Hirsutism - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HIRSUTISM A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERENCE...

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HIRSUTISM A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

HIRSUTISM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hirsutism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00546-8 1. Hirsutism-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hirsutism. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIRSUTISM ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hirsutism ...................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 14 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIRSUTISM ...................................................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hirsutism..................................................................................... 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 60 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIRSUTISM ................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HIRSUTISM ............................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Hirsutism................................................................................................................... 69 Patent Applications on Hirsutism ............................................................................................... 76 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HIRSUTISM ................................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 82 Chapters on Hirsutism................................................................................................................. 83 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HIRSUTISM ................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Academic Periodicals covering Hirsutism ................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 89 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 91 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 95 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 97 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 101 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 103 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 105 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 105 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 105

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 111 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 111 HIRSUTISM DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 113 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 155

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hirsutism is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hirsutism, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hirsutism, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hirsutism. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hirsutism, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hirsutism. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HIRSUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hirsutism.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hirsutism, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Long-Term Treatment of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Children with Cyclosporine Given as a Single Daily Dose Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 38(4): 754-760. October 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Cyclosporine (CsA) has been successfully used for treatment of children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and nephrotic syndrome (NS) for the last decade. Response rates of 50 to 100 percent have been reported using twice daily dosing of 5 to 32 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. Treatment has been associated with a high incidence of side effects, including nephrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys), hypertension (high blood pressure), gingival hyperplasia (overgrowth of the

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gums), and hirsutism (unusual hair growth). This article reports on a study undertaken to determine whether once daily, low dose CsA could minimize side effects and still induce remission. The study included 21 children with biopsy proven FSGS and NS, each treated with CsA, 4.6 milligrams per kilogram per day (plus or minus 0.8 milligrams per kilogram per day), with no predetermined target trough blood levels. Eleven of the 21 children (52 percent) attained complete remission and 5 of 21 children (24 percent) attained partial remission, for a total response rate of 76 percent. Mean time to response was 2.8 months (plus or minus 0.8 months), and mean duration of therapy was 20.6 months (plus or minus 13.7 months). CsA dosage was tapered or stopped in 9 responders; 3 of these patients maintained remission at last followup 6 to 13 months later, and 6 patients relapsed at 1.5 to 18.7 months (mean 8.7 months). Five of these 6 patients responded again when CsA therapy was restarted or the dosage was increased. Twelve of 16 responders were still being administered CsA at last followup 11 to 60 months (mean, 24.6 months) later. Five of 21 patients (24 percent) had no response to CsA during 2 to 27 months of therapy; 4 of these 5 patients developed end stage renal disease after CsA therapy was stopped. Side effects of CsA therapy were minimal: 1 patient each developed new onset hypertension or gingival hyperplasia, and no patient had hirsutism or nephrotoxicity. The authors conclude that single daily low dose CsA appears to be effective for the long term treatment of children with FSGS and NS, with fewer side effects than twice daily dosing. 2 figures. 2 tables. 32 references. •

Laband Syndrome: Report of Two Cases, Review of the Literature, and Identification of Additional Manifestations Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 78(1): 57-63. July 1994. Summary: In this article, the authors report two cases of Laband syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by gingival fibromatosis (GF), abnormalities of the nose and/or ears, and absence and/or hypoplasia of the nails or terminal phalanges of the hands and feet. Other more variable features include hyperextensibility of joints, hepatosplenomegaly, mild hirsutism, and mental retardation. The authors note that 26 persons with Laband syndrome have been reported in the literature to date. They suggest that a skeletal anterior open bite and symmetric soft tissue swelling of the vault of the palate be added to the variable features associated with the syndrome. They also discuss the mode of inheritance of the condition and genetic counseling. 9 figures. 2 tables. 15 references. (AA-M).

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Life Satisfaction in Renal Transplant Recipients: Preliminary Results from the Transplant Learning Center Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 38(3): 580-587. September 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: The Transplant Learning Center (TLC) was designed to improve quality of life (QOL) and preserve graft function in solid organ transplant recipients. To meet the specific goals of the program, the Life Satisfaction Index and Transplant Care Index were designed to serve as composite measures of transplant specific QOL and the ability to care for a transplant, respectively. This article reports on a study in which the authors analyzed self reported health information to examine relationships between comorbidities (more than one illness or disease present at the same time) and individual posttransplantation side effects, life satisfaction, and transplant care, defined by renal transplant recipients. Patients entered the TLC through self referral or referral by a

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health professional. Included in the analysis were 3,676 TLC enrollees with a mean time since transplantation of 4.8 years. Comorbidities and adverse effects were common, with high blood pressure (hypertension) reported by 89 percent of respondents and unusual hair growth (hirsutism) reported by 70 percent. Sexual dysfunction and headache had a greater impact on QOL than more common adverse effects, such as changes in body and facial shape, hirsutism, and tremor. Greater life satisfaction was most strongly associated with being in control of one's health and living a normally active life with satisfying emotional relationships. Management of such clinical problems as adverse effects of medication and nonadherence should be informed by the patient's perspective. Clinicians are encouraged to actively solicit information about physical activity, appearance concerns, side effects of medications, nonadherence, and sexual and relationship issues when evaluating renal (kidney) transplant recipients. 5 tables. 31 references. •

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 18(6): 56-57,59. November-December 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article discusses polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disorder characterized by high levels of male hormones (androgens) and chronic anovulation (failure to ovulate) in females. In addition, PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, the key problem underlying type 2 diabetes. In insulin resistance, body tissues, particularly muscle, fat, and liver cells, do not respond properly to insulin. As a result, more insulin than normal is needed to keep a person's blood glucose (sugar) level in the normal range. Diabetes develops in about one-third of all women with PCOS. Effective treatments are available for PCOS, and early diagnosis gives a woman the best chance of avoiding long term complications. The symptoms of PCOS typically develop during puberty and progress slowly. Symptoms can include increased body hair, thinning of scalp hair (alopecia), persistent acne, erratic menstrual cycles (two to six times a year), obesity, symptoms of low blood sugar after eating significant amounts of carbohydrate, and difficulty conceiving. Treatment usually includes weight reduction, exercise, and following a low carbohydrate diet. Additional therapy is tailored to the woman's main complaint, whether that is acne, hirsutism (excessive hair), alopecia, uncontrollable appetite, or infertility. Drugs used to treat PCOS can include oral contraceptives, androgen-blocking agents, and insulin-sensitizing agents. The author concludes that a multidisciplinary health care team is most appropriate for treating women with PCOS. One sidebar offers resources for readers who wish to obtain additional information about PCOS, its diagnosis, clinical features, potential complications, and treatments.

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Common Endocrine Disorder Can Have a Profound Effect on the Quality of Life for Women Source: RDH. 24(1): 52, 54-55. January 2004. Summary: This article familiarizes dental hygienists with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS, also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome), a relatively common endocrine disorder in women of childbearing age. PCOS usually develops shortly after puberty and causes an accumulation of undeveloped follicles in the ovaries, which become cysts. PCOS is characterized by adult acne, no menstrual periods (or less than 8 per year), fertility problems, excess facial or body hair, balding or thinning hair, dark or discolored patches on the skin, and excess weight, sudden weight gain, or difficulty maintaining

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weight. Treatment consists of an insulin sensitizer, oral contraceptives to regulate menstrual periods, a diuretic used for hirsutism, and drugs to address infertility. The author reviews the diagnostic tests that may be used to confirm PCOS and outlines how the treatment options may be implemented. One side bar focuses on the oral health considerations related to PCOS. •

DeLange Syndrome in Association with a Bleeding Tendency: Oral Surgical Implications Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 22(3): 171-172. June 1993. Summary: This article reports a case of de Lange syndrome in a patient who also had a variant of von Willebrand's disease. The authors discuss the problems with dental surgery, particularly with respect to difficulty of extraction and bleeding tendency. The syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, skeletal defects (including brachycephaly, hypoplastic mandible, and cleft palate), ocular defects, epilepsy, and varying degrees of hirsutism. Related dental abnormalities reported include delayed eruption, spacing, and macro-or microdontia. Although the features are well documented, an accompanying hemorrhagic diathesis has not been previously reported. The authors note that this case posed some difficulties in terms of tooth extraction and a hemorrhagic diathesis thought to be due to a variant of von Willebrand's disease. 2 figures. 1 table. 10 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Hirsutism The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hirsutism. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hirsutism. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hirsutism. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hirsutism: •

Project Title: ANDROGEN EFFECTS AND INSULIN RESISTANCE IN HIV DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grinspoon, Steven K.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this application is to support my professional development as a clinical investigator and successful mentor to junior faculty and fellows in patient-oriented research My research focus has been to investigate the effects of nutritional status on neuroendocrine function, and as such, I have used HIV disease as a relevant disease model, with two funded NIH R01 grants for which I am the PI. The three Specific Aims of this grant stem from a significant body of work accomplished over the past few years demonstrating hypogonadism in HIVinfected women and a severe insulin resistance pattern in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy In these funded studies, I will investigate the mechanisms of androgen deficiency and also the effects of long-term physiologic testosterone replacement in this population Furthermore, I will study the mechanisms of insulin resistance, investigating the critical role of increased lipolysis and the effects of thiazolidinediones in this population The grant for the first Specific Aim, to study the effects of androgens in HIVinfected women, will expire at the end of this year, and a follow-up proposal, recently submitted will further investigate adrenal androgen shunting and DHEA in this population Preliminary data in this regard show a novel effect of HIV on adrenal metabolism, with shunting toward cortisol and away from androgen production The grant for the third Specific Aim is funded until 2005 I have had good success as a mentor, with two recent K-23 awardees and six former or current trainees There has been significant interest in my research from Endocrine Fellows and also from Fellows in Harvard Nutrition Division The Institutional Environment at the MGH, with a strong and diverse Endocrine Division, GCRC, and Center for AIDS Research is outstanding The Department of Medicine has made a substantial commitment toward my development as a clinical researcher responsible for training a large number of fellows However, it is clearly necessary to reduce my clinical activities in order to devote sufficient time to the training and mentoring of junior faculty and fellows The Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient Oriented Research is an ideal mechanism to ensure the necessary support to reduce clinical and administrative responsibilities, and ensure my continued success as a mentor and clinical researcher. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANDROGENS AND SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN YOUNG WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Siscovick, David S.; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This revised application represents an ancillary study to the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, a large cohort study supported by the NHLBI. Several studies have demonstrated crosssectional associations of hyperandrogenism, the primary biochemical feature of clinically-diagnosed polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), with coronary risk factors and atherosclerosis. We propose to examine whether serum androgens, measured earlier in life, and variation in genes related to androgen synthesis, metabolism, and signaling are associated with early-onset subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in young adult women from the community. Additionally, we will examine whether the clinical features of PCOS are associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in young adult women, after taking into account serum androgens. CARDIA provides a unique platform to address these questions; and, the proposed ancillary study will add the laboratory and clinical measurements to CARDIA needed to examine these questions. In the prospective component of the proposed study, we will examine the associations of

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serum androgens and genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes in ten candidate genes with the presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) by CT. Androgen and genotyping measures will be made using stored serum and DNA samples collected from 1550 women 5 and 13 years prior to the assessment of CAC at age 33 to 45 years. In the crosssectional component, we will use information collected at a proposed ancillary study visit in Year 16 to examine the associations of the clinical features of PCOS, including the presence of polycystic ovaries detected using trans-vaginal ultrasound, menstrual irregularities, infertility, and hirsutism, with the presence of CAC at Year 15 (n= 1200). Secondarily, we will determine whether longitudinal changes in obesity, physical inactivity, and insulin levels influence the prospective associations of serum androgens and genetic variants in candidate genes with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. In short, the proposed study addresses a potentially important and relatively unexplored area of investigation related to women's cardiovascular health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASSESSING SAFETY/EFFICACY OF TROGLITAZONE IN PCOS-POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Legro, Richard; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a 44 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study assessing the safety and efficacy of troglitazone in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS). The objective is to study the safety and efficacy of troglitazone in improving the manifestations of PCOS including oligo/anovulation, oligo/amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism and hirsutism. Premenopausal women with PCOS between the ages of 18-40 will be studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DNA-BASED ARRAYS OF CROSS-REACTIVE MOLECULAR SENSORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stojanovic, Milan N.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The mammalian olfactory system is composed of 1000 different receptors on over 1000 cells each, and although individual receptors may be only modestly sensitive and selective, in the aggregate they are capable of fine differentiation of trace odorants through parallel molecular recognition events The interplay between multiple copies of the same receptor and parallel processing of crossreacting receptors is an area of current interest. Artificial sensors susceptible to facile variations of the binding site would permit investigation of parallel recognition as a strategy for analyte identification. Our recent discovery of oligonucleotides with a hydrophobic variable domain within the fixed frameworks of three- and four-way junctions allows construction of the several thousand distinct molecular sensors needed for such an investigation. Therefore, an array of cross-reacting hydrophobic sensors based on DNA will be constructed to model the olfactory system. The array will provide an instantaneous fingerprint of all molecules with hydrophobic domains present in a solution A typical array at the end of funding period will consist of one to several hundred selected molecular sensors organized in 1586-well plates with multiple readings per sensor. The arrays will be validated on urine specimens collected for

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metabolite screening. The hydrophobic fingerprints will be correlated with disease states. This approach will be initially demonstrated on Cushing's disease, adrenal adenoma, adrenal carcinoma, hirsutism and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In the next phase, DNA-based cross-reactive sensors for oligosaccharides will be incorporated into arrays to expand the panel of metabolites that could be profiled in a single-step assay. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND MOOD IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Rasgon, Natalie L.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sci; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 21-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised application for an R01 grant: "Reproductive endocrine function and mood in women with bipolar disorder." We will evaluate reproductive endocrine function in women treated for bipolar disorder (BPD). We have collected pilot data, which suggest that women with BPD have an increased frequency of menstrual and metabolic dysfunction. Using a cross-sectional design, this study will prospectively evaluate reproductive endocrine function and mood for three consecutive menstrual cycles in 60 women (ages 20-35) treated for bipolar disorder with standard medications compared to 30 age- and BMI-matched healthy controls. The latter of which may affect menstrual function. Subjects will receive psychiatric evaluation, physical examination and hormonal screening. We will monitor medication effects on both reproductive endocrine function and mood by utilizing ChronoRecord software for daily self-reporting. In addition, we will assess the impact of current medication status (e.g. intake of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics) on reproductive function. This project will expand current knowledge of reproductive biology in women with bipolar disorder by: (1) determining the frequency of reproductive dysfunction in women with BPD compared to healthy controls; (2) identifying predictors for reproductive dysfunction; and (3) developing guidelines to minimize potential adverse effects on the reproductive health of women treated for BPD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ETIOLOGY, HORMONAL CRITERIA OF 3 BETA HSD DEFICIENCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pang, Songya; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicants abstract) The clinical spectrum of 3bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD) deficiency (def) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) ranges from the severe form manifesting ambiguous genitalia, saltwasting, and hypogonadism to the less severe form manifesting premature pubarche (PP), pubertal onset hirsutism and menstrual disorder. Three hypotheses are advanced in this proposal: 1) Hormonal diagnosis (Dx) for the mild late-onset variant of 3b-HSD def, mild or severe, may reveal hormonal criteria which differ from the past published criteria for diagnosing the late-onset disorder; 2) Study of adrenal (Ad) 3b-HSD activity in carriers for 3b-HSD def may support or exclude the existence of an Ad 3b-HSD isoenzyme; and 3) The hormonal features of mildly decreased Ad 3b-HSD activity, leading to late-onset disorder in the past, may be associated with the insulin resistance of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We propose 5 specific aims: 1) the hormonal criteria via genotypic proof for mild to severe 3b-HSD def by a) analysis of the type II 3b-HSD gene encoding Ad and gonadal 3b-HSD in patients with various

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clinical/hormonal spectra of decreased Ad 3b-HSD activity; b) characterizing the mutant gene function in vitro, and c) correlating the genotype to hormonal/clinical phenotype of mild and severe variants of 3b-HSD def; 2) Ad 3b-HSD activity in the carriers of 3b-HSD def by a) identifying hormonal profiles in family members of patients with the 3b-HSD gene mutations b) comparing Ad hormonal profiles in carriers to the genotype; 3) prenatal diagnosis of 3b-HSD CAH in fetuses at risk by a) type II 3b-HSD gene analysis from amniotic and the proband's cells, b) hormonal analysis of amniotic fluid, c) fetal outcome verification; 4) association between the hormonal marker of mildly decreased Ad 3b-HSD activity and the insulin resistance of PCOS by examining A0 insulin sensitivity (SI) in the patients and control subjects, b) comparing SI to the Ad/ovarian components of androgen secretion; 5) long term outcome by periodic examinations of growth, maturation of H-P-O axis sensitivity and Ad 3b-HSD activity hormonally in girls with PP and the hormonal marker of mildly decreased Ad 3b-HSD activity. The proposed study will help to define the hormonal criteria essential to accurately diagnose patients with variants of 3b-HSD def CAH, examine the potential existence of an Ad 3b-HSD isoenzyme, verify accuracy of prenatal Dx of 3b-HSD def, and determine whether the hormonal features of mildly decreased Ad 3b-HSD activity are associated with insulin resistance and are a marker of PCOS from childhood to adulthood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC LIPODYSTROPHIES

AND

METABOLIC

BASIS

OF

FAMILIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Garg, Abhimanyu; Professor of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Obesity is a major health problem in the U.S. However, how adipose tissue disorders cause insulin resistance and related metabolic diseases is not known. Study of single gene disorders of adipose tissue may elucidate the mechanisms involved in these processes. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in almost complete absence of adipose tissue. Familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan variety (FPLD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by gradual loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in both the upper and lower extremities during early adolescence, and excessive adipose tissue on the face and neck. Other common features include insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high density lipoprotein, acanthosis nigricans and in some women, hirsutism and menstrual abnormalities. The genetic basis and pathophysiology of the metabolic complications in these disorders is not known. The project therefore has two aims: 1) to characterize metabolic abnormalities in patients with CGL and FPLD and 2) to identify the molecular basis of these disorders. To accomplish these aims, we have collected a number of well-characterized pedigrees. We will study body fat distribution by anthropometry and whole body magnetic resonance imaging and will measure insulin sensitivity, plasma lipoproteins, free fatty acids, glycerol and other metabolic variables. We have localized the FPLD gene to chromosome 1q21-22 by genome-wide linkage analysis. Similar studies are underway to localize the gene for CGL. Following chromosomal localization and fine mapping, candidate genes, already mapped or identified by positional cloning into these regions will be examined for mutations using the single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) or direct sequencing. The identification of gene defects will allow us to define the normal role of

