Hemangioma - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HEMANGIOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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HEMANGIOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hemangioma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84448-8 1. Hemangioma-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hemangioma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEMANGIOMA .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hemangioma ................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 16 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEMANGIOMA ................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hemangioma................................................................................ 61 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 66 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HEMANGIOMA ...................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Recent Trials on Hemangioma..................................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HEMANGIOMA ...................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Hemangioma .............................................................................................................. 71 Patent Applications on Hemangioma .......................................................................................... 78 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HEMANGIOMA .......................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 83 Chapters on Hemangioma............................................................................................................ 84 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HEMANGIOMA ............................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEMANGIOMA ............................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Academic Periodicals covering Hemangioma .............................................................................. 97 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 The Genome Project and Hemangioma ...................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Associations and Hemangioma .................................................................................................. 115 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 115 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 117 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 117 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 117 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 123 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 124

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HEMANGIOMA DICTIONARY ................................................................................................ 125 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 187

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hemangioma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hemangioma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hemangioma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hemangioma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hemangioma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hemangioma. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HEMANGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hemangioma.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hemangioma, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Central Hemangioma: Review and a Case Report Source: Annals of Dentistry. 54(1-2): 22-24. Summer-Fall 1995. Summary: This article presents a case report of a patient with central hemangioma, a rare vascular tumor of bone. When present in the head and neck region, it usually affects the vertebrae and skull; it very rarely affects the jaw bones. The early detection and treatment are important, as any minor trauma may result in fatal hemorrhage. The authors present the case report of an 18 year old male with the complaint of slowly increasing painless swelling on the right side of the mandible since 5 years of age; the swelling had increased rapidly in size in the past 4 to 5 months. The patient also gave a history of frequent bleeding from the affected site while brushing. The authors describe the symptoms and diagnosis of central hemangioma in this patient. They also briefly review the treatments used for hemangioma. 26 references. (AA-M).

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Federally Funded Research on Hemangioma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hemangioma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hemangioma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hemangioma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hemangioma: •

Project Title: AAV VECTORS EXPRESSING ANGIOGENIC FACTORS FOR CHD Principal Investigator & Institution: Kan, Yuet W.; Professor of Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Intramuscular injection of AAV vectors is an efficient way of delivering secretory proteins such as erythropoietin and Factor IX. It appears, therefore, that this vector could be useful for delivering angiogenic factors for the treatment of coronary heart disease. Preliminary experiments indicate that this model of administration may indeed by useful. VEGF delivered by AAV vectors into the myocardium by intracardiac injection was compared in mice with or without coronary artery ligation. In mice with ligated coronary arteries, ne blood vessel formation was seen, whereas in the mice with intact coronary, very few blood vessels were seen. (1) The first aim of this project is to extend these studies to a larger number of animals. Because the pathophysiological changes associated with ligation of the coronary artery are much better established in rats, these studies will be performed on rats. The animals will be examined by electrophysiology and echocardiography before they are sacrificed for histological examination for pathology and blood vessel formation. Also, a new method for three dimensional imaging of cardiac blood vessels will be used. (2) A second aim of this project is to investigate methods of regulating angiogenic factors of expression in the myocardium. As it has been shown that high level of expression of VEGF in the myocardium may result in hemangioma formation, it is important to control the expression of angiogenic factors. The first may result in hemangioma formation, it is important to control the expression of angiogenic factors. The first mode of regulation that we will investigate that we will investigate is to use the hypoxia responsive element from the erythropoietin gene. Preliminary data showed several copies of this element arranged in tandem could increase the expression of genes in response to anoxia. Other inducible promoters such as the tetracycline or the progesterone receptor system will be tested. (3) A third aim is to improve the quality and quantity of new blood vessel

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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formation. The angiopoietin and fibroblast growth factor, alone and in combination with VEGF will be investigated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALPHA INTERFERON EFFECT ON GIANT LIVER HEMANGIOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Geri R.; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The aim of this case study is to determine whether alpha interferon would cause significant reduction of the size of a giant hemangioma in a young adult. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS

OF

A

PROTEASE-ADHESIN

FROM

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hill, Etheleen M.; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The hemotrophic bacterium Bartonelta bacilliformis, is the causative agent of two distinct clinical syndromes known as Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The Oroya fever syndrome is characterized by the presence of the organism on and inside erythrocytes. Verruga peruana is the tissue phase of the disease in which hemangiomalike lesions can be found on the face and lower extremities due to the presence of the organism inside endothelial cells and the pronounced cell proliferation. Our long-term goal is to understand the role of important ligand-receptor interactions that mediate attachment of the organism to host cells and promote cell invasion. The objective of this application is to determine the role of a protease-adhesin in BartonelIa attachment and invasion. The central hypothesis is that this protein which is surface-exposed on Bartonella mediates the binding of the organism to host cells and subsequent internalization. The hypothesis has been formulated based on strong preliminary data which suggest that this protein interacts with commercially purified integrin proteins and human plasma fibronectin that are involved in a variety of cell adhesion phenomena. The rationale for doing this research is that new innovative approaches and strategies for prevention and treatment of Bartonella infection will be possible once we have a better understanding of Bartonella/host cell interactions. The central hypothesis will be tested and the objective of the application accomplished by pursuing three specific aims: 1)To isolate the protease-adhesin by anion exchange chromatography of detergent extracts; 2) To characterize the interactions between the purified proteaseadhesin and host cells and extracellular matrix proteins utilizing radiolabeled binding and invasion assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; and 3) To clone the gene encoding the Bartonella protease-adhesin utilizing immunological screening of a lambda ZAP B. bacilliformis genomic library and blue/white color selection of recombinant clones. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE -- GENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vikkula, Miikka S.; Harvard Sch of Dental Med Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008

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Summary: The goal of this Core is to provide DNA, RNA, protein and tissue samples, as well as lymphoblasts and hemangioma derived endothelial cells for analysis related to all three projects of this Program Project. In addition, the Core collects clinical information and pedigree data pertinent to the samples. This data is essential not only for the genetic approaches (Projects 1 and 3), but also when analysing tissues or cell lines for differential expression, somatic mutations or altered behaviour in cell culture in vascular anomaly subtypes (Projects 1, 2 and 3). The sample collection will also ultimately serve for fast and efficient screening of newly identified candidate genes in a well-characterized sample set. The work of Core C is largely based on the extensive collaborative work and expertise of Dr J.B. Mulliken, Vascular Anomalies Center, Boston and Dr L.M. Boon, Vascular Anomalies Center, Brussels. This collaboration has led to numerous clinical publications describing novel diagnostic measures, prevalence and treatment of vascular anomalies. In addition, in collaboration with Drs Vikkula and Olsen, genetic background has been elucidated for certain forms. On this basis, we have already collected 115 families, 291 blood samples, 317 tissue samples, and established 125 cell lines. This unique collection of well-characterized samples will be enlarged continuously throughout the Program Project. This allows access of all three Projects of this Program Project to sufficient numbers of samples that are essential for achieving the Aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CUTANEOUS HEMANGIOMAS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Arbiser, Jack L.; Assistant Professor; Dermatology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application focuses on the mechanisms or pathogenesis or hemangiomas and associated angiogenesis. Hemangiomas are the most common cutaneous vascular lesions of childhood, and are present in 5 percent of infants at 1 year of age. These hemangiomas may grow to large sizes and may result in compression of vital structures or high output cardiac failure. Treatment of large hemangiomas requires lengthy treatment with steroids or alpha interferon, and surgery. These treatments are associated with a high level of morbidity, including growth retardation, infection, and irreversible neuropathy. A significant number of these hemangiomas do not respond to treatment, resulting in death. The signal transduction pathways that underlie these lesions are not completely understood. Hemangiomas are a reactive process associated with an imbalance in the angiogenic switch, resulting in the proliferation and migration of host endothelial cells to an angiogenic stimulus (host recruitment). This process may involve autocrine and paracrine loops between endothelial specific ligands and their receptors on normal endothelial cells. The principal investigator has developed a mouse model of hemangiomas, using the murine neonatal endothelial cell line A9519. This model recapitulates the clinical and histologic characteristics of human hemangiomas. Previous studies performed by our laboratory have shown that activation of a single signal transduction pathway, phosphoinositol-3kinase, is critical for the regulation of angiogenesis in SYR cells, which are derived from adult murine endothelium through the sequential introduction of SV4O large T antigen and H-ras. We believe that activation of both the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI-3.-kinase) pathways are required for growth of benign hemangiomas in mice and humans. Inhibition of these pathways provides therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of hemangiomas and other cutaneous angiogenic disorders. Hypothesis: Activation of both MAPK and P1-3-kinase pathways

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is required for hemangioma growth in vivo. Specific Aim 1. To determine the presence of autocrine loops in hemangioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Specific Aim 2. To determine the role of activation of the MAPK and PI-3-kinase pathways in a murine model of hemangioma using dominant negative signal transduction genes and pharmacologic inhibition. Specific Aim 3. To determine the identity and function of downstream effectors of MAPK and PI3-kinase in hemangiomas. The studies outlined in this proposal will contribute to our basic understanding of cutaneous angiogenesis. In addition, insights gained from the studies described in this proposal will lead to more accurate diagnosis of other endothelial neoplasms, such as hemangioendothelioma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and angiosarcoma, as well as lead to novel therapeutic approaches to cutaneous disease through signal transduction modulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILDREN

FIBROBLAST

GROWTH

FACTOR

QUANTIFICATION

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sallan, Stephen E.; Professor; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNDROME

LONGITUDINAL

NEUROIMAGING

IN

STURGE-WEBER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Juhasz, Csaba; Pediatrics; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a neurocutaneous syndrome that typically manifests as seizures, neurological signs, and progressive cognitive decline in the first few years of life. Although the disease is often progressive, there are, at present, no objective markers to identify patients at highest risk for a devastating outcome. The overall aim of this proposal is to collect quantitative structural and functional neuroimaging data in a prospective, longitudinal way in children with unilateral SWS, and to correlate these with clinical variables. Using positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy (MRI/MRS), we expect to find (based on our preliminary data) objective markers that identify children with SWS who are at major risk for progressive cognitive decline and severe seizures. Since surgical resection of affected brain regions may be an effective way of preventing clinical progression, and facilitating brain plasticity in young children, the findings will have a major impact on clinical management in SWS by establishing a ground for early surgical intervention in carefully selected patients. This expectation is based on our preliminary studies showing that brain glucose metabolic abnormalities are closely related to the clinical progression. Specifically, large cortical regions with mild hypometabolism are associated with severe seizures, while rapid unilateral structural brain damage may be paradoxically associated with good cognitive outcome, supposedly by facilitating reorganizational processes in unaffected brain regions. Increased glutamate concentration and decreased NAA detected by MRS in the affected cortex appear to be related to epileptogenicity and progressive neuronal dysfunction, respectively. In this study we propose four aims: Aim l. To determine the changes (among 3 measurements made at one year intervals) in abnormalities of metabolism and

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structure in the affected hemisphere in young children (3 months - 5 years of age at time of first scans) with unilateral SWS. Aim 2. To identify patterns of metabolic and structural brain abnormalities that are related to development of cognitive impairment. Aim 3. To identify patterns of metabolic and structural brain abnormalities that are associated with high seizure frequency. Aim 4. To determine whether cortical resection in SWS can reverse cognitive decline. The study will identify neuroimaging markers, which may be used as diagnostic predictors of clinical progression in SWS. This may aid in the selection of patients who could benefit from early resective surgery. The MRS studies can also provide novel data on the role of glutamatergic neurotransmitter toxicity in the pathophysiology of SWS; this may open new therapeutic approaches. Further, the findings will help to better understand the effect of early brain lesion on reorganizational processes in the developing brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF CELL KILLING INDUCED BY RETROVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Young, John a T.; Professor; Oncology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Summary): This application studies the mechanism which cytopathic retroviruses kill their target cells and how this induction of cell death relates to viral pathogenesis in vivo. These studies focus on the avian leukosis virus-B (ALV), whose receptor, TVB, is a functional death receptor in the TNFR-family. Binding of ALV-B Env to the TVB receptor can lead to cell death. Five specific aims are proposed. The first examines whether the TVB receptor plays a direct role in cell-killing following infection by cytopathic subgroups of ALV. This will be tested using dominant negative forms of the receptor. The second examines the role of Nf-kappaB in the signaling pathway. The third examines whether cells chronically infected with ALV-B are protected against TVBL-induced death. The fourth aim studies whether viral superinfection contributes to the cytopathic effects. The fifth aim studies a variant of ALV-A, the avian hemangioma virus, which induces cell-killing. These studies will identify the cell death pathway induced possibly through the TVA receptor. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEMANGIOMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Olsen, Bjorn R.; Hersey Professor of Cell Biology & Chair; Harvard Sch of Dental Med Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The long-term goals of the studies proposed in Project 1 are to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for the occurrence and characteristic features of juvenile (infantile) hemangiomas in humans. We have demonstrated that vascular endothelial cells isolated from hemangioma lesions are clonal populations and show increased migration and proliferation in culture. They also show an abnormal migratory response to endostatin, an antiangiogenic proteolytic fragment derived from the nonfibrillar collagen XVIII. To test the hypothesis that hemangiomas are caused by somatic mutations in genes involved in the regulation of endothelial cell behavior, several alternative strategies are proposed to identify the responsible genes. Collaborative mapping studies to identify hemangioma gene loci for families with inherited hemangioma are also planned. Identified hemangioma genes will be functionally tested for their ability to induce a cellular phenotype that is characteristic of hemangioma

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9

endothelial cells when transfected into normal endothelial cells. The studies are expected to provide novel insights into mechanisms responsible for the formation of hemangiomas and increase the understanding of how endothelial cell behavior is regulated. This understanding forms the required basis for development of antiangiogenic therapies for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and other major pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF INHERITED NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Breakefield, Xandra O.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-JAN-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The goals of this Neurogenetics Center are to elucidate the molecular etiology and to ameliorate the course of hereditary tumors of the nervous system, in particular in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and tuberous sclerosis (TSC) This research will provide insight into the etiology of spontaneous neural tumors and mechanisms of growth regulation in the developing nervous system. The focus of the proposed studies is on understanding the genetic basis of functional changes in merlin (NF2), hamartin (TSC1) and tuberin (TSC2) and their role in formation and progression of meningiomas and other brain tumors. Elucidation of the cellular function of these proteins will be facilitated through identification and characterization of interacting proteins. Further, transgenic mouse models of these diseases will be used to understand physiologic changes associated with loss of these tumor suppressor genes and to provide a platform for therapeutic strategies. Project 10 (Gusella)-Molecular genetics of meningioma and NF-related disorders: elucidate cellular functions of merlin in growth and adhesion; determine the role of this and other genes in the ontogeny and progression of meningiomas; and identify genes involved in related, hereditary neural tumor syndromes; Project 11 (Ramesh, Ito)-Characterization of TSC proteins hamartin and tuberin: determine whether cortical lesions in TSC patients have loss of heterozygosity at the cellular level; and characterize the role of tuberin in control of cell cycle via elucidation of interacting proteins in mammalian cells and Drosophila; Project 12 (Kwiatkowski)-Murine models of TSC1: mechanisms and therapies: generate and characterize knock-out and conditional transgenic mice for TSC1 in the homozygous and heterozygous states and in different genetic backgrounds; characterize the phenotypic consequences of missense mutations in TSC1; and attempt to arrest cell growth in lesions using vectors. Project 13 (Breakefield, Brown)-Gene therapy for hereditary tumors in experimental models of TSC: evaluate gene delivery in mouse models of liver hemangioma, cortical harmartomas and renal cell carcinoma (TSC2+/-); generate brain lesions in TSC1 conditional knock-out animals by injection of Cre-bearing vectors; and test gene therapy models in vivo with herpes hybrid amplicon vectors and endothelial cell vehicles bearing genes for anti-angiogenic and apoptotic factors. These projects will be supported by Cores for Clinical Services (Sims, MacCollin) and Neuropathology and Tumor Banking (Louis and Stemmer-Rachamimov). Collectively these studies provide a concerted effort towards understanding the neurologic functions of NF2 and TSC genes and treating disease manifestations associated with these diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Hemangioma

Project Title: NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE INHIBITS VEGF SYNTHESIS AND ACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Levin, Ellis R.; Professor; Medicine; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation from existing vessels, is critical to normal development and wound healing, cancer metastases, diabetic proliferative retinopathy and hemangioma formation. Endothelial cell invasion of matrix, proliferation, and migration to sites of new vessel branching from existing vessels is regulated by factors, such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). We have recently found that the vasoactive proteins, the endothelins, stimulate VEGF transcription, synthesis, and secretion from cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Further, we identified the natriuretic peptide (NP) family of vascular proteins as the first endogenous inhibitors of VEGF synthesis, and VEGF action. We propose to determine the proximal mechanisms by which these vasoactive peptides modulate VEGF synthesis in cultured human VSMC. We believe that endothelin-1 (ET1) triggers activation of Gq and Gi proteins leading to intracellular signal transduction culminating in ERK activation and VEGF transcription. NP inhibits this mainly through the clearance receptor, and a novel mechanism via the activation of RGS proteins or inhibition of G protein palmitoylation. We will measure each of these events and show modulation in response to ET, and by NP. The importance of G protein dynamics for NP-inhibition of ET-stimulated MAP-kinase (Erk) activity and VEGF transcription will be shown, linking these events. It is also possible that NP activate a MAP kinase related phosphatase, and we will determine if NP stimulate the synthesis and activity of MKP-1 and MKP-2, inhibited by ET-1. This would implicate this mechanism for the inactivation of ERK- signaling to VEGF transcription. We will then determine the signaling mechanisms by which VEGF stimulates EC proliferation, and the inhibition of this mechanism by ANP. This involves signaling through a novel ERK to JNK crossactivation cascade, which is inhibited by the NP, modulating specific cell cycle events such as cyclin D1 production and Cdk4 activation which are critical to G1/S progression in these cells. These will be shown by protein synthesis and kinase activity studies, in cells transfected with dominant negative SEK-1 (JNK kinase) and JNK-1, or PD98059 (Mek inhibitor). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: P3K, RETROVIRAL ONCOGENE AND HOMOLOG OF PI 3-KINASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Vogt, Peter K.; Member; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-1998; Project End 25-SEP-2003 Summary: The avian sarcoma virus ASV 16 contains a new oncogene, p3k, that is homologous to the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase. ASV 16 induces oncogenic transformation in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures and hemangiosarcomas in the animal. The work proposed in this application uses the retroviral vector RCAS to express and replicate various mutants of p3k and its targets. It will define the structural and functional consequences of the mutations that activate the oncogenic potential in viral p3k. It will also mark and characterize downstream targets of the viral P3k protein, tracing the signal via the cytoplasmic serine-threonine kinase Akt to genes that are differentially regulated and that determine the neoplastic phenotype of the p3ktransformed cells. A long range goal is to show that differential expression of key targets

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accounts for the tumorigenic properties of the transformed cell. Angiogenesis is a critical factor in the development of p3k-induced hemangiosarcomas. It will be analyzed in vivo and in vitro. These experiments will seek to elucidate the mechanisms of p3k-induced angiogenesis, deciding between autocrine and paracrine stimulation and identifying angiogenic factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PECAM-1 AND REGULATION OF ANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sheibani, Nader; Assistant Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's abstract): Angiogenesis, the highly regulated process of new capillary formation rarely occurs in normal adults, but is necessary during embryogenesis, corpus luteum formation, and wound healing. Uncontrolled angiogenesis plays an important role in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, tumor growth and metastasis. Development of effective agents which can inhibit angiogenesis has potential value in the treatment of these diseases. Thrombospondin 1 (TS1) and certain peptides derived from TS I block angiogenesis in vivo and inhibit the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. These investigators have shown that TS I is a major regulator of EC phenotype and its expression is sufficient to restore a normal phenotype and suppress hemangioma formation in Polyoma middle T transformed mouse brain ECs. This is mediated, at least in part, by complete suppression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule- I (PECAM-1) expression, an important regulator of EC adhesion and angiogenesis. The main objective of this proposal is to delineate the expression and adhesive function of different PECAM- I isoforms and to characterize their signaling pathways in ECs. The expression pattern of TS I and PECAM- I isoforms will be examined in ECs of developing murine blood vessels by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Expression of different PECAM- I isoforms and/or their cytoplasmic chimeras in ECs will determine whether different isoforms have distinct roles in regulation of EC phenotype and require interactions with cytoplasmic proteins. The GST-PECAM- I cytoplasmic fusion proteins phosphorylated on their tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues will be utilized in pull down experiments to identify the signal transducing molecules which interact with PECAM- 1. Expression of PECAM- I isoforms or his-myc tagged cytoplasmic domains in an epithelial cell model (MDCK cells), which forms adherens junctions very similar to ECs, will illustrate whether they affect formation of adherens junctions and influence PECAM- I cellular adhesive and signaling functions. These studies will provide insight into the coordinated expression of TS 1 and PECAM1 isoforms and their interactive roles in regulating EC phenotype. Characterization of the intracellular proteins which interact with PECAM- I cytoplasmic domains will provide further knowledge of the signaling pathways which regulate PECAM- I adhesive functions. It is suggested that a therapeutic benefit can be derived by exploiting these signaling pathways to control the hypervascularization characteristic of arthritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PEPTIDE TARGETING OF IL12 TO MALIGNANT ENDOTHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Helfand, Stuart C.; Medical Sciences; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706

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Hemangioma

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Angiogenic endothelial cells are highly specialized for the purpose of forming capillaries de novo. As part of their unique activity, these cells express a cell membrane integrin, alpha-v-beta-3, that mediates endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions and is essential for the survival of the angiogenic endothelial cell. In malignancy, tumor growth and metastasis is directly correlated with the angiogenic process, stimulated by tumor- derived factors, andalpha-v-beta-3-expression is a consistent feature of the tumor neovasculature. Because expression of alpha-v-beta-3 is a ubiquitous surrogate marker for the presence of vascularizing metastatic foci, it is an ideal target for cancer therapy and is independent of a tumor's histologic derivation. In this proposal, we will develop a bifunctional fusion protein, mrIL-12vp, that will simultaneously target vascular and immune cell compartments within the tumor microenvironment. The fusion protein contains the small peptide sequence arginineglycine- aspartic acid (RGD), a ligand for alpha-v-beta-3 that will specifically direct it to angiogenic endothelium within the tumor microenvironment. Solubilized forms of small RGD-containing peptides are antagonistic to alpha-v-beta-3 expression and trigger endothelial cell apoptosis. This vascular homing peptide is coupled to interleukin-12 (IL12), a cytokine with promising antiangiogenic activity mediated by induction of interferon-gamma and antiangiogenic chemokines. IL-12 is also inhibitory to the production of VEGF and MMP, key factors in the angiogenic process. As a result of targeting by the RGD component, high intratumoral concentrations of IL-12 are anticipated that will also serve to activate tumoricidal responses of immune cells in situ. Experiments will be conducted in tumor-bearing mice designed to demonstrate homing of the fusion protein, localization of IL-12 within the tumor microenvironment, effects on tumor vascularization and growth, contribution of immune cells, and the role of the homing peptide in mediating antiangiogenic properties of this fusion protein. The approach proposed for simultaneously targeting vascular and immune cell compartments within the tumor microenvironment offers an opportunity to develop an innovative strategy to address the significant problems associated with tumor angiogenesis and cytokine therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PERIORBITAL HEMANGIOMA--A MODEL FOR ANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ritter, Matthew R.; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002 Summary: (From the Applicant?s Abstract): The long-term objectives of this proposal are to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of angiogenesis through the study of periorbital hemangiomas, to design new treatments for theses tumors based on their biological characteristics, and to apply these findings to the study of ocular angiogenesis. Hemangiomas are vascular tumors that grow rapidly and then undergo spontaneous involution. Thus this tumor represents an excellent model to study proliferative and involutional phases of angiogenesis; insight gained into mechanism should be applicable to understanding and developing treatments for neovascular eye diseases in general, the leading causes of visual loss in Americans. These tumors frequently occur periorbitally and threaten vision, giving a second level of relevance to the eye. We will use multiphoton confocal microscopy to study integrin expression in human hemangioma specimens. An animal model of hemangioma has been established and will allow us to test new approaches to the treatment of these lesions. While in vitro investigations will determine, at the molecular level, the role of integrins in

