxy)alkanoic Acids, Cragoe et al, J. Med. Chem., (1982) 25, 567-79, reports on recent experimental testing of agents for treatment of brain injury and reviews the current status of treatment of brain injury. Additionally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,316,043, 4,317,922, 4,337,354, 4,356,313 and 4,356,314 disclose certain alkanoic and cycloalkanoic acids for the treatment of grey matter edema. The compounds of the invention have the added advantage of being devoid of the pharmacodynamic, toxic or various side effects characteristic of the diuretics, steroids and barbiturates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04835313__
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Anti-dementia drug Inventor(s): Fujiwara; Michihiro (Fukuoka, JP), Ichimaru; Yasuyuki (Yokohama, JP), Imanishi; Taiichiro (Yokohama, JP), Konno; Fukio (Yokohama, JP), Sawa; Aiko (Yokohama, JP), Ueki; Showa (Fukuoka, JP), Wachtel; Helmut (Berlin, DE), Yamamoto; Tsuneyuki (Fukuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Schering Aktiengesellschaft (berlin and Bergkamen, De) Patent Number: 5,059,612 Date filed: September 7, 1990 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating dementia, such as cerebrovascular dementia, for example, multiple infarct dementia and amyloid angiopathic dementia, cerebro-parenchymatous dementia, such as Alzheimer's dementia and Pick's disease, and dementia caused by brain tumor, hydrocephalus, hepatic meningitis, cerebral trauma, or cerebral function disorders, comprising administering rolipram. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-dementia agent which comprises rolipram (4-[3-cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone) as an active ingredient. As the proportion of aged people grows larger in the society, countermeasures against senile dementia causes by cerebral function disorders have become a serious social problem. A variety of drugs have been developed as antidementia agents. However, a sufficiently effective drug has not been obtained yet. The present inventors have found that rolipram, in any form of (.+-.), (+) and (-) compounds, is effective as an anti-dementia agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05059612__
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Attitude and pressure responsive valve Inventor(s): Holter; John W. (Valley Forge Circle 1000-619, King of Prussia, PA 19405) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,883,456 Date filed: February 22, 1988 Abstract: A pressure and attitude responsive valve comprises a resilient substantially cylindrical hollow valve body having an opening in one end to receive a pressurized fluid to be regulated. The opposite valve body end is closed by a frusto-conical end wall having a central opening therein. A valve ball, larger than the opening but smaller than the valve body bore, is disposed within the valve body to open or close the opening depending on the attitude of the valve body. Longitudinal slits in the wall of the valve body permit resilient deformation of the wall and an opening of the slits upon occurrence of a predetermined pressure gradient. The valve is disposed in a valve housing in series with a check valve to comprise a shunt valve assembly for treatment of hydrocephalus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a valve for providing pressure relief in response both to attitude and pressure conditions, and relates more particularly to such a valve adapted for implantation to relieve intracraneal pressure in treatment of hydrocephalus. Devices for draining ventricular fluid in cases of hydrocephalus have been available for some time. An early example of such a device is shown in my U.S. Pat. No. 2,969,066, issued Jan. 24, 1961. These devices essentially are pressure responsive valves which open upon the occurrence of a predetermined gradient across the valve to
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allow flow of cerebrospinal fluid sufficient to lower the ventricular pressure to the desired level. Existing shunt valves consisting of the single pressure differential type cannot accommodate the great variation of pressure occurring when a patient changes position from horizontal to vertical. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04883456__ •
Central nervous system shunt monitoring system Inventor(s): Dolle; Stephen M. (3908-1/2 River Ave., Newport Beach, CA 92663) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,241,660 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: A method of monitoring Central Nervous Shunt performance by sampling non-invasive data from a patient with hydrocephalus condition. The sampled data is processed to produce a determination of probable shunt operation. Where the shunt may not operate properly, the processing produces a prediction of possible shunt malfunction. The processing includes a method to assess which of a set of possible malfunctions is the most likely. The processing can also be used to advise the user on how to remedy the problem diagnosed. The shunt performance rating can also be used to monitor shunt performance over time and process the time data to provide for a shunt operation status or observe the compatibility of a particular shunt type to a patient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a system for monitoring a shunt performance for patients with a hydrocephalus condition. Hydrocephalus comes from the Greek: hydro means water, cephalus means head. Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of fluid--cerebrospinal fluid ("CSF") within cavities called ventricles, inside the brain. CSF is produced in the ventricles, circulates through the ventricular system, and is absorbed into the bloodstream. CSF is reabsorbed at a rate that is dependent on regulation of intracranial pressure ("ICP"). CSF is in constant circulation and has many important functions. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a protective cushion against injury. CSF contains nutrients and proteins that are needed for the nourishment and normal function of the brain. It also carries waste products away from surrounding tissues. Hydrocephalus occurs when there is an imbalance between the amount of CSF that is produced and the rate at which it is absorbed. As the CSF builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase. Congenital Hydrocephalus is thought to be caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Aqueductal stenosis, an obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, is the most frequent cause of congenital hydrocephalus. Acquired hydrocephalus may result from spina bifida, intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, head trauma, tumors and cysts. Hydrocephalus affects about one in every 500 children born. There is no known way to prevent or cure hydrocephalus. To date, the most effective treatment is surgical insertion of a shunt. A shunt is a flexible tube placed into the ventricular system of the brain which diverts the flow of CSF into another region of the body, most often the abdominal cavity or a chamber of the heart, where it can be absorbed. A valve within the shunt attempts to maintain the CSF at a pre-estimated ICP by allowing the valve to open in response to that pressure level. Under most circumstances, no specific testing is performed in advance of surgery to try and estimate the patient's flow needs. Since the flow needs are not determined prior to the insertion of the shunt, more surgery may be necessary in the future to fit a matching valve for the patient.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06241660__ •
Device for the treatment of hydrocephalus Inventor(s): B.o slashed.rgesen; Svend Erik (Kokkedal, DK) Assignee(s): Sinu Shunt A/s (glostrup, Dk) Patent Number: 6,283,934 Date filed: March 16, 1999 Abstract: A cerebrospinal fluid shunt system comprises a brain ventricular catheter for insertion into the brain ventricle so as to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain ventricle. The system also comprises a sinus sagittalis catheter for insertion into the sinus sagittalis for feeding the cerebrospinal fluid into sinus sagittalis. A shunt main body is connected at one end thereof to the brain ventricle catheter and at another end thereof to the sinus sagittalis catheter. The shunt main body can provide fluidic communication between the brain ventricle catheter and the sinus sagittalis catheter. The system further comprises a tubular flow passage restricting member defined within the shunt main body. The tubular flow passage restricting member defines a resistance to flow of 8-12 mm Hg/ml/min. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cerebrospinal fluid shunt system for shunting cerebrospinal fluid from the brain ventricles to sinus sagittalis. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the ventricular system irrespective of the intracranial pressure (ICP). The formation rate is constant, with a range of 0.3-0.4 ml/min. (Borgesen and Gjerris 1987). Hydrocephalus, i.e. a pathological increase in the amount of intracranial located cerebrospinal fluid, arise when the outflow of the cerebrospinal fluid is obstructed leading to an increase in the intracranial pressure and in the amount of intracranially located cerebrospinal fluid. The obstruction may be localized in the aqueduct or the IV ventricle or in the normal resorption sites in villi arachnoidales in connection with the sagittal sinus. Pathoanatomically, hydrocephalus is divided in communicating or noncommunicating hydrocephalus dependent whether there is passage between the ventricular system and sinus sagittalis or not. Communicating hydrocephalus, which is generally caused by obstruction located in the villi arachnoidales for example due to fibrosis formed in response to bleeding in the liquor, is the most common form of hydrocephalus. The treatment of hydrocephalus aims at reducing the intracranial pressure to normal, physiological values and thereby also reducing the amount of cerebrospinal fluid towards normal, physiological values. This is obtained by deducting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricular system to another resorption site, bypassing the pathological obstruction by use of a CSF shunt. The most suitable diversion sites for CSF have been found to be the right atrium of the heart and the peritoneal cavity. Valves have been designed to hinder retrograde flow in the drainage system which could occur due to pressure differences between the intracranial cavity and the resorption site, e.g. in connection with increased chest and/or abdominal pressure in connection with e.g cough or defecation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06283934__
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Devices and method for removing cerebrospinal fluids from a patient's CSF space Inventor(s): Saul; Tom A. (El Granada, CA), Sussman; Marvin L. (Miami, FL) Assignee(s): Eunoe, Inc. (redwood City, Ca) Patent Number: 6,383,159 Date filed: November 10, 1998 Abstract: Devices and methods for removing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a CSF space of a patient at relatively constant flow rates for patients having normal intracranial pressures, e.g. patients not suffering from hydrocephalus. The devices and methods provide drainage paths which permit the removal of CSF at relatively low flow rates, usually below 0.2 ml/min, at normal intracranial pressures, e.g. an intracranial pressure between -170 mm of H.sub.2 O in upright patients and 200 mm of H.sub.2 O in reclining patients. The removal of CSF at relatively low, constant rates is particularly suitable for treating Alzheimer's disease and other conditions related to the presence of toxic and/or pathogenic substances in the CSF. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved devices and methods for removing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the CSF space of a patient to treat Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder which is characterized clinically by progressive loss of memory, cognition, reasoning, judgment, and emotional stability and which gradually leads to profound mental deterioration and ultimately death. Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of progressive mental failure (dementia) in aged humans and is estimated to represent the fourth most common medical cause of death in the United States. Alzheimer's disease has been observed in all races and ethnic groups worldwide and presents a major current and future public health problem. The disease is currently estimated to affect about two to four million individuals in the United States alone and is presently considered to be incurable. Recently, a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease has been proposed. The proposed treatment relies on the removal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the CSF space (which includes the subarachnoid space, the ventricles, the vertebral column, and the brain interstitial space) of a patient suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The treatment is based on the principle that in at least some cases, the characteristic lesions, referred to as senile (or amyloid) plaque and other characteristic lesions in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease result from the retention of certain toxic substances in the CSF of the patient. A number of suspected pathogenic substances, including toxic, neurotoxic, and pathogenic substances, have been identified to date, including.beta.amyloid peptide (A.beta.-42 amyloid), MAP, tau, and the like. It is believed that freshly produced CSF has lower levels or is free of these toxic substances. Thus, it is believed that removal of CSF from the patient's CSF space will reduce the concentration of such substances and significantly forestall the onset and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease. This treatment for Alzheimer's disease has recently been described in Rubenstein (1998) The Lancet, 351:283-285, and published PCT application WO 98/02202. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383159__
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Double-valved variable pressure device for hydrocephaly Inventor(s): Paes; Newton (Sao Paulo, BR) Assignee(s): Phoenix Biomedical Corporation (norristown, Pa) Patent Number: 5,660,200 Date filed: April 26, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to a double-valved variable pressure device for hydrocephaly having a vertical capsule with sloped ends ending in upper and lower coupling sectors appropriate for connection to a proximal catheter and a distal catheter that constitute the input and output for a cephalo-rachidian liquid through the body. The liquid or volume has its pressure controlled by means of two valves which maintain a constant drained volume along a wide range of pressures the device is submitted to. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a double-valved variable pressure device for hydrocephaly. More particularly, the present invention relates to technical and functional improvements to the operation of a valve for hydrocephaly used under medical conditions demanding the removal of cephalo-rachidian liquid out of the central nervous system in an attempt to maintain a stable and proper intracranial pressure. As is already known by specialists in this area, there are currently numerous types of apparatus for the above-referenced purpose. In most cases, these devices have only one valved element and, accordingly, the control of outflow and cephalo-rachidian liquid pressure are solely and exclusively dependent on the perfect operation of only one valve. This type of apparatus has several disadvantages such as: a) the proper relationship between the volume of drained liquid and the intracranial pressure is not managed; and b) these devices produce the phenomenon of hyperdrainage (the siphon effect), with important medical complications that are described in the literature. The present invention provides for a double-valved variable pressure device for overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages. The present invention achieves the cephalorachidian pressure and the outflow control by two valves implementing a new operational concept. The first valvular element determines the system's outflow until a given "minor" pressure (i.e., the intracranial pressure) propagated by means of the liquid means into the device, exerting a closing force on the first valve. Accordingly, the higher the pressure at this part of the device, the more the valve will be closed, until it is fully closed. At this time the intracranial pressure is released through a second valve that, similar to the first valve, permits the liquid to be properly drained and, this "higher" pressure being stopped, the second valve will automatically close while the first valve returns to its former "open" state and the cycle is once again repeated. This doublevalved operation lends itself to a number of technical and practical advantages, among which are: a) no hyperdrainage phenomenon is allowed; b) the outflow permitted by the system is directly related to the intracranial pressure the patient is submitted to; c) the system is continuously self-adjustable by means of two valves; and d) the cephalorachidian liquid pressure and outflow do not depend on just one valve system, but rather on two balanced systems, which make possible a more precise and proper control for each patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05660200__
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Hydrocephalus shunt with in-line filter Inventor(s): Dormandy, Jr.; Ray H. (Goleta, CA), Hoffman; Harold J. (Toronto, CA) Assignee(s): American Hospital Supply (evanston, Il) Patent Number: 4,741,730 Date filed: October 4, 1982 Abstract: A shunt system for implantation in the body comprises a body having an inlet and an outlet and a first fluid-flow passageway extending between the inlet and outlet. A pressure regulated valve is provided within the first fluid-flow passageway to provide fluid flow at selected fluid pressures in the passageway. A filter is positioned within the first fluid-flow passageway. A second fluid-flow passageway extends between the inlet and outlet and provides a passageway through the body around the filter. A valve and valve seat is provided within the second fluid-flow passageway which can be selectively closed or opened to provide fluid flow through the second fluid-flow passageway. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to a hydrocephalus shunt having an inline filter which is capable of being implanted in the body to provide for transfer of body fluids from one part of the body to any other part of the body. Shunt systems for drainage of unwanted body fluids from one region of the body to another region are generally known. A well-known usage of such shunt systems is in the treatment of hydrocephalus, wherein excess cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) is drained from the ventricles of the brain to either the right atrium or the peritoneal cavity. A known example of such a system is shown by Rudolph R. Schulte, U.S. Pat. No. 3,111,125, titled "Drainage Device." Another such device is disclosed by Allan J. Mishler in U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,240 and still another system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,827,439 to Schulte and Portnoy. The above-described devices are often implanted under the skin and connected to a ventricle drainage tube in the brain. The devices are also attached to a catheter which is inserted into the right atrium of the heart or into the peritoneum. After implantation and use over extended time periods, such devices tend to become clogged in certain individuals. Such clogging tends to occur at the catheter or passageway from the ventricle of the brain leading into inner chambers of the devices due to foreign materials which may be present in the CSF and which collects in the narrow, tubular passageways of the devices and at the openings in such passageways to the drain. Consequently, it is often necessary to perform second or subsequent operations on an individual to remove the devices which have become clogged. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04741730__
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Implantable drainage valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus Inventor(s): Lecuyer; Alain (Grasse, FR) Assignee(s): Cordis Corporation (miami Lakes, Fl) Patent Number: 5,368,556 Date filed: March 7, 1994 Abstract: An implantable drainage valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus is described. The valve includes a body, a valve seat, a closure member, a spring and at least one spherical weight. The spring is positioned within the cylindrical chamber of the valve body and between the closure member and the spherical weight. The valve is
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intended to be vertically oriented when the patient is sitting or standing and, when so oriented, the weight will provide additional compressive force against the spring to help maintain the valve in a closed condition. Consequently, hyperdrainage is avoided when the valve experiences normal variations in fluid pressure differentials such as when the patient rises from a lying or recumbent position to a standing position. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical devices and specifically to devices which are effective in the treatment of hydrocephalus. More specifically, the invention relates to an implantable drainage valve for draining excess cerebrospinal fluid ("CSF") from the brain to a drainage area elsewhere in the body. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which the body, for any of several reasons, is unable to relieve itself of excess CSF collected in the ventricles of the brain, resulting in increased epidural and intradural pressures. This in turn causes adverse physiological effects including compression of brain tissue, impairment of blood flow in the brain tissue and impairment of the brain's normal metabolism. Various types of drainage valves have been used in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Generally, these valves allow for the controlled drainage of excess CSF from the brain to a suitable drainage area in the body such as the peritoneal cavity, for example. CSF drainage valves include check valves, servo valves and combinations thereof. Check valves operate by opening when the fluid pressure differential between their inlet and outlet openings exceeds a certain predetermined threshold value. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05368556__ •
Implantable passive bio-sensor Inventor(s): Buckles; David S. (121 W. 48th St. -Apt. 1705, Kansas City, MO 64112), Tremblay; Gerald F. (13015 St. Andrew Dr., Kansas City, MO 64145) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,704,352 Date filed: November 22, 1995 Abstract: An implantable, passive bio-sensor (10) for monitoring internal physiological conditions of a patient is disclosed. The bio-sensor (10) includes at least one sensor or transducer (12) for monitoring a physiological condition of the patient and a passive transponder (14) that receives sensor signals from the sensor or sensors (12), digitizes the sensor signals, and transmits the digitized signals out of the patient's body when subjected to an externally generated interrogation signal. In one embodiment, the biosensor (100) is incorporated into the sidewall of a shunt (102) used for treating hydrocephalus for non-invasively monitoring the operation of the shunt (102). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to implantable medical devices for monitoring internal physiological conditions of a patient, and more particularly to a bio-sensor for implantation in a patient that includes at least one sensor for monitoring a physiological condition of the patient and a passive transponder that receives sensor signals from the sensor or sensors, digitizes the sensor signals, and transmits the digitized signals together with a unique device identification code out of the patient's body when subjected to an externally generated interrogation signal. The invention also relates to a bio-sensor that includes a shunt and a monitoring device embedded in the walls of the shunt for permitting identification and non-invasive testing of the operation of the shunt. Many medical conditions require the monitoring and measurement of internal physiological conditions of a patient. For example, hydrocephalus, which is a brain condition where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates at abnormally high pressures in
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ventricles or chambers of a patient's brain, may require monitoring of the intracranial fluid pressure of the patient. Implantable devices for monitoring internal physiological conditions of a patient are known in the art. One such prior art device includes an implantable pressure transducer that transmits pressure signals out of the patient by means of a wire passing through the patient's skull. These types of devices are generally unsatisfactory due to increased risk of infection and patient discomfort caused by the externally extending wire. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05704352__ •
Implantable valve for the treatment of hydrocephaly Inventor(s): Lecuyer; Alain (Grasse, FR) Assignee(s): Cordis Corporation (miami Lakes, Fl) Patent Number: 5,437,627 Date filed: September 14, 1993 Abstract: An implantable valve for the treatment of hydrocephaly is disclosed. The valve includes at least one chamber including a fluid flow orifice capable of being connected to an area within the patient to be drained. The flow orifice is located within a flexible diaphragm which is capable of deforming in response to pressure variations across the valve to compensate for normal variations in pressure and thereby avoid hyperdrainage. The flow orifice is surrounded by a valve seat to receive a spherical member for closing off the flow of fluid therethrough when the pressure differential across the valve is below a predetermined opening pressure. An outflow orifice is configured for connection to a drainage area within the body of the patient and is in fluid communication with the flow orifice to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid when necessary. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical devices effective in the treatment of hydrocephaly. More specifically, the invention relates to an implantable valve for draining excess cerebrospinal fluid ("CSF") from the brain to a drainage area elsewhere in the body. The valve includes first and second chambers. The first chamber includes a fluid flow having an inlet orifice adapted for fluid communication with the area within the body of the patient to be drained. The orifice is surrounded by a valve seat which receives a valving mechanism for controlling the flow of fluid through the orifice. A resilient member, such as a spring or the like, is positioned within the chamber to maintain the valving mechanism securely within the valve seat, thereby preventing fluid flow through the orifice when the differential pressure across the valve is less than a predetermined minimum opening pressure. A fluid outlet in the chamber is adapted for fluid communication with a suitable drainage area within the body. Hydrocephaly is a condition in which the body, for any of several reasons, is unable to relieve itself of excess CSF collected in the ventricles of the brain, resulting in increased epidural and intradural pressures. This in turn causes adverse physiological effects including compression of brain tissue, impairment of blood flow in the brain tissue and impairment of the brain's normal metabolism. Drainage valves for the treatment of hydrocephaly are known. Such valves control the drainage of excess CSF from the ventricles of the brain to a suitable drainage location elsewhere in the body such as the peritoneal cavity. CSF drainage valves include check valves, servo valves and combinations thereof. Check valves, for example, operate by opening when the fluid pressure differential between the inlet and outlet openings of the valve exceeds a
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predetermined threshold value. When opened, the valve allows CSF drainage and thereafter prevents the differential fluid pressure from exceeding the threshold value. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05437627__ •
Intercranial pressure regulator valve Inventor(s): Hooven; Michael D. (Miami, FL) Assignee(s): Cordis Corporation (miami, Fl) Patent Number: 4,769,002 Date filed: February 28, 1986 Abstract: An intercranial pressure regulator valve adapted particularly for the treatment of hydrocephalus and the draining of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a ventricle in the brain to another location in the patient's body includes a movable, flexible diaphragm having first and second surfaces of substantial area which are contacted by the fluid which is being drained and the fluid in the area to which the CSF is to be drained, respectively. A valve seat on the diaphragm is movable therewith and the valve seat includes a passage for the flow of the fluid which is being drained through the diaphragm. A ball closure valve is positioned on the cephalad side of the diaphragm. When the pressure differential on both surfaces of the diaphragm is low, the valve seat flexes into engagement with the ball closure valve to close the passage. When the pressure differential between these two surfaces increases, the diaphragm flexes in response to the increase such that the valve seat moves away from the ball closure valve to open the passage and drain the CSF from the ventricle to the other location in the body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an intercranial pressure regulator valve and, more particularly, to a valve for and method of shunting excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a ventricle in the brain to another location in the patient's body when the pressure differential between the CSF and the other body fluid reaches a predetermined magnitude. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which the brain is unable to relieve itself of CSF which collects in the ventricles of the brain. Such CSF, thereby, becomes excessive and results in abnormal ventricular size causing a number of adverse physiological effects including compression of the brain tissue, impairment of the blood flow in the brain tissue and of the brain's normal metabolism. A variety of CSF pressure regulator valves and methods of controlling CSF pressure have been developed in the past which include various forms of check valves, servo valves or combinations thereof. Although these prior valves operate with some degree of success in the treatment of hydrocephalus, difficulty in the operation of such valves may be experienced due to the miniaturization of the valves and the relatively low pressures and volumes with which they must work. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04769002__