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these genes in insulin action and body fat distribution and will lead to a better understanding of how common adipose tissue disorders such as obesity cause insulin resistance and other metabolic complications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INSULIN RESISTANCE AND POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Ann J.; Medicine; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This career development proposal details a plan for the Principal Investigator to obtain the training and experience necessary to develop an independent career as a clinical investigator. By conducting the proposed study, the PI will develop skills that will enable her to study the effects of exercise on insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and that will be relevant to many career pathways. PCOS is a common disorder affecting up to 10% of young women. It is characterized clinically by hirsutism and oligo/amenorrhea. Recent studies have documented significant insulin resistance in this population suggesting an important predisposition to long-term complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The early onset and large affected population create a powerful opportunity to harness the positive effects of lifestyle changes for purposes of disease prevention. However, the hirsutism and obesity associated with PCOS may create psychological barriers to change. For this reason, effective management may require a tailored approach that takes into account psychosocial issues as well as metabolic profile. Physical activity is an ideal intervention for this group. Exercise reduces insulin resistance, improves cardiovascular health and enhances sense of wellbeing. However, the type, duration and intensity of exercise that will optimally reduce insulin resistance, and that is well tolerated, has not been established. This study is meant to address these issues by answering the following questions about women with PCOS: 1. In a randomized controlled clinical trial, does a 12 week program of monitored exercise of moderate intensity, without weight loss, significantly improve insulin sensitivity as measured by an intravenous glucose tolerance test? What is the relative magnitude of the acute effect compared to the chronic effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity? 2. Does exercise that reduces insulin resistance also decrease androgen levels? 3. Does exercise improve indicators of perceived body image, quality of life, stress and depression? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: INSULIN SIGNALING IN THECA CELLS FROM POLYCYSTIC OVARIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Magoffin, Denis A.; Professor; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 900481804 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disease in women of reproductive age. Approximately three-quarters of women with anovulatory infertility have PCOS, thus accounting for approximately one-third of women with secondary amenorrhea and approximately 90% of women with oligomenorrhea. Other consequences of PCOS are hirsutism, markedly increased incidence of recurrent early pregnancy loss, an estimated 11-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction between the ages of 50-61 years, and an increased risk of endometrial cancer at a young age. A consistent finding in women with PCOS is that the

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Hirsutism

ovaries produce abnormally high amounts of androgens. There is good evidence to conclude that elevated androgens interfere with selection of dominant follicles and cause PCOS. Importantly, there is an association between insulin resistance and the androgen excess of PCOS. It is clear that insulin can stimulate ovarian androgen production, but a paradox exists: how can insulin hyperstimulate ovarian thecal androgen production in an insulin resistant woman? One of two hypotheses could explain the seeming paradox. Either the ovarian theca cells are not insulin resistant in insulin resistant women or there are distinct insulin signaling mechanisms regulating glucose metabolism and androgen production in theca cells. The purpose of the proposed studies is to determine if ovarian theca cells are insulin resistant in insulin resistant women, to explore the intracellular signaling mechanisms by which insulin regulates androgen biosynthesis, and to determine if there are differences in the concentrations and/or activities of key molecules mediating insulin action in theca cell from polycystic ovaries. To accomplish these goals, we will measure the sensitivity of skeletal muscle and ovarian theca cell glucose uptake in response to insulin to determine the relative sensitivity of these tissues to insulin in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant women with and without PCOS. We have established a human theca cell culture model in which we can examine the molecular details of insulin signaling. Importantly, increased androgen production and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA over-expression persist in the cultured cells in vitro. We propose to use this model to systematically determine the intracellular signaling pathway for insulin stimulation of CYP 17 activities and mRNA expression and then to compare the concentrations and activities of the signaling molecules between regularly cycling control women and women with PCOS. The results of these studies are expected to yield specific molecular targets for novel therapies to treat women with PCOS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POLYCYSTIC ADOLESCENTS

OVARIAN

SYNDROME

IN

OVERWEIGHT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoeger, Kathleen M.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Polycystic Overy Syndrome (PCOS) is a broadspectrum disease characterized by chronic anovulation and androgen excess, affecting 48% of women. Onset of the disorder is recognized to occur around the time of puberty but is often not diagnosed until adulthood. More than half of women with PCOS are obese, and insulin resistance appears to be an important part of its underlying pathophysiology. Long-term consequences in PCOS are now recognized to include increased risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This has led to an interest in reduction of insulin resistance as a long-term treatment strategy. This reduction in insulin resistance can be accomplished by weight reduction or by insulin sensitizers such as metformin. To date, however, there are limited data on the effectiveness of insulin sensitizers and no data on the impact of weight reduction in adolescents with PCOS. Adolescence is a time of tremendous physical and psychosocial change. Obesity in adolescence is often predictive of lifelong obesity. The constellation of hirsutism, irregular bleeding, and obesity, often seen in adolescents with PCOS, could potentially have lifelong social and health consequences. A successful weight reduction strategy with improvement in insulin sensitivity at the onset of the symptoms of PCOS could have substantial long-term health benefits. The applicant hypothesizes that weight loss and metformin in the overweight adolescent with PCOS can reduce

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insulin resistance and improve the symptoms and metabolic profile associated with PCOS. Accordingly, a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial comparing metformin and intensive lifestyle modification is proposed to gather preliminary data on the rate of ovulation, changes in testosterone and insulin and impact on cardiovascular risk of weight reduction and metformin as compared to placebo in a total of 30 subjects. Data obtained from this pilot trial on recruitment rates, drop-out, compliance, and estimated treatment effect sizes will be used to refine power calculations for a large-scale randomized trial focused on a comparison of metformin and weight reduction in obese adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INDUCTION

ROSIGLITAZONE

AND

CLOMIPHENE

FOR

OVULATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cataldo, Nicholas A.; Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gy; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: This proposal will evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug combination, rosiglitazone and clomiphene, for the induction of ovulation in anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a disorder affecting about 5% of women of reproductive age, characterized by anovulation with loss of menstrual cyclicity and hyperandrogenism, often resulting in hirsutism or acne. Anovulation leads to spontaneous infertility and poses a risk of endometrial carcinoma if untreated. A majority of women with PCOS have peripheral insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. These abnormalities may lead to a long-term increased rish of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Induction of ovulation is necessary to restore fertility to women with PCOS. The standard initial treatment is oral clomiphene citrate, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator which increases endogenous FSH secretion. Clomiphene is successful in inducing ovulation in only about 70% of women with PCOS, and failure is associated with hyperinsulinemia. Women who fail clomiphene ovulation induction are usually treated with parenteral FSH, but this is associated with a greater risk than clomiphene of both multiple gestation and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, which in its severe form can be lifethreatening. This study will examine whether clomiphene can be more effective in inducing ovulation in women with PCOS when given concomitantly with rosiglitazone, an insulin sensitizer which lowers circulating insulin levels. Women with PCOS selected for previous resistance to clomiphene ovulation induction will be randomized to receive either rosiglitazone or placebo in double-bind fashion for 6 weeks, and then will undergo attempted ovulation induction with clomiphene. If unsuccessful, the clomiphene dose will be increased in up to 2 subsequent cycles in standard fashion in an effort to achieve ovulation. Spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulatory outcomes, assessed by serum progesterone levels, will be compared between rosiglitazone and placebo groups and correlated with changes in hyperinsulinemia, assessed on oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), and with changes in baseline LH, total and free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels. The effects of rosiglitazone on insulin secretion on OGTT will be correlated with its effects on the levels of the above hormones and binding proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF TROGLITAZONE IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Meyer, William R.; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SIZE REGULATION OF SKIN APPENDAGES Principal Investigator & Institution: Chuong, Cheng-Ming; Professor; Pathology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The regulation of organ size is a fundamental mechanism in development. The skin appendage is the best model to study size regulation because of the large number of appendages and the extensive size variation found within one individual organism. Many clinical conditions such as alopecia, hirsutism and even cancer are basically problems of size. The chicken feather is an excellent model because of the large spectrum of graded feather sizes on one individual and the possible variations in special breeds. We hypothesize that the size of feathers is determined through multiple stages of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, from initiation to growth to resting phases, each modulated by combinatorial positive and negative molecular regulators. We will do molecular mapping of different phases of feather follicles with in situ hybridization and immuno-staining. Preliminary data showed the presence of members of major signaling pathways (e.g. SHH, BMP, Wnt) in different regions of the follicle. We also have identified a novel feather follicle bulge zone that shows long term BrdU label retention that may contain feather stem cells. To search for cellular determinants of feather size, we will engineer chimeric feather follicles made with components from different-sized follicles. To identify molecular determinants, we have developed a feather plucking/regeneration model and can introduce genes to the regenerating feathers using gene therapy technology. Candidate molecules will be chosen by comparative molecular mapping of different-sized follicles, and library subtraction. Preliminary data suggest that the SHH pathway is one of the positive regulators and the BMP pathway is one of the negative regulators for feather size. Alterations of cell proliferation, differentiation (judged by keratin markers) and other signaling molecules will be analyzed to identify crosstalk among molecular pathways. This work will lead to a new understanding of the molecular basis of the size regulation of skin appendages. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for hirsutism in the PubMed Central database: •

Testosterone and Androstenedione Blood Production Rates in Normal Women and Women with Idiopathic Hirsutism or Polycystic Ovaries. by Bardin CW, Lipsett MB.; 1967 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297090

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hirsutism, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hirsutism (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 68-year-old black woman with weight loss, increased abdominal girth, and hirsutism. Author(s): Berland LL, Orr J Jr, Myers J, Gore I Jr. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1987 April; 24(2): 150-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3578705

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A 69-year-old woman with hirsutism. Androgen-secreting ovarian tumor. Author(s): Myers L, Levine S, Abreo F. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1994 June; 146(6): 243-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8057048

4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of ovarian stromal hyperplasia causing hirsutism in a post-menopausal woman. Author(s): Leong S, Trivedi AN. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2001 February; 41(1): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284636

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A comparative study of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and finasteride on idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Bayhan G, Bahceci M, Demirkol T, Ertem M, Yalinkaya A, Erden AC. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 27(3-4): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214952

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A comparative study of Aldactone and Diane in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Lunde O, Djoseland O. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1987 August; 28(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3626553

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A comparison between spironolactone and spironolactone plus finasteride in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Kelestimur F, Everest H, Unluhizarci K, Bayram F, Sahin Y. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2004 March; 150(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15012621

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A comparison between two doses of flutamide (250 mg/d and 500 mg/d) in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Muderris II, Bayram F, Sahin Y, Kelestimur F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 October; 68(4): 644-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9341603

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A prospective randomized trial comparing low dose flutamide, finasteride, ketoconazole, and cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Venturoli S, Marescalchi O, Colombo FM, Macrelli S, Ravaioli B, Bagnoli A, Paradisi R, Flamigni C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 April; 84(4): 130410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10199771

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A prospective study of the prevalence of clear-cut endocrine disorders and polycystic ovaries in 350 patients presenting with hirsutism or androgenic alopecia. Author(s): O'Driscoll JB, Mamtora H, Higginson J, Pollock A, Kane J, Anderson DC. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1994 August; 41(2): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923828

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A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological therapies for hirsutism. Author(s): Carmina E. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2001; 24(4): 267-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11330656

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A role for a non-androgenic anovulant in the management of hirsutism. Author(s): McKenna TJ, Cunningham SK. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1991 July; 160(7): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1757211

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A woman with too much facial hair. Evaluating the possibility of attenuated 21hydroxylase deficiency in hirsutism. Author(s): Iarovici D, Neelon FA. Source: N C Med J. 1992 August; 53(8): 401-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513383

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Acne and hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine-metabolic and ultrasonographic differences. Author(s): Falsetti L, Gambera A, Andrico S, Sartori E. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2002 August; 16(4): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12396556

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Acne, hirsutism, and alopecia in adolescent girls. Clinical expressions of androgen excess. Author(s): Rosenfield RL, Lucky AW. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1993 September; 22(3): 507-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8243445

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Acromegaly with polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans: a case report. Author(s): Unal A, Sahin Y, Kelestimur F. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1993 April; 40(2): 207-11. Erratum In: Endocr J 1993 January; 40(3): Following 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7951506

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ACTH stimulation tests and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in women with hirsutism. Author(s): Siegel SF, Finegold DN, Lanes R, Lee PA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 September 27; 323(13): 849-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2168515

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ACTH stimulation tests in women with hirsutism. Author(s): Dewailly D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 February 21; 324(8): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1846941

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Adrenal adenoma and normal androgen levels in a young woman with polycystic ovaries: a case of idiopathic hirsutism? Author(s): Orio F Jr, Palomba S, Cascella T, Tauchmanova L, Di Biase S, Labella D, Russo T, Pellicano M, Savastano S, Zullo F, Lombardi G, Colao A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2004 January; 27(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053246

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Adrenal dysfunction and hirsutism. Author(s): Barnes RB. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 34(4): 827-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1778024

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An open randomized comparative study of an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and cyproterone acetate with and without the GnRH analogue goserelin in the long-term treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Vegetti W, Testa G, Maggioni P, Motta T, Falsetti L, Crosignani PG. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1996; 41(4): 260-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8793497

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Androgen assessment in hirsutism and alopecia. Author(s): Gupta MK. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1990 May; 57(3): 292-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192818

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Androgen excess in women with acne alone compared with women with acne and/or hirsutism. Author(s): Vexiau P, Husson C, Chivot M, Brerault JL, Fiet J, Julien R, Villette JM, Hardy N, Cathelineau G. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1990 March; 94(3): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2137846

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Androgen receptor polymorphisms (CAG repeat lengths) in androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, and acne. Author(s): Sawaya ME, Shalita AR. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1998 July; 3(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9677254

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Androgen receptor-mediated hypersensitivity to androgens in women with nonhyperandrogenic hirsutism: skewing of X-chromosome inactivation. Author(s): Vottero A, Stratakis CA, Ghizzoni L, Longui CA, Karl M, Chrousos GP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 March; 84(3): 10915. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084600

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Anti-androgens for the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Carmina E. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2002 March; 11(3): 357-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11866665

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Antiandrogens in the treatment of acne and hirsutism. Author(s): Jurzyk RS, Spielvogel RL, Rose LI. Source: American Family Physician. 1992 April; 45(4): 1803-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1532683

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Application of a non-chromatographic radio-immunoassay to the measurement of plasma 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in females with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Montalto J, Yong AB, Funder JW, Connelly JF. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 May; 49(3): 303-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2740825

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Approach to patients with hirsutism. Author(s): Sakiyama R. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1996 December; 165(6): 386-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9000866

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Association of ovarian volume and serum LH levels in adolescent patients with menstrual disorders and/or hirsutism. Author(s): Herter LD, Magalhaes JA, Spritzer PM. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1993 October; 26(10): 1041-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8312836

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Bedside assessment of skin-fold thickness. A useful measurement for distinguishing Cushing's disease from other causes of hirsutism and oligomenorrhea. Author(s): Corenblum B, Kwan T, Gee S, Wong NC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 April 11; 154(7): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8147682

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Bilateral thecomata in ovaries with normal ultrasonographic and radiological appearances, presenting with postmenopausal hirsutism and virilism. Author(s): Sanyal D, Taylor WG, Otter MI. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 July; 23(4): 457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12881109

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Biomedical versus cultural constructions of abnormality: the case of idiopathic hirsutism in the United States. Author(s): Ferrante J. Source: Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 1988 June; 12(2): 219-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3044697

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Bone mineral density in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Gregoriou O, Kouskouni E, Bakas P, Konidaris S, Papadias K, Kalovidouris A, Creatsas G. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2000 October; 14(5): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11109975

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Breast carcinoma and basal cell epithelioma after x-ray therapy for hirsutism. Author(s): Schwartz RA, Burgess GH, Milgrom H. Source: Cancer. 1979 November; 44(5): 1601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=498032

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Buccal androsterone therapy of hirsutism: a preliminary report. Author(s): Griboff SI, Futterweit W. Source: J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 1968 March-April; 35(2): 179-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4870793

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Circulating leptin concentrations in women with hirsutism. Author(s): Escobar-Morreale HF, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Varela C, Garcia-Robles R, Sancho JM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 November; 68(5): 898-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389823

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Clinical and laboratory evaluation of hirsutism. Author(s): Kessel B, Liu J. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 34(4): 805-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1778022

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Clinical diagnosis of hirsutism in Thai women. Author(s): Cheewadhanaraks S, Peeyananjarassri K, Choksuchat C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2004 May; 87(5): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15222512

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Clinical efficacy of lower dose flutamide 125 mg/day in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Muderris II, Bayram F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 March; 22(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10219882

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Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in intron 3 of the calpain-10 gene influence hirsutism. Author(s): Escobar-Morreale HF, Peral B, Villuendas G, Calvo RM, Sancho J, San Millan JL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 March; 77(3): 581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11872216

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Comparison between buserelin and dexamethasone testing in the assessment of hirsutism. Author(s): Re T, Barbetta L, Dall'Asta C, Faglia G, Ambrosi B. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 January; 25(1): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11883870

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Comparison of cyproterone acetate plus ethinyl estradiol and finasteride in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Sahin Y, Bayram F, Kelestimur F, Muderris I. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 June; 21(6): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9699125

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Comparison of Diane 35 and Diane 35 plus finasteride in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Sahin Y, Dilber S, Kelestimur F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 March; 75(3): 496-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11239530

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Comparison of Diane 35 and Diane 35 plus spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Kelestimur F, Sahin Y. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 January; 69(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9457935

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Comparison of finasteride and flutamide in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Falsetti L, Gambera A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 July; 72(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428146

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Comparison of finasteride versus spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Erenus M, Yucelten D, Durmusoglu F, Gurbuz O. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 December; 68(6): 1000-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9418687

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Comparison of flutamide and cyproterone acetate in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Grigoriou O, Papadias C, Konidaris S, Antoniou G, Karakitsos P, Giannikos L. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1996 April; 10(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8701785

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Comparison of flutamide and spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Cusan L, Dupont A, Gomez JL, Tremblay RR, Labrie F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 February; 61(2): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8299783

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Comparison of four different treatment regimes in hirsutism related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Gokmen O, Senoz S, Gulekli B, Isik AZ. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1996 August; 10(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8908525

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Comparison of spironolactone and spironolactone plus finasteride in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Unluhizarci K K, Everest H, Bayram F, Kelestimur F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 December; 78(6): 1331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477537

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Comparison of spironolactone-oral contraceptive versus cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Erenus M, Yucelten D, Gurbuz O, Durmusoglu F, Pekin S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 August; 66(2): 216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8690104

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Comparison of the clinical efficacy and safety of flutamide versus flutamide plus an oral contraceptive in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Taner C, Inal M, Basogul O, Onoglu A, Karanfil C, Tinar S, Ispahi C. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566753

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Comparison of the efficacy of spironolactone versus flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Erenus M, Gurbuz O, Durmusoglu F, Demircay Z, Pekin S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 April; 61(4): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8150100

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Comparison of the efficiency of anti-androgenic regimens consisting of spironolactone, Diane 35, and cyproterone acetate in hirsutism. Author(s): Sert M, Tetiker T, Kirim S. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 2003 April; 57(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866746

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Compromise in the treatment of hirsutism with flutamide. Author(s): Tremblay RR. Source: In Vivo. 1993 November-December; 7(6A): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8193275

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Cyproterone acetate for hirsutism. Author(s): Van der Spuy ZM, le Roux PA. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (4): Cd001125. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583927

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Cyproterone acetate for severe hirsutism: results of a double-blind dose-ranging study. Author(s): Barth JH, Cherry CA, Wojnarowska F, Dawber RP. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1991 July; 35(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1832346