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hemangioma. Proliferating hemangioma will be coompard to hemangioma in the involtuing phase in terms of gene expression using microassay technology to identifygenes involved in growth and regression. Insight into angiogenic mechanism gained from these studies should be applicable to other diseases with an angiogenic component such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, arthritis and cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID HORMONE DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Larsen, Philip R.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's abstract) Our laboratory has focused on the mechanisms regulating triiodothyronine (T3) homeostasis for over 25 years. Critical to this process are the actions of the iodothyronine deiodinases which function in concert to regulate thyroxine (T4) activation and the inactivation of T4 and T3. This proposal continues this theme. In the first Specific Aim we will continue our investigations of a cell type specific negative thyroid hormone response element (nTRE) in the promoter of the human Type 1 deiodinase (Dl) gene. This thyroid receptor (TR) binding sequence also binds a novel JEG cell transcription factor (JTF) with high affinity and specificity. JTF increases expression of genes containing this sequence and this effect is enhanced by APO-TRs. T3 eliminates this effect. Using DNA affinity matrix techniques we will isolate and identify this newly discovered protein and determine how TR cooperates with it as an example of a specific mechanism for negative regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone. Uncontrolled, rapid inactivation of thyroid hormone causes hypothyroidism in a syndrome which we recently identified in infants with large hemangiomas. Infantile hemangiomas express Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3), the major physiological inactivator of 13 and 14, at levels up to 8-fold that in placenta. Large tumors can deiodinate T4 and T3 more rapidly than the infant's thyroid can secrete them. Specific Aim 2 will elucidate the mechanism for ectopic expression of D3 in these tumors. We will compare hemangioma-derived and normal human capillary endothelial cells to discover pathways which could activate D3 expression analogous to those in placenta. Specific Aim III is to define the mechanism for the myocardial response of the euthyroid heart to the thyrotoxic state such as occurs in patients with hyperthyroidism. We have developed a novel method for inducing chronic myocardial thyrotoxicosis in mice by use of a transgene in which Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is driven by the alpha-MHC promoter. We will first define the mechanism for the two-fold increase in the cAMP response to forskolin in myocardial membranes from these transgenic mice. We will also document the differences n gene expression profiles between euthyroid and thyrotoxic myocardium from both young and old mice. Only a few genes have been identified which increase their expression significantly between the euthyroid and hyperthyroid state. Identifying such genes in the myocardium will be especially critical to the understanding of the effects of T3 excess on the heart in human hyperthyroidism. These studies will provide new information relevant to both basic and clinical thyroid physiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Hemangioma

Project Title: INTERACTION

PILOT--ENDOTHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL

STEM

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Yu, Ying; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This project aims to provide insight into the poorly understood cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the involution of infantile hemangioma. Hemangiomas are the most common vascular tumors of infancy affecting 5-10% of children. The vast majority of these tumors occur in the skin. Hemangioma is characterized by an initial phase of rapid growth during infancy and subsequent spontaneous involution in early childhood (1). Histopathologically, robust angiogenesis highlights the proliferative phase (2). Apoptosis of endothelial cells and marked accumulation of adipocytes occurs during involution (3). Strikingly, in the final involuted stage, hemangioma appears as all fibrofatty tissue. This fibrofatty tissue is often disfiguring such that plastic surgery is required. Current therapies are largely nonspecific and somewhat inadequate. Clearly, identifying regulators that accelerate the normal involution process and/or prevent growth of hemangioma may provide effective therapies. Previously, we have shown that hemangioma-derived endothelial cells (Hem-ECs) are clonal and exhibit abnormal behavior in vitro (4,5). This suggests that hemagioma arises from clonal expansion of a single endothelial cell (the "tumor" cell). Identification of somatic mutation(s) in Hem-ECs as the cause of hemangioma is currently underway. Recently, we have isolated mesenchymal. Recently, we have isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from hemangiomas. Human MSCs can differentiate into multiple lineages including adipocytes (6). These hemangiomasderived MSCs (Hem-MSCs) are not clonal, suggesting they are not the "tumor cells", but the stromal element. In preliminary data, we showed that conditioned medium extracted from fresh hemangioma tissue can induce the adipogenic differentiation of Hem-MSCs in vitro. Taken together, we have identified a novel cellular component of hemangioma that may play a significant role in the involution of hemangioma. We hypothesize that hemangioma ECs contribute to the recruitment of MSCs from surrounding skin tissue or blood circulation and subsequently, induce differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes in the tumor. This hypothesis is difficult to address in vivo due to the lack of an available animal model. However, the Hem-ECs and Hem-MSCs that we have developed in culture will allow us to study the tumor and stromal cell interactions. Specifically, we propose, using a co-culture system, to investigate the role of soluble factors secreted from Hem-ECs and cell-cell contacts between the two cell types in mediating the migration and adipogenic differentiation of Hem-MSCs. Specific Aims: 1. To test the hypothesis that Hem-ECs secrete factors to mediate the migration of HemMSCs. 2. To test the hypothesis that Hem-ECs mediate the adipogenic differentiation of Hem-MSCs. 3. To identify the molecular targets that regulate the migration and differentiation of Hem-MSCs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT OF HEMANGIOMAS WITH ALFA INTERFERON Principal Investigator & Institution: Folkman, M Judah.; Director; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TYPE HEMANGIOMAS

3

IODOTHYRONINE

DEIODINASE

IN

15

INFANTILE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Huang, Stephen A.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hemangiomas are the most common tumor of infancy, with a prevalence of 5-10% at one year of age. We recently discovered a previously unrecognized association between hypothyroidism and infantile hemangiomas, due to the expression of type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) in these tumors. This research grew out of our clinical observations of an infant seen in the first year of my endocrinology fellowship. D3 is a selenoenzyme normally present in the brain and placenta as the physiologic inactivator of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Extremely high levels of D3 activity are present in proliferative hemangioma tissue, causing the rapid inactivation of thyroid hormone. In the case of children with high tumor burden, severe hypothyroidism can develop due to the inability of the infant's thyroid to secrete hormone faster than it is inactivated by the tumor. Since the publication of these findings, several additional children have been diagnosed and three other institutions have published reports of infants with hepatic hemangiomas and acquired hypothyroidism. We have termed this condition "consumptive hypothyroidism." The goals of this proposal are to determine the clinical consequences of D3 expression in hemangiomas and characterize the molecular mechanism(s) for its expression. The large population of hemangioma patients seen by the Vascular Anomalies Center of Children's Hospital Boston will be studied prospectively to determine the incidence of this endocrinopathy and the optimal means of treating their thyroid dysfunction. Patient specimens will be analyzed by immunohistochemistry using two newly generated D3 antibodies. Human endothelial cells have been successfully cultured from surgical specimens and will be used as a model to study the transcription regulation of D3. Under the mentorship of Dr. P. Reed Larsen, the candidate will receive training in molecular biology and clinical thyroidology with the goal of becoming an independent investigator and an expert in the management of pediatric thyroid disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VASCULAR ANOMALIES: INVESTIGATIONS OF ETIOLOGIC FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Blei, Francine; Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Vascular Anomaly Program of NYU Medical Center endorses a mulitidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and management of patients with vascular anomalies. Physicians in this program share an interest and expertise in this unique patient population, having recognized new clinical entities, participated in exciting clinical trials, and seeking to identity a genetic predisposition in a subgroup of these patients. We share a database of over 700 patients. The principal investigator, who is the Medical Coordinator of the Vascular Anomaly Program, has acted as a mentor for physicians-in- training at NYU Medical School, and plans to continue this role in training upcoming generations of medical students, residents and fellows on the clinical investigation of patients with vascular anomalies. Background training will include topics of angiogenesis, endothelial biology, plus management of patients with vascular

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anomalies. Clinical research will focus on etiologic aspects of these diseases, especially genetic aspects. Trainees will be involved with study design, data collection and data analysis. The principal investigator is actively involved in investigations of potential genetic implications of these entities in collaboration with Douglas Marchuk, PhD., of the Department of Human Genetics at Duke University. Preliminary studies have focused on somatic and/or germline mutations as possible etiologic factors in vascular anomalies. We are performing genetic linkage analysis in affected kindreds with positional cloning of potential candidate genes, and we are assessing loss of heterozygosity in hemangioma tissue to see if endothelial cells in hemangioma tissue is clonal. In collaboration with Dr. Marchuk's group, the principal investigator recently published a familial incidence of hemangiomas, and genetic linkage to chromosome 5q in some of these families. The long-term objectives of this project are to establish a mentorship program in clinical investigation of vascular anomalies pursuing the clinical investigation of a potential genetic basis for the development of hemangiomas and vascular malformations in collaboration with an established investigator in this field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hemangioma in the PubMed Central database: •

Cardiac hemangioma. A case report and discussion. by Pigato JB, Subramanian VA, McCaba JC.; 1998; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325509

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Cytocidal effect caused by the envelope glycoprotein of a newly isolated avian hemangioma-inducing retrovirus. by Resnick-Roguel N, Burstein H, Hamburger J, Panet A, Eldor A, Vlodavsky I, Kotler M.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251049

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Envelope glycoprotein of avian hemangioma retrovirus induces a thrombogenic surface on human and bovine endothelial cells. by Resnick-Roguel N, Eldor A, Burstein H, Hy-Am E, Vlodavsky I, Panet A, Blajchman MA, Kotler M.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249706

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Insulin-like growth factor 2 and potential regulators of hemangioma growth and involution identified by large-scale expression analysis. by Ritter MR, Dorrell MI, Edmonds J, Friedlander SF, Friedlander M.; 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124252

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Molecular characterization of three erbB transducing viruses generated during avian leukosis virus-induced erythroleukemia: extensive internal deletion near the kinase domain activates the fibrosarcoma- and hemangioma-inducing potentials of erbB. by Raines MA, Maihle NJ, Moscovici C, Moscovici MG, Kung HJ.; 1988 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253403

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Pulmonary embolism due to compression of the inferior vena cava by a hepatic hemangioma. by Paolillo V, Sicuro M, Nejrotti A, Rizzetto M, Casaccia M.; 1993; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325057

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Transcription of thrombomodulin mRNA in mouse hemangioma cells is increased by cycloheximide and thrombin. by Dittman WA, Kumada T, Majerus PW.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=298019

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Treatment of hemangiomas in children using a Nd:YAG laser in conjunction with ice cooling of the epidermis: techniques and results. by Vlachakis I, Gardikis S, Michailoudi E, Charissis G.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155650

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hemangioma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hemangioma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 50-year history of hemangioma over the right eye. Author(s): Adanali G, Senen D, Erdogan B. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2001 November; 47(5): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11716282

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of congenital tufted angioma mimicking cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Kim KJ, Lee MW, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 28(9): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11603396

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A case of sclerosing hemangioma of the lung presenting as a gigantic tumor occupying the left thoracic cavity. Author(s): Shibata R, Mukai M, Okada Y, Sakamoto M, Yamauchi T, Kobayashi K. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2003 April; 442(4): 40911. Epub 2003 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12715177

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A cavernous hemangioma simulating an intracanalicular acoustic neurinoma--a case report. Author(s): Sepehrnia A, Rebolledo Godoy AP, Reusche E. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Neurochirurgie. 2000; 61(4): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11392290

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A new syndrome of multiple hemangiomas, right dominant double aortic arch, and coarctation. Author(s): Wong CH, Wright JG, Silove ED, Willetts R, Brawn WJ. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2001 June; 121(6): 1207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11385394

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A psychological profile of children with hemangiomas and their families. Author(s): Williams EF 3rd, Hochman M, Rodgers BJ, Brockbank D, Shannon L, Lam SM. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2003 May-June; 5(3): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756116

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A pulmonary cavernous hemangioma causing massive hemoptysis. Author(s): Sirmali M, Demirag F, Aydin E, Karasu S, Kaya S. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 October; 76(4): 1275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530026

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A rare case of hemangioma arising from the azygos vein: Informative procedure with endobronchial ultrasonography. Author(s): Yamanaka S, Sakurada A, Matsumura Y, Endo C, Sato M, Kondo T. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004 January; 127(1): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14752455

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A review of common pediatric lip lesions: herpes simplex/recurrent herpes labialis, impetigo, mucoceles, and hemangiomas. Author(s): Bentley JM, Barankin B, Guenther LC. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2003 July-August; 42(6): 475-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921448

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A study of perceptions of facial hemangiomas in professionals involved in child abuse surveillance. Author(s): Greig AV, Harris DL. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558837

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Absence of HHV-8 DNA in hobnail hemangiomas. Author(s): Gutzmer R, Kaspari M, Herbst RA, Kapp A, Kiehl P. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 March; 29(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972712

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Acquired elastotic hemangioma: A clinicopathologic variant of hemangioma. Author(s): Requena L, Kutzner H, Mentzel T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 September; 47(3): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196746

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Acute intestinal obstruction due to small gut hemangioma. Author(s): Jaswal TS, Singh S, Marwah N, Marwah S, Singh H, Arora B. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546181

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Adrenal hemangioma removed by a retroperitoneoscopic procedure. Author(s): Yagisawa T, Amano H, Ito F, Horita S, Yamaguchi Y, Toma H. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2001 August; 8(8): 457-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555014

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Adrenal hemangioma. Author(s): Thiele JW, Bodie B. Source: Surgery. 2001 March; 129(3): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231467

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Hemangioma

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Air embolism as a complication of venovenous bypass during liver transplant for diffuse hemangiomatosis. Author(s): Viana JS, Furtado E, Romero A, Furtado AL. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 May; 35(3): 1128-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12947886

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Altered mitochondrial cytochrome b gene expression during the regression of hemangioma. Author(s): Hasan Q, Tan ST, Gush J, Davis PF. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 November; 108(6): 1471-6; Discussion 1477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711910

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An autopsy case of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis without evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Umezu H, Naito M, Yagisawa K, Hattori A, Aizawa Y. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 October; 439(4): 586-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11710647

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An infant with Turner-Down aneuploidy and massive capillary hemangioma of the orbit: a case report with review. Author(s): Musarella MA, Verma RS. Source: Annales De Genetique. 2001 April-June; 44(2): 67-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11522243

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An unusual complication of the treatment of a hemangioma. Author(s): Pokorny JJ, Roth F, Balfour I, Rinehart G. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2002 January; 48(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773735

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Angiographic classification of hepatic hemangiomas in infants. Author(s): Kassarjian A, Dubois J, Burrows PE. Source: Radiology. 2002 March; 222(3): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11867787

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Angiographic features of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH). Author(s): Konez O, Burrows PE, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Kozakewich HP. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 January; 33(1): 15-9. Epub 2002 June 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12497230

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Are infantile hemangioma of placental origin? Author(s): North PE, Waner M, Brodsky MC. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 February; 109(2): 223-4. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11825799

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Are infantile hemangiomas of placental origin? Author(s): North PE, Waner M, Brodsky MC. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 109(4): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11949625

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Arterial embolization of giant hepatic hemangiomas. Author(s): Giavroglou C, Economou H, Ioannidis I. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2003 January-February; 26(1): 926. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12522645

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Atypical hemangioma of the breast: a diagnostic pitfall in breast fine-needle aspiration. Author(s): Galindo LM, Shienbaum AJ, Dwyer-Joyce L, Garcia FU. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2001 March; 24(3): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11241908

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Atypical liver hemangioma with shunt: long-term follow-up. Author(s): Tanaka A, Morimoto T, Yamamori T, Moriyasu F, Yamaoka Y. Source: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2002; 9(6): 750-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658411

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Atypical liver hemangiomas: contrast-enhancement patterns with SH U 508A and pulse-inversion US. Author(s): Bartolotta TV, Midiri M, Galia M, Iovane A, Runza G, Carcione A, Lagalla R. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 October; 106(4): 320-8. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14612824

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Atypically enhancing hepatic cavernous hemangiomas: high-spatial-resolution gadolinium-enhanced triphasic dynamic gradient-recalled-echo imaging findings. Author(s): Kato H, Kanematsu M, Matsuo M, Kondo H, Hoshi H. Source: European Radiology. 2001; 11(12): 2510-5. Epub 2001 September 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734950

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Hemangioma

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Benefits and complications of photodynamic therapy of papillary capillary hemangiomas. Author(s): Schmidt-Erfurth UM, Kusserow C, Barbazetto IA, Laqua H. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 July; 109(7): 1256-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12093647

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Benign multiple diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis after a pregnancy complicated by polyhydramnios and a placental chorioangioma. Author(s): Witters I, Van Damme MT, Ramaekers P, Van Assche FA, Fryns JP. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 January 10; 106(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475589

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Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis in a pre-term infant. Author(s): Von Bubnoff D, Bieber T, Steen K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227490

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Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis with conjunctival involvement. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Baska EB, Baykara M, Saricaoglu H, Tunali S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(2): 124-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125941

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Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis with mucosal involvement. Author(s): Herszkowicz L, dos Santos RG, Alves EV, Romiti R, Prado de Oliveira ZN. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 June; 137(6): 828-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11405790

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Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis. Author(s): Leung AK, Rafaat M. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 20(2): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657017

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Benign vertebral hemangioma: MR-histological correlation. Author(s): Baudrez V, Galant C, Vande Berg BC. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 August; 30(8): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11479749

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Bilateral multifocal hemangiomas of the orbit in the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Author(s): Chang EL, Rubin PA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 109(3): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11874758

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Bilateral temporal fossa hemangiomas. Author(s): Bui-Mansfield LT, Myers CP, Fellows D, Mesaros G. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 September; 179(3): 790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185065

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Blood-pool scintigraphic diagnosis of fractured lumbar vertebral hemangioma. Author(s): Fujimoto H, Ueda T, Masuda S, Nosaka K. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 April; 30(4): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11392297

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Capillary hemangioma of the calvaria. Author(s): Tubbs RS, Wellons III JC, Oakes WJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 39(2): 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845203

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Capillary hemangioma of the retina. Author(s): Mitra S, Ganesh A. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2002 July-August; 33(4): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12135002

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Capillary hemangioma of the spinal cord. Comment on the article by M. Rivierez et al. Author(s): Nowak DA. Source: Neuro-Chirurgie. 2003 November; 49(5): 545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14646821

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Cardiac hemangioma of the left atrial appendage: CT and MR findings. Author(s): Oshima H, Hara M, Kono T, Shibamoto Y, Mishima A, Akita S. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 2003 July; 18(3): 204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867820

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Cardiac hemangioma: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Kojima S, Sumiyoshi M, Suwa S, Tamura H, Sasaki A, Kojima T, Mineda Y, Ohta H, Matsumoto M, Nakata Y. Source: Heart and Vessels. 2003 July; 18(3): 153-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12955432

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Hemangioma

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Case 65: hemangioma of the chest wall. Author(s): Ly JQ, Sanders TG. Source: Radiology. 2003 December; 229(3): 726-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657309

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Cavernous hemangioma of the breast: mammographic and sonographic findings and follow-up in a patient receiving hormone-replacement therapy. Author(s): Mesurolle B, Wexler M, Halwani F, Aldis A, Veksler A, Kao E. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2003 October; 31(8): 430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14528442

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Cavernous hemangioma of the cervix with intractable bleeding. A case report. Author(s): Riggs J, Bertoni M, Schiavello H, Weinstein A, Kazimir M. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 September; 48(9): 741-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562643

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Cavernous hemangioma of the renal hilum presenting as an avascularized solid mass. Author(s): Virgili G, Di Stasi SM, Bove P, Orlandi A, Preziosi P, Vespasiani G. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 71(3): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512658

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Cavernous hemangioma of the rib. Author(s): Shimizu K, Yamashita Y, Hihara J, Seto Y, Toge T. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 September; 74(3): 932-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12238875

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Cavernous hemangioma of the tricuspid valve: minimally invasive surgical resection. Author(s): Lapenna E, De Bonis M, Torracca L, La Canna G, Dell'Antonio G, Alfieri O. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 December; 76(6): 2097-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667658

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Cavernous hemangioma presenting as a right adnexal mass in a child. Author(s): Correa-Rivas MS, Colon-Gonzalez G, Lugo-Vicente H. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2003 September; 22(3): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619460

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Cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Miserocchi G, Vaiani S, Migliore MM, Villani RM. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 99(1): 209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854770

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Characteristic MR imaging findings of cavernous hemangiomas in the cavernous sinus. Author(s): Sohn CH, Kim SP, Kim IM, Lee JH, Lee HK. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 June-July; 24(6): 1148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812943

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Choroidal hemangioma treated with photodynamic therapy using verteporfin: report of a case. Author(s): Nicolo M, Ghiglione D, Polizzi A, Calabria G. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 August-September; 13(7): 656-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552602

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Clinical manifestation and management of hemangiomas of infancy. Author(s): Wananukul S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12188424

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Congenital glabellar hemangioma. Author(s): Ng SK, Soo G, Abdullah V, van Hasselt CA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 July; 129(1): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869938

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Congenital pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Oviedo A, Abramson LP, Worthington R, Dainauskas JR, Crawford SE. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2003 September; 36(3): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12910588

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Conservative approach in a rare case of intrazygomatic hemangioma. Author(s): Taylan G, Yildirim S, Gideroglu K, Akoz T. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 October; 112(5): 1490-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504546

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Controlled risk of stenosis after surgical excision of laryngeal hemangioma. Author(s): Naiman AN, Ayari S, Froehlich P. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 December; 129(12): 1291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676154

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Hemangioma

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De novo pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis occurring rapidly after bilateral lung transplantation. Author(s): de Perrot M, Waddell TK, Chamberlain D, Hutcheon M, Keshavjee S. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2003 June; 22(6): 698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821168

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Detection of bladder hemangioma in a child by blood-pool scintigraphy. Author(s): Ishikawa K, Saitoh M, Chida S. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 June; 33(6): 433-5. Epub 2003 March 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768257

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Diagnosis and surgical treatment of cavernous sinus hemangiomas: an experience of 20 cases. Author(s): Zhou LF, Mao Y, Chen L. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 July; 60(1): 31-6; Discussion 36-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865008