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Low profile neonatal hydrocephalus device and methods Inventor(s): Ahmed; Abdul Mateen (928 E. Juanita Ave., La Verne, CA 91750) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,193,682 Date filed: March 16, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed is a medical device for draining fluid which includes a shell made of a flexible, resilient material. The shell has an aerofoil-like shape with opposed ends and an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity separated by a partition wall. An inlet tube has a first end in communication with the fluid and a second end in communication with anterior cavity and an outlet tube has a first end in communication the posterior cavity and a second end from which the fluid is drained. A one-way directional flow valve is housed within the posterior cavity and it has an inlet end connected to the partition wall which is in communication with the anterior cavity and an outlet end in communication with the posterior cavity. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical devices which are implanted in the human body, and particularly, to a medical device used to treat hydrocephalus. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,473, one type of valve (herein the Glaucoma Valve) has been used to treat glaucoma by allowing aqueous humor to flow from the intraocular chamber of the eye to relieve excess pressure. The Glaucoma Valve uses a membrane under tension to form its own fluid retention chamber. A slit-like opening is along adjoining, overlapping edges of portions of the membrane. The membrane responds to slight changes in fluid pressure and expands or contracts to open or close the opening. When opened, it provides a wide open mouth with parted lips that allows for free flow of fluid through it without any substantial resistance to fluid flow. This feature also substantially reduces the likelihood that the opening will be clogged by particulate matter. In a copending application of the inventor, U.S. Ser. No. 08/592,016, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,061, there is disclosed a device for treating individuals with hydrocephalus that uses the Glaucoma Valve. Although this device has several advantages over the prior art, it was not specifically designed for treating infants. The invention disclosed herein is an improvement over this device which is especially designed to be implanted in infants (children typically from about the age of 1 month to 4 years). In accordance with this invention, the Glaucoma Valve has been enclosed within a uniquely shaped and sized flexible shell to provide a medical device that may be used to treat hydrocephalus in infants. This valve is especially suited for this application because its slit-like opening is not easily obstructed by particulates and it is self regulating, opening and closing in response to slight changes in pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06193682__
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Method and apparatus for estimating tissue volumes in magnetic resonance images Inventor(s): Brandt; Michael E. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, the University of Texas System (austin, Tx) Patent Number: 5,425,368 Date filed: March 17, 1993 Abstract: A fuzzy logic approach to the problem of distinguishing cerebrospinal fluid, gray and white matter pixels in magnetic resonance images of the brain. An
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unsupervised fuzzy clustering procedure based on a variant of the fuzzy c-means algorithm computes automatically, with virtually no operator intervention, the percentage area of each of these three compartments in each image. Each volume element represented in the image can belong to all compartments in varying degrees. The procedure requires input of the number of different compartments in the image, as well as a parameter which determines the amount of overlap of compartment boundaries. Preliminary data processing involves noise removal from images by highpass filtering. The final solution is substantially independent of required initial estimates of the gray scale values that are most representative of the white, gray and cerebrospinal fluid compartments in the image. The method is useful in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Excerpt(s): The government has certain rights in the invention. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The invention relates to methods and apparatus for estimating relative volumes of tissue types distinguishable in magnetic resonance (MR) images of the tissues. In vivo estimates of white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes are useful in diagnosis and treatment of several conditions affecting the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, senile dementia, and hydrocephalus. In the latter condition, communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus can be distinguished by estimating CSF volume in images which include the brain ventricles. In other cases, the need for surgical intervention in hydrocephalic patients to establish or repair a CSF drainage shunt can be assessed with serial estimates of CSF contained within the brain ventricles. Diagnosis may also be aided because it has been observed that the ratio of white matter to gray matter in hydrocephalic children is much lower than in control (normal) children. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05425368__ •
Non-invasive electromagnetic technique for monitoring physiological changes in the brain Inventor(s): Ko; Harvey W. (Columbia, MD) Assignee(s): The Johns Hopkins University (baltimore, Md) Patent Number: 4,690,149 Date filed: October 28, 1985 Abstract: An apparatus and method for non-invasively sensing physiological changes in the brain is disclosed. The apparatus and method uses an electromagnetic field to measure localized impedance changes in brain matter and fluid. Various spatial and temporal techniques are used to localize impedance changes in the brain. The apparatus and method has particular application in locating and providing time-trend measurements of the process of brain edema or the process of hydrocephalus. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method and apparatus for using an electromagnetic technique to monitor physiological changes in the brain. More particularly, the invention uses an electromagnetic field to non-invasively measure impedance changes at localized points within an animal or human brain. For example, these localized impedance measurements can be used to detect and monitor the advent
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and growth of edematous tissue, or the process of hydrocephalus. It is important in diagnosing and treating various life-threatening conditions, such as brain edema and hydrocephalus, to monitor the time-trends of physiological changes in the brain. Brain edema, which is an increase in brain volume caused by grey and/or white brain tissue absorbing edematous fluid, can develop from general hypoxia; from cerebral hemorrhage, thrombosis, or embolus; from trauma (including post-surgical); from a tumor; or from inflammatory diseases of the brain. Brain edema can directly compromise vital functions, distort adjacent structures, or interfere with perfusion. It can produce injury indirectly by increasing intracranial pressure. In short, brain edema is often a life-threatening manifestation of a number of disease processes. There are several effective therapeutic measures to treat brain edema. These include osmotic agents, corticosteroids, hyperventilation to produce hypocapnia, and surgical decompression. As with all potent therapy, it is important to have a continuous measure of its effect on the manifestation, in this case, the brain edema. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04690149__ •
Pediatric programmable hydrocephalus valve Inventor(s): Kraus; Robert G. (Attleboro, MA), Patel; Bhupendra C. (Mansfield, MA), Pike; Robert W. (Marshfield, MA) Assignee(s): Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc. (raynham, Ma) Patent Number: 5,928,182 Date filed: July 2, 1997 Abstract: A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt valve includes a valve housing and a substantially flat stabilizing member that has a width substantially greater than that of the valve housing. The shunt valve is adapted for surgical implantation under the scalp of a patient to drain excess CSF from the brain. The stabilizing member rests on the skull of a patient and the stabilizing member is effective to prevent rotation of the shunt valve about a longitudinal axis thereof. The shunt valve includes a pressure adjustment mechanism disposed within the housing, for adjusting a threshold pressure at which fluid may flow through the shunt valve. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. Catheters of various types are used to drain fluid from different areas of the body of a patient. One application of such catheters is for the treatment of hydrocephalus, a condition where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collects in the ventricles of the brain of a patient. CSF is produced by the ventricular system and is normally absorbed by the venous system. However, If the CSF is not absorbed, the volume of CSF increases thereby elevating the intracranial pressure. This excess CSF can result in abnormally high epidural and intradural pressures. Left untreated, hydrocephalus can result in serious medical conditions, including subdural hematoma, compression of the brain tissue and impaired blood flow. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05928182__
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Porous ventricular catheter Inventor(s): Miller; Sandra L. (North Miami, FL), Pinchuk; Leonard (Miami, FL) Assignee(s): Cordis Corporation (miami, Fl) Patent Number: 4,767,400 Date filed: October 27, 1987 Abstract: A ventricular catheter and a method for making same are provided wherein the catheter comprises a tubing assembly including a porous portion and a non-porous portion. The porous portion has a high surface density of very fine pores which are substantially resistant to blockage under in vivo conditions yet allow cerebrospinal fluid to pass therethrough when the assembly is attached to a cerebrospinal fluid pressure relief system for the treatment of hydrocephalus. The porous portion is generally formed by extruding a fiber forming polymer which is wound directly onto a mandrel. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to porous tubing assemblies for catheters. More specifically, this invention relates to providing drainage catheters having an extremely fine pore structure. In an important aspect of the present invention, the extremely fine pore structure is formed by winding extruded polymer fibers onto a rotating mandrel. The wound porous portion may be bonded to a non-porous polymer tube thereby forming a tubing assembly for use in a system which drains excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a ventricle of the brain. Systems for draining excess CSF are generally known in the art. Such systems, either for use on a temporary or substantially permanent basis, have been known and used for a number of years for the treatment of hydrocephalus. The more permanent types of systems generally include an implantable valve which allows the CSF to pass from the ventricle of the brain to a suitable drainage location within the body. Such valves are actuated by displacing an internal diaphragm or the like in response to applied pressure differentials thereby regulating the passage of CSF from the ventricular spaces, through the catheter and on to the drainage location. An example of such a valve can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,721, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Because of the delicate nature of the brain tissue with which the catheter comes into contact, it is desirable that the tubing assembly which comprises the ventricular catheter be manufactured from flexible materials. The catheter, in addition to being flexible, contains a multitude of inlet holes or pores through which the CSF flows. A recognized problem in the art of ventricular catheters has been the problem of pore blockage caused by the ingrowth of the choroid plexus, ventricular collapse over the catheter pores, hemorrhage, and the like. Those skilled in the art have attempted to solve the problem of pore blockage in different ways. One such approach to the problem has focused on increasing the number of inlet holes or pores through which the CSF may pass into the catheter tubing. One such effort is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,724, mentioned above, describing a polymeric tubing assembly which includes a length of tubing having micro-orifices which are ion sputtered therethrough. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04767400__
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Pressure sensor controlled valve Inventor(s): Cosman; Eric R. (872 Concord Ave., Belmont, MA 02178) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,787,886 Date filed: March 14, 1988 Abstract: The sensor-valve disclosed herein is an element in a fluid shunting system such as used in hydrocephalus and controls the flow of fluid in the shunt system according to the difference in pressure at some point inside the valve and the pressure in a bodily region outside and near to the valve. This is accomplished by means of a flexible diaphragm portion of the valve which communicates with the shunt fluid pressure on one side and the bodily region pressure on the other, the pressure difference causing the diaphragm to move and thus change the degree of opening of the valve fluid passage aperture. This would, for example, enable maintaining the difference between ventricular fluid pressure and pressure at the brain's surface at some desired valve in the situation of an implanted hydrocephalus shunt valve system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a valve actuated shunt, drain, or infusion system for fluids in the living body for which the control of the fluid flow in the system is determined by the difference between the pressure of the fluid and the pressure in a bodily region external to the shunt tubing. As a specific example, this is applied to a hydrocephalus shunt valve system in which the differential pressure control is between the ventricular fluid pressure and the pressure in the surrounding brain or the pressure which is at the surface of the brain. Usually shunt valves for treating hydrocephalus involve an in-line serial valve which allows a predetermined flow rate as a function of the difference between ventricular and venous pressure. This is simply done by inserting in-line with the shunt tubing a valve with a certain pressure-flow characteristic between its inlet and outflow tubes. An alternative servo-valve scheme has been proposed by Hakim, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,106,510, 3,886,948, and 3,924,635, which seeks to regulate the pressure-flow characteristic of such an in-line valve system as a function of the difference between the sub-dural stress on the brain, and the venous pressure. The basis for the Hakim designs is the hypothesis that there is a pressure gradient across the brain, and that to treat hydrocephalus one should maintain the sub-dural stress at zero relative to the venous pressure. The present invention involves a different means of regulation of the fluid flow in such a fluid shunt system. An illustration of the invention would be a valve in a shunt system which is opened, or perhaps closed, by the relative difference between the fluid pressure in the system at the source side of the flow at the location of the valve and the pressure in some bodily region different from either the fluid source or fluid sink region, i.e. input and outflow regions, respectively. A specific example is used as an illustration involving a hydrocephalus shunt system in which an indwelling valve is opened when the source fluid pressure in the ventricles of the brain become larger, by some prescribed amount, than the pressure at the surface of the brain. This could then maintain, for example, the difference between the ventricular fluid pressure and the pressure at the surface of the brain to be zero or some prescribed value. Thus, such a design differs in concept and objectives from either previous standard shunt designs or the Hakim servo-valve design. We shall often refer to the present invention as a sensor-valve. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04787886__
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Sheath for shunt placement for hydrocephalus Inventor(s): Nobles; Anthony A. (Fountain Valley, CA) Assignee(s): Neuro Navigational Corporation (costa Mesa, Ca) Patent Number: 5,207,684 Date filed: April 13, 1992 Abstract: A sheath through which a shunt for relieving hydrocephalus can be withdrawn from or advanced into the brain of a patient includes a tubular member which is slidably engageable with the shunt in a surrounding relationship with the shunt. The tubular member has a distal end segment, and an electrically resistive cutting element is positioned on the distal end segment for selectively cutting tissue adjacent the cutting element as the tubular member is advanced over the shunt. Preferably, the cutting element is connected to a source of electrical pulses for selectively heating the cutting element and thus for selectively thermally cutting tissue that has grown into the shunt away from the shunt. The sheath also includes a small fiber tube through which an optical fiber can be positioned to provide a means for presenting a video display of the brain during shunt retrieval and replacement through the sheath. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to surgical instruments, and more particularly to neurosurgery tools. Hydrocephalus, familiarly known as water on the brain, is an affliction which affects many people, including children. One of the symptoms of this serious malady is increased fluid pressure on the brain of the victim, which, unless relieved, can result in excruciating pain, and can potentially cause brain damage to the victim. Hydrocephalus causes a slow, continuous build-up of fluid pressure on the brain. More specifically, in a patient afflicted with hydrocephalus, excess body fluid slowly and continuously accumulates between the ventricles of the brain. To extract the excess body fluid from between the ventricles of the brain and thereby relieve the fluid pressure on the brain, techniques have been developed for establishing a pathway for fluid communication from the area of accumulated fluid to an area external to the cranial cavity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05207684__
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Shunt valve system Inventor(s): Arnold; Michael A. (4 Rag Rock Dr., Woburn, MA 01801), Cosman; Eric R. (872 Concord Ave., Belmont, MA 02178) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,304,114 Date filed: May 15, 1991 Abstract: This invention relates to a CSF shunting system that can be used in the human body for the control of hydrocephalus or excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. The invention relates to the configuration of a fluid pressure controlling diaphragm which has a substantially planar, non-arched, or slightly convex occluding surface that contacts as its valve mechanism a non-planar opposing surface. The diaphragm element can be made out of silicone rubber or some other flexible material, and the opposing surface can be made from a dissimilar material from the diaphragm element to prevent sticking. The invention also relates to the configuration of this substantially flat diaphragm element, its central stem, and its mounting in a frame
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so as to facilitate pre-loads, calibrations, and optical, as well as mechanical, tests for quality assurance. The invention further relates to a confirmation of this pressure control invention in a larger shunt body geometry, which provides for modular, distal, and occlusion elements, and articulating shape to better fit the contour of a patient's skull. Excerpt(s): The use of fluid shunting systems to shunt the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles of the patient's brain to his heart or peritoneum in the treatment of hydrocephalus is common today. Many configurations of shunts and their indwelling pressure control elements have been invented, and the literature is full of their application experience. Many of these devices have membranes or diaphragm type pressure control elements whose characteristic gives a desired pressure flow curve for the CSF fluid that they are shunting. Relevant to the present invention are the shunt configurations of the Heyer-Schulte Company, which have a dome-shaped diaphragm pressure control element, and the Pudenz-Schulte Medical Company, which have an arched shape or mushroom-shaped pressure control element. These are described in their brochures and relate to the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,364,395; 4,464,168; 4,552,553; and, 4,560,375. Furthermore, the Radionics Company has a shunt which uses a quasi-septum type pressure control element that has a silicone spoon-shaped member as one side of the occluding surface and a Teflon articulating member for the opposing side of the pressure control element. The silicone and the Teflon elements move and open relative to each other to allow passage of fluid under the application of a pressure differential across the element. These pressure control designs are functional, and each has advantages. Furthermore, they are embodied in a larger shunt configuration which involves either a unitized, contoured type base valve, exemplified by the Heyer-Schulte and the Pudenz-Schulte medical companies, which provide in one unitized construction a proximal occlusion, a dome structure for flushing or needling injection, a distal occluder, and a pressure control element with unitized nipple connectors on the proximal and distal end for connecting to the proximal and distal catheters of the shunt system. Descriptions of the use of this contoured or unitized shunt construction are given in the literature and in the brochures. Also in the patents cited above and in the literature there is discussion about how to use these valves and also how to fabricate, test, and perform quality assurance on these valves. Essential here is the method of preloading the diaphragm elements so that they will have a specific and reproducible pressure flow characteristic. In general, the description in the patents and the literature are based on stiffness of the diaphragm elements, variation in thickness, and topology of the diaphragm elements, pre-loading methods involving pre-loading and gluing the stems of mushroom-type diaphragm elements, and sample selection of lots and devices. It is also described in the Heyer-Schulte and PS Medical brochures that their contoured valve has a unitized inner platform or body which is made of a relatively hard material, such as polypropylene. This body has a predetermined shape or contour as one looks at it in side section, the idea being that this contour will match the contour of the patient's skull, which is relatively curved when the shunt is implanted. Throughout their literature and patents they teach the use of this firm body with distal and proximal ports for digital or manual flushing of the valve, either proximally or distally, by means of finger pressure on the occluder at either the proximal or distal end followed by pressure on the flexible dome reservoir to flush it. Proximal and distal flushing are also described in the function of the Radionics shunt. It is an objective of the present invention to provide a shunt valve configuration which has separate proximal occlusion internal body and separate distal occlusion inner body so that the articulation of the shunt can conform to the individualized contour of the patient's skull, unlike the fixed body or unitized body design of Heyer-Schulte and Pudenz-Schulte companies. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a substantially planar or somewhat
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convex diaphragm shape which occludes against a non-planar surface of different material to constitute the pressure flow controlling element and reflux control closing element. By means of such an essentially planar diaphragm configuration, together with a non-planar opposing surface, facilitation of testing can be done both visually and by pre-loading of the diaphragm stem or other structure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05304114__ •
Shunting device adopted in the intracranial shunting surgical operation for the treatment of hydrocephalus Inventor(s): Lee; Liang-Shong (Taipei, TW), Niu; Gregory C. (Taipei, TW), Wong; TaiTing (7th Fl., No. 320-3, Shin Pai Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): Wong; Tai-ting (tw) Patent Number: 5,000,731 Date filed: March 30, 1989 Abstract: This invention relates to a shunting device adopted in the intracranial shunting surgical operation for the treatment of hydrocephalus. It is comprised of a thin film and a ventricular tube to be implanted into the cranium of a patient with hydrocephalus, which will bypass the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain of such a patient, and thus maintain a normal pressure inside the cranium for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Excerpt(s): The ventricular system of the brain of human beings may be divided into the lateral ventricles, Monro's foramen, the third ventricle, aquaeduct, the fourth ventricle, foramen of Luschka, foramen of Magendie, etc. The subarachnoid spaces are located at the exterior of the brain and the spinal cord. The enlarged subarachnoid spaces located at the base of the brain are referred to as cisterns. The cerebrospinal fluid (hereinafter, CSF) is produced in the ventricular system and the subarachnoid spaces, and circulates within the ventricular system, the cisterns, the subarachnoid spaces, and finally to the arachnoid villi of the dural venous sinuses (sagittal sinus). The CSF is then absorbed through the venous sinuses into the blood circulation. If it is obstructed, the CSF will gradually increase and cause expansion of the ventricular system, the elevation of intracranial pressure, and the clinical symptoms of acute or chronic elevation of increased intracranial pressure. This condition referred to as hydrocephalus in medical science. From the above description, it can be seen that hydrocephalus originates from obstruction to the circulation of CSF. It is generally treated by cutting off the obstruction focus, or bypassing the obstructed part by means of a shunting device, which is referred to as a hydrocephalus shunting procedure. Shunting procedures may be divided into extracranial shunting procedures and intracranial shunting procedures. The theory of extracranial shunting procedures is to shunt the CSF to extracranial tissues or organs, where it can be absorbed by them. Of course, such a procedure is not consistent with normal CSF circulation and absorption physiology. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05000731__