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Determination of plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in women affected by simple hirsutism. I. Author(s): Sciarra F, Concolino G, Sorcini G, Sparano F. Source: Folia Endocrinol. 1973 August; 26(4): 281-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4801002

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Determination of the source(s) of androgen overproduction in hirsutism associated with polycystic ovary syndrome by simultaneous adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization. Comparison with the dexamethasone suppression test. Author(s): Wajchenberg BL, Achando SS, Okada H, Czeresnia CE, Peixoto S, Lima SS, Goldman J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986 November; 63(5): 1204-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3760120

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Diagnosis and treatment of hirsutism in women. Author(s): Karp L, Herrmann WL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 February; 41(2): 283-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4346166

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Diagnostic approach to androgen disorders in women: acne, hirsutism, and alopecia. Author(s): Redmond GP, Bergfeld WF. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1990 July-August; 57(5): 423-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2142637

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Diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women by selective bilateral adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization. Author(s): Farber M, Millan VG, Turksoy RN, Mitchell GW Jr. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 September; 30(3): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=710599

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Diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women. Author(s): Farber M, Millan VG, Turksoy RN, Mitchell GW Jr. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 March; 20(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=837574

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Diane 35 and spironolactone combination in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Kelestimur F. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 May; 54(5): 699-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380503

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Differential diagnosis of female hirsutism, Cushing's and Conn's syndrome. Quantitative sequential scintigraphy of the adrenals with 131-J-19-iodocholesterol. Author(s): Nowakowski H, Montz R, Mischke W, Haug HP, Hohne KH, Pfeiffer E. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1973; 173: 171. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4353565

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Differential studies on the mechanism of serum androgen and androgen-binding abnormalities in hirsutism. Author(s): Wieland RG, Zorn EM, Hallberg MC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 December 1; 117(7): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4128185

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Diurnal change of serum androstenedione and testosterone and response to hCG and dexamethasone in women with polycystic ovaries, adrenal hyperandrogenism and unexplained hirsutism. Author(s): Lisse K, Schurenkamper P, Friedrich W, Rutkowsky J. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980 February; 93(2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189630

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Drug therapy for hirsutism. Author(s): Helfer EL, Rose LI. Source: American Family Physician. 1987 August; 36(2): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3618456

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Dynamics of androgen metabolism in women with hirsutism. Author(s): Bardin CW, Mahoudeau JA. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1970 December; 2(4): 251-62. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4927129

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Effect of cyproterone acetate on glucocorticoid secretion in patients treated for hirsutism. Author(s): Holdaway IM, Croxson MS, Evans MC, France J, Sheehan A, Wilson T, Ibbertson HK. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1983 October; 104(2): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6227191

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Effect of finasteride in idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Faloia E, Filipponi S, Mancini V, Di Marco S, Mantero F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 November; 21(10): 694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854686

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Effect of leuprolide and dexamethasone on hair growth and hormone levels in hirsute women: the relative importance of the ovary and the adrenal in the pathogenesis of hirsutism. Author(s): Rittmaster RS, Thompson DL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 April; 70(4): 1096102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2156885

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Effectiveness of short term canrenone treatment in idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Sobbrio GA, Granata A, Panacea A, Trimarchi F. Source: Minerva Endocrinol. 1989 April-June; 14(2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2761494

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Effects of two antiandrogen treatments on hirsutism and insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Dahlgren E, Landin K, Krotkiewski M, Holm G, Janson PO. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 October; 13(1O): 2706-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9804218

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Efficacy of second versus third generation oral contraceptives in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Breitkopf DM, Rosen MP, Young SL, Nagamani M. Source: Contraception. 2003 May; 67(5): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742556

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Electroepilation (electrolysis) in hirsutism. 35,000 hours' experience on the face and neck. Author(s): Richards RN, McKenzie MA, Meharg GE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 October; 15(4 Pt 1): 6937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771842

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Electroepilation in hirsutism. Author(s): Chernosky ME. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 July; 17(1): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611446

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Elevated serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in patients with insulin resistance, hirsutism, and acanthosis nigricans. Author(s): Alper MM, Garner PR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1987 February; 47(2): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2950000

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Elevated serum testosterone, hirsutism, and virilism associated with combined androgen-estrogen hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Urman B, Pride SM, Yuen BH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 April; 77(4): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2002984

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Epidemiologic and etiologic aspects of hirsutism in Kashmiri women in the Indian subcontinent. Author(s): Zargar AH, Wani AI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Bashir MI, Salahuddin M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 April; 77(4): 674-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937114

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Epilation of upper lip hirsutism with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine used as a topical anesthetic. Author(s): Hjorth N, Harring M, Hahn A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 November; 25(5 Pt 1): 809-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1802904

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Epilation with a long-pulse 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in facial hirsutism. Author(s): Levy JL, Trelles MA, de Ramecourt A. Source: Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy : Official Publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology. 2001 December; 3(4): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554325

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Estrogen replacement does not potentiate gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonistinduced androgen suppression in treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Tiitinen A, Simberg N, Stenman UH, Ylikorkala O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 August; 79(2): 44751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8045961

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Etiological review of hirsutism in 250 patients. Author(s): Moran C, Tapia MC, Hernandez E, Vazquez G, Garcia-Hernandez E, Bermudez JA. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1994 Autumn; 25(3): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7803980

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Evaluation and treatment of women with hirsutism. Author(s): Hunter MH, Carek PJ. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 June 15; 67(12): 2565-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825846

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Evaluation of women with hirsutism. Author(s): Kalve E, Klein JF. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 July; 54(1): 117-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8677828

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Evidence for adrenal and/or ovarian dysfunction as a possible etiology of idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Bouallouche A, Brerault JL, Fiet J, Julien R, Vermeulen C, Cathelineau G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 September 1; 147(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6311016

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Evidence for the importance of peripheral tissue events in the development of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Lobo RA, Goebelsmann U, Horton R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1983 August; 57(2): 3937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6223045

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Examination of the chin or lower abdomen only for the prediction of hirsutism. Author(s): Knochenhauer ES, Hines G, Conway-Myers BA, Azziz R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 November; 74(5): 980-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11056244

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Facial and abdominal hair growth in hirsutism: a computerized evaluation. Author(s): Hines G, Moran C, Huerta R, Folgman K, Azziz R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 December; 45(6): 84650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712028

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Facial hirsutism treated with the normal-mode ruby laser: results of a 12-month follow-up study. Author(s): Sommer S, Render C, Sheehan-Dare R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 December; 41(6): 974-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10570383

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Familial study of hirsutism. Author(s): Moncada E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1970 November; 31(5): 556-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4248490

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Fat distribution, endocrine and metabolic profile in obese women with and without hirsutism. Author(s): Hauner H, Ditschuneit HH, Pal SB, Moncayo R, Pfeiffer EF. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1988 March; 37(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3278193

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Female hirsutism: pathophysiological considerations and therapeutic implications. Author(s): Biffignandi P, Massucchetti C, Molinatti GM. Source: Endocrine Reviews. 1984 Fall; 5(4): 498-513. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6094172

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Finasteride cream in hirsutism. Author(s): Lucas KJ. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11250761

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Finasteride in the treatment of hirsutism: new therapeutic perspectives. Author(s): Tolino A, Petrone A, Sarnacchiaro F, Cirillo D, Ronsini S, Lombardi G, Nappi C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 July; 66(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8752612

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Florid Cushing's syndrome and hirsutism induced by desoximetasone. Author(s): Himathongkam T, Dasanabhairochana P, Pitchayayothin N, Sriphrapradang A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 January 30; 239(5): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=621843

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Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle kinetics of anagen scalp hair correlated with plasma androgens in hirsutism. Author(s): Kiesewetter F, Schell H, Seidel C. Source: Analytical Cellular Pathology : the Journal of the European Society for Analytical Cellular Pathology. 1990 February; 2(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2149058

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Flutamide and hirsutism. Author(s): Motta T, Maggi G, D'Alberton A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1994 September; 17(8): 673. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7868809

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Flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Motta T, Maggi G, Perra M, Azzolari E, Casazza S, D'Alberton A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1991 October; 36(2): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1683319

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Flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism: long-term clinical effects, endocrine changes, and androgen receptor behavior. Author(s): Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, Tosi F, Magnani CM, Fontanarosa MC, Armanini D, Muggeo M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1995 September; 64(3): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7641903

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Flutamide: a rational approach to hirsutism. Author(s): Vitale F, Ruggieri P. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1992 January-February; 23(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1293898

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Food-dependent androgen and cortisol secretion by a gastric inhibitory polypeptidereceptor expressive adrenocortical adenoma leading to hirsutism and subclinical Cushing's syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies. Author(s): Tsagarakis S, Tsigos C, Vassiliou V, Tsiotra P, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D, Trivizas P, Nikou A, Mavromatis T, Sotsiou F, Raptis S, Thalassinos N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 February; 86(2): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158012

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Fourteen year old girl with hirsutism of one year's duration. Author(s): Oakland JA, Lee SG, Barlow JF. Source: S D J Med. 1978 March; 31(3): 25-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=205943

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Free testosterone concentration in serum: elevation is the hallmark of hirsutism. Author(s): Paulson JD, Keller DW, Wiest WG, Warren JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 August 15; 128(8): 851-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=888862

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Fulminant liver failure associated with flutamide therapy for hirsutism. Author(s): Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernandez MC, Suarez F, Montero JL, Fraga E, Hidalgo F. Source: Lancet. 1999 March 20; 353(9157): 983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459914

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Functional hyperandrogenism detected by corticotropin and GnRH-analogue stimulation tests in women affected by apparently idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Rossi R, Tauchmanova L, Luciano A, Valentino R, Savastano S, Battista C, Di Martino M, Lombardi G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 July-August; 24(7): 491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508782

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Further clinical experience in the treatment of hirsutism with cyproterone acetate. Author(s): Underhill R, Dewhurst J. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1979 February; 86(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=427053

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Genotyping of the type II 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene (HSD3B2) in women with hirsutism and elevated ACTH-stimulated delta(5)-steroids. Author(s): Marui S, Russell AJ, Paula FJ, Dick-de-Paula I, Marcondes JA, Mendonca BB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 September; 74(3): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10973654

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Glucocorticoid suppression of urinary testosterone excretion in patients with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Nichols T, Nugent CA, Tyler FH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1966 January; 26(1): 7986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4285285

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Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for hirsutism is as effective as high dose cyproterone acetate but results in a longer remission. Author(s): Carmina E, Lobo RA. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1997 April; 12(4): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9159420

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and estrogen/progestin replacement for the treatment of hirsutism: evaluating the results. Author(s): Rittmaster RS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 December; 80(12): 3403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8530572

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-A) in hirsutism. Author(s): Falsetti L, Pasinetti E, Ceruti D. Source: Acta Eur Fertil. 1994 September-October; 25(5): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7660719

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Hirsutism

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog plus an oral contraceptive containing desogestrel in women with severe hirsutism: effects on hair, bone, and hormone profile after 1-year use. Author(s): Castelo-Branco C, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Pons F, Fortuny A. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 April; 46(4): 437-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109850

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Hair loss and hirsutism in the elderly. Author(s): Hordinsky M, Sawaya M, Roberts JL. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2002 February; 18(1): 121-33, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11913736

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Heterogeneity of late-onset adrenal 3 beta-ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in patients with hirsutism and polycystic ovaries. Author(s): Moran C, Tena G, Herrera J, Bermudez JA, Zarate A. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 1994 Autumn; 25(3): 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7803981

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High prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Escobar-Morreale HF, Roldan B, Barrio R, Alonso M, Sancho J, de la Calle H, Garcia-Robles R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 November; 85(11): 4182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11095451

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Hirsutism and adnexal masses in a teenager. Author(s): Quint EH. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2002 December; 15(5): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547664

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Hirsutism and weakness in a young woman. Author(s): Archer TP, Mazzaferri EL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 October 15; 33(10): 165-6, 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793548

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Hirsutism as a first manifestation of a giant arachnoid cyst of the sylvian fissure. Author(s): Baykal S, Sari A, Kuzeyli K, Akturk F. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 1996; 19(4): 279-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9007894

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Hirsutism in the United Arab Emirates: a hospital study. Author(s): Gatee OB, Al Attia HM, Salama IA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 March; 72(845): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8731709

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Hirsutism investigations-what is appropriate? Author(s): Jamieson MA. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2001 May; 14(2): 95; Discussion 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479108

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Hirsutism of adrenal origin in adolescents: consequences in adults. Author(s): Kelestimur F. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 14 Suppl 5: 1309-15; Discussion 1317. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11964028

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Hirsutism of recent onset with marked hyperandrogenaemia and ovarian hyperthecosis after the menopause. Author(s): Ayuk P, Stringfellow H, Donnai P, Beardwell C, Holt A, Laing I. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1998 January; 35 ( Pt 1): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9463756

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Hirsutism secondary to topical testosterone: report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Hernandez-Nunez A, Dauden E, Garcia-F-Villalta MJ, Rios-Buceta L, GarciaDiez A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2004 March; 18(2): 208-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009308

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Hirsutism. Author(s): Holmes S. Source: Lancet. 1997 March 1; 349(9052): 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057754

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Hirsutism. Author(s): Phillipov G. Source: Lancet. 1997 March 1; 349(9052): 650; Author Reply 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057753

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Hirsutism

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Hirsutism. Author(s): Rittmaster RS. Source: Lancet. 1997 January 18; 349(9046): 191-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9111556

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Hirsutism. Author(s): Blumenfeld Z. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 August; 2(8): 632-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979363

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Hirsutism. Author(s): Carpenter PC, Turk DM. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 5: 237-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704723

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Hirsutism: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Ali I, Dawber R. Source: Hosp Med. 2004 May; 65(5): 293-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15176146

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Hirsutism: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Mercurio MG. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 2001; 4(2): 29-34, 64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480095

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Hormonal and clinical effects of GnRH agonist alone, or in combination with a combined oral contraceptive or flutamide in women with severe hirsutism. Author(s): De Leo V, Fulghesu AM, la Marca A, Morgante G, Pasqui L, Talluri B, Torricelli M, Caruso A. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2000 December; 14(6): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11228061

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Hormonal profile of women with self-reported symptoms of oligomenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland birth cohort 1966 study. Author(s): Taponen S, Martikainen H, Jarvelin MR, Laitinen J, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, Sovio U, McCarthy MI, Franks S, Ruokonen A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 January; 88(1): 1417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519843

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Iatrogenic causes of hirsutism. Author(s): Bates GW, Cornwell CE. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 December; 34(4): 848-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1778026

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Idiopathic hirsutism or polycystic ovary syndrome? Author(s): Jahanfar S, Eden JA. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1993 November; 33(4): 414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8179557

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Idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Azziz R, Carmina E, Sawaya ME. Source: Endocrine Reviews. 2000 August; 21(4): 347-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10950156

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Idiopathic hirsutism: an uncommon cause of hirsutism in Alabama. Author(s): Azziz R, Waggoner WT, Ochoa T, Knochenhauer ES, Boots LR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 August; 70(2): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9696220

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Idiopathic hirsutism: correlation of severity of hirsutism with degree of hyperandrogenism. Author(s): Callan A, Dennerstein L, Warne G, Montalto J, Brown J, Jonas H, Burrows G. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1982 April; 23(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6889854

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Idiopathic hirsutism: review of the concept. Author(s): Callan A, Dennerstein L, Warne G. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1981 April; 22(1): 11-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7020677

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Idiopathic hirsutism--an ovarian abnormality. Author(s): Kirschner MA, Zucker IR, Jespersen D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 March 18; 294(12): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1246257

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Idiopathic unilateral facial hirsutism: report of a case. Author(s): Thomsen RJ, Webster SB. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 January; 115(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760670

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Hirsutism

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Increase in plasma 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucuronide as a marker of peripheral androgen action in hirsutism: a side-effect induced by cyclosporine A. Author(s): Vexiau P, Fiet J, Boudou P, Villette JM, Feutren G, Hardy N, Julien R, Dreux C, Bach JF, Cathelineau G. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1990 January; 35(1): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2137888

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Inheritance of female unexplained hirsutism. Author(s): Messina M, Jeantet MG, Ghigo E, Manieri C, Biffignandi P, Novi RF, Curtoni ES, Molinatti GM. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1981 April-June; 23(2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7322610

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Intense pulsed light treatment of hirsutism: case reports of skin phototypes V and VI. Author(s): Johnson F, Dovale M. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy. 1999 December; 1(4): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11360466

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Interactive Grand Rounds. Case 3: management of cyclosporine-induced hirsutism and gingival overgrowth in a heart transplant recipient. Author(s): Rosario AM, Young JB. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2000 September; 19(9): 907-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11202924

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Investigating the cause of hirsutism and acne in women. Author(s): Lobo RA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 January; 41(1): 12-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7813062

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Investigation of adrenal function in women with oligomenorrhoea and hirsutism (clinical PCOS) from the north-east of England using an adrenal stimulation test. Author(s): Turner EI, Watson MJ, Perry LA, White MC. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1992 April; 36(4): 389-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1330379

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Investigation of hirsutism: testosterone is not enough. Author(s): Carter GD, Holland SM, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Rayman G, Dorrington-Ward P, Wise PH. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1983 September; 20 (Pt 5): 262-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6685986

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Investigations in the assessment and management of patients with hirsutism. Author(s): Barth JH. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1997 June; 9(3): 187-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9263703

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Is 3 alpha-androstanediol a marker of peripheral hirsutism? Author(s): Toscano V, Sciarra F, Adamo MV, Petrangeli E, Foli S, Caiola S, Conti C. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1982 February; 99(2): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6460409

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Is heterozygosity for the steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency responsible for hirsutism, premature pubarche, early puberty, and precocious puberty in children? Author(s): Knorr D, Bidlingmaier F, Holler W, Kuhnle U, Meiler B, Nachmann A. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1986; 279: 284-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3022523

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Is hirsutism an evolving syndrome? Author(s): Toscano V, Adamo MV, Caiola S, Foli S, Petrangeli E, Casilli D, Sciarra F. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1983 June; 97(3): 379-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6223108

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Is plasma 5 alpha-androstane 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol glucuronide a biochemical marker of hirsutism in women? Author(s): Giagulli VA, Giorgino R, Vermeulen A. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1991 July; 39(1): 5561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1829956

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Ketoconazole for hirsutism. Author(s): Carvalho D, Pignatelli D, Resende C. Source: Lancet. 1985 September 7; 2(8454): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2863584

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Ketoconazole therapy for women with acne and/or hirsutism. Author(s): Venturoli S, Fabbri R, Dal Prato L, Mantovani B, Capelli M, Magrini O, Flamigni C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 August; 71(2): 3359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2166069

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Krukenberg tumour responsible for hirsutism. Author(s): Raziq F. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1991 February; 41(2): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1850810

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Lack of correlation between sex hormone binding globulin and free testosterone in some cases of "idiopathic" hirsutism. Author(s): Toscano V, Caiola S, Maroder M, Casilli D, Balducci R, Sciarra F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1987 February; 10(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3598079