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Diagnosis, management, and outcomes of 115 patients with hepatic hemangioma. Author(s): Yoon SS, Charny CK, Fong Y, Jarnagin WR, Schwartz LH, Blumgart LH, DeMatteo RP. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 September; 197(3): 392-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946794

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Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Juxtapapillary retina capillary hemangioma. Author(s): McDonald HR. Source: Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2003 February; 23(1): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652237

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Differentiation between hemangiomas and cysts of the liver with single-shot fastspin echo image using short and long TE. Author(s): Kiryu S, Okada Y, Ohtomo K. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 68790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439299

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Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the rectum: report of a case. Author(s): Yorozuya K, Watanabe M, Hasegawa H, Baba H, Imai Y, Mukai M, Kitajima M. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(4): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707831

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Diffuse cavernous hemangiomatosis of the colon: findings on three-dimensional CT colonography. Author(s): Hsu RM, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 October; 179(4): 1042-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239062

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Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Poetke M, Jamil B, Muller U, Berlien HP. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 February; 12(1): 5962. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11967762

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Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis without cutaneous lesions in an adult--a case report. Author(s): Ohnishi S, Miyagishima T, Nakagawa M, Kamata T, Kishimoto A, Choi GH, Kudo M, Okabe M. Source: Angiology. 2002 March-April; 53(2): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952117

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Discrimination of small hepatic hemangiomas from hypervascular malignant tumors smaller than 3 cm with three-phase helical CT. Author(s): Kim T, Federle MP, Baron RL, Peterson MS, Kawamori Y. Source: Radiology. 2001 June; 219(3): 699-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376257

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Do cutaneous hemangiomas and internal vascular anomalies follow the same evolution? Author(s): Pascual-Castroviejo I, Viano J, Pascual-Pascual SI, Martinez V. Source: Neurology. 2003 July 8; 61(1): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847180

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Dorsal foramenal extraosseous epidural cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): D'Andrea G, Ramundo OE, Trillo G, Roperto R, Isidori A, Ferrante L. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2003 October; 26(4): 292-6. Epub 2003 June 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14520522

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Dumbbell-shaped epidural capillary hemangioma. Author(s): Badinand B, Morel C, Kopp N, Tran Min VA, Cotton F. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 February; 24(2): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12591632

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Duodeno-jejunal hemangiomatosis. Author(s): Lakhkar B, Abubacker S. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2000 December; 67(12): 931-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11262994

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Duodenojejunal obstruction by a hemangioma. Author(s): Chattopadhyay A, Kumar V, Maruliah M, Rao PL. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2002 September; 18(5-6): 501-2. Epub 2002 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415392

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Dural cavernous hemangioma originating from superior petrosal sinus. Author(s): Kocak A, Cayli SR, Onal SC, Kutlu R, Aydin N. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences. 2002 December; 46(3-4): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12690339

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Dynamic CT features of mediastinal hemangioma: more information for evaluation. Author(s): Cheung YC, Ng SH, Wan YL, Tan CF, Wong HF, Ng KK. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2000 September-October; 24(5): 276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331155

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Early treatment of hemangiomas with lasers. A review. Author(s): Al Buainian H, Verhaeghe E, Dierckxsens L, Naeyaert JM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(4): 370-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771489

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Efficacy and safety of ethanol injections in 18 cases of vertebral hemangioma: a mean follow-up of 2 years. Author(s): Bas T, Aparisi F, Bas JL. Source: Spine. 2001 July 15; 26(14): 1577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11462089

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Embolization for management of hepatic hemangiomas. Author(s): Deutsch GS, Yeh KA, Bates WB 3rd, Tannehill WB. Source: The American Surgeon. 2001 February; 67(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243541

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Embolization of hepatic hemangiomas in infants. Author(s): Kullendorff CM, Cwikiel W, Sandstrom S. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2002 October; 12(5): 34852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12469266

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Endobronchial juvenile hemangioma--a case report of a neonate including immunohistochemical monitoring and nuclear, cellular, and vascular morphometry. Author(s): Kayser K, Zink S, Link B, Herth F, Dienemann H, Schrod L, Gabius HJ. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 February; 438(2): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11253122

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Endoscopic management of an intranasal hemangioma: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Kelley TF. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 April; 128(4): 595-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12707670

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Endoscopic management of renal hemangioma. Author(s): Daneshmand S, Huffman JL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 February; 167(2 Pt 1): 488-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792903

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Endothelium in hepatic cavernous hemangiomas does not express the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis. Author(s): Duff B, Weigel JA, Bourne P, Weigel PH, McGary CT. Source: Human Pathology. 2002 March; 33(3): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11979365

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Endovascular papillary hemangioma of the lip. Author(s): Ide F, Kusama K. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 October; 31(9): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269997

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Hemangioma

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Enhancement of hepatic hemangiomas with levovist on coded harmonic angiographic ultrasonography. Author(s): Kim JH, Kim TK, Kim BS, Eun HW, Kim PN, Lee MG, Ha HK. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002 February; 21(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11833870

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Enucleation of a giant hepatic hemangioma in a Jehovah's witness. Author(s): Detry O, Honore P, Joris J, Meurisse M, Jacquet N. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 2002 February; 102(1): 54-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925741

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Epithelioid hemangioma of bone. Author(s): Ling S, Rafii M, Klein M. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 2001 April; 30(4): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11392298

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Epithelioid hemangiomas of bone: spontaneous clinical and radiographic remission. Author(s): Lewis VO, Montag AG, Simon MA. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 February; (407): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567144

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Esophageal hemangioma successfully treated by fulguration using potassium titanyl phosphate/yttrium aluminum garnet (KTP/YAG) laser: a case report. Author(s): Shigemitsu K, Naomoto Y, Yamatsuji T, Ono K, Aoki H, Haisa M, Tanaka N. Source: Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E. 2000; 13(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14601909

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Evaluation of hemangioma by positron emission tomography: role in a multimodality approach. Author(s): Hatayama K, Watanabe H, Ahmed AR, Yanagawa T, Shinozaki T, Oriuchi N, Aoki J, Takeuchi K, Endo K, Takagishi K. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 January-February; 27(1): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544246

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Evaluation of radiation carcinogenesis risk in vertebral hemangioma treated by radiotherapy. Author(s): Beyzadeoglu M, Dirican B, Oysul K, Surenkok S, Pak Y. Source: Neoplasma. 2002; 49(5): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458334

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Expression of the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2 in lobular capillary hemangioma of the oral mucosa: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Sato H, Takeda Y, Satoh M. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 2002 August; 31(7): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227329

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Expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 and other markers in sclerosing hemangioma of the lung. Author(s): Illei PB, Rosai J, Klimstra DS. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 October; 125(10): 1335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11570910

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Extradural approach for cavernous hemangioma of the cavernous sinus: experience with 13 cases. Author(s): Goel A, Muzumdar D, Sharma P. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 March; 43(3): 112-8; Discussion 119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699117

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Facial hemangioma and cerebral corticovascular dysplasia: a syndrome associated with epilepsy. Author(s): Metry DW, Dowd CF, Barkovich AJ, Frieden IJ. Source: Neurology. 2003 November 25; 61(10): 1461; Author Reply 1461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638990

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Facial hemangioma and cerebral corticovascular dysplasia: a syndrome associated with epilepsy. Author(s): Aeby A, Guerrini R, David P, Rodesch G, Raybaud C, Van Bogaert P. Source: Neurology. 2003 March 25; 60(6): 1030-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654977

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Facial nerve hemangioma. Author(s): Palacios E, Kaplan J, Gordillo H, Rojas R. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 November; 82(11): 836-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14661429

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Facial nerve hemangioma. Author(s): Achilli V, Mignosi S. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 November; 23(6): 1003-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438871

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Hemangioma

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FDG-PET findings in sclerosing hemangioma of the lung: a case report. Author(s): Hara M, Iida A, Tohyama J, Miura N, Shiraki N, Itoh M, Ohba S, Tateyama H. Source: Radiat Med. 2001 July-August; 19(4): 215-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11550723

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Female urethral hemangioma. Author(s): Uchida K, Fukuta F, Ando M, Miyake M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 September; 166(3): 1008. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490280

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Fetal constrictive pericardial defect with pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. Author(s): Abramson LP, Gerber S, Chen YH, Crawford SE. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 October; 37(10): 1512-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12378472

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Fetal hepatic hemangioma representing non-reassuring pattern in fetal heart rate monitoring. Author(s): Morimura Y, Fujimori K, Ishida T, Ito A, Nomura Y, Sato A. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2003 October; 29(5): 34750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641708

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of intraoral epithelioid hemangioma. A report of two cases. Author(s): Baehner F, Sudilovsky D. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 March-April; 47(2): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12685201

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Focal nodular hyperplasia coexistent with hemangioma and multiple cysts of the liver. Author(s): Toshikuni N, Kawaguchi K, Miki H, Kihara Y, Sawayama T, Yamasaki S, Takano S, Minato T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 March; 36(3): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11291886

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Frequency of arteriovenous shunts in hepatic cavernous hemangiomas in adults as seen on selective arteriography and postembolization radiography. Author(s): Ouyang Y, Ouyang XH, Yu M, Gu SB. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2001 May-June; 24(3): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11443403

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Gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI of breast hemangioma. Author(s): Hayasaka K, Tanaka Y, Saitoh T, Takahashi M. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 2003 November-December; 27(6): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575783

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Gamma knife radiosurgery for cavernous hemangiomas in the cavernous sinus. Report of three cases. Author(s): Nakamura N, Shin M, Tago M, Terahara A, Kurita H, Nakagawa K, Ohtomo K. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 December; 97(5 Suppl): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12507080

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Gastrointestinal hemangiomas: imaging findings with pathologic correlation in pediatric and adult patients. Author(s): Levy AD, Abbott RM, Rohrmann CA Jr, Frazier AA, Kende A. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2001 November; 177(5): 1073-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641173

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Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from a small bowel polypoid hemangioma. Author(s): Livengood JC, Fenoglio ME. Source: Jsls. 2002 April-June; 6(2): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113425

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Giant fetal hepatic hemangioma. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Pott Bartsch EM, Paek BW, Yoshizawa J, Goldstein RB, Ferrell LD, Coakley FV, Harrison MR, Albanese CT. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2003 January-February; 18(1): 59-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566779

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Giant hemangioma of the liver: MR imaging characteristics in 24 patients. Author(s): Danet IM, Semelka RC, Braga L, Armao D, Woosley JT. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2003 February; 21(2): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670595

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Giant hepatic hemangioma mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Demirturk L, Yazgan Y, Ozel MA, Narin Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 January; 18(1): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12519236

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Hemangioma

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Glomeruloid hemangioma--a specific cutaneous marker of POEMS syndrome. Author(s): Tsai CY, Lai CH, Chan HL, Kuo Tt. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 40(6): 403-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11589746

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Hemangioma and HLA-B40 antigen. Author(s): Majsky A, Abrahamova J, Bek V. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1980 February; 15(2): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12735324

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Hemangioma associated with urethral stricture. Author(s): Hammond L, Kamel OW, Ost L. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 1): 1309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501753

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Hemangioma in the anterior mediastinum. Author(s): Nishikawa H, Osaki T, Tajima Y, Yoshimatsu T, Nagashima A, Yasumoto K. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 September; 51(9): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529162

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Hemangioma of the left cheek: a case report. Author(s): Danielides V, Nousia CS, Achten E, Forsyth R, Vermeersch H. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 March; 128(3): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646850

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Hemangioma of the liver in children: proliferating vascular tumor or congenital vascular malformation? Author(s): Prokurat A, Kluge P, Chrupek M, Kosciesza A, Rajszys P. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2002 November; 39(5): 524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228911

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Hemangioma of the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses: two case reports. Author(s): Kilde JD, Rhee JS, Balla AA, Smith MM, Smith TL. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2003 March; 82(3): 217-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12696244

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Hemangioma of the triceps muscle. Author(s): Ly JQ, Sanders TG, SanDiego JW. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 August; 181(2): 544. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12876043

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Hemangioma of the umbilical cord: report of a case. Author(s): Caldarella A, Buccoliero AM, Taddei A, Savino L, Taddei GL. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2003; 199(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650519

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Hemangioma with phleboliths in the sublingual gland: as a cause of submental opacity. Author(s): Cankaya H, Unal O, Ugras S, Yuca K, Kiris M. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2003 March; 199(3): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12703663

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Hemangiomas and other congenital malformations in infants exposed to antiretroviral therapy in utero. Author(s): De Santis M, Cavaliere AF, Caruso A, Villa P, Tamburrini E, Cauda R, Fundaro C, Genovese O. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 January 21; 291(3): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14734592

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Hemangiomas and vascular malformations: analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Author(s): Very M, Nagy M, Carr M, Collins S, Brodsky L. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 April; 112(4): 612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150511

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Hemangiomas in the face and extremities: MR-guided sclerotherapy--optimization with monitoring of signal intensity changes in vivo. Author(s): Hayashi N, Masumoto T, Okubo T, Abe O, Kaji N, Tokioka K, Aoki S, Ohtomo K. Source: Radiology. 2003 February; 226(2): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12563156

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Hemangiomas of infancy. Author(s): Bruckner AL, Frieden IJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 477-93; Quiz 494-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664009

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Hemangiomas of infancy: clinical characteristics, morphologic subtypes, and their relationship to race, ethnicity, and sex. Author(s): Chiller KG, Passaro D, Frieden IJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 December; 138(12): 1567-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472344

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Hemangioma

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Hemodynamical assessment of cavernous hemangioma in cavernous sinus using MRDSA and conventional DSA. Author(s): Shim YW, Chung TS, Kang WS, Lee KS, Strecker R, Hennig J. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 October 30; 44(5): 908-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584110

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Hemoperitoneum from a spontaneous rupture of a giant hemangioma of the liver: report of a case. Author(s): Corigliano N, Mercantini P, Amodio PM, Balducci G, Caterino S, Ramacciato G, Ziparo V. Source: Surgery Today. 2003; 33(6): 459-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768374

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Hepatic angiosarcoma mimicking cavernous hemangioma on angiography. Author(s): Yamanaka T, Shiraki K, Ito T, Sugimoto K, Sakai T, Ohmori S, Takase K, Nakano T, Ohashi Y, Okuda Y. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 September-October; 49(47): 1425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239958

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Huge cavernous hemangioma of the adrenal gland: sonographic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Author(s): Xu HX, Liu GJ. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2003 May; 22(5): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751864

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Human herpesvirus-8-positive microvenular hemangioma in POEMS syndrome. Author(s): Hudnall SD, Chen T, Brown K, Angel T, Schwartz MR, Tyring SK. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 August; 127(8): 1034-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873182

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Hyperdynamic hemangioma with proximal arterioportal shunting: a rare manifestation. Author(s): Chen JH, Shen WC. Source: European Radiology. 2003 August; 13(8): 1920-2. Epub 2002 October 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942296

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Images in cardiovascular medicine. Cardiac hemangioma. Author(s): Wang HJ, Lin JL, Lin FY. Source: Circulation. 2002 November 5; 106(19): 2520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12417553

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Images in clinical medicine. Giant hepatic hemangioma. Author(s): Kaido T, Imamura M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 November 13; 349(20): E19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14614181

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Improved sonographic imaging of hepatic hemangioma with contrast-enhanced coded harmonic angiography: comparison with MR imaging. Author(s): Lee JY, Choi BI, Han JK, Kim AY, Shin SH, Moon SG. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2002 March; 28(3): 287-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11978408

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Infantile subglottic hemangioma treated by intralesional steroid injection: report of one case. Author(s): Wang LY, Hung HY, Lee KS. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2003 January-February; 44(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12800382

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Infiltrative mediastinal hemangioma. Author(s): Forster C, Ostertag H, Macchiarini P. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 March; 21(3): 541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888777

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Intra-articular hemangioma of the knee as a cause of knee pain. Author(s): Del Notaro C, Hug T. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 July-August; 19(6): E12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12861218

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Intramasseteric hemangioma. Author(s): Avci G, Yim S, Misirliogolu A, Akoz T, Kartal LK. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 April 15; 109(5): 1748-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932639

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Intramuscular hemangioma at the root of the neck. Author(s): Panda NK, Reddy CE, Sharma SC, Powari M. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 June; 32(3): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921143

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Intramuscular hemangioma of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle failing to highlight on magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Clement WA, Graham I, Ablett M, Rawlings D, Dempster JH. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2002 November; 111(11): 1050-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450183

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Intramuscular hemangiomas of extraocular muscles. Author(s): Kiratli H, Bilgic S, Caglar M, Soylemezoglu F. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12623822

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Intraosseous hemangioma of the lateral orbital wall. Author(s): Rios Dias GD, Velasco Cruz AA. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 20(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14752306

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Intraosseous hemangioma of the mandible: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ozdemir R, Alagoz S, Uysal AC, Unlu RE, Ortak T, Sensoz O. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2002 January; 13(1): 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11886990

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Intraosseous hemangioma of the orbit. Author(s): Charles NC, Lisman RD. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2002 July-August; 33(4): 326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134996

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Intraosseous hemangioma of the zygoma. Author(s): Koybasi S, Saydam L, Kutluay L. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 194-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12761710

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Intrascrotal hemangioma. Author(s): Lin CY, Sun GH, Yu DS, Wu CJ, Chen HI, Chang SY. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2002 July-August; 48(4): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12137586

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Ipsilateral hemangioma and aortic arch anomalies in posterior fossa malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta, and cardiac defects and eye abnormalities (PHACE) anomaly: report and review. Author(s): Bronzetti G, Giardini A, Patrizi A, Prandstraller D, Donti A, Formigari R, Bonvicini M, Picchio FM. Source: Pediatrics. 2004 February; 113(2): 412-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754961

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Ipsilateral orbital cavernous hemangioma and choroidal hemangioma. Author(s): Kiratli H. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 November-December; 12(6): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12510726

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Is there a common cause of adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hemangioma of the liver? Author(s): Kondo F. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 April; 18(4): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653881

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Is there a dose-effect relationship for the treatment of symptomatic vertebral hemangioma? Author(s): Rades D, Bajrovic A, Alberti W, Rudat V. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 January 1; 55(1): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504051

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Isolated flat capillary midline lumbosacral hemangiomas as indicators of occult spinal dysraphism. Author(s): Tubbs RS, Wellons JC 3rd, Iskandar BJ, Oakes WJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 100(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758934

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Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with abdominal hemangiomata appearing on ultrasound examination as intestinal obstruction. Author(s): Assimakopoulos E, Zafrakas M, Athanasiades A, Peristeri V, Tampakoudis P, Bontis J. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 November; 22(5): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14618672

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Laparoscopic enucleation of giant liver hemangioma. Author(s): Karahasanoglu T, Altinli E, Erguney S, Ertem M, Numan F. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2001 December; 15(12): 1489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11965476

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Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal venous hemangioma. Author(s): Perez Martin RN, Estebanez Zarranz J, Velasco Fernandez Mdel C, Conde Redondo C, Amon Sesmero J, Martinez-Sagarra J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 January; 171(1): 336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14665912

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Large cavernous hemangioma of the kidney presenting as a solid renal mass. Author(s): Gogus C, Kilic S, Ataoglu O, Gogus O. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 33(4): 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452609

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Large involuted facial hemangioma treated with syringe liposuction. Author(s): Berenguer B, De Salamanca JE, Gonzalez B, Rodriguez P, Zambrano A, Higueras AP. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 January; 111(1): 314-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496594

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Left atrial cardiac hemangioma associated with shortness of breath and palpitations. Author(s): Lo LJ, Nucho RC, Allen JW, Rohde RL, Lau FY. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 March; 73(3): 979-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11899961

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Life-threatening hemorrhage from a vulvar hemangioma. Author(s): Bava GL, Dalmonte P, Oddone M, Rossi U. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 April; 37(4): E6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11912541

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Liver hemangioma revisited: current surgical indications, technical aspects, results. Author(s): Popescu I, Ciurea S, Brasoveanu V, Hrehoret D, Boeti P, Georgescu S, Tulbure D. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 May-June; 48(39): 770-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11462922

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Living donor liver transplantation for giant hepatic hemangioma with KasabachMerritt syndrome with a posterior segment graft. Author(s): Kumashiro Y, Kasahara M, Nomoto K, Kawai M, Sasaki K, Kiuchi T, Tanaka K. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2002 August; 8(8): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149767

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Lobular capillary hemangioma of the oral mucosa: clinicopathological study of 43 cases with a special reference to immunohistochemical characterization of the vascular elements. Author(s): Toida M, Hasegawa T, Watanabe F, Kato K, Makita H, Fujitsuka H, Kato Y, Miyamoto K, Shibata T, Shimokawa K. Source: Pathology International. 2003 January; 53(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558863

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Lobular capillary hemangioma of the spinal cord: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Andaluz N, Balko MG, Stanek J, Morgan C, Schwetschenau PR. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2002 February; 56(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12061733

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Longstanding symptomatic choroidal hemangioma managed with limited PDT as initial or salvage therapy. Author(s): Verbraak FD, Schlingemann RO, Keunen JE, de Smet MD. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2003 November; 241(11): 891-8. Epub 2003 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566571

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Long-term results in the treatment of childhood hemangioma with the flashlamppumped pulsed dye laser: an evaluation of 617 cases. Author(s): Hohenleutner S, Badur-Ganter E, Landthaler M, Hohenleutner U. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2001; 28(3): 273-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295764

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: true fast imaging with steady state free precession sequence facilitates rapid and reliable distinction between hepatic hemangiomas and liver malignancies. Author(s): Numminen K, Halavaara J, Isoniemi H, Tervahartiala P, Kivisaari L, Numminen J, Hockerstedt K. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 July-August; 27(4): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12886146

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Hemangioma

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Management of middle ear hemangiomas. Author(s): Hecht DA, Jackson CG, Grundfast KM. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 September-October; 22(5): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11562890

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Management of obstructive airway hemangiomas in the neonate. Author(s): Herman AR, Carucci JA. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2002 December; 1(3): 331-2. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 January; 2(1): 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12851995

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Management of parotid hemangioma in 100 children. Author(s): Greene AK, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 113(1): 53-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707622

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Massive hemangioma or lymphedema? A case with a diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Bhatnagar P, Batra A, Sharma S, Krishan S, Soni NL, Tripathy RP, Bhatnagar A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 April; 27(4): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914665

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Massive hemoptysis caused by tracheal hemangioma treated with interventional radiology. Author(s): Zambudio AR, Calvo MJ, Lanzas JT, Medina JG, Paricio PP. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 April; 75(4): 1302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12683580

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Mediastinal cavernous hemangioma in a child: report of a case. Author(s): Hanaoka J, Inoue S, Fujino S, Kontani K, Sawai S, Tezuka N, Ozaki Y, Teramoto K, Kashima H. Source: Surgery Today. 2002; 32(11): 985-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444436

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Mediastinal hemangioma: successful treatment by alpha-2a interferon and postchemotherapy resection. Author(s): Kumar P, Judson I, Nicholson AG, Ladas G. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 August; 124(2): 404-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167806

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Megapenis associated to corpus spongiosum agenesis with scrotal and pelvic hemangiomas. Author(s): Nouira Y, Kbaier I, Attyaoui F, Menif E, Horchani A. Source: European Urology. 2001 November; 40(5): 571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752868