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Substituted amidinoalkoxy and amidinoalkylamino indanones and salts thereof Inventor(s): Cragoe, Jr.; Edward J. (Lansdale, PA), Woltersdorf, Jr.; Otto W. (Chalfont, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (rahway, Nj) Patent Number: 4,775,695 Date filed: June 1, 1987 Abstract: This invention relates to novel substituted amidinoalkoxy and amidinoalkylamino indanones and salts thereof. The compounds are useful for the treatment and prevention of injury to the brain and of edema due to head trauma, stroke (particularly ischemic), arrested breathing, cardiac arrest, Reye's syndrome, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, the neurological problems caused by AIDS, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral tumors, encephalomyelitis, spinal cord injury, hydrocephalus, post-operative brain injury trauma, edema due to cerebral infections, various brain concussions, and elevated intracranial pressure. Excerpt(s): Trauma to the brain or spinal cord caused by physical forces acting on the skull or spinal column, by ischemic stroke, arrested breathing, cardiac arrest, Reye's syndrome, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, the neurological problems caused by AIDS, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalomyelitis, hydrocephalus, post-operative brain injury, cerebral infections, various concussions, and elevated intracranial pressure results in edema and swelling of the affected tissues. This is followed by ischemia, hypoxia, necrosis, temporary or permanent brain or spinal cord injury and may result in death. The tissues mainly affected are classified as grey matter, more specifically astroglial cells. The specific therapy currently used for treatment of medical problems described include various kinds of diuretics (particularly osmotic diuretics), steroids (such as, 6-.alpha.-methylprednisolone succinate), and barbiturates. The usefulness of these agents is questionable and they are associated with a variety of untoward complications and side effects. See, e.g., E. J. Cragoe, Jr., Medicinal Research Reviews, 1,271-305 (1987). Thus, the compounds of this invention comprise a novel and specific treatment of medical problems where no specific therapy is available. Certain (indanyloxy)alkanoic acid derivatives have been disclosed as useful agents for the treatment and prevention of injury to the brain and spinal cord. See Cragoe et al., J. Med. Chem., 25, 567-579 (1982) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,579,869, 4,465,850, 4,463,208, 4,394,385, and 4,389,417. None of these publications, however, discloses the amidinoalkoxy and amidinoalkylamino indanones or salts of the present invention nor suggests their utility for treatment of brain injury or edema. Moreover, the '385 patent discloses indeno[5,4-b]furancarboxylic acids that have a structurally distinct ring system from the compounds of the present invention. Certain [(tetrahydrofluoren-7yl)oxy]alkanoic acid derivatives have also been disclosed as useful agents for the treatment and prevention of injury to the brain and spinal cord. See Cragoe et al., J. Med. Chem., 29, 825-841 (1986) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,604,396, 4,356,314, 4,356,313, 4,337,354, 4,317,922, and 4,316,043. The compounds disclosed in these publications, however, are carboxylic acid derivatives having a fluorenyl ring nucleus and thus are structurally distinct from the amidinoalkoxy and amidinoalkylamino indanones and salts of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04775695__
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Substituted-3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-4-hydroxy-1H-pyrrole-2,5-diones Inventor(s): Cragoe, Jr.; Edward J. (Lansdale, PA), Woltersdorf, Jr.; Otto W. (Chalfont, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (rahway, Nj) Patent Number: 4,680,414 Date filed: February 20, 1986 Abstract: The invention relates to novel substituted-3-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-4hydroxy-1H-pyrrole-2,5-diones, their analogs and their salts. These compounds are synthesized by methods selected from a number of synthetic routes depending on the particular structure, choice of intermediate or preferred reaction sequence. The compounds are useful for the treatment and prevention of injury to the brain and of edema due to head trauma, stroke (particularly ischemic), arrested breathing, cardiac arrest, Reye's syndrome, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral tumors, encephalomyelitis, spinal cord injury, hydrocephalus, post-operative brain injury trauma, edema due to cerebral infections and various brain concussions. Excerpt(s): Trauma to the brain or spinal cord caused by physical forces acting on the skull or spinal column, by ischemic stroke, arrested breathing, cardiac arrest, Reye's syndrome, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalomyelitis, hydrocephalus, post-operative brain injury, cereral infections and various concussions results in edema and swelling of the affected tissues. This is followed by ischemia, hypoxia, necrosis, temporary or permanent brain and/or spinal cord injury and may result in death. The tissue mainly affected are classified as grey matter, more specifically astroglial cells. The specific therapy currently used for the treatment of the medical problems described include various kinds of diuretics (particularly osmotic diuretics), steroids (such as, 6-.alpha.-methylprednisolone succinate) and barbiturates. The usefulness of these agents is questionable and they are associated with a variety of untoward complications and side effects. Thus, the compounds of this invention comprise a novel and specific treatment of medical problems where no specific therapy is available. A recent publication entitled "Agents for the Treatment of Brain Injury" 1. Aryloxyalkanoic Acids, Cragoe et al, J. Med. Chem., (1982) 25, 567-79, reports on recent experimental testing of agents for treatment of brain injury and reviews the current status of treatment of brain injury. In addition, some compounds having structures related to the compounds of the present invention have been reported as being useful in the treatment and prevention of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation in U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,776 of Cragoe et al. There is, however, no suggestion in the patent that any of the compounds disclosed therein would be of use in the treatment of brain injury. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04680414__
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Three stage implantable valve Inventor(s): Sierra; Rolando (Grasse, FR) Assignee(s): Cordis Corporation (miami Lakes, Fl) Patent Number: 5,336,166 Date filed: December 17, 1992
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Abstract: An implantable drainage device for the treatment of hydrocephalus is described. The device operates like a combination of three valves including a first pressure regulation valve in series with an assembly having a flow regulation valve in parallel with a second pressure regulation valve. The device allows cerebrospinal fluid communication between a source location in the brain and a drainage location when the pressure differential therebetween exceeds a first predetermined threshold. Above the first predetermined threshold, the device opens to allow a flow of cerebrospinal fluid therethrough, maintaining a substantially constant pressure differential across the device. When the pressure differential is between the first predetermined threshold and a second, higher, predetermined threshold a substantially constant flow rate is maintained. When the pressure differential exceeds the second predetermined threshold, the device allows a fluid flow rate sufficient to maintain a second predetermined pressure differential across the valve. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an implantable drainage device for the treatment of hydrocephalus. More specifically, the invention relates to an implantable three stage valve providing constant pressure or constant flow characteristics depending on the fluid pressure differential applied across the valve. Hydrocephalus is a condition rendering the body unable to relieve itself of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected in the ventricles of the brain. Excess CSF within the ventricular spaces results in an increase in both epidural and intradural pressures, causing a number of adverse physiological effects including compression of brain tissue, impairment of blood flow in the brain tissue and impairment of the brain's normal metabolism. The treatment of a hydrocephalic condition typically requires relieving the abnormally high intracranial pressure. Various types of valves are available to control the drainage of an excess of CSF from within the ventricles of the brain. Such valves typically drain the excess CSF to a suitable area in the body such as the peritoneal cavity, for example. Simple pressure regulator valves or check valves are known, and typically are constructed to open and allow the drainage of fluid when the differential pressure between upstream and downstream chamber reaches a certain threshold, preventing the differential pressure from exceeding the threshold. Such simple valves do not compensate for normal differences in the differential pressure between CSF ventricular pressure and pressure in the discharge line, creating the possibility that a valve might open in response to such normal variations and possibly resulting in hyperdrainage of the ventricular spaces. For example, when a patient stands after lying in a recumbent position, the differential pressure will normally increase by reason of the resulting increased height of the fluid column between the patient's head and the selected drainage location within the abdomen, for example. While an increase in differential pressure under those conditions is normal, a check valve might respond by opening and thereby allowing undesired hyperdrainage of the ventricular spaces which, in turn, may result in a potentially serious brain hematoma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05336166__
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Use of famotidine and related compounds in the treatment of movement disorders Inventor(s): Di Rocco; Alessandro (New York, NY), Kaminski; Ram (Riverdale, NY), Molinari; Susan (River Edge, NJ) Assignee(s): Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,496,836 Date filed: May 5, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of treating movement disorders which comprise administering famotidine or a related compound to a subject in need of such treatment, wherein the motor disorder is selected from the group consisting of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy, multi-system atrophy, Shy-Drager syndrome, kernicterus, Leigh's disease, cerebellar ataxias, neonatal hypoxemia syndromes, carbon monoxide poisoning, progressive supranuclear palsy, tardive dystonias, oculogyral crises, manganese poisoning, Wilson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, striatonigral degeneration, ingestion by the subject of phenothiazines, butyrophenones or reserpine, Alzheimer's Disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, obstructive hydrocephalus, physiologic tremor, benign familial tremor, cerebellar tremor, rubral tremor, toxic tremor, metabolic tremor, senile tremor, chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tics, tardive dyskinesia, paroxysmal choreoathetosis, tonic spasm, akathisia, muscle rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia, difficulty in initiating movements, muscle cramps, dyskinesias, myoclonus, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, and wherein the subject does not exhibit bradyphrenia. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the movement disorder is associated with an abnormality in basal ganglia structure or function. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the movement disorder is a component of Parkinson's Disease. The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that Parkinson's Disease patients treated with famotidine reported improved motor function, diminished tremor, and decreased dyskinesias and "on/off" fluctuations in their response to conventional levodopa therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treating movement disorders which utilize famotidine or famotidine-related compounds. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that famotidine ameliorates the symptoms and signs of Parkinson's Disease. In preferred embodiments of the invention, famotidine or a famotidine-related compound may be used to treat neurological disorders which are associated with abnormalities in basal ganglia structure or function. The term "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical structures which includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra (Adams and Victor, 1985, Principles of Neurology, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p.53). The caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are often considered to be a single structure, referred to as the neostriatum or striatum, in which case the more medial region, which includes the globus pallidus, is termed the palleostriatum or pallidum (Adams and Victor, 1985, Principles of Neurology, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p.54). The basal ganglia, which are interconnected with numerous central nervous system ("CNS") structures, are important for "fine-tuning" movements initiated in the cerebral cortex (Plum and Posner, 1985, "Neurology", reprinted from Pathophysiology--The Biological Principles Of Disease, Smith and Thier, eds., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, p.1040). The basal ganglia receive a signal from the cerebral cortex before the newly initiated movement begins, integrate the signal with input gathered from other CNS structures, and then return the synthesized information to the cortex, which modulates its instructions regarding the movement (Id.). In this manner, posture, the speed of
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initiation and continuity of movement, and the ability to perform several tasks at once are controlled. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05496836__ •
Valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus Inventor(s): Lecuyer; Alain (Grasse, FR), Sainte-Rose; Christian (Vanves, FR) Assignee(s): Cordis S.a. (viry Chatillon, Fr) Patent Number: 5,843,013 Date filed: March 25, 1997 Abstract: A valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus of the type including a membrane provided with an aperture and demarcating within a housing an upstream chamber and a downstream chamber. A rod of variable cross section attached to a stopper penetrates into the aperture. According to the invention, the housing includes three parts, a first body, a second body and a base cap. The first body and second body are assembled so as to squeeze the periphery of the membrane. The first body, the stopper and a first face of the membrane form one of the chambers, and the second body, the base cap and the other face of the membrane form the other chamber. Excerpt(s): the said housing having an aperture receiving a stopper, the rod being mounted in firm attachment to this stopper. Such valves are already known, notably from the document U.S. Pat. No. 4781672. Valves of this kind are known to feature multi-zone operation. Initially, no flowing takes place so long as the differential pressure between the upstream chamber and the downstream chamber is insufficient to detach the membrane from its seat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05843013__
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Variable flow self-cleaning valve preferably for ventricular offtake branches of cephalorachidian fluid Inventor(s): Rancani; Claudio (Via Col. G. Fincato, 55, Verona, IT) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,054,518 Date filed: July 27, 1990 Abstract: The present valve, employable by persons affected by hydrocephalus, permits discharge into suitable offtake branches of the excess cephalorhachidian fluid existing in the ventricles of the brain. The valve basically consists of a hollow cylindrical body (1) having inside a seat (5) with an enlarging triangular shape designed to interact with an aptly-shaped capsule or small piston (6) and placed against an antagonist spring (7). This pattern permits to offset the varying amounts of ventricular fluid pressures, discharging outside any fluid, whether large or small, through suitable offtake branches and at the same time it accomplishes a self-cleaning function which ensures a constant flow efficiency. Excerpt(s): The object of the present invention patent is a variable flow valve, preferably applicable in offtake branches for ejection of surplus cephalorhachidian fluid existing in the ventricles of the brain in patients affected by hydrocephalus. As is known by
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medical pathology this type of disease is characterized by an increase in the pressure of the cephalorhachidian fluid existing in the ventricles of the brain. This pressure increase is due to a pathological occlusion of the natural paths that permit regulation of this pressure. In these cases it is essential to surgically intervene to form auxiliary channels for the surplus fluid, otherwise the brain will suffer severe and irreparable injuries. Naturally these offtake branches must be maintained functionally in place by the patient because of the cyclic nature of this abnormal phenomenon, therefore it becomes necessary to use a valve for regulation of ventricular pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05054518__ •
Ventricular by-pass valve for draining the cephalorachidian liquid in the hydrocephalus Inventor(s): Saenz Arroyo; Luis (Mexico City, MX) Assignee(s): Biomedica Mexicana, S.a. (mexico City, Mx) Patent Number: 4,787,887 Date filed: June 2, 1987 Abstract: The invention is a ventricular by-pass device for draining the cephalorachidian liquid in the hydrocephalus. It consists of a check valve device which obstructs the brain suction orifice. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a ventricular by-pass valve which is known in several countries and was originally designed in the United States of America in the year 1958. In the United States it is known as the Pudenz valve, in Japan as the Fuji valve, etc. In the original design, adopted by several countries, the valve consists of a biconvex structure having an intermedium veil, these three elements being made from a silicon rubber elastomeric material having a connection toward the brain and another connection toward the heart or peritoneum. This mechanism ensures the outflow of cephalorachidian liquid when it has been retained in the brain causing hydrocephalus. The arrangement of the different elements comprised by the valve causes it to function as a one-way pump too, which, through outside handling, produces faster ejection of the brain liquid. Experience has demonstrated that notwithstanding its excellent operating characteristics, this design is capable of eventual collapse by the unpredictable action of forces originated by the elastomer itself and by negative pressure produced after the impelling force. This phenomenon can cause problems in the operation of the equipment. Although the design has been known for more than 25 years and has had the preference of some investigators, many types of more complex and expensive bypass valves were designed all over the world, but these are more easily obstructed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04787887__
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Ventricular catheter introducer Inventor(s): Coe; Frederick L. (Santa Barbara, CA), Lachman; Michael E. (Deerfield, IL) Assignee(s): Baxter International Inc. (deerfield, Il) Patent Number: 4,931,039 Date filed: October 21, 1988
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Abstract: An external introducer for a ventricular catheter that is part of a hydrocephalus shunt system. The introducer includes a stylet assembly that mates with a cannula assembly. The cannula assembly comprises a cannula having a bent tip and an opening on the sidewall of the cannula, and a cannula hub into which a catheter is clipped. The stylet assembly includes a flexible stylet attached to a stylet hub. When the stylet hub is locked to the cannula hub, the stylet protrudes slightly from the end of the cannula at an angle. The introducer holds the catheter approximately straight for insertion into the ventricle of the brain. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for inserting a catheter into the ventricles of the brain. Shunt systems are required in the treatment of hydrocephalus for draining excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles of the brain either to the right atrium of the heart or to the peritoneum. One such shunt system is described in two recent patents, both entitled "Low Profile Shunt System," U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,364,395 issued Dec. 21, 1982 and 4,464,168 issued Aug. 7, 1984. Both patents are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and are herein incorporated by reference. One component of a hydrocephalus shunt system, the ventricular catheter, must be inserted through a hole in the skull and through brain tissue so that the tip of the catheter lies in the ventricle of the brain. The ventricular catheter is made from a soft silicone material and must be supported in order to ensure proper insertion into the brain tissue. If the ventricular catheter is supplied as a separate component of the shunt system, an internal stylet may be inserted into the open end of the catheter to provide support during insertion. However a shunt system which consists of separate components (ventricular catheter, valve, and atrial or peritoneal catheter) is more difficult to implant because it requires connecting the separate components during the surgical procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04931039__ •
Ventricular drainage catheter with guard Inventor(s): Nussbaum; Eric S. (11712 Auth La., Silver Spring, MD 20902) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,352,207 Date filed: May 18, 1992 Abstract: A method and apparatus for temporary, external, cerebral ventricular drainage in the treatment of hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension are disclosed in which a flexible catheter having a repositionable guard surrounding its outer circumference with frictional gripping contact is inserted into the cerebral ventricle through a hole drilled in the skull. The guard is then advanced along the outside circumference of the catheter into a position, preferably the junction of the catheter and the skull hole, where the guard fixes the catheter in place and occludes the tract around the catheter by acting as a mechanical blockade and by encouraging a tissue fibrotic seal around the catheter. When the catheter is removed, the guard may be left in place inside the skull hole to eliminate any skull defect and to prevent the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the art of neurological surgery, and in particular to an improved method and apparatus for the temporary, external drainage of cerebrospinal fluid from the cerebral ventricles. Temporary, external ventricular drainage (ventriculostomy) catheters are utilized in the treatment of hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension, when the use of a permanent internal shunting system is not indicated i.e. when the problem is expected to resolve. The catheter is inserted via an
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incision made in the scalp skin and through a hole drilled in the underlying skull bone. The catheter is passed through the brain substance and into the ventricles which are the chambers deep within the brain that contain the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The catheter allows for the monitoring of the intracranial pressure and also for the drainage of CSF, as necessary, to lower the intracranial pressure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05352207__
Patent Applications on Hydrocephalus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hydrocephalus: •
Centeral nervous system shunt monitoring system Inventor(s): Dolle, Stephen M.; (Newport Beach, CA) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 620 Newport Center Drive; Sixteenth Floor; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20010034476 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: A method of monitoring Central Nervous Shunt performance by sampling non-invasive data from a patient with hydrocephalus condition. The sampled data is processed to produce a determination of probable shunt operation. Where the shunt may not operate properly, the processing produces a prediction of possible shunt malfunction. The processing includes a method to assess which of a set of possible malfunctions is the most likely. The processing can also be used to advise the user on how to remedy the problem diagnosed. The shunt performance rating can also be used to monitor shunt performance over time and process the time data to provide for a shunt operation status or observe the compatibility of a particular shunt type to a patient. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 09/197,125, filed Nov. 20, 1998. This invention relates to a system for monitoring a shunt performance for patients with a hydrocephalus condition. Hydrocephalus comes from the Greek: hydro means water, cephalus means head. Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of fluid--cerebrospinal fluid ("CSF") within cavities called ventricles, inside the brain. CSF is produced in the ventricles, circulates through the ventricular system, and is absorbed into the bloodstream. CSF is reabsorbed at a rate that is dependent on regulation of intracranial pressure ("ICP"). CSF is in constant circulation and has many important functions. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a protective cushion against injury. CSF contains nutrients and proteins that are needed for the nourishment and normal function of the brain. It also carries waste products away from surrounding tissues. Hydrocephalus occurs when there is an imbalance between the amount of CSF that is produced and the rate at which it is absorbed. As the CSF builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase. Congenital Hydrocephalus is thought to be caused by a complex interaction of genetic and
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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environmental factors. Aqueductal stenosis, an obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, is the most frequent cause of congenital hydrocephalus. Acquired hydrocephalus may result from spina bifida, intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, head trauma, tumors and cysts. Hydrocephalus affects about one in every 500 children born. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus by automated processing of MR inages Inventor(s): Ulug, Aziz M.; (Edison, NJ) Correspondence: Leydig Voit & Mayer, Ltd; 6815 Weaver Road; Rockford; IL; 611148018; US Patent Application Number: 20020177760 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: A method useful in diagnosing normal pressure hydrocephalus and monitoring treatment is presented. A database of mean brain diffusion constants and distribution width is created. Three-dimensional diffusion images of the subject are obtained and algorithms are applied to the images, which include reducing the threedimensional images to one-dimensional maps of the average diffusion content for the entire brain. Distribution maps (diffusion histograms) are obtained for the brain, and the histograms are fit to a model. From the fit are obtained a mean brain diffusion constant, which is characteristic of the diffusion of the brain tissue in the three compartment model, and a distribution width for the tissue. These numbers are compared to the database for normals, and the significant deviation from the normals (higher in the case of mean brain diffusion constant and wider in the case of distribution width) is an indicator of the presence of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/279,138, filed Mar. 27, 2001. The present invention relates to medical diagnosis and more particularly to diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical syndrome characterized by enlargement of the brain's ventricular spaces without obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or elevation in CSF pressure. This condition may develop from a variety of processes that cause decreased resorption or over-production of CSF. The net effect of NPH is a reduction in the compliance of the brain parenchyma resulting in an increased susceptibility to brain injury. NPH is often associated with disturbances in gait, urinary continence and cognitive abilities. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Fluid shunt system and a method for the treatment of hydrocephalus Inventor(s): Borgesen, Svend Erik; (Kokkedal, DK) Correspondence: Mary Michelle Kile; Foley & Lardner; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street, N.W., Suite 500; Washington; DC; 20007-5109; US Patent Application Number: 20020045847 Date filed: September 12, 2001 Abstract: A cerebrospinal fluid shunt system comprises a brain ventricle catheter (15) to insert into the brain ventricle (21) so as to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the brain
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ventricle, a sinus catheter (18) to insert into the sinus sagittalis system (22) for feeding the cerebrospinal fluid into the sinus sagittalis system, a shunt body member (10) connected at one end thereof to said brain ventricle catheter and at another end thereof to said sinus catheter system to provide fluidic communication between said brain ventricle catheter (15) and said sinus catheter (18), and a flow restriction (16) defined within the shunt body member (10) to maintain a resistance to fluid flow of the shunt system of less than 8 mm Hg/ml/min, such as 2-7 or 4-6 and preferably about 5 mm Hg/ml/min. When the shunt system is implanted the shunt body member (10) is placed subcutaneously on top of the calvarium of a patient, behind the coronal suture on one of side of the sagittal suture. One end of each of the catheters (15, 18) is then connected to a respective end of the shunt body member (10), and a second end of each catheter is inserted in the right ventricle (21) and in the sinus sagittalis system (22), respectively, via holes bored in the scull (19). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cerebrospinal fluid shunt system for shunting cerebrospinal fluid from the brain ventricles to sinus sagittalis (including sinus transversus) in patients with so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus and in children with a combination of widely dilated ventricles and low intracranial pressure. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the ventricular system irrespective of the intracranial pressure (ICP). The formation rate is constant, with a range of 0.3-0.4 ml/min. (Brgesen and Gjerris 1987). Hydrocephalus, i.e. a pathological increase in the amount of intracranially located cerebrospinal fluid, arise when the outflow of the cerebrospinal fluid is obstructed, leading to an increase in the intracranial pressure and in the amount of intracranially located cerebrospinal fluid. The obstruction may be localized in the aqueduct or the IV ventricle or in the normal resorption sites in villi arachnoidales in connection with the sagittal sinus. Patho-anatomically, hydrocephalus is divided in communicating or non-communicating hydrocephalus dependent whether there is passage between the ventricular system and sinus sagittalis or not. Communicating hydrocephalus, which is generally caused by obstruction located in the villi arachnoidales for example due to fibrosis formed in response to bleeding in the liquor, is the most common form of hydrocephalus. The treatment of hydrocephalus aims at reducing the intracranial pressure to normal, physiological values and thereby also reducing the amount of cerebrospinal fluid towards normal, physiological values. This is obtained by deducting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricular system to another resorption site, bypassing the pathological obstruction by use of a CSF shunt. The most suitable diversion sites have been found to be the right atrium of the heart and the peritoneal cavity. Valves have been designed to hinder retrograde flow in the drainage system which could occur due to pressure differences between the intracranial cavity and the resorption site, e.g. in connection with increased chest and/or abdominal pressure in connection with e.g. cough or defecation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