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Late onset adrenal hyperplasia in a group of Irish females who presented with hirsutism, irregular menses and/or cystic acne. Author(s): McLaughlin B, Barrett P, Finch T, Devlin JG. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1990 January; 32(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2139596

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Late-onset 21-hydroxylase deficiency mimicking idiopathic hirsutism or polycystic ovarian disease. Author(s): Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Mann DL, Cutler GB Jr. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 February; 96(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6977282

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Late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia in women with hirsutism. Author(s): Arnaout MA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1992 October; 22(10): 651-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1333959

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Leptin concentrations in hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism: influence on LH and relationship with hormonal, metabolic, and anthropometric measurements. Author(s): Spritzer PM, Poy M, Wiltgen D, Mylius LS, Capp E. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 July; 16(7): 1340-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425810

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Letter: Breast tumours and hirsutism. Author(s): Tashima CK, Lumeng J. Source: Lancet. 1974 August 10; 2(7876): 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4136102

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Letter: More on idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Thomas JP, McLachlan MS, Oake RJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 August 26; 295(9): 513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=940590

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Letter: Plasma steroids in hirsutism. Author(s): Ikkos DG, Dellia-Sifikaki A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 July; 46(1): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=168519

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Leuprolide and estrogen versus oral contraceptive pills for the treatment of hirsutism: a prospective randomized study. Author(s): Azziz R, Ochoa TM, Bradley EL Jr, Potter HD, Boots LR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 December; 80(12): 3406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8530573

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Lipid profiles in women with hirsutism and polycystic ovaries. Author(s): Senoz S, Ozaksit G, Turhan NO, Gulekli B, Gokmen O. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1994 March; 8(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8059615

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Local hirsutism at the periphery of burned skin. Author(s): Shafir R, Tsur H. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1979 April; 32(2): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=444781

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Localized hirsutism after radical inguinal lymphadenectomy. Author(s): Finck SJ, Cochran AJ, Vitek CR, Morton DL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 October 15; 305(16): 958. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7278905

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Localized hirsutism following Colle's fracture. Author(s): Bergen D. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 February 15; 128(4): 368. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6821791

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Localized hirsutism following Colles' fractures. Author(s): Nielsen JS. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 August 1; 129(3): 229. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6861061

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Long-term treatment of hirsutism: desogestrel compared with cyproterone acetate in oral contraceptives. Author(s): Porcile A, Gallardo E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 May; 55(5): 877-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1827074

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Low dose ketoconazole is an effective and a relatively safe alternative in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Isik AZ, Gokmen O, Zeyneloglu HB, Senoz S, Zorlu CG. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1996 November; 36(4): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9006843

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Low dose spironolactone in the treatment of female hyperandrogenemia and hirsutism. Author(s): Vetr M, Sobek A. Source: Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med. 1993; 135: 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976677

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Low-dose (2.5 mg/day) finasteride treatment in hirsutism. Author(s): Bayram F, Muderris I, Guven M, Ozcelik B, Kelestimur F. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2003 October; 17(5): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14710591

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Low-dose flutamide (125 mg/day) as maintenance therapy in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Bagnoli A, Colombo FM, Ravaioli B, Vianello F, Mancini F, Gualerzi B, Porcu E, Seracchioli R. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 56(1-2): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815724

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Low-dose spironolactone in the treatment of female hirsutism. Author(s): Ylostalo P, Heikkinen J, Kauppila A, Pakarinen A, Jarvinen PA. Source: Int J Fertil. 1987 January-February; 32(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2880814

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Male pattern alopecia and/or androgenic hirsutism in females. 3. Definition and etiology. Author(s): Kuhn BH. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1972 July; 27(7): 357-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4339815

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Management of hirsutism in the female. Author(s): Atkins AH. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1979 May; 78(9): 645-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=447540

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Management of hirsutism in women of Mediterranean origin. Author(s): Azar ST, Zantout MS. Source: J Med Liban. 2001 May-June; 49(3): 157-60. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12184461

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Management of hirsutism. Author(s): Falsetti L, Gambera A, Platto C, Legrenzi L. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2000 March-April; 1(2): 89-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11702316

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Management of hirsutism. Author(s): Kettel LM. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1992 June; 156(6): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1615659

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Management of hirsutism. Author(s): Callan A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1982 December; 23(3): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7183306

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Management of hirsutism. Author(s): Hughes IA. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1981 November; 26(5): 562. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7326525

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Management of hirsutism. Author(s): Chapman MG. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1981 September; 26(3): 270-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6456786

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Management of hirsutism. Author(s): Board JA. Source: Gp. 1969 February; 39(2): 110-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5772997

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Managing hirsutism in gynaecological practice. Author(s): Conn JJ, Jacobs HS. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1998 July; 105(7): 687-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692407

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Markers of insulin resistance and sex steroid hormone activity in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective analysis of abdominal adiposity, sebum production, and hirsutism (Italy). Author(s): Muti P, Stanulla M, Micheli A, Krogh V, Freudenheim JL, Yang J, Schunemann HJ, Trevisan M, Berrino F. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 September; 11(8): 721-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11065009

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Medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy in hirsutism. Author(s): Schmidt JB, Huber J, Spona J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 August; 113(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3161534

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Menstrual function and hirsutism in patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Author(s): Rosen GF, Kaplan B, Lobo RA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 May; 71(5): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3128750

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Metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with self-reported symptoms of oligomenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Author(s): Taponen S, Martikainen H, Jarvelin MR, Sovio U, Laitinen J, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, McCarthy MI, Franks S, Paldanius M, Ruokonen A; Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 May; 89(5): 2114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15126528

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Metabolism and concentration of androgenic steroids in the abdominal skin of women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Faredin I, Toth I. Source: Acta Med Hung. 1984; 41(1): 19-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6234509

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Metformin or antiandrogen in the treatment of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Harborne L, Fleming R, Lyall H, Sattar N, Norman J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970273

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Mild adrenal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in children with accelerated growth, premature pubarche and/or hirsutism. Author(s): Nishi Y, Tezuka T. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1992 January; 151(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1309452

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Mild adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic abnormalities in hirsute women without hyperandrogenemia: does idiopathic hirsutism exist? Author(s): Escobar-Morreale HF, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Garcia-Robles R, Sancho J, Varela C. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1997 August; 46(8): 902-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9258272

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Naltrexone does not affect adrenal steroidogenesis in women with hirsutism/oligomenorrhea. Author(s): Jackson JA, Wincek TJ, Pliego JF. Source: Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1987; 35(4): 194-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3329169

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Neuropsychiatric hirsutism. Author(s): Braithwaite SS, Emanuele MA, Collins S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1989 May 1; 110(9): 748-9. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 1989 June 15; 110(12): 1037. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2522753

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New alternative treatment in hirsutism: bicalutamide 25 mg/day. Author(s): Muderris II, Bayram F, Ozcelik B, Guven M. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2002 February; 16(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11915584

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New treatments of hyperandrogenism and hirsutism. Author(s): Hock DL, Seifer DB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2000 September; 27(3): 567-81, Vi-Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10958004

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Nonclassical 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in young girls with hirsutism and premature pubarche. Author(s): Nishi Y. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1990 October; 37(5): 763-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2150813

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Normal and elevated 3 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide concentrations in women with various causes of hirsutism and its correlation with degree of hirsutism and androgen levels. Author(s): Pang S, Wang M, Jeffries S, Riddick L, Clark A, Estrada E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 July; 75(1): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1535633

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Obesity and oligomenorrhea are associated with hyperandrogenism independent of hirsutism. Author(s): Hosseinian AH, Kim MH, Rosenfield RL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976 April; 42(4): 765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1262448

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Objective assessment of treatment response in hirsutism. Author(s): Holdaway IM, Fraser A, Sheehan A, Croxson MS, France JT, Ibbertson HK. Source: Hormone Research. 1985; 22(4): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2934310

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Office gynecology: an approach to the problem of hirsutism. Author(s): McDonough PG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1976 February; 59(2): 192-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1250806

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Opioid control of luteinizing hormone secretion in patients with hirsutism and hyperandrogenemia. Author(s): Petraglia F, Golinelli S, d'Ambrogio G, Comitini G, Facchinetti F, Volpe A, Genazzani AR. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1987; 23(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3034748

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Oral contraceptive containing desogestrel in the maintenance of the remission of hirsutism: monthly versus bimonthly treatment. Author(s): Porcile A, Gallardo E. Source: Contraception. 1991 November; 44(5): 533-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1839144

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Oral contraceptive pills, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, or use in combination for treatment of hirsutism: a clinical research center study. Author(s): Carr BR, Breslau NA, Givens C, Byrd W, Barnett-Hamm C, Marshburn PB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995 April; 80(4): 116978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7714086

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Oral spironolactone therapy for female patients with acne, hirsutism or androgenic alopecia. Author(s): Burke BM, Cunliffe WJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 January; 112(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3155956

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Outcome of long-term treatment with the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride in idiopathic hirsutism: clinical and hormonal effects during a 1-year course of therapy and 1-year follow-up. Author(s): Castello R, Tosi F, Perrone F, Negri C, Muggeo M, Moghetti P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 November; 66(5): 734-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893676

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Parenteral and oral cyproterone acetate treatment in severe hirsutism. Author(s): Schmidt JB, Huber J, Spona J. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1987; 24(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3653783

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Patient education. Hirsutism. Author(s): Lewis D. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1990 November; 19(11): 1752. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2270999

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Patterns of urinary 17-ketosteroid fractions in hirsutism. Author(s): Dascalu R, Frenkel Z, Duncea I. Source: Endocrinologie. 1982 April-June; 20(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7123132

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Pelvic ultrasonography in girls with precocious puberty, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, obesity, or hirsutism. Author(s): Salardi S, Orsini LF, Cacciari E, Partesotti S, Brondelli L, Cicognani A, Frejaville E, Pluchinotta V, Tonioli S, Bovicelli L. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 June; 112(6): 880-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3286855

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Peripheral androgen blockade versus glandular androgen suppression in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Carmina E, Lobo RA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 November; 78(5 Pt 1): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1833685

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Physical methods for the management of hirsutism. Author(s): Wagner RF Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 May; 45(5): 319-21, 325-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192831

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Physiological estrogen replacement may enhance the effectiveness of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Carmina E, Janni A, Lobo RA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 January; 78(1): 12630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8288696

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Pilosebaceous physiology in relation to hirsutism and acne. Author(s): Rosenfield RL. Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 May; 15(2): 341-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2941189

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Pilot study of hirsutism in women with psychiatric disorders. Author(s): Johansson A, Mowry B. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 January 15; 39(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8717616

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Plasma androgens, progestins, and prolactin in hirsutism. Author(s): Wu CH. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1982 September; 13(6): 377-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7128895

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Plasma free and protein-bound testosterone in hirsutism. Author(s): Wu CH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 August; 60(2): 188-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7155480

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Postmenopausal hirsutism: the forgotten face. Author(s): Moses R, Theile H, Colagiuri S. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1994 August; 34(4): 500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7848260

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Prevalence of idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Carmina E. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1998 October; 139(4): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820619

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Prevalence of late-onset adrenal hyperplasia in postmenarchal hirsutism. Author(s): Motta P, Catania A, Airaghi L, Mangone I, Cantalamessa L, Zanussi C. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 October; 11(9): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2851623

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Prevalence of nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia among women selfreferred for electrolytic treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Killeen AA, Hanson NQ, Eklund R, Cairl CJ, Eckfeldt JH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 January 15; 42(2): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733169

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Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Gordon P, Treasure JL, King EA, Wheeler M, Russell GF. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 October 11; 293(6552): 9567. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094734

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Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Adams J, Polson DW, Franks S. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 9; 293(6543): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3089520

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Prolonged suppression of hirsutism with combination therapy in an adolescent with insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Author(s): Moore DC. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1987 September; 8(5): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3667400

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Prospective randomized study comparing the long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist triptorelin, flutamide, and cyproterone acetate, used in combination with an oral contraceptive, in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Pazos F, Escobar-Morreale HF, Balsa J, Sancho JM, Varela C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 January; 71(1): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9935128

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Psychological morbidity in women referred for treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Barth JH, Catalan J, Cherry CA, Day A. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1993 September; 37(6): 615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8410747

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Raised serum prolactin levels associated with hirsutism and amenorrhoea. Author(s): Seppala M, Hirvonen E. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 October 18; 4(5989): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1191969

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Rational investigations in the diagnosis and management of women with hirsutism or androgenetic alopecia. Author(s): Barth JH. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 March-April; 19(2): 155-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11397594

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Recurrence rate of hirsutism after 3 different antiandrogen therapies. Author(s): Yucelten D, Erenus M, Gurbuz O, Durmusoglu F. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 July; 41(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10411413

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Reduced blood testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin in hirsutism in women. Author(s): Biffignandi P, Messina M, Massucchetti C. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1982 May; 16(5): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7200837

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Reduced renal excretion of uric acid in the hirsutism-skeletal dysplasia--mental retardation syndrome. Author(s): Oster O, Wiedemann HR, Duley IA, Simmonds HA, McBride MB. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 June 1; 51(2): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8092196

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Relapse of hirsutism following long-term successful treatment with oestrogenprogestogen combination. Author(s): Kokaly W, McKenna TJ. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2000 March; 52(3): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10718837

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Relationship of androgens to female hirsutism and infertility. Author(s): Rosenfield RL. Source: J Reprod Med. 1973 September; 11(3): 87-95. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4273087

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Relative diagnostic value of serum non-SHBG-bound testosterone, free androgen index and free testosterone in the assessment of mild to moderate hirsutism. Author(s): Blight LF, Judd SJ, White GH. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1989 July; 26 ( Pt 4): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2764484

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Reversed sequential therapy of hirsutism using cyproterone acetate. I. Further clinical observations. Author(s): Leo-Rossberg I, Laur S, Zielske F, Hammerstein J. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1971; 152: 14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4251533

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Reversed sequential therapy of hirsutism using cyproterone acetate. II. Hormonal analyses. Author(s): Zielske F, Dreykluft R, Magnus U, Hammerstein J. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1971; 152: 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5313533

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Role of endogenous estrogen in the hirsutism paradigm. Author(s): Wild RA. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 April; 39(4): 273-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8040843

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Role of obesity and hyperinsulinemia in the insulin resistance of obese subjects with the clinical triad of polycystic ovaries, hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans. Author(s): Wajchenberg BL, Giannella-Neto D, Lerario AC, Marcondes JA, Ohnuma LY. Source: Hormone Research. 1988; 29(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3397043

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Role of serum androgens and sex hormone binding globulin capacity in the evaluation of hirsutism in women. Author(s): Andreyko JL, Bhavnani BR, Nisker JA, Walker WH, Woolever CA. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1986 February; 19(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3955807

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Role of the pentanucleotide (tttta)(n) polymorphism in the promoter of the CYP11a gene in the pathogenesis of hirsutism. Author(s): San Millan JL, Sancho J, Calvo RM, Escobar-Morreale HF. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 April; 75(4): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11287037

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Ruby laser treatment for hirsutism: clinical response and patient tolerance. Author(s): Sommer S, Render C, Burd R, Sheehan-Dare R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1009-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747363

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SAHA syndrome: female androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism. Author(s): Camacho FM. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1999 August; 8(4): 304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10439235

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Salivary testosterone as an index of antiandrogen therapy in hirsutism. Author(s): Gomez JM, Navarro MA, Arranz B, Soler J, Bonnin MR, Montana E. Source: Recenti Prog Med. 1992 December; 83(12): 672-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1494704

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Semiquantitative assessment of hirsutism in Dutch women. Author(s): Derksen J, Moolenaar AJ, Van Seters AP, Kock DF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 March; 128(3): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8471509

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Sensitization to insulin in adolescent girls to normalize hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism after precocious pubarche. Author(s): Ibanez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 October; 85(10): 3526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061495

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Serum androgens and depression in women with facial hirsutism. Author(s): Kohn SR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 August; 29(2 Pt 1): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8335761

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Serum androgens and depression in women with facial hirsutism. Author(s): Shulman LH, DeRogatis L, Spielvogel R, Miller JL, Rose LI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 August; 27(2 Pt 1): 17881. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1430353

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Serum androstanediol glucuronide in women with facial hirsutism. Author(s): Salman K, Spielvogel RL, Shulman LH, Miller JL, Vanderlinde RE, Rose LI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 March; 26(3 Pt 2): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1564146

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Serum androsterone conjugates differentiate between acne and hirsutism in hyperandrogenic women. Author(s): Carmina E, Stanczyk FZ, Matteri RK, Lobo RA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 May; 55(5): 872-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1827073

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Serum cortisol in adrenal hirsutism as estimated by five different methods. Author(s): Brotherton J, Rothbart B. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1990 August 28; 36(6): 641-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2214781

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Severe hirsutism associated with psychopharmacological treatment in major depression. Author(s): Hampel H, Kotter HU, Padberg F, Berger C. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2001 January; 2(1): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12587185

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Sex steroids, adiposity and smoking in the pathogenesis of idiopathic hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Byrne B, Cunningham S, Igoe D, Conroy R, McKenna TJ. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 April; 124(4): 370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1827700

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Sibs with developmental delay, hirsutism and nail hypoplasia: a new syndrome. Author(s): Stewart H, Kerr B, Tomlin P, Stacey D, Super M. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2000 October; 9(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11045578

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Silver-Russell syndrome associated to Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, diabetes and hirsutism. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD000194 Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 August; 265(3): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583916

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SOGC clinical practice guidelines. Hirsutism: evaluation and treatment. Author(s): Claman P, Graves GR, Kredentser JV, Sagle MA, Tan S, Tummon I, Fluker M; Reproductive Endocrinology Infertility Committee and Executive Committeee and Council, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 January; 24(1): 62-73, 77-9. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196888

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Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne. Author(s): Farquhar C, Lee O, Toomath R, Jepson R. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (4): Cd000194. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14583916

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Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne. Author(s): Farquhar C, Lee O, Toomath R, Jepson R. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd000194. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687072

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Study of the source(s) of hyperandrogenism in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Leite V, Devesa J, Valdes L, Sobrinho LG. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1990 September; 22(9): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2147915

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Successful treatment of hirsutism in HAIR-AN syndrome using flutamide, spironolactone, and birth control therapy. Author(s): Zemtsov A, Wilson L. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 April; 133(4): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126004

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Surgical depilation for the treatment of pseudofolliculitis or local hirsutism of the face: experience in the first 40 patients. Author(s): Hage JJ, Bouman FG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 September; 88(3): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1871222

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Syndrome of gingival hypertrophy, hirsutism, mental retardation and brachymetacarpia in two sisters: specific entity or variant of a described condition? Author(s): Gohlich-Ratmann G, Lackner A, Schaper J, Voit T, Gillessen-Kaesbach G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 November 27; 95(3): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11102931

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The ACTH test in the diagnosis of hirsutism. Author(s): Lima MF, Nunes MG, Bonduki CE, Haidar MA, Lima GR, Baracat EC. Source: Rev Paul Med. 1997 March-April; 115(2): 1403-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460301

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The addition of dexamethasone to antiandrogen therapy for hirsutism prolongs the duration of remission. Author(s): Carmina E, Lobo RA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 June; 69(6): 1075-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9627295