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Microfibrillar collagen for hemostasis in laryngomicrosurgery of hypopharyngeal hemangioma. Author(s): Lee SW, Fang TJ, Hsu CW, Li HY. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2003 January; 26(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656312

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Microvenular hemangioma in a boy with acute myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Chang SE, Roh KH, Lee MW, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK, Yoon GS. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 May-June; 20(3): 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787280

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Microvenular hemangioma. Author(s): Kim YC, Park HJ, Cinn YW. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 206(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592086

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Minimal access thoracic surgery for esophageal hemangioma. Author(s): Wu YC, Liu HP, Liu YH, Hsieh MJ, Lin PJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 November; 72(5): 1754-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722088

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Monoclonal expansion of endothelial cells in hemangioma: an intrinsic defect with extrinsic consequences? Author(s): Bischoff J. Source: Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2002 July; 12(5): 220-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161076

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Multifocal cavernous hemangioma: a rare presentation. Author(s): Bajaj MS, Nainiwal SK, Pushker N, Balasubramanya R. Source: Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 September; 22(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12868022

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Multifocal intradiploic cavernous hemangioma of the skull associated with nasal osteoma. Author(s): Kuzeyli K, Usul H, Cakir E, Caylan R, Rei A, Baykal S, Peksoylu B, Yazar U, Arslan E. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 April; 145(4): 323-6; Discussion 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12748894

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Multi-organ cavernous hemangiomas: case report. Author(s): Erdogan B, Sen O, Aydin VM, Yildirim T, Bircan S, Altinors N. Source: Neurological Research. 2003 January; 25(1): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564133

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Multiple calcifications in benign mediastinal hemangioma. Author(s): Atasoy C, Akyar S, Arac M. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 May-June; 86(3): 134-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12880151

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Multiple hemangiomas of the appendix and liver. Author(s): Benevento A, Boni L, Dionigi G, Besana Ciani I, Danese E, Dionigi R. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2003 November; 197(5): 860-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585427

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Musculoskeletal case 28. Subsynovial hemangioma. Author(s): Gee R, Munk PL. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2003 June; 46(3): 206, 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12812245

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Nasal bone destruction by a cavernous hemangioma in an elderly patient. Author(s): Adanali G, Ayhan M, Gorgu M, Erdogan B. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2001 August; 47(2): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11506340

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Nasal gliomas: identification and differentiation from hemangiomas. Author(s): Dasgupta NR, Bentz ML. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2003 September; 14(5): 736-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501339

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Nasal tip hemangioma. Author(s): Jackson IT. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 December; 110(7): 1814. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447084

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Neonatal diaphragmatic hemangioma. Author(s): Cacciaguerra S, Vasta G, Benedetto AG, Bagnara V, Guarnera S, Bartoloni G, Patane L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2001 September; 36(9): E21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11528638

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Neuroradiological features of intraosseous cavernous hemangioma--case report. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Ikeda H, Matsumoto K. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2001 May; 41(5): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396309

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Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma: a rare cutaneous vascular anomaly. Author(s): Enjolras O, Mulliken JB, Boon LM, Wassef M, Kozakewich HP, Burrows PE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 June; 107(7): 1647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391180

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Oral corticosteroid use is effective for cutaneous hemangiomas: an evidence-based evaluation. Author(s): Bennett ML, Fleischer AB Jr, Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 September; 137(9): 1208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559219

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Orbital venous-lymphatic malformations (lymphangiomas) mimicking cavernous hemangiomas. Author(s): Selva D, Strianese D, Bonavolonta G, Rootman J. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 March; 131(3): 364-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11239871

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Osseous change adjacent to soft-tissue hemangiomas of the extremities: correlation with lesion size and proximity to bone. Author(s): Ly JQ, Sanders TG, Mulloy JP, Soares GM, Beall DP, Parsons TW, Slabaugh MA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 June; 180(6): 1695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760946

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Osseous hemangioma of the maxilla in an infant. Author(s): Werle AH, Kirse DJ, Nopper AJ, Toboada EM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 June; 128(6): 906-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825048

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Ossified intramuscular hemangioma: multimodality imaging findings. Author(s): Nagira K, Yamamoto T, Marui T, Akisue T, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2001 September-October; 25(5): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11682298

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Ovarian capillary hemangioma and stromal luteinization: a case study with hormonal receptor evaluation. Author(s): Miliaras D, Papaemmanouil S, Blatzas G. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2001; 22(5): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11766743

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Ovarian hemangioma presenting as pseudo-Meigs' syndrome with elevated CA125. Author(s): Kaneta Y, Nishino R, Asaoka K, Toyoshima K, Ito K, Kitai H. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2003 June; 29(3): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841694

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Palatal hemangioma with cleft zero. Author(s): Ratageri VH, Rajshankar S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 July; 39(7): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12147901

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Pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: report of two cases. Author(s): Liang RJ, Chen CH, Chang YC, Hu RH, Sheu JC. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 June; 101(6): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189652

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Percutaneous embolization of mandibular hemangioma: a case report. Author(s): Jayakumar PN, Desai SV, Kovoor JM, Vasudev MK. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2002 August; 60(8): 945-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149745

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Photodynamic therapy for choroidal hemangioma associated with serous retinal detachment. Author(s): Robertson DM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 120(9): 1155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215088

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Photodynamic therapy for diffuse choroidal hemangioma associated with Sturge Weber syndrome. Author(s): Anand R. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 758-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516829

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Photodynamic therapy for symptomatic choroidal hemangioma: visual and anatomic results. Author(s): Schmidt-Erfurth UM, Michels S, Kusserow C, Jurklies B, Augustin AJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 109(12): 2284-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466172

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Photodynamic therapy of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Author(s): Porrini G, Giovannini A, Amato G, Ioni A, Pantanetti M. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 110(4): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12689885

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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 3-month-old infant receiving high-dose corticosteroid therapy for airway hemangiomas. Author(s): Aviles R, Boyce TG, Thompson DM. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2004 February; 79(2): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959920

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Pregnancy-associated diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the uterus. Author(s): Thanner F, Suetterlin M, Kenn W, Dinkel HP, Gassel AM, Dietl J, Mueller T. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 80(12): 1150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846718

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Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetuses with liver hemangiomata. Author(s): Gembruch U, Baschat AA, Gloeckner-Hoffmann K, Gortner L, Germer U. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 19(5): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982977

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Prenatal diagnosis of fetal face hemangioma in a case of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Author(s): Respondek-Liberska M, Janiak K, Jakubek A, Marosynka I, Lipka B, Dembowska B, Milewska-Bobula B, Perek D, Wilcynski J. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 June; 19(6): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047548

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Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome associated with umbilical cord hemangioma. Author(s): Sahinoglu Z, Uludogan M, Delikara NM. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2003 January; 20(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12638074

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Prevalence of hepatic hemangioma in patients with focal nodular hyperplasia: MR imaging analysis. Author(s): Vilgrain V, Uzan F, Brancatelli G, Federle MP, Zappa M, Menu Y. Source: Radiology. 2003 October; 229(1): 75-9. Epub 2003 August 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944594

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Primary angiosarcoma of the parotid gland arising from benign congenital hemangioma. Author(s): Damiani S, Corti B, Neri F, Collina G, Bertoni F. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 July; 96(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847446

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Primary hemangioma of the occipital bone in the region of the torcula--two case reports. Author(s): Muzumdar D, Goel A, Desai K, Bhayani R, Sharma P. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 January; 42(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11902074

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Primary intraosseous hemangioma of the zygomatic bone. Author(s): Leibovitch I, Dray JP, Leibovitch L, Brazowski E. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 January; 111(1): 519-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496656

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Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis associated with primary pulmonary hypertension: report of 2 new cases and review of 35 cases from the literature. Author(s): Almagro P, Julia J, Sanjaume M, Gonzalez G, Casalots J, Heredia JL, Martinez J, Garau J. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 2002 November; 81(6): 417-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12441898

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Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis with atypical endotheliomatosis: successful antiangiogenic therapy with doxycycline. Author(s): Ginns LC, Roberts DH, Mark EJ, Brusch JL, Marler JJ. Source: Chest. 2003 November; 124(5): 2017-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605083

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Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastases: report of 4 cases. Author(s): Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Tazelaar HD, Langel DJ, Colby TV. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 March; 127(3): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12653576

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Pulmonary sclerosing hemangiomas: new approach in patients with low cancer risk. Author(s): Mahesh B, Sheffield E, Forrester-Wood C, Amer K. Source: Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals. 2003 June; 11(2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12878556

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Radiation therapy for life- or function-threatening infant hemangioma. Author(s): Ogino I, Torikai K, Kobayasi S, Aida N, Hata M, Kigasawa H. Source: Radiology. 2001 March; 218(3): 834-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230664

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Radiation therapy for recurrent orbital hemangioma. Author(s): Mierzwa ML, Barrett WL, Gluckman JL. Source: Head & Neck. 2003 May; 25(5): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12692880

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Radiofrequency ablation of a symptomatic hepatic cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Zagoria RJ, Roth TJ, Levine EA, Kavanagh PV. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 January; 182(1): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684541

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Radiologic findings of renal hemangioma: report of three cases. Author(s): Lee HS, Koh BH, Kim JW, Kim YS, Rhim HC, Cho OK, Hahm CK, Woo YN, Park MH. Source: Korean Journal of Radiology : Official Journal of the Korean Radiological Society. 2000 January-March; 1(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752931

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Radiosurgery of cavernous hemangiomas in the cavernous sinus. Author(s): Kida Y, Kobayashi T, Mori Y. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2001 August; 56(2): 117-22; Discussion 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11580951

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Re: Drage NA, et al. Hemangioma of the body of the mandible: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 41: 112-114. Author(s): Kademani D. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003 October; 41(5): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581040

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Recombinant interferon alfa 2a in hepatic hemangiomatosis with congestive heart failure: a case report. Author(s): Schiavetti A, De Pasquale MD, Di Salvo S, Ventriglia F, Clerico A. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2003 March; 20(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554528

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Reconstruction of the left ventricle in a patient with cardiac hemangioma at the apex. Author(s): Tomizawa Y, Endo M, Nishida H, Kikuchi C, Koyanagi H. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 June; 71(6): 2032-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426796

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Recurrence of a right ventricular hemangioma. Author(s): Colli A, Budillon AM, DeCicco G, Agostinelli A, Nicolini F, Tzialtas D, Zoffoli G, Corradi D, Maestri R, Beghi C, Gherli T. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 September; 126(3): 881-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502179

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Regression of congenital fibrosarcoma to hemangiomatous remnant with histological and genetic findings. Author(s): Miura K, Han G, Sano M, Tsutsui Y. Source: Pathology International. 2002 September; 52(9): 612-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12406191

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Repair of a complex aortic arch anomaly associated with cutaneous hemangioma. Author(s): Gargiulo G, Napoleone CP, Giardini A, Formigari R, Pierangeli A. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 July; 74(1): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12118772

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Report of a child with aortic aneurysm, orofacial clefting, hemangioma, upper sternal defect, and marfanoid features: possible PHACE syndrome. Author(s): Slavotinek AM, Dubovsky E, Dietz HC, Lacbawan F. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 July 1; 110(3): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12116239

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Retinal capillary hemangioma treated with verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Author(s): Atebara NH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 134(5): 788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12429270

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Retinal capillary hemangioma treatment by indocyanine green-mediated photothrombosis. Author(s): Costa RA, Meirelles RL, Cardillo JA, Abrantes ML, Farah ME. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 135(3): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614766

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Retinal capillary hemangioma: a comparison of sporadic cases and cases associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Author(s): Singh AD, Nouri M, Shields CL, Shields JA, Smith AF. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 108(10): 1907-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11581072

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Retinal capillary hemangiomas: clinical manifestations and visual prognosis. Author(s): Kuo MT, Kou HK, Kao ML, Tsai MH, Chen YJ, Lin SA. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2002 October; 25(10): 672-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518779

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Retrospective clinical comparison of hemangioma treatment by flashlamp-pumped (585 nm) and frequency-doubled Nd:YAG (532 nm) lasers. Author(s): Raulin C, Greve B. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2001; 28(1): 40-3. Erratum In: Lasers Surg Med 2001; 29(3): 293. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11430441

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Review of spinal epidural cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Aoyagi N, Kojima K, Kasai H. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2003 October; 43(10): 471-5; Discussion 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620197

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Rhombencephalosynapsis associated with cutaneous pretibial hemangioma in an infant. Author(s): Odemis E, Cakir M, Aynaci FM. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 March; 18(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12731648

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Role of endoscopic CO2 laser surgery in the treatment of congenital infantile subglottic hemangioma. Experience in the Department of Otolaryngology, “Sick Children Hospital”, Toronto, Canada. Author(s): Re M, Forte V, Berardi C, Mallardi V. Source: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2003 June; 23(3): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14677310

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Sacral hemangioma with sinus tract in an infant. Author(s): Winstanley D, Graham B, Blair M, Linfesty R, Tomita S, Matthews J. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 May-June; 20(3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787270

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Salvage external beam radiotherapy of retinal capillary hemangiomas secondary to von Hippel-Lindau disease: visual and anatomic outcomes. Author(s): Raja D, Benz MS, Murray TG, Escalona-Benz EM, Markoe A. Source: Ophthalmology. 2004 January; 111(1): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711727

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Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung in a young woman with cutaneous melanoma: the role of electron microscopy in preventing an erroneous diagnosis of metastasis. Author(s): Weeks DA, Hammar SP, Rader AE, Malott RL, Mierau GW. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 2002 July-August; 26(4): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12227952

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Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung with cystic appearance. Author(s): Kitagawa H, Goto A, Minami M, Nakajima J, Niki T, Fukayama M. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 July; 33(7): 360-3. Erratum In: Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2003 October; 33(10): 541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949064

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Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung. Author(s): Halkic N, Dusmet M, Abdelmoumene A, Pezzetta E, Lemoine R, Ris HB. Source: Chir Ital. 2003 July-August; 55(4): 597-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12938610

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Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung: an analysis of 44 cases. Author(s): Kuo KT, Hsu WH, Wu YC, Huang MH, Li WY. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 January; 66(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12728972

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Sclerotherapy of hemangioma with late involution. Author(s): Matsumoto K, Nakanishi H, Koizumi Y, Seike T, Kanda I, Kubo Y. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 June; 29(6): 668-71; Discussion 671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786717

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Skin hemangiomas and occult dysraphism. Author(s): Piatt JH Jr. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2004 February; 100(2): 81-2; Discussion 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758932

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Soft tissue hemangioma formation within a previously excised intraosseous hemangioma site. Author(s): Kocer U, Ozdemir R, Tiftikcioglu YO, Karaaslan O. Source: The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2004 January; 15(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704569

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Some considerations on hemangioma. Author(s): Barzilay D, Metzker A, Brenner S. Source: Skinmed. 2002 September-October; 1(1): 47-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673236

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Sonography, CT, and MRI of giant cavernous hemangioma of the kidney: correlation with pathologic findings. Author(s): Geenen RW, Den Bakker MA, Bangma CH, Hussain SM, Krestin GP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 February; 182(2): 411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14736672

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Spindle cell hemangioma. Author(s): Coras B, Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M, Hohenleutner S. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 August; 29(8): 875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12859394

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Spontaneous regression of a capillary hemangioma of the optic disc. Author(s): Milewski SA. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 120(8): 1100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149071

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Spontaneous regression of severe acquired infantile hypothyroidism associated with multiple liver hemangiomas. Author(s): Konrad D, Ellis G, Perlman K. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 December; 112(6 Pt 1): 1424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14654623

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Stereotactic radiotherapy of symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas. Author(s): Kivela T, Tenhunen M, Joensuu T, Tommila P, Joensuu H, Kouri M. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 110(10): 1977-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522774

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SubTenon's infusion of steroids for treatment of orbital hemangiomas. Author(s): Coats DK, O'Neil JW, D'Elia VJ, Brady-McCreery KM, Paysse EA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799256

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Superior sternal cleft and minor hemangiomas in a newborn. Author(s): Tastekin A, Kantarci M, Onbas O, Ermis B, Ors R. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(3): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14577681

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Symptomatic vertebral hemangioma: the treatment of 23 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Bandiera S, Gasbarrini A, De Iure F, Cappuccio M, Picci P, Boriani S. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 2002 January-March; 87(1): 1-15. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198945

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Synovial hemangioma of the knee. Author(s): Suh JT, Cheon SJ, Choi SJ. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 2003 September; 19(7): E27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12966405

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Synovial hemangioma. Description of a case. Author(s): Parrini M, Bergamaschi R, Azzoni R. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 2002 October-December; 87(4): 249-53. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847794

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Tc-99m DMSA localization in infantile hemangioma. Author(s): Dirlik A, Ozcan Z, Sureyya Ozbek S, Karapinar B, Ozyurt O, Cura A. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 March; 27(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11852322

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Temporal bone hemangiomas involving the facial nerve. Author(s): Friedman O, Neff BA, Willcox TO, Kenyon LC, Sataloff RT. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 September; 23(5): 760-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218631

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Temporal peritumoral enhancement of hepatic cavernous hemangioma: findings at multiphase dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Li CS, Chen RC, Chen WT, Lii JM, Tu HY. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2003 November-December; 27(6): 854-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14600449

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Thalamic stimulation for midbrain tremor after partial hemangioma resection. Author(s): Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Kempf L, Wilkinson SB, Koller WC. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 March; 17(2): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11921133

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The nonrandom distribution of facial hemangiomas. Author(s): Waner M, North PE, Scherer KA, Frieden IJ, Waner A, Mihm MC Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2003 July; 139(7): 869-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873881

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The origin of blood supply for cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Author(s): Li GW, Chen QL, Jiang JT, Zhao ZR. Source: Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2003 August; 2(3): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14599941

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The subunit approach to nasal tip hemangiomas. Author(s): Warren SM, Longaker MT, Zide BM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 January; 109(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786787

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The transconjunctival approach to a large retrobulbar cavernous hemangioma of the orbit. Author(s): Kim YH, Baek SH, Choi WC. Source: Korean J Ophthalmol. 2002 June; 16(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12162516

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The value of Tc-99m red blood cell SPECT in differentiating giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver from other liver solid masses. Author(s): Tsai CC, Yen TC, Tzen KY. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 August; 27(8): 578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170003

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Thoracic intra- and extramedullary cavernous hemangioma associated with innumerable cerebral vascular malformations: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Wurm G, Nussbaumer K, Kotzina L. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 16(3): 297-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865621

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Three-dimensional sonography in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas. Author(s): Polakow J, Ladny JR, Janica J, Serwatka W, Walecki J, Puchalski Z. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2001; 46: 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11780561

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Thrombosed urethral hemangioma. Author(s): Tabibian L, Ginsberg DA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 November; 170(5): 1942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532816

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Tracheal lobular capillary hemangioma: a rare cause of recurrent hemoptysis. Author(s): Irani S, Brack T, Pfaltz M, Russi EW. Source: Chest. 2003 June; 123(6): 2148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12796203

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Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) in circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Author(s): Fuchs AV, Mueller AJ, Grueterich M, Ulbig MW. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2002 January; 240(1): 7-11. Epub 2001 November 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954785

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Treatment of an ulcerated hemangioma with recombinant platelet-derived growth factor. Author(s): Sugarman JL, Mauro TM, Frieden IJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 March; 138(3): 314-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11902979

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Treatment of hemangiomas in children using a Nd:YAG laser in conjunction with ice cooling of the epidermis: techniques and results. Author(s): Vlachakis I, Gardikis S, Michailoudi E, Charissis G. Source: Bmc Pediatrics [electronic Resource]. 2003 April 12; 3(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12697072

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Treatment of hemangiomas in children. Author(s): Bingham HG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 February; 111(2): 949. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12560735

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Treatment of hemangiomas with 595 nm pulsed dye laser dermobeam. Author(s): Michel JL. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 2003 March-April; 13(2): 136-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12695128

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Types and patterns of contrast enhancement of hepatic tumours (hepatoma, hemangioma and metastasis) with dynamic computed tomography. Author(s): Drop A. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2001; 56: 348-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11977338

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Typical hemangioma of the frontal bone. Author(s): Keller A, Howarth N, Bianchi S, Pizzolato GR, Delavelle J. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2003 May-June; 86(3): 164-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12880166

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Ulcerated hemangiomas. Author(s): de Kanter K. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2002 October; 14(5): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430523

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Ulcerated hemangiomas: clinical characteristics and response to therapy. Author(s): Kim HJ, Colombo M, Frieden IJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 June; 44(6): 962-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11369908

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Ulcerated hemangiomas: clinical features and management. Author(s): Wananukul S, Chatproedprai S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 November; 85(11): 1220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546320

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Ultrasonography guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatic cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Cui Y, Zhou LY, Dong MK, Wang P, Ji M, Li XO, Chen CW, Liu ZP, Xu YJ, Zhang HW. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 September; 9(9): 2132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970923

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Unilateral cleft lip complicated by a hemangioma. Author(s): Yavuzer R, Latifoglu O, Ozmen S, Ataoglu O, Cenetoglu S, Atabay K, Celebi MC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 September 15; 110(4): 1084-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198422

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Unilateral cleft lip with hemangioma. Author(s): Sarifakioglu N, Aslan G. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 September 15; 112(4): 1174; Author Reply 1174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12973241

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Unilateral progressive multiple sclerosing hemangioma in a young female successfully treated by pneumonectomy: report of a case. Author(s): Hayashi A, Takamori S, Mitsuoka M, Fujimoto K, Rikimaru T, Jimi A, Shizouzu K. Source: Int Surg. 2002 April-June; 87(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12222919

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Urethral hemangioma: laser treatment. Author(s): Khaitan A, Hemal AK. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2000; 32(2): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229651

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Use of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser in management of subglottic hemangiomas. Author(s): Kacker A, April M, Ward RF. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2001 May 31; 59(1): 1521. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376814

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Vascular anomalies: hemangiomas. Author(s): Gampper TJ, Morgan RF. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 August; 110(2): 572-85; Quiz 586; Discussion 587-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142679

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Vascular tumors of bone: A study of 17 cases other than ordinary hemangioma, with an evaluation of the relationship of hemangioendothelioma of bone to epithelioid hemangioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and high-grade angiosarcoma. Author(s): Evans HL, Raymond AK, Ayala AG. Source: Human Pathology. 2003 July; 34(7): 680-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874764

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Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, hemangiomas, and vascular malformations. Author(s): Cohen MM Jr. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 April 1; 108(4): 265-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11920829

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Venous hemangioma of the scrotum: a case report. Author(s): Konya E, Uejima S, Ohnishi N, Sugiyama T, Kurita T. Source: Hinyokika Kiyo. 2000 October; 46(10): 731-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11215201

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Vertebral hemangioma demonstrated by Tc-99m DTPA-human serum albumin SPECT. Author(s): Demizu Y, Yamaji S, Takada Y. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 February; 27(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786743

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Vertebral hemangioma presenting as a cold defect on bone scintigraphy. Author(s): Reader DW, Pozderac RV. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 October; 26(10): 868-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564930

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Vertebral hemangiomas associated with familial cerebral cavernous malformation: segmental disease expression. Case report. Author(s): Clatterbuck RE, Cohen B, Gailloud P, Murphy K, Rigamonti D. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 September; 97(2 Suppl): 227-30. Erratum In: J Neurosurg 2002 October; 97(3 Suppl): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12296684

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•

Vertebral hemangiomas on FDG PET scan. Author(s): Bybel B, Raja S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 June; 28(6): 522-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917545

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View box case--3. Hepatic hemangioma. Author(s): Masroor I, Hashmi R. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 March; 52(3): 133-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12071072

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Vincristine--an effective treatment of corticoid-resistant life-threatening infantile hemangiomas. Author(s): Perez J, Pardo J, Gomez C. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2002; 41(2): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102167

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HEMANGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hemangioma.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hemangioma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hemangioma” (or a synonym): •

A novel animal model for hemangiomas: inhibition of hemangioma development by the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Author(s): Rega Institute for Medical Research, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Liekens, S Verbeken, E Vandeputte, M De Clercq, E Neyts, J Cancer-Res. 1999 May 15; 59(10): 2376-83 0008-5472

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Adrenal suppression after corticosteroid injection of periocular hemangiomas. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida Medical Center, Tampa 33612. Source: Weiss, A H Am-J-Ophthalmol. 1989 May 15; 107(5): 518-22 0002-9394

•

Benefits of contact and noncontact YAG laser for periorbital hemangiomas. Author(s): Department of Plastic Surgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, CA 94301. Source: Apfelberg, D B Maser, M R White, D N Lash, H Lane, B Marks, M P Ann-PlastSurg. 1990 May; 24(5): 397-408 0148-7043

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Complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy for problematic hemangioma. Author(s): Division of Plastic Surgery at Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. Source: Boon, L M MacDonald, D M Mulliken, J B Plast-Reconstr-Surg. 1999 November; 104(6): 1616-23 0032-1052

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Difficult preoperative diagnosis of a patient with sclerosing splenic hemangioma. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine C, Rambam Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel. Source: Edoute, Y Ben Haim, S A Ben Arie, Y Fishman, A Barzilai, D Am-JGastroenterol. 1989 July; 84(7): 817-9 0002-9270

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Endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal hemangioma. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Hama Hospital, Wakayama, Japan. [email protected] Source: Nagata Narumiya, T Nagai, Y Kashiwagi, H Hama, M Takifuji, K Tanimura, H Gastrointest-Endosc. 2000 August; 52(2): 285-7 0016-5107

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Enhancement characteristics of liver metastases, hepatocellular carcinomas, and hemangiomas with Gd-EOB-DTPA: preliminary results with dynamic MR imaging. Author(s): Institute of Clinical Radiology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Munster, Albert-Schweitzer Strasse 33, D-48129 Munster, Germany. Source: Reimer, P Rummeny, E J Daldrup, H E Hesse, T Balzer, T Tombach, B Peters, P E Eur-Radiol. 1997; 7(2): 275-80 0938-7994

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Enhancement of liver hemangiomas on T1-weighted MR SE images by superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Author(s): Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Grangier, C Tourniaire, J Mentha, G Schiau, R Howarth, N Chachuat, A Grossholz, M Terrier, F J-Comput-Assist-Tomogr. 1994 Nov-December; 18(6): 888-96 0363-8715

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Eyelid depigmentation following corticosteroid injection for infantile ocular adnexal hemangioma. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Foundation Hospital/University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.