HO-1 as a diagnostic and prognostic test for dementing diseases Inventor(s): Chertkow, Howard; (Westmount, CA), Schipper, Hyman M.; (Montreal, CA) Correspondence: Lorusso & Loud; 3137 Mount Vernon Avenue; Alexandria; VA; 22305; US Patent Application Number: 20020119453 Date filed: February 6, 2001
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Abstract: The invention relates to a commercial package for determining the concentration of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and/or a nucleotide sequence encoding HO1 in tissue obtained from a patient, wherein the commercial package is used to predict the onset of, diagnose, or prognosticate a dementing disease. The tissue is suitably plasma, lymphocytes, cerebrospinal fluid or fibroblasts. The commercial package is useful where the dementing disease is any of Alzheimer's Disease, Age-Associated Cognitive Decline, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Vascular (i.e. multi-infarct) Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, Huntington's Disease, Down's syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, multisystem atrophy, head trauma, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, viral encephalitis and hypothyroidism. Excerpt(s): This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/323,248, filed Jun. 1, 1999, now allowed, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/098,141, filed Aug. 27, 1998. This invention relates to a method for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating dementing diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Age-Associated Cognitive Decline (AACD). Alzheimer's Disease is a neurodegenerative disease which causes dementia. The period from first detection of AD to termination can range from a few years to 15 years, during which time the patient progressively suffers loss of both mental function and control of bodily functions. There is significant variability in the progress of the disease. While the majority of patients have a gradual, inexorable progression (losing on average 3 to 4 points on the 30 point Folstein mini-mental state score annually), approximately 30% of AD cases have a prolonged stable initial plateau phase lasting several years (Haxby et al., 1992). A subgroup of patients has a fulminant, rapidly progressive downhill course over several years (Mann et al., 1992). Other patients (about 10% of cohorts) remain slowly progressive, showing only gradual decline from year to year (Grossi et al., 1988). The pathological, chemical, and molecular bases of this heterogeneity remain undetermined. Recognition of the variability of AD progression represents an important clinical insight, and may explain the diagnostic difficulties presented by "atypical" cases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Ho-1 suppressor as a diagnostic and prognostic test for dementing diseases Inventor(s): Schipper, Hyman M.; (Montreal Quebec, CA) Correspondence: Baker Botts; 30 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10112-4498; US Patent Application Number: 20040033563 Date filed: July 28, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method for predicting the onset of, diagnosing, prognosticating and/or treating dementing diseases. The method comprises determining the level of heme oxygenase-1 suppressor (HOS) activity and/or factor in tissue or body fluid obtained from a patient, and comparing said level with the corresponding level of HOS activity and/or factor in corresponding tissue or body fluid obtained from at least one control person. The tissue or body fluid is suitably blood, plasma, lymphocytes, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, saliva, epithelia or fibroblasts. The method is useful where the dementing disease is any of Alzheimer Disease, AgeAssociated Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Parkinson disease with dementia, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Vascular (i.e. multi-infarct) Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, Huntington's Disease, Down's syndrome, normal pressure hydrocephalus, corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, multisystem atrophy, head trauma, neurosyphilis, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease and other prion diseases, HIV and other
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encephalitides, and metabolic disorders such as hypothyroidism and vitamin B12 deficiency. The method may also prove useful in differentiating the "pseudodementia" of depression from Alzheimer disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT/CA1/01066, filed Jul. 25, 2001 and published on Jan. 31, 2002 as International Publication No WO 02/08449 A2 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), which claims the benefit of United States Provisional Application No. 60/220,813 filed on Jul. 25, 2000. Applicant's related U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,895 (Apr. 3, 2001), herein incorporated by reference, relates to a method for predicting, diagnosing, and/or prognosticating dementing diseases such as Alzheimer Disease (AD) and AgeAssociated Cognitive Decline (AACD). The invention relates to improved methods for predicting, diagnosing, prognosticating and/or treating dementing diseases such as Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Age-Associated Cognitive Decline (AACD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) as well as methods and reagents to facilitate the study of the cause and progression of these diseases. Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which causes dementia. The terms "Alzheimer Disease" and "Alzheimer's Disease" are both utilized in the art, these terms being equivalent and are used interchangeably here and elsewhere. The period from first detection of AD to termination can range from a few years to 15 years, during which time the patient progressively suffers loss of both mental function and control of bodily functions. There is significant variability in the progress of the disease. While the majority of patients have a gradual, inexorable progression (losing on average 3 to 4 points on the 30 point Folstein mini-mental state score annually), approximately 30% of AD cases have a prolonged stable initial plateau phase lasting several years, as described in Haxby et al. (1992), herein incorporated by reference. A subgroup of patients has a fulminant, rapidly progressive downhill course over several years, as described in Mann et al. (1992), herein incorporated by reference. Other patients (about 10% of cohorts) remain slowly progressive, showing only gradual decline from year to year, as described in Grossi et al. (1988), herein incorporated by reference. The pathological, chemical and molecular bases of this heterogeneity remain undetermined. Recognition of the variability of AD progression represents an important clinical insight, and may explain the diagnostic difficulties presented by "atypical" cases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Hydrocephalus valve Inventor(s): Miethke, Christoph; (Bergholz-Rehbruecke, DE) Correspondence: Law Office OF Barry R Lipsitz; 755 Main Street; Monroe; CT; 06468; US Patent Application Number: 20040024346 Date filed: June 9, 2003 Abstract: In order to allow improved adaptation to the situation existing in a patient in the case of a hydrocephalus valve with an electric actuating system comprising a control system opening and closing the hydrocephalus valve, it is proposed that the control system is a time control system. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure relates to the subject matter disclosed in international application PCT/EP 01/14585 of Dec. 11, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. The invention relates to a hydrocephalus valve with an electrical actuating system, comprising a control system opening and
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closing the hydrocephalus valve. In the case of people suffering from hydrocephalus there is the problem that raised internal pressure of the brain occurring because of excessive cerebrospinal fluid leads to serious problems for the people affected. The brain tissue is therefore damaged and permanently weakened and there are various symptoms such as dizziness, walking difficulty, headaches, nausea, sickness and dementia. Untreated, the disease can ultimately lead to the death of the patient. The type and extent of the symptoms occurring depend on the causes underlying the disease, general constitution, but primarily the age of the patient. In babies, the rise in pressure brings about an unnatural growth of the head; in adults, the substance of the brain is lost in favour of the water content in the interior of the skull. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Implantable subcutaneous value for the treatment of hydrocephalus, and adjusting devices therefor Inventor(s): Marion, Bernard; (Mont-Dol, FR) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman; Professional Limited Liability Company; 400 Seventh Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20020058901 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a subcutaneous valve having opening pressure that can be adjusted non-invasively from the outside, said valve comprising a body presenting a chamber with a cylindrical inside side wall, an inlet duct and an outlet duct for cerebospinal fluid both opening out in said side wall, a valve member such as a ball placed at the inside end of said inlet duct, a spring blade fitting closely to the side wall of said chamber and urging the valve member against its seat, and a moving member controlled from the outside and provided with means for locking it in a determined position, the length of the spring blade acting on the valve member being determined by the position of said moving member. The valve is remarkable in that said moving member is constituted by a resilient flexible arcuate blade fitting closely to the cylindrical inside wall of said chamber. The valve is applicable to the treatment of hydrocephalus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to surgically-implantable valves used for the treatment of hydrocephalus by regulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and it also relates to a device for adjusting the opening pressure of said valve from the outside, i.e. through skin tissue. It has been known for more than fifty years that one of the major causes of hydrocephalus is a disturbance or blockage of the natural sites for resorbing CSF, namely the arachnoid villosities. In normal adults, the brain is maintained at a constant hydrostatic pressure inside the cranial cavity by means of the self-adjusting mechanism of the arachnoid villosities that open and close appropriately to maintain a constant pressure gradient inside the cerebral ventricles. As a result, any disturbance in CSF resorption will simultaneously give rise to an increase in the volume of the cerebral ventricles, and in most cases to an increase in intraventricular pressure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods and apparatus for electrosurgical ventriculostomy Inventor(s): Hovda, David C.; (Mountain View, CA), Woloszko, Jean; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: Arthrocare Corporation; 680 Vaqueros Avenue; Sunnyvale; CA; 940853523; US Patent Application Number: 20030088245 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: Methods and apparatus for electrosurgical treatment of hydrocephalus. A method of the invention comprises electrosurgical fenestration of the floor of the third ventricle using an electrosurgical probe or catheter. The probe or catheter may be introduced via an access hole in the patient's cranium. The access hole can be formed mechanically or electrosurgically. A stoma or window in the third ventricle can be enlarged electrosurgically and/or tissue surrounding the stoma can be coagulated, in order to maintain patency of the stoma. According to another aspect of the invention, a method of establishing patency in an occluded cerebral aqueduct comprises guiding an electrosurgical catheter into the cerebral aqueduct, positioning an active electrode in at least close proximity to the occlusion, and applying an ablative voltage to the active electrode to form a channel within the cerebral aqueduct. Excerpt(s): This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional application No. 60/350,293 filed Nov. 2, 2001, which is incorporated by reference. The present invention relates generally to the field of electrosurgery, and more particularly to surgical devices and methods which employ high frequency electrical energy to ablate, fenestrate, channel, shrink, coagulate, or otherwise modify a target tissue. The present invention is particularly suited for the treatment of tissue in or around the central nervous system. The present invention further relates to the treatment of hydrocephalus, and to methods for performing a third ventriculostomy. Hydrocephalus may be congenital, or may result from trauma, tumors, postsub-arachnoid hemorrhage, or post-meningitis. Treatment of hydrocephalus is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures. There are two types of hydrocephalus: obstructive hydrocephalus and communicating hydrocephalus. Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by a block to drainage of CSF from the ventricles, most commonly due to occlusion of the cerebral aqueduct (between the third and fourth ventricles). Thus, obstructive hydrocephalus is due to lack of drainage of fluid from the ventricles. In contrast, in communicating hydrocephalus, CSF drains from the brain, but then accumulates due to a defect in absorption of CSF. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Non-invasive in vivo pressure measurement Inventor(s): Madsen, Joseph R.; (Newton, MA), Taylor, George A.; (Wellesley, MA) Correspondence: Nutter Mcclennen & Fish Llp; One International Place; Boston; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20020052550 Date filed: October 30, 2001 Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for non-invasive measurement of blood velocity in otherwise inaccessible body regions, and for correlating such measurements with externally applied pressure to detect and/or assess diseases or physiological
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abnormalities. The blood velocity measurements can be based on the Doppler shift that occurs when an ultrasonic wave is scattered by moving particles within the blood. Since blood vessels have elastic walls, the geometry of the walls, and therefore the flow dynamics, will change in response to elevated in vivo pressure. The change in resistance to blood flow resulting from these pressure induced changes to the blood vessel wall geometry can provide a measure of intracranial pressure, ophthalmic pressure or various other body conditions that affect blood perfusion. Since the blood vessel wall geometry changes rapidly in response to such changes in pressure, the invention can be used to detect hydrocephalus, retinopathy, papilledema and other physiological abnormalities manifested by pressure changes. Excerpt(s): The technical field of this invention is medical sonography and, in particular, methods and devices for employing ultrasonic measurements of blood flow to detect and assess diseases or physiological abnormalities. Although the intracranial pressure increase associated with hydrocephalus can be relieved surgically by providing a shunt from the ventricle to the peritoneum, this too can frequently result in complications. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method and apparatus for reliably measuring the intracranial pressure. Intracranial pressure can be measured directly by surgically inserting a pressure transducer inside the cranium. However, the inconvenience of surgery and the necessity of penetrating the skull make this method undesirable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for treating a patient with hydrocephalus utilizing an external medical draining system Inventor(s): Hampton, Lawrence L.; (Santa Maria, CA), Harper, Derek J.; (Santa Ynez, CA) Correspondence: Kelly Bauersfeld Lowry & Kelley, Llp; 6320 Canoga Avenue; Suite 1650; Woodland Hills; CA; 91367; US Patent Application Number: 20010027306 Date filed: June 4, 2001 Abstract: A process for treating a patient with hydrocephalus is disclosed which utilizes an external medical drainage system having a slide interface between a mounting assembly and a disposable drip assembly. The mounting assembly is generally reusable and the drip assembly disposable. The mounting assembly includes a clamp which is fastenable to the pole, and a support rail affixed to the clamp and which has a longitudinal slot that defines an open-face elongated channel. The drip assembly includes a key adjustably positionable within the channel, a graduated cylinder supported by the key, a drainage bag fluidly connected to the graduated cylinder, and tubing extending from the graduated cylinder opposite the drainage bag. A portion of the key disposed within the channel has a cross-sectioned configuration substantially matching the cross section of the channel. The key extends through the slot, but the channel is configured such that the support rail provides means for restricting the key to longitudinal movement within the channel. A lock fixes the key at a desired location within the channel. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/302,563 filed Apr. 30, 1999 for EXTERNAL MEDICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM HAVING A SLIDE INTERFACE BETWEEN MOUNTING AND DRIP ASSEMBLIES. The present invention relates generally to external medical drainage systems. More
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particularly, the present invention relates to a process for treating a patient with hydrocephalus utilizing a medical drainage system having a slide interface between a mounting assembly and a disposable drip assembly. As is well known in the medical arts, to relieve an undesirable accumulation of fluids from a part of the body it is frequently necessary to provide a means for draining the fluid away from the body. Such is the case, for example, in the treatment of hydrocephalus, an ailment usually afflicting infants or children in which fluids which ought to drain away accumulate within the skull and thereby exert extreme pressure and skull deforming forces. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hydrocephalus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hydrocephalus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hydrocephalus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON HYDROCEPHALUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hydrocephalus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hydrocephalus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hydrocephalus: •
Dementia Source: Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co. 1993. 465 p. Contact: Available from F.A. Davis Co. 1915 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. (215) 568-2270 or (800) 523-4049 or FAX (215) 568-5065. PRICE: $90.00. ISBN: 803692714. Summary: This book includes 15 chapters, each designed to be an intensive review, that address many aspects of dementia. The book intends to offer a broad overview of the biologic, psychological, and societal challenges of dementia. The first part reviews the role of different disciplines, including epidemiology, genetics, neurobiology, clinical neurology, and neuropsychology, in the study of dementia, addressing general principles as well as specific examples of particular approaches. The second part presents discussions of the major categories of dementia: degenerative dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease,
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and other forms; vascular dementias, including multi-infarct dementia and Binswanger's disease; viral dementias, including types of encephalitis; bacterial, fungal, and parasitic causes of dementia; metabolic dementia; miscellaneous causes of dementia, including hydrocephalus, trauma, neoplasia, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy; and cognitive impairment as a manifestation of psychiatric syndromes. The third part discusses management and treatment of dementia, from three perspectives: biologic therapies for Alzheimer's disease, including drug therapy; management of the patient, the environment, and the family; and legal and financial decision making. An epilogue presents the challenges that lie ahead in research and patient care. References are included at the end of each chapter.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hydrocephalus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hydrocephalus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hydrocephalus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Anencephalus, spina bifida and congenital hydrocephalus, England and Wales 19641972 by Stephen Clifford Rogers; ISBN: 0116905514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0116905514/icongroupinterna
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Annual Review of Hydrocephalus, 1988; ISBN: 3540522042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540522042/icongroupinterna
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Annual Review of Hydrocephalus, 1988 by Satoshi Matsumoto, et al; ISBN: 0387522042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387522042/icongroupinterna
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Annual Review of Hydrocephalus, 1990 by N. Tamaki (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0387548467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387548467/icongroupinterna
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Cisternography and hydrocephalus; a symposium; ISBN: 0398023085; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398023085/icongroupinterna
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Congenital Disorders Sourcebook: Basic Information About Disorders Acquired During Gestation, Including Spina Bifida, Hydrocephalus, Cerebral Palsy, Heart Defects, Craniofacial abnorm (Health Reference Series, Vol 29) by Karen Bellenir (Editor); ISBN: 0780802055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802055/icongroupinterna
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Current Concepts in Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus by Carys M. Bannister (Author), Brian Bannister (Author); ISBN: 0901260916; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901260916/icongroupinterna
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Guide lines for social workers working with sufferers from spina bifida or hydrocephalus; ISBN: 0900102020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0900102020/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus by Kenneth Shapiro (Editor); ISBN: 0890043337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890043337/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus (Concepts in Neurosurgery; V. 3) by R. Michael Scott (Editor); ISBN: 0683076140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683076140/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus (Current Clinical Practice Series, 38) by S. Ishii; ISBN: 4900392812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4900392812/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus (Oxford Medical Publications) by Peter H. Schurr (Editor), C. E. Polkey (Editor); ISBN: 0192618636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192618636/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus (SuDoc HE 20.3502:H 99/2) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B000112FSI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000112FSI/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus and the Cerebrospinal Fluid by Tho Mas H. Milhorat; ISBN: 0683059890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683059890/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus Shunt Infections by Roger Bayston; ISBN: 0412312409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412312409/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus: A Guide for Patients, Families and Friends by Chuck Toporek (Author), Kellie Robinson (Author); ISBN: 156592410X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156592410X/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus: Current Clinical Concepts by Richard Leech, Roger Brumback; ISBN: 0815155557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815155557/icongroupinterna
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Hydrocephalus: Pathogenesis and Treatment by Satoshi Matsumoto; ISBN: 3540700803; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540700803/icongroupinterna
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Intracerebral Hemorrhage Hydrocephalus Malresorptivus Peripheral Nerves; ISBN: 3540563040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540563040/icongroupinterna
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Intracerebral Hemorrhage Hydrocephalus Malresorptivus Peripheral Nerves (Advances in Neurosurgery, Vol 21) by R. Lorenz, et al; ISBN: 0387563040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387563040/icongroupinterna
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Pediatric Hydrocephalus by G. Cinalli (Editor), et al; ISBN: 8847002257; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8847002257/icongroupinterna
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Surgery of cervical myelopathy - infantile hydrocephalus, long-term results; ISBN: 0387099492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387099492/icongroupinterna
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The Official Parent's Sourcebook on Hydrocephalus: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597834970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597834970/icongroupinterna
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Treatment of Infantile Hydrocephalus by Rocco; ISBN: 0849357217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849357217/icongroupinterna
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Your child with hydrocephalus: a practical guide to parents by John Lorber; ISBN: 0950130435; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950130435/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Hydrocephalus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hydrocephalus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hydrocephalus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hydrocephalus: •
Tinnitus in Children Source: in Tyler, R.S., ed. Tinnitus Handbook. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2000. p. 243-261. Contact: Available from Singular-Thomson Learning. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 477-3692. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $65.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939220. Summary: Children rarely complain of tinnitus, and when they do it does not appear to have the debilitating effects it has on adults. However, when children do complain of tinnitus, they should be taken seriously. This chapter on tinnitus in children is from an audiology textbook that offers clinicians and recent graduates information on tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears). In the chapter, the authors discuss tinnitus in children with normal hearing; tinnitus in children with different levels of hearing loss; differences between the tinnitus experienced by children and adults; the etiology of sensorineural tinnitus in children, including ototoxic drugs, Meniere's disease, perilymph fistula, noise exposure, and pharmacologic agents; more rare causes of tinnitus in children, including acoustic neuromas, congenital neurosyphilis, blood dyscrasias, middle ear tinnitus, venous hums, transmitted bruit (vascular abnormalities), glomus tumors (a growth in the middle ear), and hydrocephalus (increased intracranial pressure); vascular malformations of the middle ear, including dural arteriovenous fistulae, dehiscent jugular bulb, aberrant carotid artery, and persistent stapedial artery; the causes of nonpulsatile middle ear tinnitus, including palatal myoclonus (rhythmic, involuntary contractions of the soft palate), middle ear myoclonus, patulous Eustachian tube, temporomandibular joint disorders, and familial tinnitus; and the evaluation of the child with complaints of tinnitus, including history, physical examination, audiologic evaluation, radiologic evaluation, and counseling and treatment options for children. The authors stress that since tinnitus is most often a symptom of an underlying disease, an accurate diagnosis must first be established before attempting treatment. 1 figure. 1 table. 102 references.