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The benefits of finasteride for hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Lakryc EM, Motta EL, Soares JM Jr, Haidar MA, de Lima GR, Baracat EC. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2003 February; 17(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724020

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The clinical management of hirsutism. Author(s): Conn JJ, Jacobs HS. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997 April; 136(4): 339-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9150690

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The clinical usefulness of 3 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide in premenopausal women with hirsutism. Author(s): Moses RG, Theile H, Colagiuri S. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1994 May; 34(2): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7980317

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The diagnosis and management of hirsutism. Author(s): Neithardt AB, Barnes RB. Source: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2003 August; 21(3): 285-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14593551

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The effect of metformin on hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Kelly CJ, Gordon D. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 August; 147(2): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12153743

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The efficacy of 250 mg/day flutamide in the treatment of patients with hirsutism. Author(s): Muderris II, Bayram F, Sahin Y, Kelestimur F, Tutus A, Ayata D. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 August; 66(2): 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8690105

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The evaluation and management of hirsutism. Author(s): Azziz R. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 101(5 Pt 1): 995-1007. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12738163

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The increased circulating prostate-specific antigen concentrations in women with hirsutism do not respond to acute changes in adrenal or ovarian function. Author(s): Escobar-Morreale HF, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Avila S, Villar-Palasi J, Varela C, Sancho J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 July; 83(7): 2580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661648

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The investigation of insulin resistance in patients with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Unluhizarci K, Karababa Y, Bayram F, Kelestimur F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 June; 89(6): 2741-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15181051

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The use of flutamide in the management of hirsutism. Author(s): Marugo M, Bernasconi D, Meozzi M, Del Monte P, Zino V, Primarolo P, Badaracco B. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1994 March; 17(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8051342

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Topical finasteride therapy in hirsutism. Author(s): Rodriguez-Rigau LJ. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11250772

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Treatment of hirsutism by finasteride and flutamide in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author(s): Falsetti L, De Fusco D, Eleftheriou G, Rosina B. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 1997 August; 11(4): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9272421

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Treatment of hirsutism with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen replacement therapy. Author(s): Morcos RN, Abdul-Malak ME, Shikora E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 March; 61(3): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8137961

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Treatment of hirsutism with ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel contraceptive pills has beneficial effects on the lipid profile and improves insulin sensitivity. Author(s): Escobar-Morreale HF, Lasuncion MA, Sancho J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 October; 74(4): 816-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11020530

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Treatment of hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinism in nonobese, adolescent girls: effect of flutamide. Author(s): Ibanez L, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 September; 85(9): 3251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999817

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Treatment of hirsutism: comparisons between different antiandrogens with central and peripheral effects. Author(s): Fruzzetti F, Bersi C, Parrini D, Ricci C, Genazzani AR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 March; 71(3): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10065780

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Treatment of moderate and severe hirsutism by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Falsetti L, Pasinetti E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1994 May; 61(5): 817-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174716

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Troglitazone improves ovulation and hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Azziz R, Ehrmann D, Legro RS, Whitcomb RW, Hanley R, Fereshetian AG, O'Keefe M, Ghazzi MN; PCOS/Troglitazone Study Group. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 April; 86(4): 162632. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11297595

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Unilateral hirsutism, epithelial naevus, polydactyly, premature fusion of epiphyses of right leg and myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Ellis JP, Pilkington, Sanderson KV. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1971 April; 84(4): 385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5575204

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Urinary cortisol and cortisol metabolites in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Pal SB. Source: Endokrinologie. 1979; 74(2): 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119635

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Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate excretion in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Pal SB. Source: Endokrinologie. 1977; 70(3): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=147173

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Urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone in hirsutism. Author(s): France JT, Knox BS. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1967 October; 56(2): 177-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6072685

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Urinary free cortisol--a good screening test in adult onset hirsutism. Author(s): Kuti JA, Devlin JG. Source: East Afr Med J. 1982 December; 59(12): 824-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7184763

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Urinary pregnanetriol and delta 5-pregnentriol in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Pal SB. Source: Endokrinologie. 1979 April; 74(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=510222

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Urinary pregnanetriol excretion in hirsutism. Author(s): Van't Hoff W, Bicknell EJ, Horrocks PM, Fleetwood JA, Inthuprapa M, Hall R. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1977 October 15; 80(2): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=199379

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Urinary steroid excretion in hirsutism. I. Individual 17-ketosteroids (unconjugated and conjugated). Author(s): Pal SB. Source: Steroids Lipids Res. 1972; 3(1): 14-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4659105

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Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone excretions in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Pal SB. Source: Endokrinologie. 1979; 73(3): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=499097

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Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone glucuroniside in hirsutism and certain menstrual disorders. Author(s): Tucker EC, Bishop PM, Sommerville IF. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1969 December; 76(12): 1111-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5359675

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Use of cyproterone acetate (CPA) in the treatment of acne, hirsutism and virilism. Author(s): Hammerstein J, Meckies J, Leo-Rossberg I, Moltz L, Zielske F. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1975 June; 6(6): 827-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=126335

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Use of cyproterone acetate, finasteride, and spironolactone to treat idiopathic hirsutism. Author(s): Lumachi F, Rondinone R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 April; 79(4): 942-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749435

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Use of spironolactone in treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Cumming DC. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1990 May; 57(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2357784

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Usefulness of a 12-month treatment with finasteride in idiophathic and polycystic ovary syndrome-associated hirsutism. Author(s): Petrone A, Civitillo RM, Galante L, Giannotti F, D'Anto V, Rippa G, Tolino A. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 26(3-4): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10668160

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Variable androgen sensitivity in relationship to hirsutism and acne. Author(s): McKenna TJ. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1993 November; 39(5): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8252743

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HIRSUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hirsutism.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hirsutism The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Hirsutism

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hirsutism” (or a synonym): •

Acupuncture treatment of hirsutism and its effect on the endocrinosity. Source: Wu, Z S Cai, X A J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 September; 9(3): 207-9 0254-6272

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Treatment of hirsutism by an association of oral cyproterone acetate and transdermal 17 beta-estradiol. Author(s): Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Jasonni, V M Bulletti, C Naldi, S Di Cosmo, E Cappuccini, F Flamigni, C FertilSteril. 1991 April; 55(4): 742-5 0015-0282

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Treatment of uterine leiomyomas and hirsutism with nafarelin. Author(s): Department of Reproductive Medicine, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, California. Source: Monroe, S E Andreyko, J J-Reprod-Med. 1989 December; 34(12 Suppl): 1029-33 0024-7758

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HIRSUTISM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hirsutism. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hirsutism and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hirsutism: •

About methods for an initial psychosomatic investigation of clinical syndromes (exemplified by a research on the so-called idiopathic hirsutism). Author(s): MEYER AE, von ZERSSEN. Source: Fortschr Psychosom Med. 1960; 1: 70-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13853936

•

Acupuncture treatment of hirsutism and its effect on the endocrinosity. Author(s): Wu ZS, Cai XA. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 September; 9(3): 207-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2615459

•

Anorexia nervosa and a bearded female saint. Author(s): Lacey JH.

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Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 December 18-25; 285(6357): 1816-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6816381 •

Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A doubleblind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Javidnia K, Dastgheib L, Mohammadi Samani S, Nasiri A. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678227

•

Blocking cybernosis in endocrine glands pathology. Author(s): Milcu SM. Source: Endocrinologie. 1984 April-June; 22(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6539945

•

Comparison of high-dose finasteride (5 mg/day) versus low-dose finasteride (2.5 mg/day) in the treatment of hirsutism. Author(s): Bayram F, Muderris II, Guven M, Kelestimur F. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 October; 147(4): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12370107

•

Endocrinological aspects of hirsutism. Author(s): BROOKSBANK BW. Source: Planta Medica. 1961 October; 41: 623-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13873480

•

Evaluation of RU58841 as an anti-androgen in prostate PC3 cells and a topical antialopecia agent in the bald scalp of stumptailed macaques. Author(s): Pan HJ, Wilding G, Uno H, Inui S, Goldsmith L, Messing E, Chang C. Source: Endocrine. 1998 August; 9(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798729

•

High-dose radiation and the emergence of thyroid nodular disease. Author(s): Rosen IB, Simpson JA, Sutcliffe S, Gorenstein L. Source: Surgery. 1984 December; 96(6): 988-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6505971

•

'Hirsutism': a psychological analysis. Author(s): Keegan A, Liao LM, Boyle M.

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Source: Journal of Health Psychology. 2003 May; 8(3): 327-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14670212 •

Lack of androgenicity of Siberian ginseng. Author(s): Waller DP, Martin AM, Farnsworth NR, Awang DV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 May 6; 267(17): 2329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1564770

•

Maternal ginseng use associated with neonatal androgenization. Author(s): Koren G, Randor S, Martin S, Danneman D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 December 12; 264(22): 2866. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2232076

•

Polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical considerations. Author(s): Marshall K. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 June; 6(3): 272-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11410072

•

Prolactin and antipsychotic medications: mechanism of action. Author(s): Petty RG. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 March 1; 35 Suppl: S67-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10190227

•

Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of human 5alpha-reductases by polyphenols. Author(s): Hiipakka RA, Zhang HZ, Dai W, Dai Q, Liao S. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 March 15; 63(6): 1165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11931850

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The effects of soy protein containing phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Kotsopoulos D, Dalais FS, Liang YL, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Source: Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society. 2000 September; 3(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11910617

•

The role of nutritional therapy in the treatment of equine Cushing's syndrome and laminitis. Author(s): Harman J, Ward M.

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Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2001 September; 6 Suppl: S4-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591169 •

'The thief of womanhood': women's experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Author(s): Kitzinger C, Willmott J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2002 February; 54(3): 349-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824912

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to hirsutism; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HIRSUTISM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hirsutism” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hirsutism, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hirsutism By performing a patent search focusing on hirsutism, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hirsutism: •

Androgen receptor suppressors in the therapy and diagnosis of prostate cancer, alopecia and other hyper-androgenic syndromes Inventor(s): Brown; Jason W. (San Diego, CA), Campion; Brian (Leucadia, CA), Douglass, III; James Gordon (San Diego, CA), Seligson; Allen L. (San Marcos, CA), Sovak; Milos (La Jolla, CA) Assignee(s): Biophysica, Inc. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 6,184,249 Date filed: December 18, 1998 Abstract: Substituted phenylalanines are provided comprising an hydantoin, urea or 2hydroxyl, 2-methylpropionyl group, dimers thereof and alkyl, polyfluoroamido and haloarylamino derivatives thereof, as well as radiolabeled derivatives thereof. The compounds bind specifically to the androgen receptor and find use in the therapy of indications associated with the androgen receptor, such as, hirsutism, acne and androgenetic alopecia, and in the therapy and diagnosis of cell hyperplasia dependent on androgens. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is compounds and their use in the treatment of prostate cancer and hyper-androgenic syndromes including alopecia, hirsutism and acne vulgaris. The existence of a number of pathologic syndromes depends on androgen hormones. Thus, growth of prostate cancer in early stages is androgen driven and can, at least temporarily, be stopped by androgen deprivation. Androgenic alopecia is caused by an unexplained switch from the growth promoting effect of androgens on the hair follicles to hair loss. In skin androgen mediated disorders, such as alopecia, acne vulgaris, and hirsutism, excess of the cutaneous androgens were shown to be the major nosological factor. The androgenic hormones can act only via an androgenic receptor (AR), which is a transcription factor, a protein which interacts with a specific region of DNA. Thus, the mode of action of testosterone and its much more potent analog, 5alpha dihydrotestoterone (DHT) depends upon binding to the AR. Only then can transcription by RNA polymerase II take place. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06184249__

•

Compositions and treatments for reducing potential unwanted side effects associated with long-term administration of androgenic testosterone precursors Inventor(s): Bucci; Luke R. (West Valley City, UT) Assignee(s): Weider Nutrition International, Inc (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 6,117,429 Date filed: August 11, 1998 Abstract: A method for reducing potential adverse effects of androgenic testosterone precursors by interfering with production or action of testosterone and estrogen metabolites by nutrient combinations is described. Although androgenic testosterone precursors themselves have little or no toxicity, there is the potential for their metabolites, estradiol and dihydrotestosterone, to enhance or cause hormone-responsive illnesses such as breast or prostatic cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hirsutism or

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acne in women. The use of the invented nutrient combinations reduces the formation or action of estradiol and dihydrotestosterone, thereby reducing potential adverse effects from increased production of these hormones following androgenic testosterone precursor administration. This may be accomplished without negating the effects of testosterone on muscle anabolism. The nutrient combinations include androstenedione, DHEA, pregnenolone, androstenediols, norandrostenedione and norandrostenediols, and natural products which reduce estrogen effects in the estrogen-responsive tissues, and substances to reduce formation of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone in prostate tissue. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of nutrient combinations to prevent or reduce potential adverse effects from administration of androgenic testosterone precursors to humans and other mammals Specifically, the invention relates to coadministration of androgenic testosterone precursors such as pregnenolone, androstenediols, norandrostenediols, norandrostenedione, androstenedione or dehydroepiandrosterone in combination with natural products which inhibit estrogen effects in liver, adipose, prostate, ovarian, uterine, breast and other estrogen-responsive tissues, and substances which inhibit the production of dihydrotestosterone in prostate tissue. Androstenedione (.DELTA.sup.4 -androstene-3,17-dione) is an adrenal steroid hormone. Pregnenolone is a precursor for dehydroepiandrosterone. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a precursor of androstenedione. Androstenedione is a direct precursor of estrone and testosterone in target tissues that possess the appropriate receptors and enzymes. Androstenediols are direct precursors for testosterone after oral administration in adult humans (unpublished data). 19Norandrostenedione is a precursor for 19-nortestosterone, which has anabolic actions similar to testosterone, with less androgenic actions. 19-Norandrostenedione is a potential precursor for estrone. Testosterone is important for the development and maintenance of male sexual organs and characteristics, behavioral effects, anabolic (growth-promoting) actions, and metabolic effects for all tissues, especially muscles, liver and kidney. (Kutsky, R. J., Handbook of Vitamins, Minerals and Hormones, 2.sup.nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1981). Estrogens are essential for the development and maintenance of female reproductive organs and characteristics, pregnancy, and metabolic effects for all tissues (Kutsky, 1981). Androstenedione levels in tissues, including skeletal muscle, of men and women decrease significantly with age. (Deslypere, J. P. and Vermeulen, A., Influence of age on steroid concentrations in skin and striated muscle in women and in cardiac muscle and lung tissue in men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61:648-653 (1985)). Since muscle wasting is associated with aging, these findings suggest that the loss of androstenedione is involved in muscle wasting. The corollary that androstenedione administration would maintain muscle mass is enticing, but has not been studied yet. Nevertheless, the data support an anabolic effect of androstenedione on muscle tissue in both men and women, with more effectiveness in men. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117429__

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Indolecarboxylic compounds and their use as pharmaceutical compounds Inventor(s): Bernard; Bruno (Neuilly-sur-Seine, FR), Dalko; Maria (Gif-sur-Yvette, FR), Galey; Jean-Baptiste (Aulnay-sous Bois, FR), Gerst; Catherine (Asnieres, FR), Pichaud; Patrick (Velizy, FR) Assignee(s): Societe L'Oreal S.A. (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,448,285 Date filed: July 26, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to the use, as active principle, in a physiologically acceptable medium, in a composition, of an effective amount of at least one compound of the indolecarboxylic family, this compound or these compositions being intended to treat disorders associated with overactivity of 5.alpha.-reductase. These compounds or the compositions containing them are more particularly intended to treat androgendependent disorders such as seborrhoea and/or acne and/or hirsutism and/or androgenic alopecia. The invention also relates to novel compounds of the indolecarboxylic family and to compositions containing them. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/FR98/01853 filed Aug. 26, 1998. The present invention relates to the use an effective amount of at least one compound of the indolecarboxylic family for treating disorders associated with overactivity of 5areductase, and more particularly androgen-dependent disorders. Androgens are hormones defined as belonging to the steroid family which have a specific structure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06448285__

•

Method and composition for treating increased androgenic activity Inventor(s): Carrara; Dario N. R. (Hurlingham, AR), Stefano; Francisco J. E. (Buenos Aires, AR) Assignee(s): Laboratorios Beta S.A. (Buenos Aires, AR) Patent Number: 5,506,222 Date filed: August 31, 1993 Abstract: The present invention relates to spironolactone contain compositions for application to an area of human skin afflicted with acne, seborrheic condition or hirsutism. N,N-dialkyl lauramides are used as permeation enhancers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrhea and hirsutism with steroid spironolactone and, in particular, to a method that provides therapeutically useful concentrations of the antiandrogen at its site of action, the sebaceous gland, whilst maintains the spillover of the drug into the blood stream at a very low level, thus preventing systemic side effects. Seborrheic acne is a dermatological disease with high prevalence in teenagers of both sexes. It is characterized by the presence of inflammatory lesions usually localized in cheeks and forehead. These lesions are often accompanied by comedones. When bacterial growth is prominent the lesions become suppurative. In the most severe cases, the lesions are spread over the back and chest. In these forms of acne there are formations of cysts with purulent accumulations that connect each other subcutaneously. Due to its potential for leaving scars together with the profound effect that this has on teenager personality it is important to treat acne and seborrheic condition.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05506222__ •

Method of treating polycystic ovarian syndrome Inventor(s): Thys-Jacobs; Susan (Larchmont, NY) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,034,075 Date filed: March 19, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of treating polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) with calcium alone, with vitamin D alone, or with the combination calcium and vitamin D. This invention further provides a method of treating infertility in a woman which comprises administering to the subject an amount of calcium or a derivative thereof effective to treat the infertility. The present invention is also directed to a method of treating irregular menses (oligo/amenorrhea), acne, or hirsutism, insulin resistance, or infertility which comprises administering a combination of calcium or a derivative thereof and vitamin D or a derivative thereof in an amount effective to treat irregular menses (oligo/amenorrhea), acne, or hirsutism, insulin resistance, or infertility. This invention also provides a method of preventing polycystic ovarian syndrome which comprises administering to the subject a combination of vitamin D or a derivative thereof and calcium or a derivative thereof in an amount effective to prevent the onset of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by author and date. Full citations for these publications may be found listed alphabetically at the end of the specification immediately before the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein. In 1935, Stein and Leventhal recognized the association of enlarged polycystic ovaries with amenorrhea, hirsutism and infertility. (Stein and Leventhal, 1935) Since then, the increased ovarian androgen production, hyperandrogenemia and menstrual irregularity have come to be known as polycystic ovary syndrome. (Rosenfeld, et al. 1972) Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) has been described as one of the most common female endocrine disorders. Its incidence has been estimated to be about 5% in both adolescent and adult populations. (Declercq and van de Calseyde, 1977) It is characterized by hyperandrogenic chronic anovulation (increased androgen concentrations and cessation of ovulatory cycles), and clinically presents in the prepubertal period with any of the following: irregular menses, amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding and hirsutism. (Frank, 1995) It is the most frequent cause of anovulation with approximately 55% of patients presenting with amenorrhea (absence of menses) and 70% with hirsutism. The syndrome comprises a spectrum of ovarian histological and morphological findings, ovarian steroid, gonadotropin and metabolic abnormalities. In recent years, PCO has been associated with a characteristic metabolic disturbance, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. (Dunaif, et al., 1989) The hyperinsulinemia in PCO is not seen in all women but is more prevalent in obese young women. Evidence suggests that disordered insulin metabolism may precipitate increased androgen levels, while suppression of insulin levels with diazoxide or metformin can cause resumption of menses. Insulin stimulates androgen secretion in ovarian stroma in vitro and may act on the ovary via insulin growth factor receptors. (Barbieri, et al., 1986; Adashi, et al., 1985) The cellular mechanism underlying insulin resistance may reflect reduced binding of