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Source: Cogen, M S Elsas, F J J-Pediatr-Ophthalmol-Strabismus. 1989 Jan-February; 26(1): 35-8 0191-3913 •

Hemangiomas in children. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. [email protected] Source: Drolet, B A Esterly, N B Frieden, I J N-Engl-J-Med. 1999 July 15; 341(3): 173-81 0028-4793

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Hemangiomas in infants and children. An algorithm for intervention. Author(s): Albany Medical College, NY, USA. Source: Williams, E F Stanislaw, P Dupree, M Mourtzikos, K Mihm, M Shannon, L ArchFacial-Plast-Surg. 2000 Apr-June; 2(2): 103-11 1521-2491

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Hemangiomas of the lips: treatment with magnesium seeds. Author(s): ENT Department, Landeskrankenanstalten Salzburg, Austria. Source: Staindl, O Facial-Plast-Surg. 1990; 7(2): 114-8 0736-6825

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Hemangiomas: when to worry. Author(s): College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. Source: Garzon, M C Frieden, I J Pediatr-Ann. 2000 January; 29(1): 58-67 0090-4481

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Hemangiomatosis of the colon and peritoneum: case report and management discussion. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Source: Ibarguen, E Sharp, H L Snyder, C L Ferrell, K L Leonard, A S Clin-Pediatr(Phila). 1988 September; 27(9): 425-30 0009-9228

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Histopathologic appraisal of an oral hemangioma treated with a sclerosing agent. Author(s): Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Source: Sadeghi, E Gingrass, D Compendium. 1991 April; 12(4): 288-90 0894-1009

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Increased expression of thrombomodulin on the cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and mouse hemangioma cells by cyclic AMP. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Maruyama, I Soejima, Y Osame, M Ito, T Ogawa, K Yamamoto, S Dittman, W A Saito, H Thromb-Res. 1991 February 1; 61(3): 301-10 0049-3848

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Indocyanine green angiographic findings in diffuse choroidal hemangioma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Author(s): Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China. [email protected] Source: Wen, F Wu, D Graefes-Arch-Clin-Exp-Ophthalmol. 2000 July; 238(7): 625-7 0721832X

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Interstitial Nd:YAG photocoagulation for vascular malformations and hemangiomas in childhood. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn 37232-2559, USA. Source: Clymer, M A Fortune, D S Reinisch, L Toriumi, D M Werkhaven, J A Ries, W R Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1998 April; 124(4): 431-6 0886-4470

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Interventional treatment of huge hepatic cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Department of Radiology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.

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Source: Cao, X He, N Sun, J Wang, S Ji, X Wang, J Zhang, C Yang, J Lu, T Li, J Zhang, G Chin-Med-J-(Engl). 2000 October; 113(10): 927-9 0366-6999 •

Intralesional corticosteroid therapy in proliferating head and neck hemangiomas: a review of 155 cases. Author(s): Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, ROC. Source: Chen, M T Yeong, E K Horng, S Y J-Pediatr-Surg. 2000 March; 35(3): 420-3 00223468

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Iodized-oil retention within hepatic hemangioma: characteristics on iodized-oil CT. Author(s): Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea. Source: Moon, W K Choi, B I Han, J K Kim, S H Chung, J W Park, J H Han, M C AbdomImaging. 1996 Sep-October; 21(5): 420-6 0942-8925

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Laparoscopic resection of two liver hemangiomata. Author(s): Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Surgery, New York, New York 10029, USA. Source: Cunningham, J D Katz, L B Brower, S T Reiner, M A Surg-Laparosc-Endosc. 1995 August; 5(4): 277-80 1051-7200

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Lipiodol retention within hepatic cavernous hemangioma. Author(s): Med-Imagem, Hospital Beneficencia Portuguesa, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Uflacker, R Mourao, G S Piske, R L Cardiovasc-Intervent-Radiol. 1989 MarApril; 12(2): 76-9 0174-1551

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Mortality in a cohort of radiation treated childhood skin hemangiomas. Author(s): Department of General Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Furst, C J Silfversward, C Holm, L E Acta-Oncol. 1989; 28(6): 789-94 0284-186X

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MR findings of hepatic cavernous hemangioma after intraarterial infusion of iodized oil. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Korea. Source: Choi, B I Shin, Y M Chung, J W Kim, S H Park, J H Han, M C Abdom-Imaging. 1994 Nov-December; 19(6): 507-11 0942-8925

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New clinical observations in hemangiomas. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA. Source: Blei, F Semin-Cutan-Med-Surg. 1999 September; 18(3): 187-94 1085-5629

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Periorbital hemangiomas. Author(s): New York Medical College, Valhalla. Source: Goldberg, N S Rosanova, M A Dermatol-Clin. 1992 October; 10(4): 653-61 07338635

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Pulmonary edema complicating continuous intravenous prostacyclin in pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis. Author(s): Service de Pneumologie et Reanimation Respiratoire, d'Anatomie Pathologique et de Radiologie, Hopital Antoine Beclere, Clamart, France. Source: Humbert, M Maitre, S Capron, F Rain, B Musset, D Simonneau, G Am-J-RespirCrit-Care-Med. 1998 May; 157(5 Pt 1): 1681-5 1073-449X

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Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma: report of a case with emphasis on dynamic MR imaging findings. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Nagasaki Municipal Hospital, Japan.

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Source: Nakanishi, K Kohzaki, S Fujimoto, S Horita, Y Hayashi, K Radiat-Med. 1997 Mar-April; 15(2): 117-9 0288-2043 •

Radium treatment for hemangioma in early childhood. Reconstruction and dosimetry of treatments, 1920-1959. Author(s): Department of Hospital Physics, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Lundell, M Furst, C J Hedlund, B Holm, L E Acta-Oncol. 1990; 29(5): 551-6 0284186X

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Retinal hemangioma-like lesions in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa. Author(s): Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Source: Medlock, R D Shields, J A Shields, C L Yarian, D L Beyrer, C R Retina. 1990; 10(4): 274-7 0275-004X

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Subglottic hemangioma associated with cutaneous and cerebellar hemangiomas detected by MRI: report of one case. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Fan, H C Hung, C H Juan, C J Hsu, M L Huang, C F Tsai, Y G Harn, H J Yuh, Y S Cheng, S N Acta-Paediatr-Taiwan. 2000 Jul-August; 41(4): 214-7

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The 578-nm copper vapor laser in the treatment of cavernous hemangiomas in the oral cavity. Author(s): Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin. Source: Tong, M C Van Hasselt, C A J-Clin-Laser-Med-Surg. 1994 April; 12(2): 109-10 1044-5471

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The structure and function of mouse thrombomodulin. Phorbol myristate acetate stimulates degradation and synthesis of thrombomodulin without affecting mRNA levels in hemangioma cells. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. Source: Dittman, W A Kumada, T Sadler, J E Majerus, P W J-Biol-Chem. 1988 October 25; 263(30): 15815-22 0021-9258

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Treatment of hemangiomas of the face with magnesium seeds. Author(s): ENT Department, Landeskrankenanstalten Salzburg, Austria. Source: Staindl, O Arch-Otorhinolaryngol. 1989; 246(4): 213-7 0302-9530

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Ultrasonographically guided injection of corticosteroids for the treatment of retroseptal capillary hemangiomas in infants. Author(s): Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90095, USA. Source: Neumann, D Isenberg, S J Rosenbaum, A L Goldberg, R A Jotterand, V H J-AAPOS. 1997 March; 1(1): 34-40 1091-8531

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND HEMANGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning hemangioma.

Recent Trials on Hemangioma The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to hemangioma.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Direct Injection of Alcohol for the Treatment of Spinal Tumors Condition(s): Hemangioma; Neoplasm Metastasis; Spinal Neoplasm Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: Tumors of the spine can be described as primary, meaning that the tumor originated from cells normally found in the spine, or metastatic, cells from another area of the body that have spread to the spine. Metastatic tumors are more common than primary tumors. Tumors of the spine can press against the spinal cord and interfere with information traveling down from the brain to the nerves of the spinal cord. As a result, patients with spinal tumors can suffer from loss of movement and sensation within areas of the body below the tumor. In addition, tumors of the spine are typically painful conditions. Presently, the treatment of choice for spinal tumors is radiation therapy. However, many tumors of the spine become resistant to radiation therapy. In addition, because the spinal cord is often so close to the tumor it can be damaged by the radiation. Absolute (100%) ethanol is commonly known as "alcohol". It is the same kind of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. When pure alcohol is injected directly into a tumor it can destroy cells and blood vessels. Because of this feature, researchers would like to test the effectiveness of alcohol in treating patients with spinal tumors. Researchers believe that intratumoral ethanol injection is a treatment worth studying more closely because it is minimally invasive, has been proven to be an effective treatment for other types of metastatic tumors, can be used repeatedly, and

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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does not interfere with other treatments such as surgery. In addition to testing the effectiveness of intratumoral ethanol injection, this study will attempt to determine the causes of pain associated with spinal tumors. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001417 •

Randomized Study of Hormonal Regulation of Infantile Hemangioma Condition(s): Hemangioma Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; Children's Hospital Boston Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate the clinical efficacy of leuprolide, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), in treating infants with visionendangering or large, disfiguring hemangiomas. II. Assess the impact of GnRHa on growth and development during infancy. III. Assess the safety of GnHRa in these patients. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004436

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “hemangioma” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON HEMANGIOMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “hemangioma” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on hemangioma, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Hemangioma By performing a patent search focusing on hemangioma, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on hemangioma: •

Compounds for the treatment of disorders related to vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis Inventor(s): App; Harald (Hillsborough, CA), Gazit; Aviv (Jerusalem, IL), Levitzki; Alexander (Patomic, MA), McMahon; Gerald M. (San Francisco, CA), Tang; Peng Cho (Moraga, CA) Assignee(s): Sugen (redwood City, Ca), Yissum Research Development Corp. (jerusalem, Il) Patent Number: 5,712,395 Date filed: February 9, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to organic molecules capable of modulating tyrosine kinase signal transduction and particularly KDR/FLK-1 receptor signal transduction in order to regulate and/or modulate vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The invention is based, in part, on the demonstration that KDR/FLK-1 tyrosine kinase receptor expression is associated with endothelial cells and the identification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the high affinity ligand of FLK-1. These results indicate a major role for KDR/FLK-1 in the signaling system during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Engineering of host cells that express FLK-1 and the uses of expressed FLK-1 to evaluate and screen for drugs and analogs of VEGF involved in FLK-1 modulation by either agonist or antagonist activities is also described.The invention also relates to the use of the disclosed compounds in the treatment of disorders, including cancer, diabetes, hemangioma and Kaposi's sarcoma, which are related to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel compounds capable of modulating and/or regulating tyrosine kinase signal transduction. The Applicants have demonstrated that the murine fetal liver kinase 1 (FLK-1) receptor and its non-murine counterparts, including the human Kinase Insert-Domain-Containing Receptor (KDR), play a major role in a tyrosine kinase signal transduction system. Polypeptide growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) having a high affinity to the KDR/FLK-1 receptor have been associated with the proliferation of endothelial cells and more particularly vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis. Consequently, compounds affecting the enzymatic function of the KDR/FLK-1 receptor may be used to not only regulate, modulate and/or inhibit the tyrosine kinase signal transduction system, but also the proliferation of endothelial cells in processes such as vasculogenesis and/or angiogeneis. The present invention is therefore further directed to the use of compounds which bind to and/or modulate the activity of the receptors comprising the tyrosine signal transduction system, and more specifically the KDR/FLK-1 receptor, to treat disorders related to vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) comprise a large family of transmembrane receptors for polypeptide growth factors with diverse biological activities. The intrinsic function of RTKs is activated upon ligand binding, which results in phosphorylation of the receptor and multiple cellular substrates, and subsequently in a variety of cellular responses. Ullrich & Schlessinger, 1990, Cell 61:203-212. As has been reported by the inventors, RTKs, as well as, more generally, protein tyrosine kinases, play an important role in the control of cell growth and differentiation (for review, see Schlessinger & Ullrich, 1992, Neuron 9:383-391). Aberrant expression or mutations in the RTKs have been shown to lead to either uncontrolled cell proliferation (e.g. malignant tumor

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growth) or to defects in key developmental processes. Consequently, the biomedical community has expended significant resources to discover the specific biological role of members of the RTK family, their function in differentiation processes, their involvement in tumorigenesis and in other diseases, the biochemical mechanisms underlying their signal transduction pathways activated upon ligand stimulation and the development of novel antineoplastic drugs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05712395__ •

Control for laser hemangioma treatment system Inventor(s): Muckerheide; Myron C. (Schofield, WI) Assignee(s): Maun; Lorenzo P. (belleville, Il) Patent Number: 4,316,467 Date filed: June 23, 1980 Abstract: A laser for directing a nominally 5 micron wavelength beam at a hemangioma or other variegated lesion. A fiber optic bundle for intercepting radiation reflected from the lesion at an intensity corresponding with the color intensity of the region at which the beam is directed. The output beam from the fiber optic bundle modulates a photodetector stage whose amplified output drives a galvanometer. The galvanometer shaft is coupled to the shaft of a potentiometer which is adjustable to regulate the laser power supply and, hence, the laser output energy level so laser beam energy is reduced when high absorption regions in the lesion are being scanned by the beam and increased as low absorption regions are being scanned. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus for laser treatment of hemangiomas, commonly called portwine birthmarks or lesions, on the skin of human patients. Inducing coagulation necrosis and eradication of a portwine mark on the skin of a patient by projecting a laser beam onto the mark is becoming a more widespread practice among plastic and reconstructive surgeons. Portwine lesions have color variations in the range of pink to dark bluish-red. Lasers such as the argon laser which produce coherent light in the blue-green part of the spectrum are usually used for treatment. The output beam from an argon laser lies in the blue-green wave length range of 4.9 to 5.1 microns as is well-known. Radiation in this wavelength range is differentially absorbed in a portwine lesion in correspondence with the degree of redness or darkness in the area increments of the lesion. When the bluish laser beam strikes a non-reddish area such as skin surrounding the hemangioma, a large amount of energy in the form of light is reflected but when the beam impinges upon deep purple or various shades of reddish purple which occur in the hemangioma, the laser light energy is heavily absorbed. Zones in the hemangioma which have been fully treated with the laser beam turn lighter or whiter than adjacent incompletely treated regions. Usually, the laser beam spot is focused to a diameter of 2 or 3 mm. Laser beam energy in the range of 1 to 4 watts has been found suitable for treating hemangiomas and similar colored lesions. As the surgeon scans the beam spot over the lesion, various degrees of redness or darkness are encountered. When a dark zone is encountered, the surgeon wants to reduce the laser output power to avoid overtreatment since the laser energy is heavily absorbed in dark zones. Moreover, as the surgeon progresses from light to dark and dark to light zones with various shades in between, it has been necessary for the surgeon to repeatedly adjust laser power output to obtain the appropriate amount of energy for inducing necrosis but without undertreatment or overtreatment. Because the surgeon must wear highly pigmented orange protective eyeglasses to prevent the bluish

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argon beam from damaging his own eyes, he cannot actually see the laser beam spot although he can detect the color change in any zone that has been treated. A further problem is that the surgeon cannot adjust the laser power output indicating meter properly to the many shades of color in the lesion which can be randomly distributed. The human eye can discriminate color and shade, but cannot do so rapidly enough to enable the surgeon to make corrective adjustments of the power output of the laser as is required as the beam spot is being scanned. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04316467__ •

Device and method for underskin laser treatments Inventor(s): Del Giglio; Antonio (Verona, IT) Assignee(s): Ceramoptec Industries, Inc. (east Longmeadow, Ma) Patent Number: 6,200,332 Date filed: July 9, 1999 Abstract: A device and method for underskin laser treatment that is minimally invasive, versatile and precise, that allows for underskin laser treatment with only minimal insertions into the area of treatment. For example, an entire area may be treated with one insertion. The device and method incorporates a standard insertion component making the system inexpensive and easy for doctors to use. In addition, the the invention allows users to get in direct contact with the treatment site, eliminating deleterious side effects encountered when treatment is administered to the skin surface. The device and method has applications in several areas of treatment. First, underskin treatment of aesthetic skin blemishes such as sagging and wrinkles can be performed with minimal external effects. Laser power is delivered directly beneath the skin, bypassing harmful exposure of the skin surface to the radiation. Second, common vascular abnormalities such as capillary disorders, spider nevus, hemangioma, and varicose veins can be selectively eliminated. The device allows a simple, single insertion per treated structure and specific laser delivery. The needle is inserted into the vascular structure and any abnormalities are eradicated starting from the source and continuing through the entire structure. Third, when coupled with x-ray imaging, the present invention may be used to treat various internal body structures for example during surgery. X-ray imaging allows the user to orient the device within the body structures. Laser delivery treatment can then be administered as described above. Excerpt(s): Underskin laser treatment is an effective way to eliminate many abnormalities. A below the skin application provides a more proximal access to the area of treatment enabling the use of a less powerful and less harmful laser. Straight form surface treatments require laser energy to be focused on the skin surface, commonly leading to undesired side effects such as external discoloration or scarring. The present invention describes an underskin laser treatment system that can be utilized for correcting skin irregularities, eradicating vascular abnormalities, and operating in various parts of the body. Radiation administered below the surface of the skin provides a more proximal application with reduced risks of accidentally exposing surrounding tissue to the laser radiation. The present invention describes an improved method of wrinkle removal. By allowing laser energy to be delivered subcutaneously, the present invention substantially prevents against surface epidermal injury. Further, the closer proximity of the application of the radiation to the underskin site allows a lower power application reducing the amount of deleterious side effects in general. Laser treatment below the surface of the skin has also been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,739 to Trelles.