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Disability, the Young and the Elderly Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 470-487. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: Disability is caused by handicapping conditions that impair normal social, educational, or recreational activities. Such patients need dental attention and treatment
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to at least the same standard as non-handicapped patients; frequently this population has a greater predisposition to dental disease. This chapter on disability, the young and the elderly is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. This chapter covers only patients with mental and related handicaps, some specific conditions, children, and the elderly; patients with other important specific diseases, such as hemophilia, neurological disorders and muscular dystrophies, are covered in other chapters. Topics include learning disability, chromosomal anomalies (including Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome), thalidomide defect, hydrocephalus, cleft lip and palate, autism, the overactive child (hyperkinetic child), child abuse, self-inflicted oral lesions, juvenile delinquency, and problems in the elderly, including multiple disease, intellectual failure, social problems, drug compliance and reactions. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 1 appendix. 5 figures. 8 tables. 46 references. •
Organic Mental Disorders Source: in Busse, E.W. and Blazer, D.G. eds. Geriatric Psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1989. p. 313-368. Contact: Available from American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1400 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. (202) 682-6262. PRICE: $60.00. Summary: This book chapter presents the phenomology, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis, where known, of the major organic mental disorders of later life, particularly Alzheimer's disease and other dementia disorders. The chapter also reviews diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these disorders and discusses some areas of controversy and areas in which future research should produce useful new knowledge. Topics include: the classification and definition of mental disorders; the characteristics and diagnostic criteria for dementia; associated features of the dementia syndrome; useful approaches to the differential diagnosis of dementia; the course of dementia; the epidemiology of dementia; diseases causing the dementia syndrome (primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type, its causes, possible subtypes, accuracy of antemortem diagnosis, its pathophysiology, genetic factors, molecular genetic studies in assessing the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and risks posed by aluminum exposure, dementia in Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, metabolic dementing disorders, infectious dementing disorders). Attention also is given to: evaluation of cognitive impairment; drug therapy of agitated behaviors and depression in dementia; cognitiveacting drugs in Alzheimer's disease; psychosocial therapies; and diagnostic criteria for and etiologies of amnestic syndrome, delirium, and organic mood syndrome (depressed type). 236 references.
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Degenerative, Demyelinating and Hydrocephalic Dementias Source: in Kapur, N. Memory Disorders in Clinical Practice. Boston, MA: Butterworth and Company Publishers, Limited. 1988. p. 114-142. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0407007121. Summary: This chapter considers memory functioning in patients with primary degenerative dementia, degenerative dementia associated with other neurological conditions, patients with central nervous system demyelination, and patients with
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evidence of progressive cognitive dysfunction due to hydrocephalus. Particular attention is given to: specific characteristics of primary degenerative dementia, clinical symptoms, retention test parameters, retrograde memory deficits, the relationship between memory functioning and neurobiological variables, and the management of memory deficits; anterograde and retrograde memory deficits of Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease; demyelinating disease; other primary dementias; hydrocephalic dementia; and distinctive features of memory disorders in dementia patients, covering: comparisons of primary degenerative dementia to depression and to other progressive and non-progressive neurological conditions; comparisons of Huntington's disease to other neurological conditions; and the distinctive features of memory functioning in other dementias. It is concluded that primary degenerative dementia forms one of the most common sources of progressive deterioration of memory functioning in neurological disease. •
Illnesses of the Older Brain Source: in Giaquinto, S. Aging and the Nervous System. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 1988. p. 159-179. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0471918350. Summary: This chapter describes and discusses 13 common diseases of old age. These include: senile dementia of the Alzheimer's disease type; multi-infarct dementia; mixed dementia; Pick's dementia; Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy; Parkinson's disease; hyperkinesias of various origins; idiopathic hydrocephalus; progressive supranuclear palsy; Creutzfeld-Jakob's disease; depression; neurosis; and psychosis and confusional states. Data on the increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease in the U.S. are included. 63 references.
•
Other Dementias and Mental Disorders Due to General Medical Conditions Source: in Sadavoy, J.; et al., eds. Comprehensive Review of Geriatric Psychiatry-II. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1996. p. 497-528. Contact: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 682-6262; FAX (202) 789-2648. PRICE: $95.00 plus $7.50 shipping. Internet access: http://www.appi.org. ISBN: 0880487232. Summary: This chapter discusses forms of dementia other than Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The first half of the chapter discusses forms of dementia considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive cognitive impairment. The second part of the chapter describes the secondary mental disorders referred to as 'organic mental disorders' in the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, III, Revised' (DSM). The author explains that the term 'organic' was deleted from the DSM IV; thus, experts should specify the actual physical disorder or responsible substance. The dementias discussed include: focal cortical dementias (Pick's disease and others); subcortical dementias (Huntington's disease, dementia in Parkinson's disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy); normal pressure hydrocephalus; dementias caused by an infectious disease (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and HIV encephalopathy); dementia associated with metabolic disorders; dementia after head injury; dementia associated with toxic substances; dementia associated with brain tumors; mental disorders due to general medical conditions; amnestic disorders; mood disorders due to a general medical condition; anxiety disorders due to a general medical condition; psychotic disorders due to a general medical condition, with delusions; psychotic disorders due to
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a general medical condition, with hallucinations; and personality changes due to a general medical condition. 4 tables, 94 references. •
Outpatient Management of the Medically Compromised Patient Source: in Lockhart, P.B. Oral Medicine and Hospital Practice. Chicago, IL: Special Care Dentistry. 1997. p. 3.3-3.64. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Fax (312) 440-2824. PRICE: $27.00 (member) or $30.00 (nonmember) plus shipping and handling; institutional prices and bulk orders available. ISBN: 0965719103. Summary: This chapter is from a manual designed to help dental residents, students, and practitioners engaged in the care of patients in the hospital setting. This chapter discusses outpatient management of medically compromised patients. The author stresses that a thorough history is necessary to establish the existence and nature of any medical problems to decrease the likelihood of medical emergencies or other problems in management. Topics include history taking; medical history and risk assessment for bacteremias and the need for antibiotics; and considerations for specific medical conditions, including allergy, arthritis, bleeding disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, dementia, diabetes mellitus, drug abuse and alcoholism, fever of unknown origin (FUO), hepatic disease, HIV infection, hydrocephalus, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, pregnancy, prosthetic joints, psychiatric illness, renal and adrenal disorders, respiratory disease, seizures, sickle cell anemia, spleen, and thyroid disorders. The chapter includes six tables: common drugs with significant allergic potential; TNM staging for lip and oral cavity tumors; types and durations of insulin therapy; classification of blood pressure for adults 18 years and over; recommendations for follow-up based on initial set of blood pressure measurements for adults; and medications used in asthma. Most information is presented in outline format, for ease of access. 6 tables.
•
Confusion Source: in Pathy, J.M.S. and Finucane, P., eds. Geriatric Medicine: Problems and Practice. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. 1989. p. 231-241. Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094. (201) 3484033. PRICE: $101.00. ISBN: 0387195254. Summary: This chapter summarizes and discusses the causes, diagnosis, and management of acute and chronic confusion. Special attention is given to chronic confusion associated with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other more uncommon causes of dementia (e.g.: normal pressure hydrocephalus; cranial malignancy lesions; neurosyphilis (rare); parathyroid disease). The author argues that treatment of depressive symptoms may help patients think more clearly and make the best use of their remaining mental abilities. Drugs to treat the cause of dementia remain elusive. Drugs are not a substitute for diagnosis, practical advice, or support services, and some drugs may make symptoms worse. It also is emphasized that the great majority of elderly people are not mentally impaired. 8 references.
•
Physical Disability and Sensory Impairment Source: in Griffiths, J. and Boyle, S. Colour Guide to Holistic Oral Care: A Practical Approach. Mosby-Year Book Europe. 1993. p. 131-150.
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Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book Europe. Lynton House, 7-12 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9LB, England. Telephone 0171-391 4471. Fax 0171-391 6598. ISBN: 0723417792. Summary: This chapter, from a textbook that outlines the role of the nurse in oral health care, discusses the oral care of people with physical disability or sensory impairment. The authors summarize the more common conditions that may affect manual dexterity, arm control, and mobility. Topics covered include the prevalence of physical disability; barriers to oral health; arthritis; brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta); rickets and osteomalacia; osteoporosis; Paget's disease (oteitis deformans); muscular dystrophies and myotonic disorders; myasthenia gravis; motor neurone disease; multiple sclerosis; Guillain-Barre syndrome; stroke (cerebrovascular accident); Bell's palsy; Parkinson's disease; cleft lip and palate; cerebral palsy; spina bifida and hydrocephalus; spinal injuries and trauma; head injury; epilepsy; and sensory impairment. 6 tables. 22 references. (AA-M). •
Neurological Disorders Source: in Grundy, M.C.; Shaw, L.; and Hamilton, D.V. Illustrated Guide to Dental Care for the Medically Compromised Patient. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 71-85. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815140223. Summary: This chapter, from an illustrated guide to dental care for medically compromised patients, discusses neurological disorders. Topics covered include hydrocephalus; spina bifida; cerebral palsy, including spastic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy, and ataxic cerebral palsy; multiple sclerosis; tuberous sclerosis; epilepsy; autism; dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's chorea; and cerebrovascular disease, including transient ischemic attacks, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. For each condition, the authors provide a brief description, the components of medical management, and suggestions for dental care. Illustrations, including photographs, are included. 16 figures.
•
Memory Impairment and Dementing Illnesses Source: in Beck, J.C., ed. Geriatrics Review Syllabus: A Core Curriculum in Geriatric Medicine. Book I: Syllabus and Questions, 1989-1990 Program. New York, NY: American Geriatrics Society. 1989. p. 67-74. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0962439703. Summary: This textbook chapter summarizes and discusses the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, types, and treatment of dementia. It is pointed out that, among older people, the prevalence of primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type may be as high as 15-30 percent among persons aged 80 years or older. Potential risk factors for dementia include a family history, familial Down's syndrome, and (possibly) hematologic malignancy. The most common dementia type affecting older adults is primary dementia of the Alzheimer type. Differential diagnosis is required, and diagnosis is supported by progressive deterioration of specific cognitive functions, impaired activities of daily living, and a
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family history of similar disorders. Other types of dementia are discussed including multi-infarct dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, alcoholic amnestic syndrome, subcortical dementia, dementia caused by Pick's disease, dementia due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, dementia caused by normal pressure hydrocephalus, and a psychiatric disorder causing pseudodementia. Information also is presented on recommended laboratory tests for evaluating the dementia syndrome. Finally, a number of therapies for the clinical management of dementia are elaborated. These include milieu therapy, pharmacologic therapy, family support, and family counseling.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS HYDROCEPHALUS
AND
NEWS
ON
Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hydrocephalus.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hydrocephalus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hydrocephalus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hydrocephalus: •
Medtronic gets clearance for defibrillator, hydrocephalus treatment device Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 01, 2002
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Siphoning of CSF treats ventriculomegaly in adults with shunt-nonresponsive hydrocephalus Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 27, 1999
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Hydrocephalus-related learning disabilities do not persist into adulthood Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 23, 1999
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Hydrocephalus predicts mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 10, 1998 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hydrocephalus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Hydrocephalus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hydrocephalus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hydrocephalus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 18111 196 59 14 241 18621
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Hydrocephalus In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and hydrocephalus. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for hydrocephalus: •
Hydrocephalus due to Congenital Stenosis of Aqueduct of Sylvius Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=307000 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned
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baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the
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drop box next to “Search.” Enter “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
23
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hydrocephalus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hydrocephalus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hydrocephalus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hydrocephalus”:
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Guides on hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hydrocephalus.html
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Other guides Alcohol and Youth http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholandyouth.html Alcohol Consumption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholconsumption.html Alcoholism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alcoholism.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Neural Tube Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuraltubedefects.html Spina Bifida http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinabifida.html Syringomyelia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/syringomyelia.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to hydrocephalus, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Computed Tomography (CT)-Head Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/ct_of_the_head.htm MR Imaging (MRI)-Head Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_of_the_head.htm Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01414
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Treatment About Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/newsletter/etv.html About Shunts Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/newsletter/shunt.html
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Coping Talking Hydrocephalus Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/newsletter/talking_hydrocephalus.html
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Adult Onset Hydrocephalus Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons http://www.neurosurgery.org/health/patient/detail.asp?disorderID=70 Dandy-Walker Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/dandywalker.htm Hydrocephalus Diagnosed in Young and Middle-Aged Adults (SHYMA) Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/information/adults.html Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/normal_pressure_hydr ocephalus.htm Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Frequently Asked Questions Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/information/nph-faq.htm Problems Commonly Associated with Hydrocephalus Source: Hydrocephalus Foundation, Inc. http://www.hydrocephalus.org/problems.htm Questions and Answers - Hydrocephalus Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons http://www.neurosurgery.org/pubpages/patres/askaneuro/nov97.html
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Children Hydrocephalus in Infants and Children Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/information/infant.html What Is Prenatal Hydrocephalus? Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/information/prenatal.html
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Organizations Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
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Neurosurgery://ON-CALL Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons http://www.neurosurgery.org/ •
Research Hydrocephalus and Epileptic Seizures Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.hydroassoc.org/newsletter/seizures.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hydrocephalus. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Dizzy? Forgetful? Unsteady? Incontinent? Source: Richmond, VA: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center. February 2001. 1 p. (both sides). Contact: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center. Old City Hall, Suite 235, 1001 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0449. (804) 828-9165. Website: www.nph.nsc.vcu.edu. PRICE: free and free online access. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and how it is diagnosed and treated. NPH is a condition of later life in which excess water accumulates in the brain. This typically causes incontinence, memory loss, unsteady walking, and dizziness. NPH closely resembles Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease but, unlike those diseases, it can be treated surgically. People who think they might have NPH should get a referral to a neurologist for testing and diagnosis. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site