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insulin to its receptor or a decreased expression of the insulin dependent glucose transporter protein GLT-4. (Jialal, et al.1987;Rosenbaum, et al., 1993) Treatment of PCO has traditionally been directed toward interrupting the self-perpetuating cycle of hormonal events. This has been done either with the use of surgery as in wedge resection of the ovary or through medical interventions by lowering LH levels (oral contraceptives and LHRH analogues). Other approaches have included enhancement of FSH secretion with clomiphene, human menopausal gonadotrophin or pulsatile LHRH therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06034075__ •

Methods and compositions for treating androgen-dependant diseases using optically pure R-(-) casodex Inventor(s): Gray; Nancy M. (Cranbury, NJ) Assignee(s): Sepracor Inc. (Marlborough, MA) Patent Number: 5,985,868 Date filed: June 30, 1998 Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed utilizing optically pure R-(-)-casodex for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer, while substantially reducing the concomitant liability of adverse effects associated with the racemic mixture of casodex. R-(-)-casodex is an antiandrogen and is therefore useful in the treatment of other conditions supported by androgen or caused by elevated androgen levels. Such conditions include benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia, acne and hirsutism. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel compositions of matter containing optically pure R-(-)-casodex. These compositions possess potent activity in treating prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia, acne and hirsutism and other diseases including those that would benefit from a selective androgen antagonist. Optically pure R-(-)-casodex provides this treatment while substantially reducing adverse effects including, but not limited to, gynecomastia, breast tenderness, hot flushes, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea and bone pain, which are associated with the administration of the racemic mixture of casodex. Also disclosed are methods for treating the above described conditions in a human while substantially reducing the adverse effects that are associated with the racemic mixture of casodex by administering the R-(-) isomer of casodex to said human. R-(-)-casodex, which is the subject of the present invention, is not presently commercially available. All of the clinical studies that have been reported have utilized the racemic mixture. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and 1 or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of planepolarized light by the compound, with (-) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. There is no correlation between nomenclature for the absolute stereochemistry and for the rotation of an enantiomer. Thus, D-lactic acid is the same as (-) lactic acid, and L-lactic acid is (+). For a given chemical structure, these chiral compounds exist as a pair of enantiomers which are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. A specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric or racemic mixture.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05985868__ •

Steroid 5a reductase nucleic acid segments and recombinant vectors and host cells Inventor(s): Andersson; Sefan (New York, NY), Russell; David W. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,422,262 Date filed: November 18, 1991 Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for the preparation of steroid 5.alpha.-reductases by recombinant means, as well as for the use of these enzymes in screening assays for the identification of compounds which have the ability to inhibit or otherwise alter the enzymatic function of these enzymes. Biochemical and pharmacological evidence is presented to demonstrate the existence of more than one human steroid 5.alpha.-reductase. The DNA sequence encoding steroid 5.alpha.reductase 2, the major active isozyme of human genital tissue, is disclosed herein, in addition to methods and compositions for its preparation and pharmacological analysis. The sequences disclosed herein may be used directly in the preparation of genetic constructs, or may be employed in the preparation of hybridization probes for the selection of enzyme-encoding sequences from other sources. These sequences may prove useful in an analysis of normal and abnormal sexual differentiation, benign prostatic hyperplasia, male pattern baldness, acne, hirsutism, endometriosis, and cancer of the prostate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to enzymes, termed steroid 5.alpha.reductases, which function biologically to catalyse the conversion of testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone. Accordingly, the invention relates to the preparation of this enzyme from various sources by recombinant techniques, to nucleic acid segments which encode the enzyme or which can be used as probes for the selection of related sequences, as well as to assay methods for the identification of candidate substances which will affect the activity of the enzyme. The present invention is particularly directed to nucleic acid segments which encode the major steroid 5.alpha.-reductase isozyme in human genital tissue, to its preparation by recombinant techniques, and to assay methods for the identification of substances affecting the activity of this isozyme. The enzyme steroid 5.alpha.-reductase is a microsomal protein that plays a central role in human sexual differentiation and androgen physiology. Interest in this protein arises from several distinguishing characteristics. Firstly, steroid 5.alpha.-reductase catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (Wilson, 1975). This latter steroid induces a program of differentiation during embryogenesis that leads to the development of the male external genitalia (Wilson, 1978). Secondly, mutations in the gene for steroid 5.alpha.-reductase give rise to a rare form of male pseudohermaphroditism in which affected males develop normal internal urogenital tracts but fail to develop external male structures (Griffin et al., 1989). Thirdly, the expression of the gene is regulated by androgens in tissues such as the prostate and liver (Andersson et al., 1989a). A fourth distinguishing feature of steroid 5.alpha.-reductase is its role in several endocrine abnormalities including benign prostate hyperplasia, male pattern baldness, acne, and hirsutism (Wilson, 1980; Mooradian et al., 1987; Cunha et al., 1987). It is this fourth role which has led researchers towards the development of agents that will serve to inhibit the enzyme, with the hope that such agents will prove useful in the treatment of one or more of these conditions. Since the product of steroid 5.alpha.-reductase activity, dihydrotestosterone, is involved

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in inducing these and perhaps other conditions, it is believed that by inhibiting steroid 5.alpha.-reductase action, one can ameliorate one or more aspects of the particular condition. The drugs which have been used as therapeutic agents include principally 4azasteroid derivatives such as MK-906 (Finasteride) and 4-MA (Brooks et al., 1981; Vermeulen et al., 1989) that function as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme (Liang et al., 1985). The exact mechanism by which these compounds act in vivo has yet to be elucidated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05422262__

Patent Applications on Hirsutism As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hirsutism: •

A TOPICAL ANTIANDROGEN HYPERANDROGENIC CONDITIONS

FOR

HAIR

LOSS

AND

OTHER

Inventor(s): Brown, Jason W; (Leucadia, CA), Campion, Brian; (San Diego, CA), Seligson, Allen L; (San Marcos, CA), Sovak, Milos; (La Jolla, CA) Correspondence: Fliesler Dubb Meyer & Lovejoy, Llp; Four Embarcadero Center; Suite 400; San Francisco; CA; 94111; US Patent Application Number: 20040014732 Date filed: May 25, 2000 Abstract: Compound (2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-X-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(2,2- ,2perfluoroacylamino)propionamide) applied topically, specifically inhibits and/or eliminates cutaneous androgen receptors and thus finds cosmetic use in skin afflictions associated with excess androgens such as hair effluvium, hirsutism, acne and androgenic alopecia. Excerpt(s): The pathophysiology of both male and female hair loss is not yet understood. Factors ranging from low scalp blood flow, deficiency of nutrients and hair-related vitamins, microbially-driven inflammatory changes and the like have been considered. It is, nevertheless, apparent that one of the most influential factors is androgenic hormones acting on hair follicles in the scalp. Androgenic hormones promote growth of the beard and of body hair throughout life. The growth of scalp hair also depends on androgenic hormones, but only in early life. With increasing age, androgenic hormones switch from promoting growth of scalp hair to promoting its loss, known as androgenic effluvium and alopecia. In hirsutism and acne vulgaris, an excess of cutaneous androgenic hormones was shown to be the major factor in those complex syndromes. The androgenic hormones act via androgenic receptors, a cellular protein transcription factor which interacts with a specific region of DNA. Testosterone and its much more potent analog 5-alpha-dihydrotestoste- rone (DHT) must bind to androgenic receptors first to become active. Scalp androgenic hormones are derived either from the systemic circulation and/or synthesized in the skin and have been shown to bind to androgenic receptors located in the hair follicles. Systemic antiandrogens, steroidal or nonsteroidal, 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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are compounds which generally are administered orally. Developed to block androgenic hormones from binding to androgenic receptors, they are used primarily for the treatment of prostate cancer and of certain systemic hyperandrogenic conditions. Systemic antiandrogens are stable in vivo and block all androgenic receptors indiscriminately, thus inducing a number of side effects such as loss of libido and of male sexual functions. Skin disorders in otherwise healthy males thus cannot be treated by systemic antiandrogens given orally, nor can they be given topically, since those that are currently in use are absorbed from the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods and compositions for the treatment of alopecia and other disorders of the pilosebaceous apparatus Inventor(s): Krajcik, Rozlyn A.; (Poughquag, NY), Orentreich, Norman; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P.; One Commerce Square; 2005 Market Street, Suite 2200; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020143039 Date filed: February 11, 2002 Abstract: Insulin sensitivity increasing substances (ISIS), including but not limited to Dchiro-inositol, thiazolidinedione and derivatives, and biguanides, are useful in the treatment of hair loss and other disorders of the pilosebaceous apparatus (hirsutism, acne, etc.) associated with conditions of excess insulin and/or insulin resistance. The treatment comprises administering to a mammal, such as a human, at least one ISIS either alone or in combination with at least one agent, such as an androgen receptor blocker (ARB) and/or a steroid enzyme inhibitor or inducer (STI). Additionally, an activity enhancing agent may be included for topical administration. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US01/05653, filed Feb. 23, 2001 and published in the English language on Aug. 30, 2001 under International Publication No. WO 01/62237, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, which itself claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e) to prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/184,398, filed Feb.23, 2000. Hair loss and other disorders of the mammalian pilosebaceous apparatus (hair/oil gland) remain a great source of distress and concern today for many afflicted patients. There have been suggestions in the literature that severe male pattern baldness (occurring before the age of thirty) is the male phenotype of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine abnormality in women that leads to infertility and obesity (although some PCOS patients are lean). Another feature of PCOS is profound insulin resistance which occurs in both obese and lean patients. This excess insulin in PCOS is believed to drive excess androgen production which results in hyperandrogenism in some PCOS patients. It has been assumed that it is the hyperandrogenism that causes the diffuse hair loss and hirsutism noted in a subset of these women. Male pattern baldness, also called andro(chrono)genetic alopecia, has long been recognized as the result of androgens acting over time on genetically susceptible hair follicles. However, it is becoming evident that mechanisms other than those which implicate androgen activity are involved in hair loss disorders. In fact, many female hair loss sufferers do not have elevated male hormones, and local or systemic treatment with androgen receptor blocking agents or steroid enzyme inhibitors does not restore hair growth. Nor are these agents overwhelmingly successful in treating balding males, suggesting that some other mechanism is contributing to the balding process.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel compounds of the indolecarboxylic family and use thereof Inventor(s): Bernard, Bruno; (Neuilly-sur-Seine, FR), Dalko, Maria; (Gif-sur-Yvette, FR), Galey, Jean-Baptiste; (Aulnay-sous-Bois, FR), Gerst, Catherine; (Asnieres, FR), Pichaud, Patrick; (Velizy, FR) Correspondence: Norman H. Stepno; Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030050325 Date filed: June 24, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the use, as active principle, in a physiologically acceptable medium, in a composition, of an effective amount of at least one compound of the indolecarboxylic family, this compound or these compositions being intended to treat disorders associated with overactivity of 5.alpha.-reductase. These compounds or the compositions containing them are more particularly intended to treat androgendependent disorders such as, for example, seborrhoea and/or acne and/or hirsutism and/or androgenic alopecia. The invention also relates to novel compounds of the indolecarboxylic family and to compositions-containing them. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/297,636, filed Jul. 26, 1999, now allowed, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and relied upon, which is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C.sctn.371 of International PCT Application No. PCT/FR98/01853, filed Aug. 26, 1998, which claimed priority to French Application 97/11076, filed Sep. 5, 1997. The present invention relates to the use of an effective amount of at least one compound of the indolecarboxylic family for treating disorders associated with overactivity of 5.alpha.-reductase, and more particularly androgen-dependent disorders. Androgens are hormones defined as belonging to the steroid family which have a specific structure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Process for the preparation of N-(substituted phenyl)-3-alkyl-,arylheteroarylsulfonyl-2-hydroxy-2-alkyl-and haloalkylpropanamide compounds

and

Inventor(s): Chen, Bang-Chi; (Plainsboro, NJ), Sundeen, Joseph E.; (Yardley, PA), Zhao, Rulin; (Pennington, NJ) Correspondence: Stephen B. Davis; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Patent Department; P O Box 4000; Princeton; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20020086902 Date filed: September 17, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of N(substituted phenyl)-3-alkyl-, aryl- and heteroarylsulfonyl-2-hydroxy-2- -alkyl- and haloalkylpropanamide compounds of formula I 1The formula I compounds exhibit antiandrogenic activity and are useful in the treatment of malignant or benign pro static disease or of androgen dependent disease conditions such as acne, hirsutism or seborrhoea.

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Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under Title 35.sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/234,121, filed Sep. 21, 2000. U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,505 describes N-(substituted phenyl)-3-alkyl-, aryl- and heteroarylsulfonyl-2-hydroxy-2alkyl- and haloalkylpropanamide compounds, methods for their preparation, and their utility in the treatment of malignant or benign prostatic disease or of androgen dependent disease conditions such as acne, hirsutism or seborrhoea. Bicalutamide, (.+.)-N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2methylpropanamide, is a particularly preferred specie of the above compounds. Bicalutamide is an effective, well-tolerated and convenient non-steroidal antiandrogen for use in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Preclinical and clinical studies have also indicated its potential as monotherapy, with quality of life advantages compared with castration (Schellhammer, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 8, p. 849 (1999)). Bicalutamide has been prepared by reacting 3-trifluoromethyl-4-cyan- oanaline with methacryloyl chloride followed by epoxidation of the resultant N-(3-trifluoromethyl-4cyanophenyl)methacrylamide and subsequent epoxide ring opening with thiol and sulfone formation (U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,505; Tucker et al., J. Med. Chem., 31, p. 954 (1988)). Although that process is relatively straight forward, chromatographic separations required in the process makes it undesirable for use on a commercial scale. In addition, that process requires the use of relatively expensive starting materials. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Topical preparation for treating acne and hirsutism Inventor(s): Goodman, David S.; (Naples, FL) Correspondence: Robert I. Pearlman, ESQ.; Riker, Danzig, Scherer, Hyland & Perretti Llp; Headquarters Plaza; One Speedwell Avenue; Morristown; NJ; 07962; US Patent Application Number: 20020155180 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: An improved method and preparation for the treatment of acne and hirsutism comprises topically applying an effective amount of a saw palmetto berry extract, and preferably one or more low irritability constituents that enhance penetration of the extract into hair follicle sebaceous glands. The low irritability penetration aid may be selected from the group consisting of adapalene, tretinoin, tretinoin gel microsponges, retinaldehyde, retinol, tazarotene, beta hydroxy acids (salicylic acid), azelaic acid, and alpha hydroxy acids (glycolic acid) as well as polyolprepolymer-2. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/563,555 filed May 3, 2000 for the instant inventor. This invention relates to an improved preparation and method for treating both acne and hirsutism, or unwanted facial and body hair in women; and more particularly to a preparation comprising a topically active extract of saw palmetto berries, with one or more compounds which exhibit low irritability and enhance penetration of the extract into hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Acne is caused by a complex interaction of excessive sebum production colonization of hair follicles by Proprionibasterium acnes, and follicular plugging or comedone formation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hirsutism, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hirsutism. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hirsutism. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HIRSUTISM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hirsutism. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hirsutism include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on hirsutism: •

Endocrinology Source: New York, NY: Elsevier Science, Inc. 2003. 737 p. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science, Inc. Journal Information Center, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3750. Fax (212) 633-3764. Website: www.elsevier.com. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 932141170. Summary: This book on endocrinology is from a series that provides the latest on evaluation, diagnosis, management, outcomes and prevention. The book offers concise, action-oriented recommendations for primary care medicine. It includes MediFiles (sections) on acromegaly, Addison's disease (hypoaldosteronism), Cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, Gilbert's disease, gynecomastia, hirsutism, hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, Klinefelter's syndrome, osteomalacia and rickets, osteoporosis,

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pheochromocytoma, polycystic ovarian syndrome, precocious puberty, thyroid carcinoma, thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, and Turner's syndrome. Each MediFile covers summary information and background on the condition, and comprehensive information on diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, and prevention. Each section concludes with a list of resources.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hirsutism” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hirsutism” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hirsutism” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Female hirsutism by Linda C Edsell; ISBN: 0916651010; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916651010/icongroupinterna

•

The Cause and Management of Hirsutism by Robert B. Greenblatt, et al; ISBN: 0940813041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940813041/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

10

Androgenization in women: acne, seborrhoea, androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism: lectures and discussion of a symposium, Berlin, 23rd-24th February 1979. Author: editors, J. Hammerstein. [et al]; Year: 1980

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapters on Hirsutism In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hirsutism, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hirsutism using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hirsutism: •

Cushing's Disease and Syndrome Source: in Graham, S.D., Jr., et al., eds. Glenn's Urologic Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1998. p. 3-7. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: lww.com. PRICE: $199.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0397587376. Summary: Cushing's disease and syndrome are characterized by the association of pituitary lesions in patients with hirsutism, proximal muscle weakness, round plethoric faces, increased supraclavicular and infrascapular fat pads, thin skin, and other less frequent signs such as acne, purple abdominal striae, and psychiatric symptoms. This chapter on Cushing's disease and syndrome is from an exhaustive textbook on urologic surgery. There are numerous etiologies of Cushing's syndrome, most involving the production of excessive ACTH from pituitary adenomas or from ectopic sources, benign adrenal tumors, and adrenal hyperplasia (overgrowth). The criteria for a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is excessive ACTH. The diagnosis may also be based on an abnormality of the plasma or urinary cortisol. Indications for surgery of the adrenal gland in patients with Cushing's syndrome include adrenal adenoma, adrenal hyperplasia, and adrenal carcinoma. The author then describes the posterior approach to the adrenal glands. Surgical complications following adrenal surgery for Cushing's syndrome include not only those that pertain to routine retroperitoneal surgery (e.g., blood loss and infection) but also those complications specific to patients with hormonal imbalances. Postoperative wound healing may be impaired, and the infection rate has been described to be between 4 and 21 percent. 6 figures. 6 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HIRSUTISM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hirsutism.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hirsutism is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hirsutism. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hirsutism” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hirsutism: •

Finasteride Controls Idiopathic Hirsutism In Women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 05, 1996

•

Three Hormonal Treatments For Hirsutism Evaluated Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 23, 1996

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Troglitazone improves ovulation, hirsutism in women with PCOS Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 18, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hirsutism” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hirsutism, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hirsutism” (or synonyms).