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There a method is described whereby an optical probe is inserted into the skin adjacent to a vascular abnormality. Introducing laser pulses will serve to collapse and close off the vein. This method requires multiple insertions of the device along the desired vein to treat the abnormality. The procedure has limitations. First, the described method is specific for treatment of veins, primarily in the leg, and is therefore limited to that specific treatment. Second, the procedure requires a low power beam to illuminate and direct the probe to the treatment site under the skin. Treatment is then limited to underskin sites at a depth that the illumination beam can penetrate. Third, the method describes delivery of the laser power to the vicinity of, and outside the vein requiring treatment. Such laser treatment closes off the vein by collapsing its wall, an indirect solution. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06200332__ •

DNA encoding HEM-1, a gene expressed by sclerosing hemangioma cells Inventor(s): Kumar; Rajiv (Rochester, MN) Assignee(s): Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (rochester, Mn) Patent Number: 5,618,695 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: An isolated and purified DNA sequence encoding hemangioma factor-1 is provided. A host cell transformed with a DNA sequence encoding hemangioma factor-1 and a method of introducing and expressing the DNA sequence in a host cell is also provided. A further embodiment of the invention is an expression cassette comprising the isolated and purified DNA sequence encoding hemangioma factor-1. Excerpt(s): Phosphorus plays an important role in normal human physiology. It is a constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, high energy intermediates, and hydroxyapatite which in turn is the major component of bone mineral. Phosphorus is absorbed by and secreted into the intestine, and inorganic phosphates are filtered by the renal glomerulus and reabsorbed by the proximal tubule of the kidney. Thus, the intestine and kidney play key roles in controlling phosphorus homeostasis. Several factors alter the efficiency with which the intestine and kidney absorb or reabsorb phosphorus. Important among these are the amount of phosphorus ingested in the diet and the rate of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Hormones such as 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and insulin alter the efficiency of phosphate retention in the organism by acting on intestinal or renal epithelia. The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, and parathyroid hormone, however, are primarily on calcium absorption whereas the effects of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and insulin are primarily on anabolic phenomena, cell growth and glucose metabolism. Clearly, the ability of the organism to control phosphorus balance independent of calcium balance would be of biological and homeostatic advantage. A factor (or factors) that specifically alters phosphorus metabolism independent of changes in other metabolic pathways has not been characterized. Cai et al. (New Eng. J. Med., 330, 1645 (1994)) described the presence of a heat labile, 8,000-25,000 dalton, inhibitor of renal epithelial cell sodium-dependent phosphate transport in supernatants of cultured sclerosing hemangioma cells. These cells were derived from a tumor of a patient with oncogenic osteomalacia and hypophosphatemia. The patient's hypophosphatemia and urinary phosphate wasting were cured upon removal of the tumor. The factor(s) specifically inhibited renal epithelial phosphate transport but not glucose or alanine transport. Supernatants from

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these tumor cells also contained a substance that cross-reacted with PTH-like antisera but not PTH-related antisera. The mechanism of action of the factor(s) was distinct from that of PTH because the factor(s) inhibited phosphate transport in renal epithelial cells without increasing cAMP concentrations and its action was not blocked by a PTH antagonist. parathyroid hormone antibodies. However, the factor was not further characterized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05618695__ •

Hemangioma treatment method Inventor(s): Derkach; Vladimir Y. (Leningrad, SU), Granov; anatoly M. (Leningrad, SU), Polysalov; Vladimir N. (Leningrad, SU) Assignee(s): Ferrotherm International, Inc. (denver, Co) Patent Number: 5,108,359 Date filed: December 17, 1990 Abstract: The subject of this invention is in the field of medicine, particularly surgery, and is intended for the treatment of benign tumors and angiomas. A hemangioma is an angioma, or tumor, formed by an anomalous proliferation of vascular endothelium, forming an undesirable mass, which can occur anywhere in the body. The resulting disease is known as hemangiomatosis. The method of this invention is comprised of a reduction of the arterial blood flow to the hemangioma which limits the blood circulation in the tumor mass, thus creating favorable conditions for subsequent ferromagnetic embolization from externally and selectively applied electromagnetic or ultrasound energy and sclerotization of the tumor tissue, preventing the spread of ferromagnetic particles through the vessels and into other organs and systems. At the same time, maintaining the blood flow, though reduced, prevents the development of a total necrosis due to acute impairment of the tumor's blood circulation, which significantly reduces the general toxic effect. The reduced blood stream still leaves the possibility of introducing medication into the tumor, which reduces the possibility of complications during the postembolization period. Excerpt(s): The subject of this invention is in the field of medicine, particularly surgery, and is intended for the treatment of benign tumors and angiomas. An hemangioma is an angioma, or tumor, formed by an anomalous proliferation of vascular endothelium, forming an undesirable mass, which can occur anywhere in the body. The resulting disease is known as hemangiomatosis. At the present time the main methods of hemangioma treatment include surgical management, radiation therapy, physical influence from the effects of electromagnetic waves (in ranges including low, high, ultrahigh, and super high frequencies), cryotherapy or hyperthermia, and chemical treatment consisting of sclerotherapy using irritating agents. Sclerotherapy as a method of tumor treatment is used mainly for external angiomas, located on the extremities of the body (head, neck, face, lips) and includes the introduction into angioma's lacunae of such chemical agents as 60 percent glucose solution, 76-96 percent ethyl alcohol, 1-3 percent sotradecol, and sclerovein. Reference 1, listed on page 13 of this specification provides a more detailed description of sclerotherapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05108359__

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Transformation of unwanted tissue by deep laser heating of water Inventor(s): Tankovich; Nikolai (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Lumedics, Ltd. (san Diego, Ca) Patent Number: 5,897,549 Date filed: July 11, 1996 Abstract: A process for treating relatively deep formations of undesirable sub-epidermal tissue by heating water in the formations with a laser to denature proteins therein. In an exemplary embodiment, a laser beam is operated to irradiate a target region of highly vascularized dermal tissue in a blood-circulating living being, such as a human. The laser light preferably has a wavelength of about 1.45-1.68.mu.m. This operating parameter provides the laser beam with a low enough water absorption coefficient to facilitate adequate penetration in to the target area while still providing enough energy to heat water to a temperature capable of spatially conforming vascularized tissue in the target area. Treatment pursuant to the invention may be applied to highly vascular regions of sub-epidermal tissue (such as strawberry hemangioma, spider veins, telangiectasia, karposi's sarcoma, and the like), as well as regions of dermis collagen mechanically damaged due to various reasons (such as frequent muscular contraction, burning, traumatic irritation, worsening of mechanical damage due to environmental exposure, etc.). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of lasers to transform undesirable sub-surface tissue in a living being, such as a human. More particularly, the invention concerns a method for transforming relatively deep sub-epidermal formations of undesirable tissue by heating water in the formations with a laser. This causes protein denaturing such as spatial protein conformation, without excessively damaging the unwanted tissue. In the field of cosmetic surgery, one important concern is the treatment of highly vascularized tissues, such as capillary blood vessels, strawberry hemangiomas, spider veins, telangiectasia, and the like. In this respect, many known techniques are aimed at eliminating or reducing such tissue. Some of these techniques, for example, include surgical dissection, sclerotherapy, and electro-cuttering. With surgical dissection, the patient is first anesthetized and then a cutting device such as a scalpel is used to surgically remove the vascularized tissue. With sclerotherapy, an alcohol-based substance is injected into veins for clotting of the veins. With electrocuttering, a high-voltage scalpel is used to effectively "cut out" the unwanted tissue while coagulating blood in the region. Usually, healing of the treated tissue occurs after formation of a lesion on the skin's surface at the treatment site. Although these techniques may be satisfactory in some applications, they may prove inadequate in certain other circumstances. For instance, certain patients may object to the pain caused by these procedures. Additionally, some patients may experience excessive bleeding, internally and/or externally. Furthermore, these procedures may inflame the treated tissue in some cases, and lead to healing by second tension. Another potential drawback of known methods concerns the post-treatment healing time, which some may find excessive. Further, in certain cases these techniques have been known to leave scars or other noticeable marks. Although sclerotherapy may be effective for treating big veins, some may complain that sclerotherapy is not sufficiently effective for smaller vessels such as capillary blood vessels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05897549__

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Patent Applications on Hemangioma As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to hemangioma: •

Angiogenesis inhibitors Inventor(s): Matsuoka, Hidehito; (Ikoma-shi, JP), Mita, Shiro; (Ikoma-shi, JP) Correspondence: Frishauf, Holtz, Goodman,; Langer & Chick, P.C.; 25th Floor; 767 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010041744 Date filed: March 30, 2001 Abstract: A method for inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering to a patient (mammal, such as a human) in need thereof, a pharmaceutically effective amount of an angiogenesis inhibitor containing a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, either alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The method of treatment may be used to treat diseases in which the angiogenesis participates, particularly retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion and retinal artery occlusion, neovascular glaucoma and tumors such as hemangioma.Formula (I): 1 Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of International Application PCT/JP99/05359 (not published in English) filed Sep. 30, 1999. The present invention relates to angiogenesis inhibitors containing cysteine derivatives as active ingredients and particularly provides drugs which are useful for treatment of ophthalmopathy such as retinal diseases. Homeostasis of blood vessels is maintained by various functions of endothelial cells. The vascular endothelial cells have 1) an effect of mediating transportation of necessary components such as nutrition in blood to tissues and preventing unnecessarily much components from passing, 2) an effect of circulating blood smoothly without coagulation, 3) an effect of stopping bleeding when the blood vessels are transected, and 4) a regulatory effect of keeping vasotonia constant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Curcumin and curcuminoid inhibition of angiogenesis Inventor(s): Arbiser, Jack L.; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Patrea L. Pabst; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 2000, One Atlantic Center; 1201 West Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3400; US Patent Application Number: 20010025034 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: Methods for treating diseases or disorders of the skin which are characterized by angiogenesis have been developed using curcumin and curcumin analogs. Based on the results obtained with curcumin, it has been determined that other angiogenesis inhibitors can also be used to treat these skin disorders. It has further been discovered that curcumin acts to inhibit angiogenesis in part by inhibition of basic fibroblast growth

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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factor (bFGF), and thereby provides a means for treating other disorders characterized by elevated levels of bFGF, such as bladder cancer, using curcumin and other analogues which also inhibit bFGF. Representative skin disorders to be treated include the malignant diseases angiosarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma and Karposi's sarcoma, and the nonmalignant diseases or conditions including psoriasis, lymphangiogenesis, hemangioma of childhood, Sturge-Weber syndrome, verruca vulgaris, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, pyogenic granulomas, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, venous ulcers, acne, rosacea, eczema, molluscum contagious, seborrheic keratosis, and actinic keratosis. Excerpt(s): The invention is generally in the field of methods of inhibiting angiogenesis, and more specifically is drawn to methods and compositions for inhibiting angiogenesis. Current treatments of cancer and related diseases have limited effectiveness and numerous serious unintended effects. Based primarily on chemical, radiation and surgical therapy, these treatments have progressed only incrementally during more than thirty years of intensive research to discover the origins and devise improved therapies of neoplastic diseases. Current research strategies emphasize the search for effective therapeutic modes with less risk, including the use of natural products and biological agents. This change in emphasis has been stimulated by the fact that many of the consequences, to patients and their offspring, of conventional cancer treatment, including new cancers, mutations and congenital defects, result from their actions on genetic material and mechanisms. Hong et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 17:49-53 (1995). Efforts continue to discover the origins of cancer at the genetic level, and correspondingly new treatments, but such interventions also may have serious unanticipated effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods for the treatment and diagnosis of tumorigenic and angiogenic disorders using 32616 Inventor(s): Tsai, Fong-Ying; (Newton, MA) Correspondence: Steven A. Bossone; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, INC.; 75 Sidney Street; Cambridge; MA; 02139; US Patent Application Number: 20030087872 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the treatment and diagnosis of tumorigenic and/or angiogenic disorders, including, but not limited to, lung tumors, breast tumors, ovary tumors, colon tumors, hemangioma, and metastatic and angiogenic tumors. The invention further provides methods for identifying a compound capable of treating a tumorigenic and/or angiogenic disorder or modulating tumorigenesis and/or angiogenesis. The invention also provides methods for modulating tumorigenesis and/or angiogenesis, e.g., modulating tumorigenesis and/or angiogenesis in a subject. In addition, the invention provides a method for treating a subject having a tumorigenic and/or angiogenic disorder characterized by aberrant 32616 polypeptide activity or aberrant 32616 nucleic acid expression. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/334,996, filed Oct. 31, 2001, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, after heart

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disease (Boring, et al., (1993) CA Cancer J. Clin. 43:7). Cancer is characterized primarily by an increase in the number of abnormal, or neoplastic, cells derived from a normal tissue which proliferate to form a tumor mass, the invasion of adjacent tissues by these neoplastic tumor cells, and the generation of malignant cells which spread via the blood or lymphatic system to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites. The latter progression to malignancy is referred to as metastasis. The switch in tumors from the quiescent state to malignancy is signaled by the commencement of the angiogenesis process. Tumors need an extensive network of capillaries to provide nutrients and oxygen. Solid tumors will not grow beyond 2 millimeters without new blood vessels. Malignancy and invasion are angiogenesis dependent. The concept behind angiogenesis is simple: tumors must build new blood vessels to enhance the delivery of vital nutrients that allow them to grow and spread. As with many facets of cancer, angiogenesis plays a role in normal cellular growth and maturation. Capillaries grow when and where they are needed--during the development of a fetus, for example--and don't usually grow when they are not required. Normal tissues have an intricate system which controls when to turn angiogenesis on or off. Tumor cells are able to override this system and turn on the growth of blood vessels, which in turn allow the tumor to grow from a bundle of a few mutated cells into a tumor mass, that has the capability to metastasize and kill. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Noninvasive method for treating hemangiomas through transdermal delivery of calcium channel blocker agents and medicament for use in such method Inventor(s): Easterling, W. Jerry; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: David G. Henry; 900 Washington AVE.; P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 76703-1470; US Patent Application Number: 20020028234 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention is of a novel, noninvasive method for treating hemangiomas involving the topical application of one or more calcium channel blocker agents suspended in one or more carriers with penetration enhancing agent's to effect transdermal delivery of the calcium channel blocker agent(s). Periodic, topical application of the medicaments taught here in will effect, usually within a few months, and involution of treated hemangiomas with minimized residual cosmetic blemishes after involution. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part with respect to U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/514,796 filed Feb. 28, 2000, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/128,103 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005), from which application and its parent application priority is here claimed under 35 U.S.C.sctn.120. The present invention relates to the treatment of hemangiomas. Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of infants. They are usually apparent at birth but become evident within the first two weeks. Hemangiomas occur in 5-10% of all children and three times more often in females then males. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with hemangioma, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on hemangioma. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning hemangioma. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON HEMANGIOMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to hemangioma. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on hemangioma include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “hemangioma” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “hemangioma” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “hemangioma” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Birthmarks : a guide to hemangiomas & vascular malformations by Linda Rozell Shannon; ISBN: 0965705609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965705609/icongroupinterna

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Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations of the Head and Neck by Milton Waner (Editor), James Y. Suen (Editor); ISBN: 0471175978; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471175978/icongroupinterna

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Vascular Birthmarks: Hemangiomas and Malformations by John B. Mulliken, Anthony E. Young; ISBN: 0721666019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721666019/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on Hemangioma In order to find chapters that specifically relate to hemangioma, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and hemangioma using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on hemangioma: •

Miscellaneous Orofacial Lesions Source: in Wray, D., et al. Textbook of General and Oral Medicine. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 329-343. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $50.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443051895. Summary: A whole range of simple lump, bumps, and other lesions that occur in the mouth commonly cause diagnostic problems and unnecessary concern. This chapter on miscellaneous orofacial lesions is the final chapter in an undergraduate dentistry textbook that covers both general medicine and surgery, and oral medicine, emphasizing the overlap between them. The author discusses buccal swellings, denture induced hyperplasia (overgrowth), fibroma, fordyce spots, gingival (gum) swellings, giant cell epulis, pregnancy gingivitis, lumps and swellings related to drug therapy, hemangioma, lipoma, lymphangioma, neurofibroma, papilloma, pyogenic granuloma, brown or black lesions, amalgam tattoo, bluish lesions, geographic tongue, glossitis (tongue discomfort or burning), lip lesions, bony lesions, halitosis (bad breath), and disturbance of taste. The authors also cover extraoral lesions, including facial swelling, and neck lumps. Clinical points to remember are highlighted in text boxes. 26 figures. 9 tables.

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Red Lesions Source: in Laskaris, G. Pocket Atlas of Oral Diseases. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 33-55. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-1112. Website: www.thieme.com. PRICE: $22.00. ISBN: 0865776350. Summary: Red lesions are a large, heterogenous group of disorders of the oral mucosa. The red color of the lesions may be due to thin epithelium, inflammation, dilation of blood vessels or increased numbers of blood vessels, and extravasation of blood into oral soft tissues. This chapter on red lesions is from a desktop reference tool for otolaryngologists, dentists, dermatologists, and primary care practitioners which includes coverage of both local and systemic oral disease. The classification of the material in the book is based on the morphological presentation and the site at which the clinician first sees the lesions at examination. This chapter covers traumatic erythema, thermal burn, radiation mucositis, fellatio, geographic tongue, medican rhomboid glossitis, denture stomatitis, erythematous candidiasis, squamous cell carcinoma, erythroplakia, plasma-cell gingivitis, contact allergic stomatitis,

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hemangioma, lupus erythematosus, CREST syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telaciectasia, anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, and infectious mononucleosis. Each of the entities is provided with a representative color plate and a brief, concise description of the definition, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, laboratory tests, and directions on treatment. •

Diseases of the External Auditory Canal Source: in Canalis, R.F. and Lambert, P.R., eds. Ear: Comprehensive Otology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2000. p. 341-357. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030. Fax (301) 223-2300. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 078171558X. Summary: The external auditory canal (EAC) allows sound to reach the tympanic membrane and middle ear and protects those delicate structures. This chapter on diseases of the external auditory canal is from a textbook that offers complete coverage of the field of clinical otology (study of the ear). The book is oriented to serve both the otolaryngology resident as a practical learning tool and the practicing otolaryngologist as an updated reference source of clinical and basic information. This chapter covers the anatomy and physiology of the external auditory canal; hyperceruminosis (production of too much earwax, or cerumen); foreign bodies in the ear canal; dermatologic diseases, including essential pruritis and dermatitis; infectious diseases, including bacteria otitis externa, chronic stenosing external otitis (medial canal fibrosis), otomycosis, malignant external otitis, and furunculosis (acute localized otitis externa); trauma; acquired stenosis; tumor like lesions of the external auditory canal, including herniated temporomandibular joint soft tissue, inflammatory polyp, keratosis obturans, and cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal; benign tumors of the external auditory canal, including skin lesions, seborrheic keratosis, osteoma, exostosis, hemangioma, angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, and ceruminal gland adenoma; and malignant tumors of the external auditory canal, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenoidcystic carcinoma, and ceruminal gland adenocarcinoma. 24 figures. 1 table. 45 references.

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Bladder, Urethra, Renal Pelvis, and Ureter Source: in MacLennan, G.T.; Resnick, M.I.; Bostwick, D.G. Pathology for Urologists. New York, NY: Elsevier Science, Inc. 2003. p. 33-79. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science, Inc. Journal Information Center, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3750. Fax (212) 633-3764. Website: www.elsevier.com. PRICE: $149.00. ISBN: 721600913. Summary: The renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra are muscular structures, are all lined by urothelium, and are all involved in the collection and expulsion of urine. This chapter on the bladder, urethra, renal pelvis, and ureter is from a pathology textbook that explores the full range of urology, including congenital, hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, and benign and malignant neoplastic disorders found in the urogenital system. The chapter includes full-color photographs of gross and microscopic pathologic specimens, representing virtually all of the common and rare entities seen in practice. After an introductory section on anatomy and histology, the chapter covers congenital anomalies of the bladder, inflammatory and reactive conditions, acute and chronic cystitis, interstitial cystitis, postoperative spindle cell nodule, urothelial hyperplasia, reactive changes in the urothelium, squamous metaplasia, nephrogenic

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metaplasia, miscellaneous benign lesions, urothelial neoplasms, papilloma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma, granular cell tumor, bladder sarcomas, hematopoietic malignancies, melanoma, pheochromocytoma, congenital urethral polyp, prostatic-type urethral polyp, urethral diverticulum, urethral caruncle, nephrogenic metaplasia, amyloidosis, malakoplakia, condyloma acuminata, congenital malformations of the renal pelvis and ureter, squamous metaplasia, benign epithelial neoplasms, carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis, and soft tissue tumors. Each photograph is accompanied by a descriptive text section. The text also includes explanations of the most current neoplasm classification and staging systems. 130 figures. 2 tables. •

Benign Nonodontogenic Tumors Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 357-380. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: This chapter on benign nonodontogenic tumors is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This chapter covers ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, desmoplastic fibroma, osteoblastoma, osteoid osteoma, chondroma, osteoma, central giant cell granuloma, giant cell tumor, hemangioma of bone, Langerhans cell disease, tori and exostoses, and coronoid hyperplasia. 25 figures. 1 table. 61 references.

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Benign Soft Tissue Tumors of Mesenchymal Origin Source: in Marx, R.E.; Stern, D. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: A Rationale for Diagnosis and Treatment. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2003. p.395-461. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $ 399.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153903. Summary: This chapter on benign soft tissue tumors of mesenchymal origin is from a clinically oriented guide for oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other advanced dental and medical specialists who deal with pathologies in the oral cavity, midface, and neck. Topics include predominantly fibrous tumors, including fibroma, giant cell fibroma, nodular fasciitis, fibrous histiocytoma, xanthomas, and juvenile xanthogranuloma; tumors containing fat, i.e., lipoma and lipoma variants; neurogenic tumors, including schwannoma, solitary neurofibroma, and neurofibromatosis; neuromas, including Cfiber neuromas and deafferentiation neuropathies, palisaded encapsulated neuroma, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome III, congenital granular cell tumor, and granular cell tumor; myogenic tumors, including rhabdomyoma and leiomyoma; and lymphatic and vascular tumors, including lymphangioma, hemangiomas, arteriovenous hemangioma, juvenile capillary hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, hemangiopericytoma, and carotid body tumor. For each condition, the authors discuss clinical presentation and pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, diagnostic

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work-up, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter. 91 figures. 4 tables. •

Congenital and Hereditable Disorders with Sole or Prominent Orofacial Involvement Source: in Scully, C., et al. Color Atlas of Orofacial Health and Disease in Children and Adolescents. London, England: Martin Dunitz Ltd. 2002. p.17-41. Contact: Available from Martin Dunitz Ltd, The Livery House. 7-9 Pratt Street, London, England NW1 0AE. 4404074822202. Website: www.dunitz.co.uk. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841841021. Summary: This chapter on congenital (present at birth) and hereditable disorders with sole or prominent orofacial involvement is from a full-color atlas that covers the presentation of the common orofacial disorders and a wide range of less common and some rare disorders. Topics include abnormal labial frenum, amelogenesis imperfecta, ankyloglossia (tongue tie), cherubism, clefting disorders, congenital epulis, dentine dysplasia type II, dentinogenesis imperfecta, erythema migrans (geographic tongue, benign migratory glossitis), fissured tongue, focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease), gingival and palatal cysts of the newborn, gingival fibromatoses, hemangioma, hereditary angioedema, hypophosphatasia, lingual thyroid, lip pits, lymphangioma, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, natal teeth, odontodysplasia, oral-facial-digital syndrome, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Pierre Robin syndrome, plasminogen deficiency, Rett syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, syphilis, vitamin D resistant rickets, whistling face syndrome, and white sponge nevus. Full-color photographs are accompanied by brief text entries describing each condition and noting diagnostic and management considerations for each. 71 figures.

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Connective Tissue Lesions Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 176-216. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: This chapter on connective tissue lesions is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This lengthy chapter covers fibrous connective tissue lesions, including reactive hyperplasias and neoplasms; vascular lesions, including reactive lesions, congenital lesions, and neoplasms; neural lesions, including reactive lesions and neoplasms; and lesions of muscles and fat. Specific lesions discussed include pyogenic granuloma and peripheral giant cell granulomata, peripheral fibroma, generalized gingival hyperplasia, traumatic fibroma, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, myxoma, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, nodular fasciitis, fibrosarcoma, benign and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, venous varix, hemangioma, lymphangioma, hemangiopericytoma, angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, traumatic neuroma, granular cell tumors, schwannoma, neurofibroma, mucosal neuromas, palisaded encapsulated neuroma, neurogenic sarcoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, myositis ossificans, leiomyoma

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and leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, and lipoma and liposarcoma. 47 figures. 6 tables. 34 references. •

Hepatic Tumors Source: in Friedman, L.S. and Keeffe, E.B., eds. Handbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone. 1998. p. 361-371. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $73.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443055203. Summary: This chapter on hepatic tumors (benign and malignant) is from a comprehensive handbook in outline format that offers easy access to information on the full range of liver disorders and covers symptoms, signs, differential diagnoses, and treatments. Hemangioma of the liver is found in up to 1 percent of the normal population and is rarely of clinical consequence. Other benign tumors of the liver, including hepatic adenoma, are rare. Hepatic adenoma usually requires surgical resection because of the risks of rupture and the development of malignancy. In the presence of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 75 percent of all liver tumors. The most important risk factors for development of HCC are cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection. Although surgical resection or liver transplantation offers the best chance of curing HCC, few patients are suitable for surgery. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) is not usually associated with cirrhosis; CCC of the central type is often associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and has a poor prognosis. 3 figures. 4 tables. 10 references. (AA-M).