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located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for cerebrovascular disease Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2000); 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2437&nbr=1663&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for dementia Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2445&nbr=1671&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for head trauma Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2444&nbr=1670&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for imaging of intracranial infections Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2446&nbr=1672&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for pre-irradiation evaluation and management of brain metastasis Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2502&nbr=1728&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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ACR Appropriateness Criteriatm for progressive neurologic deficit Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2438&nbr=1664&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Guidelines for referral to pediatric surgical specialists Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 July; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3420&nbr=2646&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Pediatric eye and vision examination Source: American Optometric Association - Professional Association; 1994 (revised 2002); 57 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3548&nbr=2774&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease Source: Infectious Diseases Society of America - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 April; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2666&nbr=1892&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Practice guidelines for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis Source: Infectious Diseases Society of America - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 April; 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2674&nbr=1900&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with mental retardation and comorbid mental disorders Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 June 27; 77 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2140&nbr=1366&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Stroke and transient ischaemic attacks: assessment, investigation, immediate management and secondary prevention Source: Singapore Ministry of Health - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 2003 March; 44 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3751&nbr=2977&a mp;string=hydrocephalus
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Ultrasound scanning during pregnancy Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2000 April 3 (revised 2001 June 17); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3816&nbr=3042&a mp;string=hydrocephalus Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Hydrocephalus Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2859
•
Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet Summary: This consumer information fact sheet provides basic information about this neurological disorder--the abnormal accumulation of fluid, (cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF), within cavities of the brain. Source: Hydrocephalus Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2594 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hydrocephalus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on hydrocephalus can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Hydrocephalus The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to hydrocephalus: •
Guardians of Hydrocephalus Research Foundation Telephone: (718) 743-4473 Toll-free: (800) 458-8655 Fax: (718) 743-1171 Email:
[email protected] Background: The Guardians of Hydrocephalus Research Foundation is a national voluntary health organization dedicated to aiding and assisting children with Hydrocephalus and their families. Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, causing a build-up of pressure inside the head. The efforts of the Foundation are directed at disseminating information to the general public so that a better understanding of Hydrocephalus will be established. The Foundation supports research into the causes, prevention, and cure of Hydrocephalus. For example, the Foundation conducts a research program at the New York University Medical Center, interacts with physicians and medical centers across the United States and Canada including the Universities of California at San Francisco and San Diego, the Texas Medical Center, and Sick Children s Hospital in Toronto, Canada. The Foundation also offers networking services to parents and supports the development of Satellite Information Centers, which are designed to form a network of information, assistance, and support. The Foundation s materials include pamphlets, reprints, fact sheets, and booklets. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hydrocephalus
•
Hydrocephalus Association Telephone: (415) 732-7040 Toll-free: (888) 598-3789 Fax: (415) 732-7044 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.hydroassoc.org
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Background: The Hydrocephalus Association is a national not-for-profit organization that provides support, education and advocacy for families, individuals and professionals dealing with the complex issues of hydrocephalus, the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain. Established in 1983, the organization provides a variety of services including an outreach program that provides one-on-one support; an annual scholarship awarded to young adults with hydrocephalus; and a biennial national conference. Educational materials include books, resource guide, directory of neurosurgeons and a quarterly newsletter. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hydrocephalus •
Hydrocephalus Research Foundation, Inc Telephone: (770) 995-9570 Fax: (770) 995-8982 Email:
[email protected] Background: The Hydrocephalus Research Foundation, Inc. is an international voluntary organization dedicated to improving treatments and outcomes for individuals with hydrocephalus and closely related conditions, disorders, and diseases of the central nervous system. Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by inhibition of the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and abnormal widening (dilatation) of the cerebral spaces of the brain (ventricles), causing accumulation of CSF in the skull and potentially increased pressure on brain tissue. Established in 1980, the Hydrocephalus Research Foundation engages in patient advocacy and lobbying efforts, offers family networking services, promotes research, makes referrals, and provides a variety of educational materials. Such materials include brochures, pamphlets, videos, and a regular newsletter. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hydrocephalus, Hydrocephaly, Water On the Brain
•
Hydrocephalus Support Group, Inc Telephone: (636) 532-8228 Fax: (314) 995-4108 Email:
[email protected] Background: The Hydrocephalus Support Group, Inc. (HSG) is a nonprofit selfhelp organization dedicated to providing information and support to individuals affected by hydrocephalus and their families. Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by inhibition of the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)within the brain. This fluid build-up can cause pressure which can be damaging to the brain if not treated promptly. Hydrocephalus is treated surgically by inserting a piece of flexible tubing called a 'shunt' into the ventricular system of the brain. Founded in l986, HSG provides information, engages in patient advocacy, offers networking, promotes interaction with other hydrocephalus organizations and conducts meetings with speakers who address the many concerns of hydrocephalus and related conditions. HSG provides brochures explaining hydrocephalus, a newsletter and other helpful information. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hydrocephalus, Hydrocephaly
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National Hydrocephalus Foundation Telephone: (562) 402-3523 Toll-free: (888) 857-3434
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Fax: (562) 924-6666 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nhfonline.org Background: The National Hydrocephalus Foundation is a non-profit organization incorporated in 1979. Its mission is to establish and facilitate a communication network among those affected by hydrocephalus and their families, provide information and educational materials, increase public awareness, and promote and support research related to cause, prevention, and treatment. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and puts pressure on the brain tissue. It has several different forms. The Foundation has a reference library, with printed materials and videos, and produces a quarterly newsletter, which includes medical articles, human interest stories, book reviews, and updates on available resources, including special education services and Web sites. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hydrocephalus •
Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Association of Canada Telephone: 204-925-3650 Toll-free: 800-565-9488 Fax: 204-925-3654 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.sbhac.ca Background: The Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Association of Canada (SBHAC) is a not-for-profit support organization dedicated to improving the quality of life of individuals with spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus and their families through awareness, education, and research. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect occurring early during fetal development, in which part of one or more of the bones of the spine (vertebrae) fail to develop completely, leaving a portion of the spinal cord exposed and resulting in damage to exposed nerve tissue. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skull, causing increased pressure on the brain. Established in 1981, the SBHAC currently has approximately 2,400 members in 11 chapters throughout Canada. The Association provides a variety of programs and services including and 800 Help Line, support networking, educational workshops and seminars, and annual educational conference, research grants, scholarship programs for students with spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus, and public awareness programs. The Association also offers a variety of educational guides and materials for schools, professionals, parents, and the general public including fact sheets; articles; a lending library of materials including books, guides, handbooks, and videos; and a regular newsletter entitled 'Podium.'. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hydrocephalus
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hydrocephalus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hydrocephalus.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hydrocephalus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hydrocephalus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hydrocephalus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hydrocephalus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hydrocephalus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on hydrocephalus: •
Basic Guidelines for Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001571.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Hydrocephalus Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Decreased mental function Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm
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Increased head circumference Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003305.htm Irregular heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Lethargy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Loss of coordination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003198.htm Muscle spasticity (spasm) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Poor gait Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003199.htm Problems with breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Sleepiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Slow or restricted movement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003197.htm Somnolence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Stiff neck Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Sutures - separated Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003307.htm Uncontrolled eye movements Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003037.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Hydrocephalus ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm
Online Glossaries 159
Echoencephalogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003797.htm Head CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Head CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm Lumbar puncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm Radioisotope Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003827.htm RHISA scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003823.htm Skull X-rays Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003802.htm Spinal tap Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003428.htm Transillumination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003389.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •
Surgery and Procedures for Hydrocephalus Shunt Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003019.htm
•
Background Topics for Hydrocephalus Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Intrauterine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002389.htm Iris Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002386.htm
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Percussion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002281.htm Sclera Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002295.htm Support groups Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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HYDROCEPHALUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and acupressure may be used in conjunction. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenoleukodystrophy: A chromosome X-linked disease. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH]
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Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Akinetic Mutism: Lack of the faculty of speech. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH]
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Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiitis: Inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anterograde: Moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]
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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various
Dictionary 165
subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Athetosis: A derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands, and performed involuntarily; it may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic chorea. Called also mobile spasm. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a
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variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiology: The study of hearing and hearing impairment. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around
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smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Biconvex: A double-convex lens has two convex surfaces. It is used in various magnifying glasses. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional
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area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinesia: Abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses. [EU] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen leading to unconsciousness. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal
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cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Brain stem glioma: A tumor located in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem). It may grow rapidly or slowly, depending on the grade of the tumor. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bruit: An abnormal sound heard over an artery, related to the cardiac cycle but unrelated to the respiratory cycle or to muscle, joint, or swallowing activity. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calcium-Binding Proteins: Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbidopa: A peripheral inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase. It is given in parkinsonism along with levodopa to inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby reducing the peripheral adverse effects, increasing the amount of levodopa that reaches the central nervous system, and reducing the dose needed. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH]
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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the
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same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: Manometric pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called intracranial pressure. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]
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Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of
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certain fractures. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better
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judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]
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Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Corpus Striatum: Striped gray and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). The white matter is the internal capsule. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and
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citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Defecation: The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the rectum. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU]
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Developmental Biology: The field of biology which deals with the process of the growth and differentiation of an organism. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopa Decarboxylase: One of the aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylases, this enzyme is
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responsible for the conversion of dopa to dopamine. It is of clinical importance in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. EC 4.1.1.28. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of
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electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. Some applications of electroporation include introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for transfection, fusion of cells to prepare hybridomas, and insertion of proteins into cell membranes. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said
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of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enophthalmos: Recession of the eyeball into the orbit. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH]
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Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fasciculation: A small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. [EU]
Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fever of Unknown Origin: Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH]
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Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]
Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Fuzzy Logic: Approximate, quantitative reasoning that is concerned with the linguistic ambiguity which exists in natural or synthetic language. At its core are variables such as good, bad, and young as well as modifiers such as more, less, and very. These ordinary terms represent fuzzy sets in a particular problem. Fuzzy logic plays a key role in many medical expert systems. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Galanin: A neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
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Gene Conversion: The asymmetrical segregation of genes during replication which leads to the production of non-reciprocal recombinant strands and the apparent conversion of one allele into another. Thus, e.g., the meiotic products of an Aa individual may be AAAa or aaaA instead of AAaa, i.e., the A allele has been converted into the a allele or vice versa. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH]
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Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Cones: Bulbous enlargement of the growing tip of nerve axons and dendrites. They are crucial to neuronal development because of their pathfinding ability and their role in synaptogenesis. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH]
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Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeobox: Distinctive sequence of DNA bases. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homeotic: Characterizes genes the mutations of which lead to inappropriate expressions of characteristics normally associated with another part of the organism (homeotic mutants). [NIH]
Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH]
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Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrops Fetalis: Edema of the entire body due to abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the tissues, associated with severe anemia and occurring in fetal erythroblastosis. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypocapnia: Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH]
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Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH]
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Incontinentia Pigmenti: A genodermatosis occurring mostly in females and characterized by skin changes in three phases - vesiculobullous, verrucous papillomatous, and macular melanodermic. Hyperpigmentation is bizarre and irregular. Sixty percent of patients have abnormalities of eyes, teeth, central nervous system, and skin appendages. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which
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occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]
Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical
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or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Juvenile Delinquency: The antisocial acts of children or persons under age which are illegal or lawfully interpreted as constituting delinquency. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH]