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Academic Periodicals covering Hirsutism Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hirsutism. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hirsutism that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for hirsutism. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with hirsutism. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to hirsutism: Androgens •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Andro L.A. 200; Androderm; AndroGel 1%; Android; Android-F; Andronate 100; Andronate 200; Andropository 200; Andryl 200; Delatest; Delatestryl; Depotest; Depo-Testosterone; Everone 200; Halotestin; ORETON Methyl; T-Cypionate; Testamone 100; Testaqua; Testex; Testoderm; Testoderm TTS; Testoderm with Adhesives; Testopel Pellets; Testred; Testred Cypionate 200; Testrin-P.A.; Virilon; Virilon IM http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202036.html

Antifungals, Azole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diflucan; Nizoral; Sporanox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202697.html

Cisapride •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Propulsid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202672.html

Diuretics, Potassium-sparing •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aldactone; Dyrenium; Midamor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202206.html

Estrogens and Progestins Oral Contraceptives •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alesse; Brevicon; Demulen 1/35; Demulen 1/50; Desogen; Estrostep; Estrostep Fe; Genora 0.5/35; Genora 1/35; Genora 1/50; Intercon 0.5/35; Intercon 1/35; Intercon 1/50; Jenest; Levlen; Levlite; Levora 0.15/30; Lo/Ovral; Loestrin 1.5/30; Loestrin 1/20; Loestrin Fe 1.5/30; Loestrin Fe 1/20; Mircette; ModiCon; N.E.E. 1/35; N.E.E. 1/50; Necon 0.5/35; Necon 1/35; Necon 1/50; Necon 10/11; Nelova 0.5/35E; Nelova 1/35E; Nelova 1/50M; Nelova 10/11; Nordette; Norethin 1/35E; Norethin 1/50M; Norinyl 1+35; Norinyl 1+50; Ortho Tri-Cyclen; Ortho-Cept; Ortho-Cyclen; Ortho-Novum 1/35; Ortho-Novum 1/50; Ortho-Novum 10/11; Ortho-Novum 7/7/7; Ovcon-35; Ovcon-50; Ovral; Tri-Levlen; Tri-Norinyl; Triphasil; Trivora; Zovia 1/35E; Zovia 1/50E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202228.html

Insulin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Humulin 50/50; Humulin 70/30; Humulin 70/30 Pen; Humulin L; Humulin N; Humulin N Pen; Humulin R; Humulin R, Regular U500 (Concentrated); Humulin U; Lente; Lente Iletin II; Novolin 70/30; Novolin 70/30 PenFill; Novolin 70/30 Prefilled; Novolin L; Novolin N; Novolin N PenFill; Novolin N Prefilled; Novolin R; Novolin R PenFill; Novolin R Prefilled; NPH Iletin II; NPH Purified Insulin; Regular (Concentrated) Iletin II, U-500; Regular Iletin II; Regular Insulin; Velosulin BR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4056 88 19 3 136 4302

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “hirsutism” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hirsutism can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hirsutism. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hirsutism. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hirsutism”:

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Acne http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/acne.html Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Hair Diseases and Hair Loss http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hairdiseasesandhairloss.html Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hirsutism. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hirsutism. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hirsutism. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hirsutism. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hirsutism” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hirsutism”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hirsutism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hirsutism” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HIRSUTISM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,

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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration.

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Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgen suppression: Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs. Also called androgen ablation. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenediols: Unsaturated androstane derivatives which are substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position in the ring system. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Anthropometric measurements: Measurements of human body height, weight, and size of component parts, including skinfold measurement. Used to study and compare the relative proportions under normal and abnormal conditions. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Antiandrogen therapy: Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.

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[NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH]

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Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Bicalutamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH]

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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Buserelin: A potent and durable analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU]

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Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that

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develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clavicle: A long bone of the shoulder girdle. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

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prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving

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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraceptive Agents: Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried

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by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness,

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sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents. [NIH] Desoximetasone: Topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in dermatoses, skin allergies, psoriasis, etc. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextrorotatory: Turning towards the right hand. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH]

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Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in

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all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epiphyseal: Pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. [EU] Epiphyses: The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united. [NIH]

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Epitestosterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one. A naturally occurring stereoisomer of testosterone with androgenic activity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelioma: A neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma). [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and

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canine species. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide: A gastrointestinal hormone consisting of a 43-amino acid polypeptide (molecular weight 5105). It inhibits gastric secretion and motility and stimulates release of insulin. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active

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agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadal Dysgenesis: Any of several developmental anomalies involving the total or partial failure of the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into ovary or testis. This concept includes gonadal agenesis. [NIH] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH]

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Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Goserelin: 6-(O-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-D-serine)-10-deglycinamideluteinizing hormonereleasing factor (pig) 2-(aminocarbonyl)hydrazide. A long-acting gonadorelin agonist. It is used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Gynecology: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]

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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. [NIH]

Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the

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anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

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intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation,

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interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leuprolide: A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH]

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Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep

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working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum

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formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Nafarelin: 6-(3-(2-Naphthalenyl)-D-alanine)luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig). A gonadorelin analog agonist. It has been used in the treatment of central precocious puberty and endometriosis. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]

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Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]

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Oligo: Chemical and mineral elements that exist in minimal (oligo) quantities in the body, in foods, in the air, in soil; name applied to any element observed as a microconstituent of plant or animal tissue and of beneficial, harmful, or even doubtful significance. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Oligomenorrhoea: Markedly diminished menstrual flow; relative amenorrhea. [EU] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: Syndrome composed of a combination of ovarian enlargement and an acute fluid shift out of the intravascular space. The enlargement is caused by ovarian cyst formation and the fluid shift may result in ascites, hydrothorax, or generalized edema. The syndrome is most usually seen as a complication of ovulation induction, a treatment for infertility. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

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Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer

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phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH]

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Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pregnenolone: Steroid hormone. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a

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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progestogen: A term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promyelocytic leukemia: A type of acute myeloid leukemia, a quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the

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nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]

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Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH]

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Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinaldehyde: A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidized form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position of the double bond to the cis-form; this is reversed in "dark" reactions to return to the native transconfiguration. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rosiglitazone: A drug taken to help reduce the amount of sugar in the blood. Rosiglitazone helps make insulin more effective and improves regulation of blood sugar. It belongs to the family of drugs called thiazolidinediones. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each

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consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]

Seborrhoea: 1. Excessive secretion of sebum; called also hypersteatosis 2. Seborrhoeic dermatitis. [EU] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins

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have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU]

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Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Supraclavicular: The depression above the clavicle and lateral to the sternomastoid muscle. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU]

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Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Theca Cells: The connective tissue cells of the ovarian follicle. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic

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microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tretinoin: An important regulator of gene expression, particularly during growth and development and in neoplasms. Retinoic acid derived from maternal vitamin A is essential for normal gene expression during embryonic development and either a deficiency or an excess can be teratogenic. It is also a topical dermatologic agent which is used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne vulgaris, and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Triptorelin: A long-acting gonadorelin analog agonist. It has been used in the treatment of prostatic cancer, ovarian cancer, precocious puberty, endometriosis, and to induce ovulation for in vitro fertilization. [NIH] Troglitazone: A drug used in diabetes treatment that is being studied for its effect on reducing the risk of cancer cell growth in fat tissue. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH]

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Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH]

Dictionary 153

Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

155

INDEX 1 17-Ketosteroids, 57, 113 A Abdomen, 28, 113, 130, 135, 140, 146, 149, 150 Abdominal, 15, 28, 42, 83, 113, 135, 140, 146 Ablation, 113, 115, 132 Abortion, 113, 138 Acanthosis Nigricans, 10, 17, 26, 47, 49, 113 Acne Vulgaris, 70, 72, 76, 113, 151 Adenoma, 9, 18, 30, 83, 113, 127, 141 Adipocytes, 113, 122, 134 Adipose Tissue, 10, 113 Adolescence, 10, 12, 113 Adrenal Cortex, 113, 114, 115, 123, 127, 131, 138, 143 Adrenal Glands, 83, 113 Adrenergic, 113, 116, 125 Adverse Effect, 5, 9, 70, 71, 74, 113, 148 Afferent, 113, 134 Affinity, 113, 114 Age of Onset, 114, 152 Agenesis, 114, 129 Agonist, 16, 27, 31, 34, 46, 47, 55, 114, 121, 125, 130, 137, 151 Akathisia, 114, 116 Alanine, 114, 137 Aldosterone, 114, 118 Algorithms, 114, 117 Alimentary, 114, 133, 140 Alkaline, 114, 115, 118 Alopecia, 5, 14, 17, 18, 19, 24, 40, 45, 48, 50, 64, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 82, 114 Alpha Particles, 114, 145 Alpha-helix, 114, 134 Alternative medicine, 86, 114 Amenorrhea, 8, 11, 73, 114, 139, 142 Amino acid, 114, 128, 140, 142, 143, 147, 149, 152 Ammonia, 115, 149, 152 Amnion, 115 Amniotic Fluid, 10, 115 Anabolic, 71, 115, 125 Anaesthesia, 115, 132 Analog, 32, 70, 76, 115, 118, 134, 137, 151 Anatomical, 115, 117, 120, 126, 132

Androgen suppression, 27, 45, 115 Androgenic, 17, 23, 40, 42, 45, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78, 115, 127 Androgens, 5, 7, 12, 19, 29, 46, 49, 50, 51, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 90, 113, 115, 131 Androstenediols, 71, 115 Androstenedione, 15, 25, 71, 115 Anomalies, 115, 129, 150 Anorexia, 63, 115, 139 Anovulation, 5, 8, 12, 13, 47, 73, 115, 142 Anthropometric measurements, 38, 115 Anthropometry, 10, 115 Antiandrogen therapy, 50, 53, 115 Antiandrogens, 19, 55, 76, 115, 117 Antibacterial, 115, 148 Antibiotic, 115, 118, 148 Antibody, 114, 116, 121, 130, 132, 133, 134, 137, 145, 153 Anticoagulant, 116, 143 Antiemetic, 116 Antifungal, 116, 134 Antigen, 114, 116, 121, 130, 131, 132, 133 Anti-inflammatory, 116, 124, 129 Antipsychotic, 65, 116, 138 Apolipoproteins, 116, 135 Arterial, 116, 120, 122, 131, 143, 149 Arteries, 116, 118, 122, 135, 136, 137, 144 Arteriosclerosis, 116, 131 Artery, 7, 116, 123, 144 Ascites, 117, 139 Assay, 9, 75, 117, 132 Atrial, 117, 122, 151 Atrioventricular, 117, 122 Atrium, 117, 122, 151, 152 Atrophy, 117, 135 Attenuated, 17, 117 Atypical, 9, 117 Autonomic, 116, 117 B Bacteria, 115, 116, 117, 136, 148, 151 Basal Ganglia, 116, 117, 120 Benign, 70, 74, 75, 78, 79, 83, 102, 113, 117, 127, 130, 137, 140, 143, 145, 150 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 70, 75, 117, 127 Bicalutamide, 43, 79, 117 Bilateral, 20, 24, 117, 142 Bile, 117, 128, 135, 149

156

Hirsutism

Biochemical, 7, 37, 65, 75, 117, 147 Biopsy, 4, 117 Biosynthesis, 12, 117, 147 Biotechnology, 14, 15, 82, 86, 97, 117 Bipolar Disorder, 9, 117 Bladder, 117, 118, 121, 143, 152 Blood Coagulation, 118, 150 Blood Glucose, 5, 118, 133 Blood pressure, 3, 5, 118, 119, 120, 131, 132, 137, 144 Blood vessel, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 136, 148, 149, 150, 152 Body Image, 11, 118 Body Mass Index, 118, 139 Bone Marrow, 118, 123, 128, 135, 143, 149 Brachytherapy, 118, 134, 145, 153 Broad-spectrum, 12, 118 Bupivacaine, 118, 134 Buserelin, 21, 118 C Calcium, 8, 73, 118, 121, 131, 139, 140 Callus, 118, 126 Calpain, 21, 118 Canrenone, 26, 118 Carbohydrate, 5, 118, 129 Carcinogen, 119, 127 Carcinogenic, 119, 133, 143, 149 Carcinoma, 9, 13, 20, 82, 83, 119, 123, 127 Cardiac, 71, 118, 119, 122, 134, 137, 149 Cardiovascular, 8, 11, 12, 42, 119, 147 Cardiovascular disease, 11, 12, 42, 119 Case report, 17, 36, 119, 120 Castration, 79, 119 Catalyse, 75, 119 Catheterization, 24, 119, 133 Caudal, 119, 142 Cell Cycle, 29, 119 Cell Division, 117, 119, 141 Cell proliferation, 14, 116, 119 Central Nervous System, 114, 119, 130, 147 Central Nervous System Infections, 119, 130 Centrifugation, 119, 137 Cerebellar, 119, 151 Cerebellar Diseases, 119, 151 Cerebral, 117, 119, 124, 127 Cerebral Cortex, 119, 127 Cerebrovascular, 119, 120 Chemoreceptor, 116, 120 Chin, 28, 60, 63, 120, 136

Cholesterol, 117, 120, 123, 125, 131, 135, 149 Cholesterol Esters, 120, 135 Cholinergic, 116, 120 Chorea, 116, 120 Chromosomal, 10, 120 Chromosome, 10, 19, 120, 135 Chronic, 5, 11, 12, 73, 113, 120, 124, 126, 133, 142, 144, 149, 153 Chronic renal, 120, 142 Chylomicrons, 120, 135 CIS, 120, 146 Clavicle, 120, 149 Cleft Palate, 6, 120 Clinical Medicine, 120, 142 Clinical study, 120, 122 Clinical trial, 6, 97, 120, 122, 123, 125, 137, 145 Clomiphene, 13, 74, 121 Cloning, 10, 117, 121 Cofactor, 121, 143, 150 Combinatorial, 14, 121 Complement, 121, 128, 136 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 67, 121 Complementary medicine, 63, 121 Compliance, 13, 121 Computational Biology, 97, 121 Conception, 113, 122, 127, 148 Concomitant, 74, 122 Congestion, 116, 122 Conjugated, 57, 122 Connective Tissue, 118, 122, 124, 135, 136, 150 Connective Tissue Cells, 122, 150 Constipation, 116, 122 Constitutional, 122, 137 Contraceptive, 18, 23, 32, 34, 39, 44, 47, 55, 122, 124 Contraceptive Agents, 122, 124 Contraindications, ii, 122 Controlled clinical trial, 11, 122 Controlled study, 64, 122 Cor, 31, 122, 132 Cornea, 122, 149 Coronary, 7, 119, 122, 123, 136, 137 Coronary heart disease, 119, 122 Coronary Thrombosis, 123, 136, 137 Corpus, 123, 135, 143 Corpus Luteum, 123, 135, 143 Cortex, 123 Cortisol, 7, 30, 51, 56, 83, 123

157

Cortisone, 123, 124 Cranial, 123, 130, 141 Craniocerebral Trauma, 123, 130 Cultured cells, 12, 123 Curative, 123, 146, 150 Cutaneous, 19, 36, 46, 70, 76, 123 Cyclic, 118, 123 Cyclosporine, 3, 36, 123 Cyproterone, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 40, 45, 47, 49, 57, 60, 123, 127 Cyproterone Acetate, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 40, 45, 47, 49, 57, 60, 123 Cyst, 32, 123, 139 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 118, 123 D Deamination, 123, 152 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 18, 26, 56, 71, 123 Delirium, 116, 123 Dementia, 116, 124 Density, 10, 20, 118, 119, 124, 125, 135, 139 Dental Hygienists, 5, 124 Deprivation, 70, 124 Dermatitis, 124, 147 Dermis, 124, 149, 151 Desogestrel, 32, 40, 44, 55, 124 Desoximetasone, 29, 124 Dexamethasone, 21, 24, 25, 26, 53, 124 Dextrorotatory, 74, 124 Diabetes Insipidus, 81, 124 Diabetes Mellitus, 10, 32, 81, 124, 129 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 81, 124 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 86, 124 Diarrhea, 74, 124 Diastolic, 124, 131 Diathesis, 6, 124 Digestion, 114, 117, 124, 135, 149 Dihydrotestosterone, 19, 24, 70, 71, 75, 123, 125, 145 Direct, iii, 10, 71, 89, 120, 125, 145 Dissection, 125, 135 Diuretic, 6, 125 Dopamine, 116, 125 Dorsal, 125, 142 Double-blind, 8, 23, 64, 125 Drive, ii, vi, 3, 4, 8, 14, 59, 77, 125, 134 Drug Interactions, 91, 125 Drug Tolerance, 125, 150 Duct, 119, 125, 149 Dyskinesia, 116, 125 Dyslipidemia, 50, 55, 125 Dyspareunia, 125, 127

Dysplasia, 48, 125 E Edema, 125, 138, 139 Efficacy, 8, 21, 23, 26, 54, 125 Electrolysis, 26, 125 Electrons, 125, 139, 145 Embryo, 113, 115, 126, 132, 138, 142 Embryogenesis, 75, 126 Emollient, 126, 129 Enamel, 126, 134 Endocrine Glands, 64, 126, 140 Endocrine System, 126, 138 Endogenous, 13, 49, 118, 125, 126 Endometrial, 11, 13, 126 Endometrium, 126 End-stage renal, 120, 126, 142 Energy balance, 126, 134 Enhancers, 72, 126 Environmental Health, 96, 98, 126 Enzymatic, 75, 115, 118, 121, 126, 130, 146 Enzyme, 12, 75, 77, 126, 128, 134, 136, 141, 142, 145, 149, 150, 153 Enzyme Inhibitors, 77, 126 Epidermis, 124, 126, 134, 144 Epiphyseal, 126 Epiphyses, 56, 126 Epitestosterone, 56, 57, 127 Epithelial, 14, 56, 113, 127, 140, 143 Epithelial Cells, 127, 143 Epithelioma, 20, 127 Erythrocytes, 118, 127 Estradiol, 60, 70, 127 Estrogen, 13, 16, 23, 27, 31, 39, 46, 49, 55, 70, 71, 121, 123, 127, 143 Estrogen receptor, 121, 127 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 55, 127 Estrone, 71, 127 Ethinyl Estradiol, 18, 21, 55, 127 Eukaryotic Cells, 123, 127, 132 Exogenous, 126, 127, 152 External-beam radiation, 127, 133, 145, 153 Extraction, 6, 127 Extrapyramidal, 114, 116, 125, 127 F Facial, 5, 17, 27, 28, 35, 50, 51, 79, 127 Family Planning, 97, 127 Fat, 5, 10, 29, 83, 113, 118, 122, 123, 127, 134, 135, 139, 147, 148, 151 Fatigue, 74, 127 Fetus, 113, 127, 141, 142, 152