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Intraoral Coloured or Pigmented Lesions Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Oral Disease: Colour Guide. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 73-88. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, A Harcourt Health Sciences Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 044306170X. Summary: This chapter on intraoral colored or pigmented lesions is from a book that is intended as an aid to oral medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. The chapter includes 16 full color photographs of intraoral colored or pigmented lesions, with textual information accompanying them. Conditions covered are: hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), hemangioma, Sturge-Weber syndrome, radiation induced lesions, denture induced stomatitis, erythematous candidosis, erythroplasia (erythroplakia), Kaposi's sarcoma, purpura, racial pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, drug induced hyperpigmentation, amalgam tattoo, pigmented nevi, and malignant melanoma. For each condition, the text briefly covers incidence and etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options.

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Red-Blue Lesions Source: in Regezi, J.A. and Sciubba, J.J. Oral Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Correlations. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1999. p. 122-145.

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Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $63.95. ISBN: 0721677312. Summary: This chapter on red-blue lesions is from a pathology textbook that presents current concepts of oral and maxillofacial pathology in order to enhance the reader's diagnostic skills through the use of differential diagnosis strategies. The text offers readers detailed guidance of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases of the mucosa, submucosa, and bone. This chapter focuses primarily on intravascular lesions, including developmental lesions such as hemangioma; reactive lesions, including pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, and median rhomboid glossitis; neoplasms, including erythroplakia, and Kaposi's sarcoma; unknown etiology, notably geographic tongue; metabolic endocrine conditions, including vitamin B deficiencies, pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and burning mouth syndrome; infectious conditions, including scarlet fever and atrophic candidiasis; and immunologic abnormalities, including plasma cell gingivitis and drug reactions and contact allergies. A final section discusses extravascular red-blue lesions including petechiae and ecchymoses. 24 figures. 6 tables. 32 references. •

Tongue Lesions Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Oral Disease: Colour Guide. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 107-122. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, A Harcourt Health Sciences Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St Louis, MO 63146-9988. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 044306170X. Summary: This chapter on tongue lesions is from a book that is intended as an aid to oral medicine and the diagnosis and treatment of oral disease. The chapter includes 15 full color photographs of tongue lesions, with textual information accompanying them. Conditions covered are: ankyloglossia (tongue tie), macroglossia (enlarged tongue), amyloidosis, neurilemmoma (schwannoma), neurofibroma, hemangioma, fissured (scrotal) tongue, erythema migrans (benign migratory glossitis, or geographic tongue), deficiency glossitis, median rhomboid glossitis, candidal glossitis, Sjogren syndrome, burning mouth (oral dysesthesia), furred tongue, and black or brown hairy tongue. For each condition, the text briefly covers incidence and etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and diagnostic tests, and treatment options.

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Tumors and Cysts of the Periodontium Source: in Lindhe, J.; Karring, T.; Lang, N.P., eds. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. 1997. p. 354-379. Contact: Available from Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone +45 33 12 70 30; Fax +45 33 12 93 87; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.munksgaard.dk. PRICE: $122.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 8716120604. Summary: This chapter on tumors and cysts of the periodontium is from a textbook on clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. The authors discuss reactive processes of

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periodontal soft and hard tissues, benign neoplasms of periodontal soft and hard tissues, malignant neoplasms of periodontal soft and hard tissues, and cysts of the periodontium. The authors present descriptions of tumors and cysts that comprise a number of characteristic examples and emphasize that the periodontal tissues may be the origin of such lesions. The authors note that clinical differential diagnostic considerations always rely on the following characteristics: surface, color, size, consistency, relation to underlying tissue, and radiographic features. They emphasize that histopathologic examination is always necessary to establish the correct diagnosis. Specific processes discussed include fibroma or focal fibrous hyperplasia, calcifying fibroblastic granuloma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral giant cell granuloma, periapical cemental dysplasia, hemangioma, nevus, papilloma, verruca vulgaris, peripheral odontogenic tumors, ameloblastoma, squamous odontogenic tumor, benign cementoblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma, metastasis to the gingiva, Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, osteosarcoma, Langerhans cell disease, gingival cyst, lateral periodontal cyst, inflammatory paradental cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and radicular cyst. For each process, the authors cover clinical features, histopathology, and treatment. Full-color photographs, radiographs, and photomicrographs illustrate the chapter. 26 figures. 48 references. (AA-M). •

Tumors of the Oral Soft Tissues and Cysts and Tumors of the Bone Source: in McDonald, R.E. and Avery, D.A., eds. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2000. p. 151-179. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $72.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815190174. Summary: This chapter on tumors of the oral soft tissues and cysts and tumors of the bone is from a textbook on dentistry for the child and adolescent that is designed to help undergraduate dental students and postdoctoral pediatric dentistry students provide comprehensive oral health care for infants, children, teenagers, and individuals with various disabilities. The author of this chapter presents an overview of some of the more frequently encountered tumors of the oral soft tissues and bone in children. Topics include benign tumors of the oral soft tissue, including squamous papilloma and verruca vulgaris, fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma, and peripheral giant cell granuloma, neurofibroma and neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen's disease), hemangioma, lymphangioma, congenital epulis (gingival, or gum, granular cell tumor), mucocele, and ranula; benign tumors of bone, including fibro osseous lesions of the jaws, fibrous dysplasia, ossifying and cementifying fibroma, and central giant cell granuloma; odontogenic cysts, including primordial cysts, dentigerous cysts, eruption cyst or eruption hematoma, odontogenic keratocyst, and basal cell nevus syndrome; odontogenic tumors, including ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, odontogenic myxoma, ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibro odontoma, and odontoma; and malignant tumors, including fibromatosis and fibrosarcoma in infancy and childhood, malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, non Hodgkin's lymphomas, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and Langerhans' cell histiocystosis. For each condition, the author describes etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. 20 figures. 78 references.

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Chapter 265: Lasers in Dermatology Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 2. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 2901-2921.

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Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with a clinical rationale for choosing specific laser therapies in dermatology. The chapter begins with a discussion of the optics of the skin. Absorption and scattering determine the penetration of light into skin. The chapter continues by describing laser-skin interactions, including photothermal effects, photochemical effects, and photomechanical effects. Thermal effects on tissue are both time and temperature dependent. Photothermal interactions include vaporization and selective photothermolysis. Photochemical interactions related to dermatology include both native photobiologic responses to ultraviolet radiation and photosensitizer-induced responses. Photomechanical injury is characterized by disruption of organelles, membranes, and cells. The chapter then addresses the issue of laser safety. The principles of laser safety focus on the maintenance of a safe environment and protection of the patient, surgeon, and surgical staff. Biological hazards include risks to the ocular, respiratory, and skin regions and also risk of transmission of infection. The remainder of the chapter discusses the use of laser treatment for various lesions. Laser treatment of postinflammatory pigmentation has been disappointing, and laser treatment for melasma generally cannot be recommended because of the expense and risk of side effects. However, lasers may be used to treat vascular lesions such as portwine stains, strawberry hemangioma, essential telangiectasias, and phlebectasias; pigmented lesions such as cafe au lait macules; dermal melanocytoses such as nevus of Ota; nevomelanocytic lesions; Becker's nevus; nevus spilus; and epidermal nevi. Lasers can also be used to remove tattoos and hair, create recipient sites for hair transplant grafts, and resurface photodamaged and acnedamaged skin. The chapter discusses laser skin resurfacing in terms of indications and contraindications, patient selection, laser method, perioperative and anesthesia considerations, safety, anesthesia requirements, effectiveness, side effects, mechanisms of action, and recent advances. 8 figures, 1 table, and 58 references. •

Approach to the Patient with a Liver Mass Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 973-982. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: With increasing use of imaging modalities for evaluation of various abdominal conditions, more liver masses are being recognized. These lesions may be small or large and may or may not be the cause of the patient's symptoms. Although most of the incidentally noted masses are benign, a definitive diagnosis has to be established to reassure the patient and also to be certain that a radiologically observed lesion is not malignant. This chapter is devoted to the most common liver masses found in clinical practice and the advantages and disadvantages of the various diagnostic modalities. The chapter is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. Topics include cavernosa hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, hepatic adenoma, cystic lesions, hemangioendothelioma,

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angiomyolipomas, focal fatty infiltrate, inflammatory pseudotumor, laparoscopy, and recommended clinical approach. 6 figures. 2 tables. 98 references.

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON HEMANGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on hemangioma. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on hemangioma is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “hemangioma” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on hemangioma: •

Understanding Craniofacial Syndromes Source: Southfield, MI: Institute for Craniofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Providence Hospital. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Institute for Craniofacial and Reconstructive Surgery. Providence Hospital, 16001 West Nine Mile Road, 3rd Floor Fisher Center, Southfield, MI 48075. Voice (800) 423-5801 or (810) 424-5800; Fax (810) 424-5881. PRICE: Donation to cover cost of duplicating and shipping. Summary: In this program, Dr. Ian Jackson of the Institute for Craniofacial and Reconstructive Surgery (Providence Hospital, Southfield, Michigan) describes a variety of craniofacial syndromes that occur in children. Dr. Jackson discusses the following cleft lip and palate, bilateral cleft lip and palate, hemifacial microsomia, craniosynostosis, plagiocephaly, Crouzon's syndrome, Apert's syndrome, hypertelorism, facial cleft, and hemangioma. For each syndrome, Dr. Jackson provides a brief etiology and a description of the treatment possible, including the role of each

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member of the patient care team, and the recommended timing of surgeries. Full-color photographs showing children with each syndrome are provided, depicting the child before and after corrective surgeries.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON HEMANGIOMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover hemangioma.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on hemangioma is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to hemangioma. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “hemangioma” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for hemangioma: •

Childhood hemangiomas cause major emotional stress for family Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 22, 2003

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Choroidal hemangiomas seem to respond well to photodynamic therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 03, 2002

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Early pulsed dye laser treatment of no benefit in uncomplicated hemangioma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 16, 2002

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Oral corticosteroids effective against hemangiomas in young children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 01, 2001

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Enucleation of liver hemangiomas safe and effective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 18, 2000

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Angiogenesis inhibitor found effective in treating hemangiomas Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 27, 2000

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Mild cryosurgery safely resolves capillary hemangiomas in infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 2000

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Renal Cavernous Hemangioma: Unusual Manifestation Of HIV Infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 24, 1996

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High-Dose Prednisone Safe, Effective Against Hemangiomas In Infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 19, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “hemangioma” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to hemangioma, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “hemangioma” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Hemangioma Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to hemangioma. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering hemangioma that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 21226 89 43 6 67 21431

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “hemangioma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Hemangioma In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and hemangioma. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for hemangioma: •

Hemangioma, Capillary Infantile Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=602089

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Hemangiomas of Small Intestine Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=140900

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Hemangiomas, Cavernous, of Face and Supraumbilical Midline Raphe Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=140850

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Hemangioma-thrombocytopenia Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=141000

•

Macrocephaly, Multiple Lipomas, and Hemangiomata Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=153480 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan

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syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html •

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.

23

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hemangioma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hemangioma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hemangioma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hemangioma”:

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Other guides Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Circulatory Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/circulatorydisorders.html Eye Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyecancer.html Head and Brain Malformations http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbrainmalformations.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Melanoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/melanoma.html Skin Pigmentation Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on hemangioma. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Hemangiomas Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides the parents of children or others who have hemangiomas with information on the treatment of these strawberry colored birthmarks. They vary from tiny blebs to large and multiple tumor like growths. Hemangiomas appear from birth up to 18 months. Most doctors agree that small hemangiomas should not be treated because many of them resolve on their own.

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Hemangiomas that require early aggressive treatment include those that are causing psychosocial impairment; growing rapidly; or obstructing vision, hearing, breathing, eating, or any other body function. Most hemangiomas are superficial when first diagnosed, and they can be treated with a laser at this time. Repeated treatments can almost completely remove the superficial part of a hemangioma, but deeper portions will still exist. Deep hemangiomas have no red part on the skin but have large, soft, blood filled cavities with a blue hue. Compound hemangiomas, which have both superficial and deep parts, can be treated with steroid injections with or without liquid nitrogen cryosurgery. Oral steroids are needed to treat larger hemangiomas. Alfa interferon is recommended for hemangiomas that are nonresponsive to steroids or if the lesion is problematic or life threatening. Plastic surgery is needed for hemangiomas that are life threatening or deforming and have not responded to other treatment methods. 2 figures. •

Guide to Understanding Hemangiomas Source: Dallas, TX: Children's Craniofacial Association, Inc. 1996. 7 p. Contact: Available from Children's Craniofacial Association, Inc. P.O. Box 280297, Dallas, TX 75228. Voice (800) 535-3643 or (972) 240-7730; Fax (972) 240-7607. PRICE: Single copy free to families of or persons with craniofacial anomalies; all others, minimum order of 20 booklets at $0.75 per booklet. Summary: This guide to hemangiomas is designed to answer frequently asked questions by parents. A hemangioma is a non-malignant tumor that is made up of rapidly growing endothelial or vascular cells. Written in a question-and-answer format, the guide covers the diagnosis and natural history of hemangiomas; the types of hemangiomas; the differences between hemangiomas and vascular malformations; etiologic factors; related problems; treatment options, including watchful waiting, corticosteroid therapy, chemical therapy, and surgery; and determining when to institute treatment for a particular child. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “hemangioma” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

ACR Appropriateness Criteria for liver lesion characterization Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 (revised 2002); 8 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3558&nbr=2784&a mp;string=hemangioma

•

ACR Appropriateness Criteria for soft tissue masses Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1995 (revised 1999); 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2417&nbr=1643&a mp;string=hemangiomas

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Amblyopia Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology - Medical Specialty Society; 1992 February (revised 2002 Oct); 25 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3546&nbr=2772&a mp;string=hemangioma

•

Guidelines for referral to pediatric surgical specialists Source: American Academy of Pediatrics - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 July; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3420&nbr=2646&a mp;string=hemangioma

•

Management of hepatitis C: 2002 Source: National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel on Management of Hepatitis C - Independent Expert Panel; 1997 March (revised 2002 August 26); 44 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3416&nbr=2642&a mp;string=hemangiomas

•

Procedure guideline for hepatic and splenic imaging. Source: Society of Nuclear Medicine, Inc - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 February; 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1337&nbr=605&am p;string=hemangioma The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hemangioma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

Patient Resources

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Hemangioma The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to hemangioma: •

Hemangioma Newsline Telephone: (419) 425-1593 Fax: (419) 425-1593 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.hnline.org Background: The Hemangioma Newsline is a not-for-profit voluntary organization dedicated to aiding patients and their families by providing information on the diagnosis and treatment of hemangioma and vascular malformations. It also provides resource materials to medical professionals to assist them in management of patient care. Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of infants and children. Vascular malformations are abnormally developed blood vessels. Established in 1996 and incorporated in 1997, the Hemangioma Newsline serves patients and family members, the general public, health professionals, and other professionals such as educators, with programs and activities that include free medical conferences, support groups, patient networking, education, referrals, audio-visual aids, brochures, web-site and a newsletter. The organization also assists with insurance claims and coordinates efforts for free transportation to medical appointments. Relevant area(s) of interest: Hemangioma

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hemangioma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hemangioma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hemangioma. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hemangioma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hemangioma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hemangioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hemangioma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

25

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

26

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 119 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 121 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on hemangioma: •

Basic Guidelines for Hemangioma Hemangioma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001459.htm Hemangioma excision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002981.htm Hemangiomas Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001440.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Hemangioma Problems breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Skin lesion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm

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Diagnostics and Tests for Hemangioma CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Hemangioma Skin graft Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002982.htm

•

Background Topics for Hemangioma Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Laser therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001913.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Secondary infections Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002300.htm Surgical excision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002305.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HEMANGIOMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adherens Junctions: Anchoring points where the cytoskeleton of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane

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where bundles of microfilaments attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, cadherins, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

Dictionary 127

herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ameloblastoma: An epithelial tumor of the jaw originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the developing period of the enamel. [NIH] Amelogenesis Imperfecta: Either hereditary enamel hypoplasia or hypocalcification. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the

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addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia: Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells. [NIH] Angioma: A tumor composed of lymphatic or blood vessels. [NIH] Angiosarcoma: A type of cancer that begins in the lining of blood vessels. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH]

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Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU]

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Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avian Leukosis: A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere. [NIH] Azygos Vein: A vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome: Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant. [NIH]

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Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH]

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Blebs: Cysts on or near the surface of the lungs. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadherins: A group of functionally related glycoproteins responsible for the calciumdependent cell-to-cell adhesion mechanism. They are divided into subclasses E-, P-, and N-

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cadherins, which are distinct in immunological specificity and tissue distribution. They promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These compounds play a role in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy

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vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cavernous Hemangioma: Proptosis, oedema of the conjunctiva and eyelid, together with paralysis of the oculomotor cranial nerves. [NIH] Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] CCK: An appetite suppressant. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

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Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerumen: The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cherubism: A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

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Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and

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C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condyloma: C. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU]

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Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH]

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De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentigerous Cyst: Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]

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Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most

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commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles

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or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enucleation: Removal of the nucleus from an eucaryiotic cell. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

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Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epidermolysis Bullosa: Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroleukemia: Cancer of the blood-forming tissues in which large numbers of immature, abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH] Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH]

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Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Ethmoid Sinus: Numerous small thin-walled spaces or air cells in the ethmoid bone, where they form an ethmoidal labyrinth. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exostoses: Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extravascular: Situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. [EU] Eye Abnormalities: Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary. [NIH] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

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They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic

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AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fulguration: Destroying tissue using an electric current. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Furunculosis: An infection where furuncles are present over a period of weeks to months. Species of Staphylococcus are usually the causative agents. [NIH] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called

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codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called hereditary mutation. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granular Cell Tumor: Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma, Giant Cell: A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw. [NIH] Granuloma, Pyogenic: A disorder of the skin, the oral mucosa, and the gingiva, that usually presents as a solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma often resulting from trauma. It is manifested as an inflammatory response with similar characteristics to those of a granuloma. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when

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coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemangiopericytoma: A type of cancer involving blood vessels and soft tissue. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhoids: Varicosities of the hemorrhoidal venous plexuses. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.

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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH]

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Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertelorism: Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypervascular: Having a large number of blood vessels. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or

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group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH]

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Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,

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wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interorbital: Between the orbits. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Obstruction: Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anus. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney

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calices. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leuprolide: A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH]

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Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Liposarcoma: A rare cancer of the fat cells. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver. [NIH]

Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells.

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These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphedema: Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological

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color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH]

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Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myositis Ossificans: A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis,

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as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurofibroma: A fibrous tumor, usually benign, arising from the nerve sheath or the endoneurium. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Odontogenic Cysts: Cysts found in the jaws and arising from epithelium involved in tooth

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formation. They include follicular cysts (e.g., primordial cyst, dentigerous cyst, multilocular cyst), lateral periodontal cysts, and radicular cysts. They may become keratinized (odontogenic keratocysts). Follicular cysts may give rise to ameloblastomas and, in rare cases, undergo malignant transformation. [NIH] Odontogenic Tumors: Neoplasms produced from tooth-forming tissues. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated

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by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otology: The branch of medicine which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders and diseases of the ear. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH]

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Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pediatric Dentistry: The practice of dentistry concerned with the dental problems of children, proper maintenance, and treatment. The dental care may include the services provided by dental specialists. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU]

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Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage: Bleeding from a peptic ulcer. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Periodontal Cyst: An epithelium-lined sac containing fluid; usually found at the apex of a pulp-involved tooth. The lateral type occurs less frequently along the side of the root. [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived

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from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Photosensitizer: A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of

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fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonectomy: An operation to remove an entire lung. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyhydramnios: Excess of amniotic fluid greater than 2,000 ml. It is a common obstetrical complication whose major causes include maternal diabetes, chromosomal disorders, isoimmunological disease, congenital abnormalities, and multiple gestations. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH]

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Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proliferative Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels of the retina of the eye. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]

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Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

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Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radicular Cyst: Slow-growing fluid-filled epithelial sac at the apex of a tooth with a nonvital pulp or defective root canal filling. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiofrequency ablation: The use of electrical current to destroy tissue. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays,

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gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranula: A form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. It is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH]

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Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Artery Occlusion: Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. [NIH] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinal Vein: Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus. [NIH]

Retinal Vein Occlusion: Occlusion of the retinal vein. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH]

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Rhabdomyosarcoma: A malignant tumor of muscle tissue. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salvage Therapy: A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath

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(protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotherapy: Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH]

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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU]

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Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and

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digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH]

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Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH]

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Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Surgery: A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth

Dictionary 181

of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar

182

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diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricuspid Valve: The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultrasound energy: A form of therapy being studied as an anticancer treatment. Intensified ultrasound energy can be directed at cancer cells to heat them and kill them. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]

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Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital System: All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of urine. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and the organs of reproduction ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and clitoris in women and the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, seminal ducts, and penis in men. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Urothelium: The epithelial lining of the urinary tract. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose vein: An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. [EU] Varix: An enlarged, dilated, and tortuous venous channel. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH]

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Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

187

INDEX A Abdomen, 125, 132, 135, 153, 155, 156, 157, 164, 173, 177, 178, 180, 184 Abdominal, 39, 91, 125, 126, 140, 159, 164, 166, 173 Aberrant, 72, 79, 125 Ablation, 125 Acne, 79, 91, 125 Acoustic, 18, 125 Acrylonitrile, 125, 174 Actinic keratosis, 79, 125 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 43, 125 Acute myeloid leukemia, 125 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 125 Adaptability, 125, 134 Adaptation, 125, 162, 168 Adenocarcinoma, 85, 86, 125, 150 Adenoma, 39, 85, 88, 91, 125 Adenosine, 125, 167 Adenylate Cyclase, 125, 146 Adherens Junctions, 11, 125 Adipocytes, 14, 126, 138 Adrenal Cortex, 126, 138, 169 Adrenal Glands, 126, 127 Adverse Effect, 126, 176 Afferent, 126, 138, 145 Affinity, 13, 72, 126, 176 Agenesis, 43, 126 Agonist, 68, 72, 126 Airway, 42, 47, 126 Alanine, 75, 126 Algorithms, 126, 131 Alkaline, 126, 133, 180 Alleles, 126, 157 Alpha Particles, 126, 171 Alternative medicine, 96, 126 Aluminum, 30, 127, 185 Amber, 127, 153 Ameloblastoma, 90, 127, 140, 163 Amelogenesis Imperfecta, 87, 127 Amino Acid Sequence, 127, 128, 147 Amino Acids, 127, 130, 147, 166, 168, 170, 175, 179 Amniotic Fluid, 127, 168 Ampulla, 127, 143, 146 Amyloidosis, 86, 89, 127 Anabolic, 75, 127, 144 Anaesthesia, 127, 153