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Lateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukoencephalopathy: A condition with spongy holes in the brain's white matter. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large
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numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile
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paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manganese Poisoning: A chronic neurological disease caused by prolonged exposure to manganese; occurs especially in miners, welders and workers in the primary production of manganese. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,
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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms
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include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milieu Therapy: A treatment program based on manipulation of the patient's environment by the medical staff. The patient does not participate in planning the treatment regimen. [NIH]
Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosporic Fungi: A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group. [NIH]
Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction.
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[NIH]
Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH]
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NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal period: The first 4 weeks after birth. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU]
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Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurosurgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through
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the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Optic Atrophy: Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the retina and converge to form the optic disk, optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tracts. Glaucoma, ischemia, inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions are relatively common causes of this condition. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the
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suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]
Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH]
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Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU]
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Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]
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Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized
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destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH]
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Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of
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action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]
Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]
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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU]
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Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Punctures: Incision of tissues for injection of medication or for other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Punctures of the skin, for example may be used for diagnostic drainage; of blood vessels for diagnostic imaging procedures. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign
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conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU]
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Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour
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vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhombencephalon: That part of the brain stem constituting the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) and pons (metencephalon). [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rolipram: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor with antidepressant properties. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is
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usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus
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callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH]
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Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]
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Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincters: Any annular muscle closing an orifice. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH]
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Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatonigral Degeneration: Deterioration of an organ or a tissue resulting in diminished vitality either by chemical change or by infiltration of abnormal matter. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Strongyloidiasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Strongyloides. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
218
Hydrocephalus
Subthalamus: A transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. Components of the subthalamus include the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus of field H, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. The latter contains the entopeduncular nucleus. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Supratentorial: Located in the upper part of the brain. [NIH] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Syringomyelia: The presence in the spinal cord of elongated central fluid containing cavities surrounded by gliosis. [NIH] Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogens: An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and
Dictionary 219
the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH]
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Hydrocephalus
Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transient Ischemic Attacks: Focal neurologic abnormalities of sudden onset and brief duration that reflect dysfunction in the distribution of the internal carotid-middle cerebral or the vertebrobasilar arterial system. [NIH]
Dictionary 221
Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU]
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Hydrocephalus
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in a vein. It is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the ventricle. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Pressure: The pressure within a cardiac ventricle. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., Doppler echocardiography). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the myocardium, cardiac valves, and pericardium, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures. [NIH] Ventriculostomy: Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]
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Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH]
224
Hydrocephalus
225
INDEX 6 6-Aminonicotinamide, 68, 161 A Abdomen, 10, 100, 161, 168, 180, 185, 188, 190, 191, 192, 202, 203, 216, 217, 219 Abdominal, 18, 52, 82, 83, 107, 161, 172, 177, 195, 202, 203, 204 Aberrant, 18, 118, 161 Ablate, 111, 161 Abscess, 161, 213 Accommodation, 13, 161 Acetylcholine, 161, 199 Acidity, 161, 204 Acoustic, 40, 50, 118, 161, 222 Acrylonitrile, 161, 212 Actin, 8, 20, 161 Activities of Daily Living, 122, 161 Acupuncture Therapy, 69, 161 Adaptation, 109, 161, 205 Adjustment, 25, 92, 161 Adrenergic, 161, 164, 178, 180 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 58, 161 Adverse Effect, 161, 169, 211, 214 Aetiology, 34, 162 Agar, 162, 204 Agenesis, 17, 21, 162 Agonist, 162, 169, 178, 180 Akathisia, 101, 162, 164 Akinetic Mutism, 69, 162 Algorithms, 15, 106, 162, 167 Alkaline, 162, 169, 219 Alkaloid, 162, 169, 211 Alpha Particles, 162, 209 Alternative medicine, 126, 162 Aluminum, 119, 162 Alveolar Process, 162, 211 Alveoli, 162, 176 Amenorrhea, 162, 169 Amino acid, 162, 164, 165, 177, 181, 184, 193, 195, 203, 208, 214, 217 Amino Acid Sequence, 162, 164, 181 Amnestic, 119, 120, 123, 162, 195 Amplification, 58, 163 Ampulla, 163, 180 Amygdala, 163, 166, 219 Amyloid, 81, 84, 163, 171, 184 Anaesthesia, 163, 189 Anal, 163, 192
Anatomical, 12, 163, 165, 168, 172, 188, 192, 202, 213 Anemia, 121, 137, 163, 187, 193 Anesthesia, 51, 163, 207 Anesthetics, 163, 166 Aneurysm, 28, 41, 45, 163 Angiitis, 68, 163 Angiogenesis, 7, 163 Angioma, 50, 163 Animal model, 5, 15, 163 Anomalies, 10, 20, 119, 163, 218 Anorexia, 163, 201 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 163, 171 Anterograde, 120, 163 Antibacterial, 163, 216 Antibiotic, 35, 164, 169, 216 Antibodies, 164, 187, 188, 193 Antibody, 164, 189, 191, 196, 209, 210, 216, 223 Anticonvulsants, 164 Antidepressant, 164, 212 Antigen, 21, 164, 189 Antihypertensive, 164, 211 Antipsychotic, 164, 198, 211 Anus, 163, 164, 168, 173 Anxiety, 120, 162, 164, 200 Anxiety Disorders, 120, 164 Aorta, 164, 170, 185, 222 Aortic Valve, 38, 164 Aperture, 94, 102, 164 Aphasia, 162, 164 Aplasia, 28, 165 Aqueous, 90, 165, 166, 172, 175, 192 Aqueous humor, 90, 165, 172 Arachidonic Acid, 165, 207 Arginine, 16, 165, 199 Arterial, 16, 165, 171, 187, 208, 218, 220 Arteries, 164, 165, 168, 174, 185, 191, 195 Arterioles, 165, 168 Arteriosclerosis, 165, 171 Arteriovenous, 42, 118, 165, 171 Arteriovenous Fistula, 118, 165 Artery, 25, 41, 57, 118, 163, 165, 169, 174, 179, 182, 190, 191, 194, 209, 211 Articulation, 96, 165 Aseptic, 165, 217 Aspergillus, 24, 165 Asphyxia, 14, 165
226
Hydrocephalus
Ataxia, 136, 165, 171, 187, 219 Athetosis, 101, 165 Atrial, 104, 165, 222 Atrium, 83, 86, 104, 107, 165, 170, 222 Atrophy, 45, 46, 101, 108, 136, 165, 200 Attenuation, 15, 166 Atypical, 45, 73, 108, 109, 166 Audiology, 60, 118, 166 Auditory, 166, 194, 221 Autoimmune disease, 166, 197 Autologous, 61, 166 Autonomic, 46, 161, 164, 166, 199, 203, 218 Autonomic Nervous System, 166, 203, 218 Avian, 17, 166 Axonal, 10, 20, 64, 166 Axons, 6, 17, 166, 176, 185, 200, 209, 212 B Bacteria, 18, 163, 164, 166, 167, 179, 195, 196, 216, 221 Bacterial Physiology, 161, 166 Bacteriophage, 166, 205 Barbiturate, 166, 219 Basal Ganglia, 101, 164, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 187, 200, 209 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 165, 166, 172, 187 Base, 14, 69, 96, 97, 102, 166, 176, 191, 209, 218 Basement Membrane, 166, 181 Benign, 26, 101, 167, 168, 175, 185, 198, 209, 213 Beta-pleated, 163, 167 Bewilderment, 167, 174 Biconvex, 103, 167 Bifida, 3, 13, 14, 19, 32, 49, 52, 53, 59, 64, 65, 66, 70, 73, 74, 82, 106, 116, 122, 140, 148, 167, 198, 216 Bilateral, 26, 27, 167, 202 Bile, 167, 183, 192 Biochemical, 9, 32, 167, 214 Bioengineering, 5, 132, 167 Biofilms, 18, 167 Biological therapy, 167, 185 Biological Transport, 167, 177 Biomechanics, 27, 167 Biopsy, 4, 167 Biotechnology, 18, 21, 22, 126, 133, 135, 136, 137, 167 Bladder, 167, 173, 188, 189, 197, 198, 207, 211, 221, 223 Blood Coagulation, 167, 169 Blood Flow Velocity, 16, 167 Blood Glucose, 168, 186, 190
Blood pressure, 16, 121, 164, 168, 187, 196, 222 Blood vessel, 112 Blood Volume, 14, 168 Blood-Brain Barrier, 168, 192 Body Fluids, 86, 168, 169, 178 Body Regions, 111, 168 Bone Marrow, 61, 168, 193, 196, 215, 216 Bowel, 163, 168, 174, 177, 190, 198, 204, 217 Bowel Movement, 168, 174, 177, 217 Brachytherapy, 168, 190, 191, 209, 223 Bradykinesia, 101, 168 Bradykinin, 168, 199 Brain Diseases, 168, 202 Brain Hypoxia, 7, 14, 168, 219 Brain Neoplasms, 168, 187, 219 Brain Stem, 27, 168, 169, 171, 212 Brain stem glioma, 27, 169 Branch, 154, 169, 193, 194, 199, 203, 209, 215 Breeding, 12, 169 Broad-spectrum, 17, 169 Bromocriptine, 69, 169 Bruit, 118, 169 Bupivacaine, 169, 192 Bypass, 11, 15, 97, 169 C Calcium, 68, 99, 169, 201, 202, 214, 219 Calcium Oxalate, 99, 169, 201 Calcium-Binding Proteins, 68, 169 Calculi, 169 Callus, 169, 179 Cannula, 104, 169 Carbidopa, 61, 70, 169 Carbon Dioxide, 169, 183, 187, 211, 222 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 23, 101, 169 Carcinogenic, 169, 189 Carcinogens, 169, 200 Carcinoma, 50, 169, 170 Cardiac, 18, 31, 80, 98, 99, 169, 170, 178, 192, 197, 222 Cardiac arrest, 80, 98, 99, 170 Cardiopulmonary, 15, 170 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 15, 170 Cardiovascular, 38, 121, 170, 214 Case report, 4, 14, 26, 35, 37, 39, 41, 50, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69, 170 Castor Oil, 170, 212 Catecholamines, 170, 178, 211 Catheter, 10, 83, 85, 86, 93, 103, 104, 106, 111, 170
Index 227
Catheterization, 170, 222 Catheters, 16, 18, 92, 93, 96, 104, 107, 188, 190 Caudal, 170, 177, 188, 200, 206 Caudate Nucleus, 163, 166, 170, 175, 198, 200 Cause of Death, 84, 170 Cell, 6, 8, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 40, 52, 58, 61, 121, 136, 137, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 170, 172, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 193, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, 205, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 219, 221 Cell Adhesion, 6, 15, 20, 40, 170 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 20, 170 Cell Division, 136, 166, 170, 185, 204, 213 Cell membrane, 167, 170, 179, 190, 204 Cell proliferation, 19, 165, 170, 214 Cell Survival, 170, 185 Cell Transplantation, 170 Cellulose, 171, 183, 204 Central Nervous System, 6, 8, 10, 19, 34, 85, 101, 111, 119, 147, 161, 166, 168, 169, 171, 180, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 192, 195, 197, 199, 201, 206, 214 Central Nervous System Infections, 171, 185, 187 Cerebellar, 6, 11, 28, 46, 54, 101, 165, 171, 210, 221 Cerebellar Diseases, 165, 171, 221 Cerebellum, 11, 13, 14, 20, 168, 171, 183, 206, 210 Cerebral Aqueduct, 82, 106, 111, 171, 183, 219 Cerebral Cortex, 69, 101, 165, 168, 171, 182, 209 Cerebral hemispheres, 166, 168, 171, 172, 192, 218 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 80, 92, 98, 99, 122, 171 Cerebral Infarction, 122, 171, 187 Cerebral Palsy, 116, 122, 171, 215 Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure, 11, 93, 171 Cerebrovascular, 7, 16, 45, 122, 143, 166, 171, 219 Cerebrum, 171, 172, 218, 221 Cervical, 55, 117, 172, 185 Cervix, 172 Cesarean Section, 13, 172 Character, 172, 176 Chin, 69, 172, 195 Cholesterol, 167, 172, 187
Chondrocytes, 172, 182 Chorea, 101, 122, 164, 165, 172 Choroid, 16, 93, 172, 192, 211 Choroid Plexus, 93, 172, 192 Chromatin, 172 Chromosomal, 11, 19, 119, 163, 172 Chromosome, 30, 161, 172, 185, 192, 213 Chronic, 7, 17, 21, 97, 121, 136 Chronic renal, 172, 205 Ciliary, 9, 165, 172, 197 Ciliary processes, 165, 172 Circulatory system, 172, 190 Clamp, 112, 172 Cleft Lip, 119, 122, 173 Cleft Palate, 59, 173 Clinical trial, 5, 13, 14, 75, 76, 133, 173, 174, 208, 210 Clone, 19, 173 Cloning, 6, 12, 20, 167, 173, 190 Coccidioidomycosis, 144, 173 Cochlear, 173, 220, 222 Cochlear Diseases, 173, 220 Cofactor, 173, 208 Cognition, 30, 53, 84, 173, 198 Collagen, 162, 167, 173, 182, 201, 205 Collapse, 52, 93, 103, 173 Colon, 136, 173, 191 Communis, 170, 173, 212 Complete remission, 173, 211 Compliance, 5, 22, 60, 106, 119, 173 Compulsions, 173, 200 Computational Biology, 133, 135, 174 Computer Simulation, 5, 174 Conception, 174, 182, 217 Cones, 20, 174, 211 Confusion, 121, 157, 174, 177, 187, 198 Conjunctiva, 174 Conjunctivitis, 48, 174 Connective Tissue, 168, 173, 174, 182, 183, 193, 212, 218 Consciousness, 38, 174, 176 Constitutional, 174, 197 Constriction, 174, 191, 208 Contamination, 18, 174 Continence, 3, 4, 13, 106, 174 Contraindications, ii, 174 Control group, 64, 174, 210 Controlled study, 17, 174 Coordination, 158, 171, 174, 197 Cornea, 165, 174, 213, 217 Coronary, 174, 195 Coronary Thrombosis, 174, 195
228
Hydrocephalus
Corpus, 6, 17, 20, 21, 39, 73, 175, 184, 198, 213, 219 Corpus Callosum, 6, 20, 21, 39, 73, 175, 214, 219 Corpus Striatum, 175, 184, 198 Cortex, 18, 68, 69, 101, 175, 180, 210 Cortical, 11, 20, 60, 120, 175, 181, 209, 213, 219 Corticosteroids, 92, 175, 206 Cranial, 10, 57, 68, 95, 110, 121, 171, 175, 185, 190, 200, 201, 202, 203, 222 Craniocerebral Trauma, 166, 171, 175, 185, 187, 219, 220 Craniopharyngioma, 51, 175 Crossing-over, 175, 210 Cues, 17, 20, 175 Cultured cells, 17, 175 Curative, 175, 212 Cyclic, 103, 175, 185, 199, 204, 207 Cyst, 30, 35, 59, 61, 175 Cytokine, 175, 219 Cytomegalovirus, 61, 175 Cytoplasm, 170, 175, 196, 221 D Data Collection, 19, 175 Databases, Bibliographic, 133, 175 Decision Making, 116, 176 Decompression, 23, 28, 56, 92, 176 Defecation, 83, 107, 176 Degenerative, 84, 115, 119, 122, 176, 184, 197, 212 Deletion, 19, 30, 176 Delirium, 119, 164, 176 Delusions, 120, 176, 208 Dementia, 4, 69, 81, 84, 91, 108, 109, 110, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122, 143 Dendrites, 176, 185, 199, 209 Dendritic, 20, 176, 194, 212 Density, 7, 93, 176, 200 Dental Care, 122, 176 Dentate Gyrus, 176, 186 Dentition, 53, 176 Developmental Biology, 6, 177 Dexterity, 122, 177 Diabetes Mellitus, 121, 177, 184, 186 Diagnostic procedure, 79, 126, 177 Diaphragm, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 177, 205 Diarrhea, 177, 217 Diastolic, 177, 187 Diencephalon, 18, 177, 180, 188, 207, 218, 219
Diffusion, 12, 15, 32, 50, 106, 167, 177, 189, 190 Digestion, 167, 168, 177, 190, 192, 217 Digestive system, 76, 177 Dihydrotestosterone, 177, 210 Dilatation, 11, 147, 163, 177, 190, 206, 222 Dilation, 168, 177, 187 Dimethyl, 69, 177 Diploid, 177, 204 Direct, iii, 8, 15, 17, 48, 177, 178, 210, 218 Discrete, 16, 17, 177, 218 Disorientation, 174, 176, 177 Distal, 32, 85, 95, 96, 166, 177, 178, 208 Diverticula, 62, 177 Diverticulum, 177 Dizziness, 110, 142, 177 Dopa, 169, 177, 192 Dopa Decarboxylase, 169, 177 Dopamine, 164, 169, 178, 192, 199 Dorsal, 178, 180, 206, 216 Drip, 112, 113, 178 Drive, ii, vi, 20, 67, 105, 122, 178, 191 Drug Delivery Systems, 18, 178 Duct, 110, 163, 169, 170, 178, 181, 212, 216 Duodenum, 167, 178, 180, 217 Dura mater, 178, 195, 202 Dyes, 163, 178 Dyskinesia, 101, 164, 178 Dysplasia, 137, 178 Dystonia, 101, 164, 178 Dystrophy, 136, 178 E Echocardiography, 178, 222 Ectopic, 15, 178 Edema, 80, 91, 92, 98, 99, 178, 187, 190, 200 Efficacy, 9, 13, 14, 34, 178 Elastic, 112, 178 Electrode, 111, 178 Electroencephalography, 4, 56, 178 Electrolyte, 176, 179 Electroporation, 15, 179 Emboli, 25, 179 Embolism, 80, 98, 99, 179 Embolus, 92, 179, 189 Embryo, 15, 179, 182, 189, 195, 201, 218 Embryogenesis, 11, 19, 179 Empirical, 33, 179 Encephalitis, 8, 108, 116, 179, 195 Encephalitis, Viral, 179 Encephalocele, 179, 198 Encephalomyelitis, 80, 98, 99, 179 Encephalopathy, 120, 179
Index 229
Endemic, 179, 193, 216 Endocytosis, 20, 180 Endogenous, 15, 178, 180 Endoscope, 180 Endoscopic, 25, 27, 29, 34, 35, 49, 57, 61, 140, 180 Endothelial cell, 168, 180, 182 Endothelium, 180, 199, 205 Endothelium-derived, 180, 199 End-stage renal, 172, 180, 205 Enophthalmos, 26, 180 Entorhinal Cortex, 180, 186 Environmental Exposure, 180, 200 Environmental Health, 132, 134, 180 Enzymatic, 162, 169, 180, 182, 186, 211 Enzyme, 18, 68, 177, 180, 185, 195, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 210, 214, 223 Ependyma, 180, 219 Ephedrine, 69, 180 Epidural, 87, 88, 92, 100, 180, 190 Epigastric, 180, 202 Epithalamus, 177, 180 Epithelial, 8, 16, 167, 180, 181 Epithelial Cells, 16, 181 Epithelium, 17, 166, 180, 181 Ergot, 169, 181 ERV, 70, 134, 181 Erythrocyte Volume, 168, 181 Erythrocytes, 163, 168, 181, 186, 210 Esophagus, 177, 181, 210, 217 Essential Tremor, 136, 181 Ethnic Groups, 84, 181 Eukaryotic Cells, 181, 201 Excitatory, 181, 184 Exhaustion, 181, 193 Exocrine, 181, 202 Exogenous, 180, 181 Exon, 65, 181 Exophthalmos, 181, 207 Expert Systems, 181, 183 Expiratory, 181 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 181 External-beam radiation, 181, 191, 209, 223 Extracellular, 15, 16, 20, 22, 163, 167, 174, 180, 181, 182, 195, 219 Extracellular Matrix, 20, 174, 181, 182 Extracellular Space, 181, 195 Extraction, 14, 172, 182 Extrapyramidal, 162, 164, 178, 182 Extravasation, 182, 185 Eye Movements, 158, 182
F Facial, 30, 182, 194 Family Planning, 133, 182 Famotidine, 101, 182 Fasciculation, 6, 182 Fat, 165, 168, 179, 182, 192, 197, 215 Fatigue, 182, 185 Fatty acids, 182, 207 Femoral, 170, 182 Femoral Artery, 170, 182 Fetal Development, 148, 182, 198 Fetus, 43, 172, 182, 206, 221 Fever of Unknown Origin, 121, 182 Fibrin, 167, 182, 205, 219 Fibrinogen, 182, 205 Fibrinolytic, 54, 182 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 16, 182 Fibroblasts, 108, 182 Fibrosis, 83, 107, 137, 182, 213 Fissure, 173, 175, 176, 182 Fistula, 118, 182, 218 Flush, 96, 183 Flushing, 96, 183 Foramen, 27, 28, 97, 172, 173, 183, 192, 194, 204 Forearm, 168, 183 Fornix, 183, 214 Fossa, 37, 68, 171, 183 Fourth Ventricle, 11, 97, 111, 171, 172, 183, 219 Frontal Lobe, 163, 171, 183 Fungus, 173, 181, 183 Fuzzy Logic, 90, 183 G Gait, 4, 39, 40, 52, 106, 158, 171, 183 Galanin, 30, 183 Gallbladder, 161, 177, 183 Ganglia, 101, 161, 166, 183, 198, 203, 218 Gas, 169, 177, 181, 183, 187, 199, 209, 211, 218, 222 Gas exchange, 183, 211, 222 Gastric, 182, 183, 186 Gastrin, 183, 186 Gastrointestinal, 61, 168, 183, 193, 214, 216, 217 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, 61, 183 Gastrointestinal tract, 183, 214, 216 Gene, 6, 12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 40, 42, 65, 66, 68, 137, 138, 167, 183, 184, 190, 200, 205, 213 Gene Conversion, 15, 184 Gene Expression, 17, 137, 184 Genetic Counseling, 12, 184
230
Hydrocephalus