158

Hirsutism

Finasteride, 16, 21, 22, 25, 29, 40, 45, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 64, 76, 85, 127 Fissure, 32, 120, 127 Flutamide, 16, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 34, 40, 47, 52, 54, 55, 127 Fold, 11, 20, 127, 128 Follicles, 5, 12, 14, 76, 79, 128 Foramen, 120, 128 Forearm, 118, 128 G Gallbladder, 113, 128 Gastric, 30, 128, 130 Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, 30, 128 Gastrin, 128, 131 Gastrointestinal, 128, 147, 149 Gene, 9, 10, 14, 21, 31, 50, 75, 82, 117, 128, 131, 148, 151 Gene Expression, 128, 148, 151 Gene Therapy, 14, 128 Genetic Code, 128, 138 Genetic Counseling, 4, 128 Genetic Engineering, 117, 121, 128 Genital, 75, 128, 130, 152 Genotype, 10, 128, 140 Germ Cells, 128, 139, 150 Gestation, 13, 128, 141 Gingival Hyperplasia, 3, 128 Ginseng, 65, 128 Gland, 77, 83, 102, 113, 123, 129, 131, 135, 140, 141, 143, 147, 149, 150 Glomeruli, 129 Glomerulosclerosis, 3, 129 Glomerulus, 129 Glucocorticoid, 25, 31, 124, 129 Glucose, 11, 12, 13, 74, 118, 124, 129, 133, 141, 147 Glucose Intolerance, 124, 129 Glucose tolerance, 11, 13, 129 Glucose Tolerance Test, 11, 13, 129 Glycerol, 10, 129, 141 Glycosidic, 129, 139, 141 Goiter, 129, 150 Gonad, 129 Gonadal, 9, 42, 129, 149 Gonadal Dysgenesis, 42, 129 Gonadorelin, 129, 130, 134, 137, 151 Gonadotropin, 16, 27, 31, 32, 44, 46, 47, 55, 73, 118, 130, 134 Goserelin, 18, 130 Governing Board, 130, 142 Graft, 4, 130 Gravis, 56, 130

Groin, 130, 133 Gynaecological, 42, 130 Gynecology, 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 54, 130 H Hair follicles, 70, 76, 77, 79, 124, 130, 153 Haplotypes, 8, 130 Headache, 5, 130, 141 Headache Disorders, 130 Heart attack, 119, 130 Hemoglobinopathies, 128, 130 Hemorrhage, 123, 130, 141, 149 Hepatic, 124, 129, 130 Heredity, 113, 128, 130 Histamine, 116, 130 Homologous, 128, 130 Hormonal, 9, 34, 38, 45, 49, 74, 83, 85, 117, 127, 130 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 27, 131 Hydrogen, 118, 131, 137, 138, 139, 144 Hydrolysis, 131, 135, 142 Hydrophobic, 8, 131, 135 Hydroxy Acids, 79, 131 Hyperandrogenism, 7, 8, 13, 17, 25, 31, 35, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 77, 131 Hypercalcemia, 81, 131 Hypercholesterolemia, 125, 131 Hyperlipidemia, 125, 131 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 131 Hyperplasia, 4, 9, 16, 38, 45, 47, 70, 74, 75, 83, 131 Hypersensitivity, 19, 131 Hypertension, 3, 5, 13, 119, 130, 131, 141 Hyperthyroidism, 81, 131 Hypertrichosis, 131 Hypertriglyceridemia, 10, 125, 131 Hypertrophy, 53, 74, 117, 122, 131, 151 Hypogonadism, 7, 9, 131 Hypopituitarism, 81, 131 Hypoplasia, 4, 51, 132 Hypotension, 116, 132 Hypothyroidism, 81, 132 I Immunoassay, 19, 132 Immunologic, 132, 145 Immunosuppressive, 129, 132 Impairment, 124, 125, 132, 136, 144 Implant radiation, 132, 133, 145, 153 Implantation, 122, 132, 138 In situ, 14, 132 In Situ Hybridization, 14, 132

159

In vitro, 10, 12, 30, 73, 128, 132, 151 In vivo, 30, 76, 77, 128, 132 Induction, 13, 115, 116, 132, 139, 143 Infancy, 132, 146 Infantile, 132, 135 Infarction, 132 Infection, 83, 124, 132, 135, 149 Infertility, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 49, 52, 73, 77, 102, 133, 139 Inflammation, 113, 116, 124, 133, 142, 150, 153 Ingestion, 129, 133, 142 Inguinal, 39, 133 Initiation, 14, 133 Inositol, 77, 133 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 133 Insulin-like, 13, 133 Interstitial, 118, 133, 134, 153 Intestinal, 129, 133 Intestines, 113, 128, 133, 147 Intracellular, 12, 133 Intramuscular, 133, 140 Intravascular, 133, 139 Intravenous, 11, 133, 140 Intubation, 119, 133 Invasive, 133, 135 Irradiation, 133, 153 Isoenzyme, 9, 134 K Kb, 96, 134 Keratin, 14, 134, 147 Ketoconazole, 16, 37, 40, 134 Ketone Bodies, 124, 134 Ketosis, 124, 134 Kidney stone, 134, 152 Kinetics, 29, 134 L Lactation, 134, 138, 143 Latent, 134, 142 Leptin, 20, 38, 134 Lesion, 134, 135, 150 Lethargy, 132, 134 Leukemia, 128, 134, 143 Leuprolide, 26, 39, 134 Libido, 77, 115, 134 Lidocaine, 27, 134 Ligament, 135, 143 Linkage, 10, 135 Lip, 27, 135 Lipid, 39, 55, 116, 129, 133, 135, 151 Lipodystrophy, 7, 10, 135 Lipolysis, 7, 135

Lipoprotein, 10, 125, 135 Lithium, 116, 135 Liver, 5, 30, 71, 75, 113, 117, 118, 128, 129, 130, 135, 152 Localization, 10, 135 Localized, 10, 39, 72, 131, 133, 135, 141 Low-density lipoprotein, 125, 135 Lutein Cells, 135, 143 Lymph, 135 Lymph node, 135 Lymphadenectomy, 39, 135 Lymphatic, 133, 135, 136 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10, 135 Maintenance therapy, 40, 135 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 130, 136 Malignancy, 113, 136 Malignant, 78, 79, 127, 130, 136, 137, 143, 145 Mandible, 6, 120, 136 Manic, 116, 117, 135, 136, 144 MEDLINE, 97, 136 Melanosis, 113, 136 Membranes, 136, 140, 141, 146 Menopause, 33, 65, 136, 138, 142 Menstruation, 114, 136, 139 Mental, iv, 4, 6, 48, 53, 96, 98, 120, 123, 124, 127, 132, 136, 144 Mental Retardation, 4, 6, 48, 53, 136 Mesenchymal, 14, 136 Mesolimbic, 116, 136 Metabolic acidosis, 124, 136 Metabolic disorder, 124, 136 Metabolite, 9, 127, 136 Metastatic, 130, 132, 136 MI, 20, 27, 30, 34, 42, 111, 136 Microbe, 136, 151 Microbiology, 117, 136 Microsomal, 75, 136 Mineralization, 137, 139 Modification, 13, 115, 128, 137, 144 Modulator, 13, 137 Molecular, 8, 10, 12, 14, 37, 97, 99, 117, 121, 128, 137, 143, 151 Molecule, 74, 116, 121, 129, 130, 131, 137, 139, 141, 145 Monitor, 9, 137 Monoclonal, 134, 137, 145, 153 Monotherapy, 79, 137 Morphological, 73, 126, 137 Motility, 128, 137, 147

160

Hirsutism

Motion Sickness, 137 Mucosa, 137, 143 Multicenter study, 8, 137 Myasthenia, 56, 137 Myocardial infarction, 11, 123, 136, 137 Myocardium, 136, 137 Myofibrils, 118, 137 N Naevus, 56, 137 Nafarelin, 60, 137 Nausea, 74, 116, 134, 137 Necrosis, 132, 136, 137, 141 Neonatal, 65, 137 Neoplasm, 127, 137, 140, 152 Nephrosis, 138 Nephrotic, 3, 138 Nephrotic Syndrome, 3, 138 Nerve, 113, 120, 138, 141, 143, 146, 149 Nervous System, 113, 119, 138, 149 Neuroendocrine, 7, 138 Neuroleptic, 114, 116, 138 Neuropeptides, 118, 138 Neutrons, 114, 133, 138, 145 Nitrogen, 115, 138 Nuclei, 114, 126, 128, 135, 138, 144 Nucleic acid, 75, 128, 132, 138 Nucleus, 123, 127, 138, 144, 149 Nutritional Status, 7, 138 O Ocular, 6, 137, 138 Oestrogen, 48, 138 Oligo, 8, 11, 73, 139 Oligomenorrhea, 11, 20, 34, 42, 43, 44, 50, 55, 139, 142 Oligomenorrhoea, 36, 139 Oligosaccharides, 9, 139 Opacity, 124, 139 Opsin, 139, 146 Oral Health, 6, 139 Orthostatic, 116, 139 Ossification, 139, 146 Osteomalacia, 81, 139 Osteoporosis, 81, 127, 138, 139 Ovarian Follicle, 123, 139, 150 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, 13, 139 Ovaries, 5, 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 25, 32, 39, 47, 49, 73, 131, 139, 142, 148 Ovary, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 32, 35, 38, 42, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 65, 73, 115, 123, 127, 129, 131, 138, 139, 142 Overweight, 12, 60, 139

Ovulation, 13, 56, 86, 115, 121, 139, 151 Ovulation Induction, 13, 139 Ovum, 123, 128, 139, 143 Oxidation, 124, 139 P Palate, 4, 120, 140 Palliative, 123, 138, 140, 150 Pancreas, 113, 133, 140 Papilloma, 127, 140 Parathyroid, 140, 146 Parathyroid Glands, 140, 146 Parenteral, 13, 45, 140 Parkinsonism, 116, 140 Partial remission, 4, 140, 145 Partial response, 140 Parturition, 140, 143 Patch, 140, 151 Pathogenesis, 26, 50, 51, 140 Pathologic, 70, 117, 122, 131, 140, 144 Pathophysiology, 10, 12, 76, 140 Pelvic, 45, 140, 143 Pelvis, 113, 134, 139, 140, 152 Peptide, 114, 134, 140, 142, 143, 148, 150 Peritoneum, 140, 146 Pharmacologic, 140, 151 Phenotype, 10, 77, 140 Phenyl, 76, 78, 79, 141 Phospholipids, 127, 133, 135, 141 Phosphorus, 118, 140, 141 Phosphorylase, 118, 141 Physical Examination, 9, 141 Physiologic, 7, 114, 117, 136, 141, 145, 151 Physiology, 46, 75, 126, 130, 141 Pigmentation, 136, 137, 141 Pigments, 141, 146 Pituitary Apoplexy, 132, 141 Pituitary Gland, 129, 132, 141 Pituitary Neoplasms, 132, 141 Placenta, 127, 141, 143 Plants, 128, 129, 141, 146, 151 Plasma, 10, 18, 19, 24, 29, 36, 37, 39, 46, 83, 114, 120, 129, 131, 142, 147 Platelets, 118, 142, 147 Pleated, 134, 142 Pneumonia, 122, 142 Poisoning, 124, 137, 142 Polymerase, 70, 142 Polymorphism, 10, 50, 142 Polypeptide, 115, 128, 142, 143, 153 Posterior, 83, 125, 140, 142 Postmenopausal, 20, 46, 65, 127, 139, 142 Postnatal, 142, 148

161

Potentiate, 27, 142 Practice Guidelines, 52, 98, 142 Precursor, 71, 115, 125, 126, 142 Predisposition, 11, 142 Pregnenolone, 71, 142 Premenopausal, 8, 53, 142 Prenatal, 10, 126, 142 Prenatal Diagnosis, 10, 142 Prevalence, 17, 32, 47, 72, 142 Procaine, 134, 143 Progesterone, 13, 143, 149 Progestogen, 48, 143 Progressive, 120, 124, 125, 127, 137, 143, 152 Prolactin, 46, 48, 65, 143 Promoter, 50, 143 Promyelocytic leukemia, 143, 151 Prophylaxis, 124, 143, 146 Prospective study, 17, 143 Prostate, 54, 64, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 117, 130, 138, 143 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 54, 143 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 143 Protein C, 65, 116, 134, 135, 143, 152 Protein S, 82, 117, 128, 143 Proteins, 13, 114, 116, 118, 121, 134, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 147 Proteinuria, 129, 138, 143 Protons, 114, 131, 143, 145 Psoriasis, 124, 144, 146, 151 Psychiatric, 9, 46, 83, 144 Psychiatry, 9, 20, 46, 51, 144 Psychic, 134, 136, 144 Psychosis, 116, 144 Psychosomatic, 48, 63, 144 Puberty, 5, 12, 37, 45, 82, 137, 144, 151 Public Policy, 97, 144 Publishing, 5, 15, 144 Pulmonary, 118, 122, 144, 152 Pulmonary Artery, 118, 144, 152 Pulmonary hypertension, 122, 144 Pulse, 27, 137, 144 Purulent, 72, 144 Pustular, 113, 144 Q Quality of Life, 4, 5, 11, 79, 144 R Race, 74, 144, 145 Racemic, 74, 145 Radiation, 64, 127, 132, 133, 145, 153 Radiation therapy, 127, 133, 145, 153 Radioactive, 131, 132, 134, 145, 153

Radiolabeled, 70, 134, 145, 153 Radiological, 20, 145 Radiology, 145 Radiotherapy, 118, 134, 145, 153 Randomized, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 22, 39, 47, 125, 145 Receptor, 8, 13, 19, 30, 70, 74, 77, 116, 120, 123, 125, 145, 147 Recombinant, 75, 145 Recombination, 128, 145 Rectum, 143, 145 Recurrence, 48, 117, 145 Reductase, 45, 72, 75, 78, 127, 145 Refer, 1, 121, 135, 138, 144, 145, 151 Refraction, 145, 148 Regeneration, 14, 145 Regimen, 125, 145 Remission, 4, 31, 44, 53, 117, 136, 145 Resection, 74, 145 Respiration, 120, 137, 146 Response rate, 3, 146 Retinal, 146 Retinaldehyde, 79, 146 Retinoids, 146, 153 Retinol, 79, 146 Retroperitoneal, 83, 113, 146 Retroviral vector, 128, 146 Rhodopsin, 139, 146 Rickets, 81, 146 Risk factor, 7, 42, 143, 146 Rosiglitazone, 13, 146 S Salicylic, 79, 146 Saponins, 146, 149 Scleroproteins, 134, 147 Screening, 9, 56, 75, 120, 147 Sebaceous, 72, 79, 124, 147, 153 Sebaceous gland, 72, 79, 124, 147, 153 Seborrhea, 72, 147 Seborrhoea, 72, 78, 79, 82, 147 Sebum, 42, 79, 113, 147 Secretion, 10, 13, 25, 30, 44, 73, 113, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 147 Secretory, 132, 147 Segmental, 3, 129, 147 Segmentation, 147 Semen, 143, 147 Semisynthetic, 127, 147 Senile, 139, 147 Sensor, 8, 147 Sequencing, 10, 147 Serine, 130, 143, 147

162

Hirsutism

Serologic, 132, 147 Serotonin, 116, 147 Serum, 7, 13, 19, 25, 26, 27, 30, 48, 49, 50, 51, 121, 130, 135, 147 Sex Characteristics, 113, 115, 138, 144, 148, 150 Side effect, 3, 4, 70, 72, 77, 89, 113, 114, 116, 148, 150 Signs and Symptoms, 145, 148 Skeletal, 4, 6, 12, 48, 71, 115, 137, 148 Skeleton, 148 Small intestine, 120, 131, 133, 148 Smooth muscle, 118, 122, 130, 148, 149 Social Environment, 144, 148 Soft tissue, 4, 118, 148 Solvent, 129, 148 Somatic, 113, 126, 148 Somatotropin, 132, 148 Specialist, 103, 148 Species, 128, 137, 144, 148, 151, 152 Spectrum, 9, 14, 73, 134, 148 Sperm, 115, 120, 148, 150 Stem Cells, 14, 148 Steroid, 16, 36, 37, 42, 51, 57, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 115, 123, 138, 142, 147, 149 Stimulants, 129, 149 Stimulus, 125, 149, 150 Stomach, 113, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137, 148, 149 Strand, 10, 142, 149 Stress, 11, 123, 137, 142, 149 Stroke, 96, 119, 149 Stroma, 73, 149 Stromal, 16, 149 Subacute, 133, 149 Subarachnoid, 130, 149 Subclinical, 7, 30, 133, 149 Subcutaneous, 10, 113, 125, 135, 140, 149 Substance P, 136, 143, 147, 149 Substrate, 126, 149 Suppression, 24, 31, 47, 73, 115, 149 Suppurative, 72, 149 Supraclavicular, 83, 149 Sweat, 124, 147, 149 Sweat Glands, 124, 147, 149 Symphysis, 120, 143, 149 Synergistic, 143, 149 Systemic, 72, 76, 77, 90, 118, 124, 133, 134, 145, 149, 151, 153 Systolic, 131, 149 T Tardive, 116, 150

Teratogenic, 150, 151 Testicles, 115, 150 Testis, 115, 127, 129, 138, 150 Theca Cells, 12, 135, 150 Therapeutics, 91, 150 Thorax, 113, 150 Threshold, 131, 150 Thrombin, 143, 150 Thrombomodulin, 143, 150 Thrombosis, 143, 149, 150 Thyroid, 64, 82, 129, 131, 132, 140, 150 Thyroid Gland, 129, 131, 140, 150 Thyroid Nodule, 82, 150 Thyroiditis, 82, 150 Thyrotropin, 132, 150 Tolerance, 50, 129, 150 Topical, 27, 33, 54, 64, 72, 77, 79, 124, 150, 151 Toxic, iv, 150, 151 Toxicity, 70, 125, 150 Toxicology, 17, 98, 151 Toxin, 150, 151 Trachea, 150, 151 Transdermal, 60, 151 Transduction, 133, 151 Transfection, 117, 128, 151 Transplantation, 5, 36, 120, 136, 151 Tremor, 5, 140, 151 Tretinoin, 79, 151 Triad, 49, 151 Tricuspid Atresia, 122, 151 Trigger zone, 116, 151 Triglyceride, 131, 151 Triptorelin, 47, 151 Troglitazone, 8, 56, 86, 151 Tuberculosis, 146, 151 Tumour, 38, 152 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 12, 13, 81, 152 U Ultrasonography, 45, 152 Urea, 70, 149, 152 Urethra, 117, 143, 152 Uric, 48, 152 Urinary, 31, 45, 56, 57, 83, 152 Urine, 8, 117, 118, 124, 125, 127, 134, 143, 152 Urogenital, 75, 152 Uterus, 113, 123, 126, 136, 139, 143, 152 V Vagina, 136, 152 Vaginal, 8, 152

163

Vascular, 124, 130, 132, 133, 139, 141, 150, 152 Vasomotor, 127, 152 Vein, 133, 152 Venous, 24, 143, 151, 152 Ventricle, 117, 122, 144, 149, 151, 152 Ventricular, 122, 151, 152 Vesicular, 136, 152 Veterinary Medicine, 97, 152 Virilism, 20, 27, 57, 131, 152 Virulence, 117, 150, 152 Virus, 119, 126, 128, 146, 151, 153 Vitamin A, 133, 146, 153

Vitro, 153 Vivo, 23, 153 Vulgaris, 70, 153 W Windpipe, 150, 153 Wound Healing, 83, 153 X X-ray, 20, 133, 145, 153 X-ray therapy, 20, 134, 153 Y Yeasts, 141, 153 Z Zymogen, 143, 153

164

Hirsutism

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