Genetic Engineering, 167, 173, 184 Genetics, 7, 8, 11, 20, 25, 26, 27, 31, 41, 42, 53, 58, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 115, 184, 196 Genotype, 184, 204 Gestation, 10, 12, 13, 14, 116, 184, 203 Gland, 181, 184, 193, 202, 204, 207, 213, 217, 219 Glioma, 54, 184 Gliosis, 184, 218 Globus Pallidus, 101, 166, 175, 184, 209 Glucose, 136, 168, 171, 177, 184, 186, 187, 189, 190 Glucose Intolerance, 177, 184 Glutamate, 184 Glutamic Acid, 69, 184, 186, 199 Glycoproteins, 170, 184 Governing Board, 184, 206 Grade, 169, 184 Graft, 184, 186 Grafting, 185, 188 Gravis, 122, 185 Groin, 185, 189 Growth, 16, 20, 92, 110, 118, 136 Growth Cones, 20, 185 Growth factors, 16, 185 Guanylate Cyclase, 185, 199 H Haematoma, 185 Haemorrhage, 28, 50, 185 Haploid, 185, 204 Headache, 157, 185, 187 Headache Disorders, 185 Heart failure, 45, 180, 185, 200 Heart Valves, 18, 185 Heartbeat, 158, 185 Hematoma, 23, 36, 42, 52, 58, 60, 92, 100, 185 Heme, 108, 185, 202 Hemiplegia, 165, 185 Hemodynamics, 5, 186 Hemoglobin, 15, 163, 181, 185, 186 Hemoglobin C, 15, 186 Hemoglobinuria, 136, 186 Hemophilia, 58, 119, 137, 186 Hemorrhage, 16, 82, 93, 106, 111, 117, 122, 126 Hepatic, 81, 121, 176, 186 Hereditary, 186, 197, 205, 212 Heredity, 183, 184, 186 Hernia, 31, 186 Heterogeneity, 41, 66, 108, 109, 186
Hippocampus, 15, 69, 176, 183, 186, 209, 217 Histamine, 164, 182, 186 Homeobox, 18, 186 Homeostasis, 16, 186 Homeotic, 19, 186 Hormonal, 166, 186 Hormone, 17, 175, 183, 186, 190, 202, 207, 214, 219 Host, 8, 166, 186 Hybrid, 15, 20, 173, 187 Hybridomas, 179, 187 Hydrogen, 187 Hydrolysis, 187, 191, 208 Hydrops Fetalis, 53, 187 Hypercholesterolemia, 43, 187 Hyperplasia, 9, 187 Hypertension, 11, 104, 121, 171, 187, 190 Hypertrophy, 187 Hyperventilation, 92, 187 Hypnotic, 166, 187, 219 Hypocapnia, 92, 187 Hypoglycaemia, 176, 187 Hypokinesia, 187, 203 Hypoplasia, 6, 11, 188 Hypothalamus, 166, 168, 175, 177, 188, 204, 218, 219 Hypothermia, 15, 187, 188 Hypothyroidism, 108, 109, 188 Hypotonia, 59, 171, 172, 188 Hypoxemia, 101, 188 Hypoxia, 7, 15, 80, 92, 98, 99, 176, 188 Hypoxic, 7, 188 Hysterotomy, 172, 188 I Id, 70, 73, 101, 136, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153, 155, 188 Idiopathic, 32, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 56, 57, 62, 64, 120, 188 Immune response, 164, 166, 188, 217, 223 Immune system, 167, 188, 193, 197, 221 Immunocompromised, 8, 188 Immunodeficiency, 58, 136, 188 Immunohistochemistry, 7, 188 Implant radiation, 188, 190, 191, 209, 223 Implantation, 54, 63, 81, 86, 87, 92, 174, 188 In vitro, 5, 6, 17, 19, 188 In vivo, 5, 15, 17, 20, 91, 93, 111, 112, 188, 195 Incision, 105, 188, 190, 209 Incontinence, 4, 142, 180, 187, 188
Index 231
Incontinentia Pigmenti, 58, 189 Indicative, 116, 189, 203, 222 Induction, 69, 164, 189, 207 Infancy, 36, 61, 189, 212 Infantile, 26, 45, 62, 74, 117, 189 Infarction, 57, 122, 171, 174, 189, 195, 211 Infection, 8, 10, 88, 121 Infertility, 21, 44, 169, 189 Infiltration, 189, 207, 217 Inflammation, 163, 172, 174, 179, 182, 189, 195, 200, 202, 205, 212, 217, 222 Infusion, 30, 35, 38, 94, 189 Ingestion, 101, 183, 189, 205, 219 Inguinal, 41, 189 Inguinal Hernia, 41, 189 Inhalation, 173, 189, 205 Initiation, 102, 189 In-line, 11, 86, 94, 189 Inositol, 31, 189 Insertional, 6, 41, 189 Insight, 108, 109, 190 Insulator, 190, 197 Insulin, 121, 190 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 190 Intensive Care, 16, 190 Internal radiation, 190, 191, 209, 223 Interstitial, 30, 84, 168, 181, 190, 191, 211, 223 Intestinal, 42, 190, 193 Intestine, 168, 190, 191, 217 Intoxication, 176, 190, 223 Intracellular, 8, 189, 190, 199, 207, 214 Intracranial Aneurysm, 171, 190 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 187, 190, 219 Intracranial Hypertension, 11, 26, 62, 104, 185, 187, 190, 220 Intracranial Pressure, 5, 11, 16, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 92, 97, 98, 100, 105, 107, 112, 118 Intraocular, 90, 190 Intravenous, 189, 190 Invasive, 10, 11, 12, 16, 25, 57, 60, 61, 82, 87, 91, 105, 111, 190, 193 Involuntary, 118, 166, 172, 181, 190, 197, 210, 215 Ion Transport, 17, 190 Ions, 161, 166, 169, 179, 187, 190, 191 Irradiation, 143, 191, 223 Irrigation, 54, 191 Ischemia, 14, 17, 80, 98, 99, 166, 191, 200, 211 Ischemic stroke, 80, 98, 99, 191
J Joint, 59, 118, 165, 169, 191, 218 Juvenile Delinquency, 119, 191 K Kb, 132, 191 Kidney Disease, 9, 76, 132, 137, 191 Kidney stone, 99, 191, 201 L Labyrinth, 191, 203, 222 Laparoscopy, 52, 191 Large Intestine, 177, 190, 191, 210, 215 Latent, 191, 206 Lateral Ventricles, 97, 192, 213, 219 Lens, 165, 167, 192 Lethal, 192, 212 Lethargy, 158, 187, 188, 192 Leukemia, 136, 192 Leukoencephalopathy, 56, 192 Levodopa, 61, 70, 101, 169, 177, 192 Library Services, 153, 192 Lidocaine, 68, 192 Ligament, 192, 207 Ligands, 170, 192 Linkage, 12, 24, 41, 192 Lip, 119, 121, 122, 173, 192 Lipid, 165, 190, 192, 197 Liquor, 44, 83, 107, 192 Liver, 9, 161, 165, 167, 175, 177, 183, 186, 192 Lobe, 163, 171, 192, 203 Localization, 188, 192 Localized, 15, 83, 91, 107, 161, 185, 189, 192, 200, 204 Locomotion, 192, 204 Longitudinal study, 20, 192 Loop, 186, 193 Lumbar, 30, 32, 46, 140, 159, 171, 193, 216 Lumbar puncture, 159, 193, 216 Lumen, 169, 193 Lymph, 163, 172, 180, 193 Lymph node, 172, 193 Lymphatic, 163, 180, 189, 193, 200, 205, 215, 216 Lymphatic system, 193, 215, 216 Lymphocyte, 164, 193 Lymphoid, 164, 175, 193 Lymphoma, 61, 136, 193 Lysine, 186, 193 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 37, 39, 46, 75, 193 Malabsorption, 136, 193
232
Hydrocephalus
Malaria, 8, 193 Malaria, Falciparum, 193 Malaria, Vivax, 193 Malformation, 10, 11, 13, 19, 28, 30, 35, 39, 42, 52, 60, 194 Malignancy, 121, 122, 181, 194 Malignant, 31, 54, 136, 168, 175, 194, 198, 209, 213 Malnutrition, 166, 194, 197 Mandible, 162, 172, 194, 211 Manganese Poisoning, 101, 194 Manic, 164, 194, 208 Manic-depressive psychosis, 194, 208 Manifest, 166, 185, 194 Maxillary, 173, 194, 202 Meatus, 194, 221 Medial, 101, 165, 173, 184, 194, 200, 212 Mediate, 8, 170, 178, 194 Medical Records, 194, 212 Medical Staff, 194, 196 MEDLINE, 133, 135, 137, 194 Medullary, 194, 209 Melanin, 194 Melanocytes, 194 Melanoma, 136, 194 Melanosis, 50, 194 Membrane, 90, 102, 170, 172, 174, 180, 181, 194, 195, 197, 201, 204, 211, 212, 213, 214, 221 Memory, 4, 84, 119, 122, 142, 163, 176, 194, 195 Memory Disorders, 119, 120, 195 Meninges, 171, 175, 178, 195, 216 Meningitis, 30, 34, 43, 50, 58, 61, 62, 81, 82, 106, 111, 195 Meningoencephalitis, 25, 195 Mental, iv, 4, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 77, 84, 108, 109, 119, 120, 121, 132, 134, 138, 144, 157, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, 187, 188, 194, 195, 208, 209, 213 Mental Disorders, 77, 119, 120, 144, 187, 195, 208 Mental Health, iv, 4, 6, 77, 132, 134, 195, 209 Mental Retardation, 6, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 138, 144, 195 Mesentery, 195, 204 Mesoderm, 173, 195 Metabolic disorder, 109, 120, 195 Metabolite, 177, 195 Metastasis, 39, 143, 170, 195
Methionine, 177, 195 Methylprednisolone, 80, 98, 99, 195 MI, 52, 160, 195 Microbiology, 161, 166, 167, 195 Microdialysis, 46, 195 Microorganism, 173, 195, 203, 223 Migration, 6, 15, 18, 20, 173, 196 Milieu Therapy, 123, 196 Mineralization, 196, 201 Mitochondria, 196, 201 Mitochondrial Swelling, 196, 198 Mitosporic Fungi, 165, 196 Mobility, 12, 122, 196 Modeling, 5, 13, 27, 65, 196 Modification, 68, 162, 184, 196, 209 Molecular, 6, 7, 8, 17, 19, 20, 108, 109, 119, 133, 135 Molecular Probes, 179, 196 Molecule, 6, 15, 40, 164, 166, 180, 187, 190, 196, 210, 214, 222 Monitor, 10, 12, 15, 82, 91, 105, 196, 199 Monoclonal, 187, 191, 196, 209, 223 Monocytes, 196, 219 Mood Disorders, 120, 196 Morphological, 179, 183, 194, 196 Morphology, 6, 7, 196 Motion Sickness, 196, 197 Motor nerve, 182, 196, 203 Movement Disorders, 64, 101, 164, 197, 219 Mucins, 184, 197, 212 Mucociliary, 197, 214 Multiple sclerosis, 38, 69, 116, 122, 197 Muscle Fibers, 197 Muscular Atrophy, 136, 197 Muscular Diseases, 197, 202 Muscular Dystrophies, 119, 122, 178, 197 Mutagenesis, 6, 197 Mutagens, 197 Mutism, 69, 197 Myasthenia, 122, 197 Myelin, 197 Myocardium, 195, 197, 222 Myoclonus, 101, 118, 197 Myotonic Dystrophy, 136, 197 N Narcolepsy, 180, 197 Nausea, 110, 164, 197, 208 NCI, 1, 76, 131, 198 Necrosis, 80, 98, 99, 171, 189, 195, 198, 211 Need, 3, 8, 13, 14, 18, 91, 101, 115, 118, 121, 149, 172, 198
Index 233
Neonatal, 13, 25, 41, 43, 44, 56, 61, 68, 90, 101, 198 Neonatal period, 61, 68, 198 Neoplasia, 116, 136, 198 Neoplasm, 198, 212, 221 Neoplastic, 187, 193, 198 Neostriatum, 101, 170, 175, 198, 209 Nephropathy, 191, 198 Nerve, 10, 21, 57, 148, 161, 163, 165, 166, 172, 176, 185, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 207, 213, 216, 217, 222 Nerve Growth Factor, 21, 198 Nervous System, 6, 8, 10, 18, 20, 75, 82, 85, 101, 105, 111, 119, 120, 136, 147, 159 Neural, 6, 18, 20, 40, 41, 69, 140, 148, 163, 179, 192, 198, 207 Neural tube defects, 20, 41, 198 Neuroleptic, 162, 164, 198 Neurologic, 10, 16, 53, 143, 179, 187, 198, 220 Neurologist, 42, 142, 198 Neurology, 4, 68, 69, 101, 115 Neuroma, 40, 198 Neuromuscular, 161, 198, 202 Neuronal, 6, 12, 15, 16, 19, 185, 199 Neurons, 16, 17, 20, 69, 176, 181, 183, 192, 198, 199, 209, 218, 222 Neuropeptides, 16, 199 Neuropsychological Tests, 11, 199 Neuropsychology, 49, 53, 115, 199 Neurosis, 120, 199 Neurosurgery, 68, 69, 95, 117, 141, 142 Neurosurgical Procedures, 111, 199 Neurosyphilis, 108, 118, 121, 199 Neurotoxic, 84, 199 Neurotransmitter, 161, 162, 168, 178, 183, 184, 186, 199, 214, 217 Neutrons, 162, 191, 199, 209 Nitric Oxide, 16, 199 Norepinephrine, 161, 178, 180, 199, 211 Nuclear, 17, 21, 26, 28, 45, 54, 166, 181, 198, 199, 212, 219 Nuclei, 162, 163, 180, 184, 193, 199, 200, 201, 205, 208, 222 Nucleic acid, 197, 200, 206 Nucleus, 98, 101, 166, 172, 175, 181, 184, 196, 199, 200, 208, 209, 217, 218, 219, 222 Nucleus Accumbens, 101, 200 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 51, 200 Occult, 29, 200 Oedema, 28, 54, 68, 200
Oncogene, 136, 200 Opacity, 176, 200 Ophthalmic, 112, 200 Optic Atrophy, 26, 200 Optic Chiasm, 188, 200, 201 Optic Disk, 200, 201, 202 Optic Nerve, 49, 200, 201, 202, 208, 211, 212, 213 Optic Nerve Diseases, 201, 208 Oral Health, 119, 122, 201 Orbit, 180, 201 Organelles, 8, 17, 175, 194, 196, 201, 205 Osmosis, 201 Osmotic, 80, 92, 98, 99, 196, 201 Ossification, 201, 212 Osteogenesis, 122, 201 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 122, 201 Osteomalacia, 122, 201 Osteoporosis, 122, 201 Ototoxic, 118, 201 Outpatient, 121, 201 Ovum, 184, 201, 207 Oxalate, 99, 201 Oxalic Acid, 169, 201 Oxygenase, 108, 202 Oxygenation, 14, 188, 202 Oxygenator, 170, 202 P Pachymeningitis, 195, 202 Paediatric, 61, 202 Palate, 118, 119, 122, 173, 202 Palsies, 10, 57, 202 Palsy, 101, 108, 116, 120, 122, 202 Pancreas, 9, 161, 177, 190, 202 Pancreatic, 136, 202 Pancreatic cancer, 136, 202 Papilledema, 31, 112, 202, 208 Paralysis, 181, 202, 215 Paranasal Sinuses, 202, 214 Paraplegia, 6, 17, 66, 202 Parasite, 8, 202 Parasitic, 116, 202 Parathyroid, 121, 202, 212, 219 Parathyroid Glands, 202, 212 Parenchyma, 106, 202 Parietal, 163, 203, 204, 205 Parkinsonism, 64, 164, 169, 192, 203 Paroxysmal, 101, 136, 185, 203 Partial remission, 203, 211 Pathogen, 8, 203 Pathogenesis, 21, 26, 44, 117, 119, 203 Pathologic, 167, 168, 174, 203, 211, 216
234
Hydrocephalus
Pathologies, 9, 14, 203 Pathophysiology, 5, 7, 70, 101, 119, 203 Patient Advocacy, 147, 203 Patient Education, 142, 151, 153, 160, 203 Pelvic, 203, 207 Pelvis, 161, 193, 203, 221 Peptide, 17, 84, 162, 182, 203, 208, 219 Perforation, 25, 164, 183, 203 Perfusion, 15, 46, 54, 92, 112, 188, 203 Pericardium, 203, 222 Perilymph, 118, 203 Perinatal, 21, 203 Peripheral Nervous System, 6, 185, 199, 202, 203, 213, 217 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 185, 202, 203 Peritoneal, 4, 40, 44, 52, 83, 86, 87, 88, 100, 104, 107, 200, 203, 204 Peritoneal Cavity, 83, 86, 87, 88, 100, 107, 200, 204 Peritoneum, 86, 96, 103, 104, 112, 195, 203, 204 Petechiae, 185, 204 PH, 4, 36, 48, 55, 62, 141, 142, 204 Pharmacodynamic, 80, 182, 204 Pharmacologic, 118, 123, 163, 204, 220 Phenotype, 6, 12, 204 Phosphodiesterase, 204, 212 Phospholipids, 182, 189, 204 Phosphorus, 169, 202, 204 Photoreceptors, 174, 204 Physical Examination, 118, 204 Physiologic, 5, 101, 162, 177, 182, 187, 197, 204, 207, 210, 211, 221 Physiology, 75, 97, 204 Phytotoxin, 204, 212 Pigmentation, 194, 204 Pituitary Gland, 182, 204 Plants, 8, 162, 169, 184, 196, 199, 201, 204, 216, 220, 221 Plaque, 84, 204 Plasma, 108, 164, 168, 170, 182, 184, 186, 205, 213 Plasmids, 179, 205 Plasmin, 205 Plasminogen, 48, 205 Plasminogen Activators, 205 Plasticity, 186, 205 Plastids, 201, 205 Platelet Aggregation, 199, 205 Platelets, 199, 205, 214, 219 Pleomorphic, 200, 205
Pleural, 200, 205 Pleural cavity, 200, 205 Plexus, 16, 93, 205 Pneumonia, 174, 205 Pneumonitis, 205, 217 Poisoning, 101, 176, 181, 190, 197, 205 Polycystic, 137, 205 Polymerase, 21, 44, 206 Polymers, 167, 206, 208, 217 Polymorphic, 58, 172, 176, 206 Polysaccharide, 164, 171, 206 Pons, 169, 183, 206, 212 Posterior, 26, 37, 41, 68, 90, 163, 165, 171, 172, 178, 180, 202, 206, 213 Postmenopausal, 201, 206 Postnatal, 13, 14, 69, 206, 216 Postoperative, 54, 59, 206 Post-traumatic, 26, 185, 197, 206 Postural, 65, 101, 206 Practice Guidelines, 134, 142, 206 Precursor, 165, 177, 178, 180, 192, 199, 205, 206 Predisposition, 119, 206 Prednisolone, 195, 206 Prenatal, 37, 40, 47, 68, 69, 141, 179, 206 Prevalence, 122, 206 Prion, 108, 171, 206 Probe, 111, 195, 206 Procaine, 192, 206 Progression, 27, 75, 84, 108, 109, 163, 207 Progressive, 69, 84, 101, 108, 109, 120, 122, 143 Projection, 6, 20, 199, 200, 207, 209, 210 Prolactin, 169, 207 Prone, 10, 207 Proptosis, 26, 207 Prosencephalon, 177, 207, 218 Prospective study, 192, 207 Prostaglandin, 48, 207 Prostaglandins A, 207 Prostate, 136, 207 Protein S, 137, 167, 208 Proteins, 8, 9, 18, 20, 82, 105 Proteolytic, 182, 205, 208, 212 Protocol, 14, 208 Protons, 162, 187, 208, 209 Protozoa, 8, 196, 208, 216 Protozoan, 171, 193, 208 Proximal, 85, 96, 177, 208, 213 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 16, 190, 208 Psychiatric, 4, 116, 119, 120, 121, 123, 195, 208
Index 235
Psychiatry, 4, 24, 30, 37, 42, 46, 47, 57, 59, 68, 119, 120, 144, 208, 217 Psychic, 195, 199, 208, 213 Psychology, 25, 173, 199, 208 Psychomotor, 176, 179, 198, 208 Psychophysiology, 199, 208 Psychosis, 4, 120, 164, 208 Puberty, 32, 69, 208 Public Health, 84, 134, 209 Public Policy, 133, 209 Publishing, 21, 118, 145, 209 Pulmonary, 48, 168, 185, 187, 209, 222 Pulmonary Artery, 168, 209, 222 Pulmonary Ventilation, 187, 209 Pulse, 196, 209 Punctures, 44, 209 Purpura, 185, 209 Putamen, 101, 163, 166, 175, 198, 209 Pyramidal Cells, 20, 176, 209 Q Quality of Life, 13, 14, 32, 148, 209 R Race, 177, 196, 209 Radiation, 54, 56, 180, 181, 190, 191, 209, 223 Radiation therapy, 181, 190, 191, 209, 223 Radioactive, 187, 188, 190, 191, 196, 199, 209, 223 Radiolabeled, 191, 209, 223 Radiotherapy, 168, 191, 209, 217, 223 Random Allocation, 210 Randomization, 14, 210 Randomized, 13, 14, 178, 210 Randomized clinical trial, 13, 14, 210 Reality Testing, 208, 210 Receptor, 161, 164, 178, 182, 210, 214 Recombinant, 184, 210, 222 Recombination, 19, 210 Rectum, 164, 168, 173, 176, 177, 183, 188, 191, 207, 210 Red blood cells, 181, 202, 210 Red Nucleus, 165, 210 Reductase, 43, 210 Refer, 1, 94, 177, 192, 198, 199, 208, 210, 213, 222 Reflex, 182, 210 Reflux, 40, 97, 210 Refraction, 210, 216 Regeneration, 182, 210 Regimen, 178, 196, 211 Regurgitation, 185, 211 Remission, 4, 194, 211
Renal failure, 176, 211 Renal pelvis, 191, 211 Reperfusion, 15, 211 Reperfusion Injury, 211 Resection, 31, 211 Reserpine, 101, 211 Resorption, 83, 106, 107, 110, 187, 211 Respiration, 169, 196, 211 Respiratory failure, 19, 211 Retina, 172, 174, 192, 200, 201, 211, 212 Retinal, 200, 211, 212 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 200, 212 Retinoblastoma, 136, 212 Retinopathy, 112, 212 Retrograde, 83, 107, 120, 212 Retrospective, 23, 212 Retrospective study, 23, 212 Retroviral vector, 16, 212 Rhinitis, 180, 212 Rhombencephalon, 183, 212 Ricin, 69, 212 Rickets, 122, 212 Rigidity, 101, 190, 203, 204, 212 Risk factor, 122, 207, 212 Rod, 102, 172, 212 Rolipram, 81, 212 Rubber, 95, 103, 161, 212 S Sagittal, 83, 97, 107, 212 Saliva, 108, 212 Salivary, 175, 177, 202, 212 Salivary glands, 175, 177, 212 Sarcoma, 22, 212 Schizophrenia, 5, 21, 70, 195, 213, 223 Schwannoma, 29, 213 Sclera, 160, 172, 174, 213 Sclerae, 201, 213 Sclerosis, 69, 116, 122, 136, 137, 165, 197, 213 Screening, 6, 173, 213 Secondary tumor, 195, 213 Secretion, 17, 169, 182, 186, 188, 190, 197, 213 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 213 Segregation, 184, 210, 213 Seizures, 121, 142, 158, 164, 176, 203, 213 Self Care, 161, 213 Semen, 207, 213 Semisynthetic, 169, 213 Senile, 81, 84, 91, 101, 120, 201, 213 Sensor, 7, 10, 87, 94, 213 Septal, 57, 163, 213
236
Hydrocephalus
Septum, 25, 54, 96, 192, 213 Septum Pellucidum, 25, 54, 192, 213 Serotonin, 164, 199, 211, 214 Serous, 180, 187, 214 Sex Characteristics, 208, 214, 219 Sex Determination, 137, 214 Shock, 197, 214, 221 Side effect, 80, 98, 99, 161, 162, 164, 167, 214, 220 Signal Transduction, 189, 214 Signs and Symptoms, 211, 214 Silicon, 103, 214 Silicon Dioxide, 214 Sinusitis, 21, 44, 214 Skeletal, 9, 172, 188, 197, 215 Skeleton, 19, 161, 191, 207, 215 Skull, 80, 88, 92, 96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 110, 112, 113, 147, 148, 159 Skull Base, 50, 215 Small intestine, 178, 186, 189, 190, 215, 223 Smooth muscle, 186, 197, 215, 217 Social Environment, 209, 215 Social Problems, 119, 215 Social Work, 116, 215 Soft tissue, 168, 215 Solid tumor, 163, 215 Solvent, 201, 215 Soma, 209, 215 Somatic, 179, 203, 215 Spasm, 101, 158, 165, 215, 219 Spastic, 6, 17, 66, 122, 215 Spasticity, 158, 215 Spatial disorientation, 177, 215 Specialist, 149, 177, 215 Species, 165, 171, 187, 193, 196, 202, 205, 209, 215, 223 Specificity, 20, 24, 64, 216 Spectrum, 17, 216 Sperm, 9, 21, 172, 216 Sphincters, 18, 216 Spina bifida, 3, 13, 14, 19, 70, 82, 106, 116, 122, 148 Spinal Cord Diseases, 185, 202, 216 Spinal Injuries, 122, 216 Spinal Nerves, 203, 216 Spinal tap, 46, 159, 193, 216 Spleen, 121, 175, 193, 216 Sporadic, 212, 216 Spores, 173, 216 Staging, 121, 216 Steel, 172, 216 Stem cell transplantation, 61, 216
Stem Cells, 216 Stenosis, 11, 24, 25, 32, 43, 68, 69, 82, 106, 136, 216, 217 Stent, 51, 216 Stents, 18 Stereotactic, 40, 217 Sterile, 165, 202, 217 Sterility, 9, 189, 217 Steroids, 80, 98, 99, 175, 217 Stimulus, 178, 210, 217, 219 Stoma, 57, 111, 217 Stomach, 161, 177, 181, 183, 186, 197, 204, 210, 215, 216, 217 Stool, 173, 188, 191, 217 Strand, 206, 217 Stress, 3, 94, 118, 166, 183, 197, 206, 212, 217 Striatonigral Degeneration, 101, 217 Striatum, 101, 198, 200, 217 Stricture, 216, 217 Stroke, 14, 46, 68, 75, 77, 80, 98, 99, 122, 132, 141, 144, 145, 191, 217 Stroma, 202, 217 Strongyloidiasis, 58, 217 Stupor, 192, 217 Styrene, 212, 217 Subacute, 189, 214, 217 Subarachnoid, 16, 27, 28, 36, 37, 45, 49, 50, 58, 84, 97, 122, 183, 185, 190, 217 Subclinical, 189, 213, 217 Subcutaneous, 110, 178, 200, 217 Subiculum, 186, 217 Substance P, 195, 213, 217 Subthalamus, 177, 218 Suction, 103, 218 Supratentorial, 31, 54, 218 Surgical Instruments, 95, 218 Sympathetic Nervous System, 166, 199, 218 Symphysis, 172, 207, 218 Synapse, 20, 161, 218 Syphilis, 199, 218 Syringomyelia, 35, 50, 59, 60, 75, 140, 218 Syrinx, 10, 218 Systemic, 8, 164, 168, 176, 186, 189, 190, 191, 200, 206, 209, 218, 223 Systolic, 187, 218 T Tardive, 101, 164, 218 Telangiectasia, 136, 218 Telencephalon, 166, 171, 207, 218
Index 237
Temporal, 14, 17, 91, 163, 185, 186, 194, 218 Tendon, 173, 215, 218 Teratogenic, 161, 218 Teratogens, 11, 218 Testicular, 18, 218 Testis, 218 Testosterone, 210, 219 Tetany, 202, 219 Thalamic, 42, 165, 180, 219 Thalamic Diseases, 165, 219 Thalamus, 168, 175, 177, 180, 218, 219 Thalidomide, 119, 219 Third Ventricle, 27, 30, 41, 97, 111, 180, 188, 192, 219 Thoracic, 38, 177, 219, 223 Thorax, 161, 193, 219 Threshold, 87, 89, 92, 100, 187, 219 Thrombolytic, 205, 219 Thrombosis, 80, 92, 98, 99, 208, 217, 219 Thrombus, 174, 189, 191, 205, 219 Thyroid, 121, 188, 202, 219 Thyroid Gland, 202, 219 Thyrotropin, 188, 219 Tidal Volume, 187, 220 Tinnitus, 118, 208, 220, 222 Tomography, 4, 36, 140, 220 Tone, 16, 188, 201, 215, 220 Tonic, 101, 220 Tonicity, 178, 220 Tonus, 220 Tooth Preparation, 161, 220 Torsion, 189, 220 Toxic, iv, 80, 84, 101, 120, 169, 179, 180, 204, 217, 220 Toxicology, 134, 220 Toxins, 164, 179, 189, 195, 200, 220 Toxoplasmosis, 8, 220 Trace element, 214, 220 Trachea, 219, 220 Traction, 172, 220 Transfection, 167, 179, 220 Transient Ischemic Attacks, 122, 220 Trauma, 80, 81, 82, 92, 98, 99, 106, 108, 111, 116, 122, 143 Trees, 212, 221 Tremor, 101, 136, 203, 221 Triad, 4, 221 Tubercle, 200, 221 Tuberous Sclerosis, 122, 137, 221 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 219, 221 Tumour, 63, 221
Tympanic membrane, 55, 221 U Ultrasonography, 37, 221 Unconscious, 163, 188, 221 Ureters, 191, 221 Urethra, 207, 221 Urinary, 4, 13, 18, 106, 169, 180, 187, 188, 221 Urinate, 221, 223 Urine, 108, 167, 169, 174, 186, 188, 191, 201, 211, 221 Uterus, 172, 175, 188, 221 V Vaccine, 8, 208, 221 Vacuole, 8, 221 Valves, 11, 18, 23, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 102, 103, 107, 110, 221, 222 Varicella, 22, 58, 221 Vascular, 16, 18, 36, 81, 108, 116, 118, 120, 121, 168, 172, 180, 185, 189, 199, 200, 205, 216, 219, 222 Vasculitis, 163, 222 Vasodilators, 199, 222 Vector, 190, 222 Vein, 45, 60, 163, 165, 190, 199, 222 Venous, 18, 50, 92, 94, 97, 118, 165, 171, 200, 208, 222 Venous blood, 171, 222 Venous Pressure, 94, 222 Ventral, 188, 200, 206, 216, 222 Ventricle, 5, 7, 10, 11, 83, 86, 89, 93, 97, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112, 163, 164, 170, 186, 192, 200, 209, 218, 222 Ventricular, 6, 7, 13, 14, 18, 81, 82, 83, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 147 Ventricular Pressure, 82, 100, 103, 222 Ventriculostomy, 29, 34, 35, 36, 49, 57, 60, 61, 104, 111, 140, 222 Venules, 168, 222 Vertebrae, 19, 148, 216, 222 Vertebral, 84, 167, 216, 222 Vestibular, 29, 222 Vestibule, 222 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 220, 222 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 220, 222 Veterinary Medicine, 133, 222 Villi, 83, 97, 107, 187, 223 Villous, 172, 223 Viral, 108, 116, 179, 223 Virus, 21, 58, 166, 171, 184, 205, 212, 223
238
Hydrocephalus
Visceral, 166, 204, 223 Visual field, 200, 208, 223 Visual Perception, 52, 223 Vitamin A, 161, 189, 223 Vitro, 5, 6, 17, 19, 223 Vivo, 5, 15, 17, 20, 91, 93, 111, 112, 223 Void, 10, 223 Volition, 190, 223 W Wakefulness, 176, 223 Windpipe, 219, 223
Withdrawal, 65, 176, 223 Wound Healing, 170, 182, 223 X Xenograft, 163, 223 X-ray, 159, 191, 199, 209, 210, 217, 223 X-ray therapy, 191, 223 Y Yeasts, 183, 204, 223 Z Zebrafish, 6, 223
239
240
Hydrocephalus