Analog, 127, 156 Analogous, 13, 127, 181 Anatomical, 127, 130, 142, 152, 157, 175 Androgens, 126, 127, 138 Anemia, 85, 89, 107, 127, 166 Anesthesia, 91, 126, 127 Aneuploidy, 20, 127 Angiogenesis, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 59, 62, 72, 78, 79, 80, 96, 128, 143 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 62, 78, 96, 128, 143 Angiography, 36, 37, 128 Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia, 85, 128 Angioma, 18, 76, 128 Angiosarcoma, 7, 36, 48, 59, 79, 87, 128 Animal model, 12, 14, 62, 128 Anions, 128, 175 Ankle, 128, 183 Anomalies, 6, 15, 27, 39, 59, 85, 113, 128 Anorexia, 128, 164 Anoxia, 4, 128 Antiallergic, 128, 138 Antiangiogenic, 8, 12, 48, 128 Antibacterial, 128, 177 Antibiotic, 128, 139, 177, 178, 180 Antibodies, 15, 76, 128, 150, 152, 158, 167, 171 Antibody, 126, 128, 129, 136, 143, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 171, 172, 177 Anticoagulant, 128, 170 Antidiuretic, 129, 161 Antigen, 6, 34, 126, 128, 129, 137, 143, 151, 152, 153, 154 Antihypertensive, 129, 147 Anti-inflammatory, 129, 138, 148 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 129, 138 Antimicrobial, 129, 141 Antineoplastic, 73, 129, 138 Anus, 129, 132, 155, 166 Aorta, 39, 129, 183 Aortic Aneurysm, 50, 129 Aphakia, 129, 173 Apoptosis, 12, 14, 129 Arginine, 12, 129 Argon, 73, 129 Arterial, 21, 39, 76, 129, 148, 152, 170 Arteries, 4, 129, 132, 138, 159, 170, 182 Arteriography, 32, 129

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Hemangioma

Arterioles, 129, 132, 133 Arteriosclerosis, 129, 173 Arteriovenous, 32, 86, 129 Articular, 37, 130 Aspartic, 12, 130 Aspartic Acid, 12, 130 Aspiration, 32, 130 Ataxia, 107, 130, 135, 180 Atrial, 23, 40, 130 Atrium, 130, 182, 183 Atrophy, 106, 107, 130 Atypical, 21, 48, 130, 153 Auditory, 85, 130, 158, 182 Autopsy, 20, 130 Avian, 8, 10, 16, 17, 130 Avian Leukosis, 8, 17, 130 Azygos Vein, 18, 130 B Bacteria, 85, 128, 129, 130, 142, 159, 177, 178, 181, 183 Bactericidal, 130, 144 Bacteriophage, 130, 181 Bacterium, 5, 130, 150, 181 Basal cell carcinoma, 79, 85, 130 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, 90, 130 Basal cells, 130, 131 Basal Ganglia, 130, 131 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 130, 131 Base, 130, 131, 140, 147, 155, 180 Basement Membrane, 131, 145, 156 Benign tumor, 76, 80, 85, 88, 90, 115, 131, 146, 156, 157 Bilateral, 23, 26, 93, 131, 173 Bile, 131, 135, 147, 157, 178 Biochemical, 73, 126, 131 Biological response modifier, 131, 154 Biological therapy, 131, 149 Biopsy, 131, 166 Biosynthesis, 131, 146, 175 Biotechnology, 16, 17, 96, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 131 Bladder, 26, 79, 85, 131, 139, 162, 169, 172, 182, 183 Blastocyst, 131, 137, 167 Blebs, 112, 132 Blood Cell Count, 132, 166 Blood Coagulation, 132, 133, 180 Blood Platelets, 132, 180 Blood pressure, 129, 132, 133, 148, 152, 160, 170, 176 Body Fluids, 132, 141, 176

Bone Marrow, 125, 132, 144, 157, 160, 176, 178 Bone scan, 132, 174 Boron, 132, 139 Bowel, 33, 132, 140, 155, 166 Bowel Movement, 132, 140 Brachytherapy, 132, 155, 171 Branch, 121, 132, 158, 164, 165, 173, 177 Bronchi, 132, 144, 158, 181 Buccal, 84, 132, 157, 178 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 89, 132 Bypass, 20, 132 C Cadherins, 126, 132 Calcium, 75, 80, 132, 133, 136, 164, 165, 170, 176, 180 Calcium channel blocker, 80, 133 Callus, 133, 142, 155 Candidiasis, 84, 89, 133 Candidosis, 88, 133 Carbohydrate, 133, 138, 148, 168 Carbon Dioxide, 133, 134, 167 Carcinogenesis, 30, 133 Carcinogenic, 133, 154, 163, 169, 178, 182 Carcinogens, 133, 163 Carcinoma, 9, 85, 86, 133 Cardiac, 4, 6, 16, 23, 36, 39, 40, 50, 133, 142, 144, 161, 178 Cardiovascular, 18, 21, 32, 36, 42, 43, 49, 50, 133, 173, 180 Cardiovascular disease, 133, 173 Carotene, 133, 173 Carotid Body, 86, 134 Case report, 3, 16, 18, 20, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 56, 59, 63, 134 Cataract, 129, 134, 173 Caudal, 134, 168 Cause of Death, 79, 134 Cavernous Sinus, 25, 26, 31, 33, 36, 49, 134, 173 CCK, 62, 134 Cell, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 53, 56, 72, 75, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 106, 107, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 168, 172, 176, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184 Cell Adhesion, 5, 11, 132, 134, 154 Cell Cycle, 9, 10, 134, 139 Cell Death, 8, 129, 134, 161

Index 189

Cell Differentiation, 134, 176 Cell Division, 106, 130, 134, 149, 160, 167 Cell membrane, 12, 126, 134, 140, 167 Cell proliferation, 5, 72, 129, 134, 176 Cell Survival, 134, 149 Central Nervous System, 126, 134, 135, 147, 148, 163, 168 Central retinal artery, 135, 173 Cerebellar, 65, 130, 135, 172, 181 Cerebellar Diseases, 130, 135, 182 Cerebellum, 135, 168, 172 Cerebral, 31, 56, 59, 130, 131, 135, 144, 145 Cerebrospinal, 135, 176 Cerebrospinal fluid, 135, 176 Cerebrum, 135, 182 Cerumen, 85, 135 Cervix, 24, 135 Character, 135, 140, 171 Chemokines, 12, 135 Chemotherapy, 135, 174 Cherubism, 87, 135 Chest wall, 24, 135 Chimeras, 11, 135 Cholangitis, 88, 135 Cholesteatoma, 85, 135 Cholesterol, 131, 135, 138, 178 Chorioretinitis, 135, 173 Choroid, 135, 172, 173 Chromatin, 129, 135, 143 Chromosomal, 127, 135, 136, 168, 173 Chromosome, 16, 128, 136, 157, 160, 182 Chronic, 13, 85, 88, 106, 136, 143, 153, 155, 168, 170, 175, 179, 181, 184 Chronic renal, 136, 168 CIS, 136, 173 Clinical Medicine, 37, 136, 169 Clinical trial, 4, 15, 67, 68, 103, 136, 165, 172 Clone, 5, 136 Cloning, 16, 131, 136 Coagulation, 73, 78, 132, 136, 150, 156, 167 Cofactor, 136, 170, 180 Collagen, 8, 43, 77, 131, 136, 145, 146, 147, 168, 169 Collapse, 75, 136 Colloidal, 136, 175 Complement, 136, 148, 154, 167 Complete remission, 137, 172 Computational Biology, 103, 105, 137 Computed tomography, 57, 137, 174 Computerized axial tomography, 137, 174 Computerized tomography, 137

Conception, 137, 146, 177 Condyloma, 86, 137 Cones, 137, 173 Congestion, 137, 144 Congestive heart failure, 50, 137 Conjugated, 137, 139 Conjunctiva, 134, 137 Connective Tissue, 87, 132, 136, 137, 138, 146, 147, 148, 157, 159, 174 Connective Tissue Cells, 138 Constitutional, 138, 173 Contraindications, ii, 91, 138 Corneum, 138, 144 Coronary, 4, 133, 138, 159 Coronary heart disease, 4, 133, 138 Coronary Thrombosis, 138, 159 Corpus, 11, 43, 138, 166, 169 Corpus Luteum, 11, 138, 169 Cortex, 7, 130, 138, 145, 172 Cortical, 7, 9, 138, 175, 180 Corticosteroid, 45, 47, 62, 64, 113, 138 Cranial, 134, 135, 138, 145, 162, 163, 166, 177 Cranial Nerves, 134, 138 Cryosurgery, 96, 113, 138 Cryotherapy, 76, 138 Curative, 138, 174 Curcumin, 78, 139 Cutaneous, 6, 19, 27, 34, 45, 50, 51, 52, 65, 128, 133, 139, 157, 183 Cyclic, 63, 125, 139, 146 Cyclin, 10, 139 Cycloheximide, 17, 139 Cyst, 90, 139, 140, 163, 172 Cysteine, 78, 135, 139, 179 Cystine, 139 Cystitis, 85, 139 Cytochrome, 20, 139 Cytochrome b, 20, 139 Cytokine, 12, 139, 154 Cytoplasm, 129, 134, 139, 143, 149, 160 Cytoskeleton, 125, 139, 154 Cytotoxic, 139, 171, 172, 176 D Data Collection, 16, 139 Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 139 De novo, 12, 26, 140 Decidua, 140, 167 Defense Mechanisms, 140, 154 Degenerative, 85, 140, 150, 158, 173 Deletion, 17, 129, 140, 157 Density, 140, 163

190

Hemangioma

Dental Care, 140, 165 Dentigerous Cyst, 90, 140, 163 Dentists, 84, 140 Depigmentation, 62, 140 Depolarization, 140, 176 Dermal, 77, 91, 140 Dermatitis, 85, 140, 141 Dermatology, 6, 18, 19, 22, 28, 34, 35, 43, 45, 48, 52, 55, 56, 57, 63, 90, 91, 112, 140 Diabetes Mellitus, 140, 150, 173 Diabetic Retinopathy, 13, 78, 140, 167 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 97, 140 Diaphragm, 130, 140 Digestion, 131, 132, 140, 155, 157, 166, 178, 183 Digestive system, 69, 140, 160 Digestive tract, 140, 176, 177, 178 Dilatation, 141, 169 Dilation, 84, 141 Diploid, 128, 141, 160, 167, 182 Direct, iii, 8, 12, 67, 74, 75, 136, 141, 172 Disinfectant, 141, 144 Dissection, 77, 141 Dissociation, 126, 141 Distal, 141, 170 Diverticulum, 86, 141 Dorsal, 27, 141, 168 Dosimetry, 65, 141 Doxycycline, 48, 141 Duct, 127, 135, 141, 174, 179 Duodenum, 131, 141, 143, 166, 178 Dura mater, 134, 141 Dysplasia, 31, 86, 87, 90, 107, 141 Dystrophic, 79, 141, 144 Dystrophy, 106, 141 E Echocardiography, 4, 141 Ectopic, 13, 141 Eczema, 79, 141 Edema, 64, 140, 141, 158, 163 Efficacy, 28, 68, 142 Elastin, 136, 142, 145 Electrocoagulation, 136, 142 Electrolyte, 138, 142, 160, 169, 176 Electrons, 131, 142, 155, 164, 171, 172 Emboli, 21, 28, 29, 46, 76, 142 Embolism, 17, 20, 142 Embolization, 21, 28, 29, 46, 76, 142 Embryo, 10, 131, 134, 142, 153, 182 Embryogenesis, 11, 142 Embryology, 142, 146 Enamel, 127, 142

Encapsulated, 86, 87, 142 Endemic, 142, 177 Endocarditis, 133, 142 Endocrine System, 142 Endocrinology, 15, 142 Endocytosis, 29, 142 Endoscope, 143 Endoscopic, 29, 51, 62, 143 Endostatin, 8, 143 Endothelial cell, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 43, 63, 72, 78, 128, 143, 146, 180 Endothelium, 6, 12, 29, 76, 143, 168 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 143 Endothelium, Vascular, 143 End-stage renal, 136, 143, 168 Enucleation, 30, 40, 96, 143 Environmental Exposure, 77, 143, 163 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 143 Enzymatic, 72, 133, 134, 137, 143, 173 Enzyme, 5, 125, 143, 151, 167, 170, 176, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 5, 143 Eosinophilia, 143, 146 Eosinophils, 128, 143, 149, 156 Epidemic, 143, 177 Epidermal, 74, 77, 91, 143, 158, 183 Epidermis, 17, 57, 130, 131, 138, 143, 144, 149, 151, 171 Epidermoid carcinoma, 144, 177, 178 Epidermolysis Bullosa, 79, 144 Epidural, 27, 51, 144 Epinephrine, 144, 182 Epithelial, 11, 75, 86, 87, 125, 127, 140, 144, 150, 156, 164, 171, 183 Epithelial Cells, 76, 144, 150, 156 Epithelium, 84, 131, 137, 143, 144, 162, 166, 173 Erythema, 84, 87, 89, 144 Erythrocytes, 5, 127, 132, 144, 172 Erythroleukemia, 17, 144 Erythroplakia, 84, 88, 89, 144 Erythropoietin, 4, 144 Esophageal, 30, 43, 62, 144, 175 Esophageal Varices, 144, 175 Esophagus, 30, 140, 144, 158, 166, 178, 180 Essential Tremor, 107, 144 Estrogens, 144, 149 Ethanol, 28, 67, 144 Ethmoid, 34, 145 Ethmoid Sinus, 34, 145 Eukaryotic Cells, 145, 153, 163

Index 191

Evoke, 145, 178 Exogenous, 141, 145 Exostoses, 86, 145 Extensor, 145, 170 External-beam radiation, 145, 171 Extracellular, 5, 12, 126, 138, 142, 145, 146, 154, 176, 180 Extracellular Matrix, 5, 12, 138, 145, 146, 154 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 5, 145 Extracellular Space, 145 Extraction, 129, 145, 173 Extraocular, 38, 145 Extravasation, 84, 145, 150 Extravascular, 89, 145 Eye Abnormalities, 39, 145 Eye socket, 145, 166 F Facial, 18, 19, 31, 40, 55, 63, 84, 87, 93, 145, 158, 163, 165 Facial Nerve, 55, 145, 165 Fallopian Tubes, 145, 183 Family Planning, 103, 146 Fasciitis, 86, 87, 146 Fat, 86, 87, 126, 132, 134, 138, 142, 146, 148, 157, 174, 176 Fetal Heart, 32, 146 Fetus, 80, 144, 146, 167, 169, 182, 183 Fibrin, 132, 146, 168, 180 Fibrinogen, 146, 167, 168, 180 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 5, 79, 146 Fibroblasts, 138, 146 Fibroid, 146, 156 Fibroma, 84, 86, 87, 90, 146 Fibronectin, 5, 146 Fibrosarcoma, 17, 50, 87, 90, 146 Fibrosis, 85, 107, 146, 175 Fine-needle aspiration, 21, 146, 161 Fold, 13, 146 Foramen, 146, 151, 158 Forearm, 132, 146 Forskolin, 13, 146 Fossa, 23, 39, 135, 147 Fulguration, 30, 147 Fungus, 133, 147 Furunculosis, 85, 147 G Gadolinium, 21, 33, 147 Gallbladder, 125, 140, 147 Gamma Rays, 147, 171, 172 Ganglia, 131, 147, 161, 166 Gas, 129, 133, 147, 151, 162

Gastric, 147, 166, 175 Gastrin, 147, 151 Gastrointestinal, 33, 91, 144, 146, 147, 156, 179 Gastrointestinal tract, 144, 146, 147, 156 Gelatin, 147, 148, 180 Gene, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 20, 75, 107, 108, 126, 131, 147, 148, 150, 155, 163, 168 Gene Expression, 13, 20, 107, 147 Gene Library, 147, 148 Genetic Code, 147, 162 Genetic Engineering, 131, 136, 148 Genetics, 9, 16, 50, 59, 148 Genital, 148, 155, 183 Genitourinary, 148, 183 Genomic Library, 5, 147, 148 Genotype, 148, 166 Germ Cells, 148, 164, 177 Germline mutation, 16, 148, 150 Gestation, 148, 167 Gingival Hyperplasia, 87, 148 Gland, 35, 36, 48, 85, 126, 148, 157, 164, 165, 167, 169, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181 Glomerulus, 75, 148 Glossitis, 84, 87, 89, 148 Glucocorticoids, 126, 138, 148 Glucose, 7, 75, 76, 106, 140, 148, 150, 154, 172, 174 Glutamate, 7, 148 Glycerol, 148, 167 Glycerophospholipids, 148, 167 Glycine, 12, 148, 175 Glycoprotein, 16, 144, 146, 149, 156, 180 Glycosaminoglycans, 145, 149 Gonadal, 149, 178 Gonadorelin, 149, 156 Gonadotropin, 68, 149, 156 Governing Board, 149, 169 Grade, 59, 149 Graft, 41, 124, 149, 151 Granular Cell Tumor, 86, 87, 90, 149 Granulocytes, 149, 156, 176, 184 Granuloma, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 149 Granuloma, Giant Cell, 86, 149 Granuloma, Pyogenic, 90, 149 Growth factors, 72, 149 H Hair follicles, 149, 178, 184 Halitosis, 84, 149 Haptens, 126, 149 Heart failure, 150, 163 Hemangiopericytoma, 86, 87, 150

192

Hemangioma

Hematoma, 90, 150 Heme, 139, 150 Hemoglobin, 127, 132, 144, 150 Hemoglobinuria, 106, 150 Hemolytic, 146, 150, 153 Hemoptysis, 18, 42, 56, 150 Hemorrhage, 3, 33, 40, 142, 150, 171, 178, 184 Hemorrhoids, 150, 175 Hemostasis, 43, 150, 154 Hepatitis, 88, 114, 150, 153 Hepatocellular, 33, 62, 88, 150 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 33, 62, 88, 150 Hepatocytes, 150 Hepatoma, 57, 150 Hepatomegaly, 150, 153 Hereditary, 9, 85, 87, 88, 127, 130, 135, 145, 148, 150, 173 Hereditary mutation, 148, 150 Heredity, 147, 148, 150 Herniated, 85, 151 Herpes, 9, 19, 151 Herpes Zoster, 151 Heterodimers, 151, 154 Heterogeneity, 126, 151 Heterogenic, 151 Heterogenous, 84, 151 Histology, 85, 151 Homeostasis, 13, 75, 78, 151 Homologous, 10, 126, 151, 179 Hormonal, 46, 68, 130, 138, 151 Hormone, 13, 15, 24, 68, 75, 138, 144, 147, 149, 151, 154, 156, 161, 168, 169, 174, 176, 180 Horny layer, 144, 151 Horseradish Peroxidase, 143, 151 Host, 5, 6, 72, 75, 130, 133, 151, 173, 179, 184 Hybrid, 9, 136, 151 Hydrogen, 131, 133, 145, 151, 160, 162, 164, 170 Hydrolysis, 130, 151, 166, 168, 170 Hydroxylysine, 136, 151 Hydroxyproline, 136, 151 Hyperpigmentation, 88, 151 Hyperplasia, 32, 39, 48, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 152 Hypersensitivity, 152, 174 Hypertelorism, 93, 152 Hypertension, 133, 152, 173, 181 Hyperthermia, 76, 152 Hyperthyroidism, 13, 152

Hypertrophy, 145, 152 Hypervascular, 27, 152 Hypoplasia, 127, 152 Hypothyroidism, 13, 15, 53, 152 Hypoxia, 4, 152, 180 I Id, 66, 106, 113, 114, 120, 122, 152 Immune response, 129, 138, 149, 152, 179, 184 Immunity, 126, 152, 154 Immunoassay, 143, 152 Immunodeficiency, 106, 152 Immunohistochemistry, 11, 15, 152 Immunologic, 89, 152, 172 Immunology, 126, 151, 152 Impairment, 8, 76, 113, 130, 152, 155, 159 Impetigo, 19, 152 Implant radiation, 153, 155, 171 In situ, 11, 12, 153 In Situ Hybridization, 11, 153 In vitro, 7, 11, 12, 14, 153, 179 In vivo, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 35, 153 Incision, 153, 155 Indicative, 83, 153, 165, 183 Induction, 8, 12, 127, 153 Infancy, 14, 15, 25, 35, 68, 90, 153, 174 Infantile, 8, 13, 14, 15, 21, 37, 51, 53, 54, 60, 62, 68, 106, 153 Infarction, 138, 153, 159 Infectious Mononucleosis, 85, 153 Inferior vena cava, 17, 153 Infertility, 153, 183 Infusion, 54, 64, 153, 175 Ingestion, 149, 153, 180 Initiator, 154 Innervation, 145, 154 Inorganic, 75, 154, 166 Insight, 9, 11, 12, 14, 154 Insulin, 17, 75, 154 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 154 Insulin-like, 17, 75, 154 Integrins, 12, 154 Interferon, 5, 6, 12, 42, 50, 113, 154, 158 Interferon-alpha, 154 Interleukin-1, 12, 154 Interleukin-12, 12, 154 Interleukin-2, 154 Internal Medicine, 62, 63, 65, 142, 154 Internal radiation, 154, 171 Interorbital, 152, 155 Interstitial, 63, 85, 132, 145, 155 Intervertebral, 151, 155

Index 193

Intestinal, 19, 39, 75, 134, 155, 158 Intestinal Obstruction, 19, 39, 155 Intestine, 75, 106, 132, 155, 156, 178 Intracellular, 10, 11, 153, 154, 155, 169, 176 Intramuscular, 4, 37, 38, 46, 155 Intraocular, 147, 155 Intraocular pressure, 147, 155 Intravascular, 89, 155 Intravenous, 64, 153, 155 Intrinsic, 43, 72, 126, 131, 155 Introns, 148, 155 Invasive, 24, 67, 74, 152, 155, 158 Involuntary, 131, 144, 155, 161 Involution, 12, 14, 17, 52, 80, 155 Ionizing, 126, 143, 155, 171 Ischemia, 130, 155 J Joint, 85, 130, 155, 179 K Kb, 102, 155 Keratosis, 79, 85, 125, 155 Kidney Disease, 69, 102, 107, 155 Kidney Pelvis, 155, 182 L Labile, 75, 136, 156 Labyrinth, 145, 156 Lacrimal, 145, 156 Laminin, 131, 145, 156 Laparoscopy, 92, 156 Large Intestine, 140, 155, 156, 172, 176 Laryngeal, 25, 156 Larynx, 156, 181 Laser Surgery, 51, 156 Latent, 156, 169 Leiomyoma, 86, 87, 146, 156 Leiomyosarcoma, 88, 156 Lesion, 8, 45, 73, 77, 91, 113, 123, 149, 156, 157, 182 Lethargy, 152, 156 Leucocyte, 156, 158 Leukemia, 106, 156 Leukocytes, 132, 135, 143, 149, 154, 156, 160 Leuprolide, 68, 156 Library Services, 120, 156 Ligament, 156, 169 Ligands, 6, 154, 156 Ligation, 4, 157 Linkage, 16, 157 Lip, 19, 29, 58, 84, 87, 93, 157 Lipid, 129, 148, 154, 157 Lipoma, 84, 86, 88, 157

Liposarcoma, 88, 157 Liquor, 157, 171 Liver metastases, 62, 157 Liver scan, 157, 174 Liver Transplantation, 41, 88, 157 Localization, 12, 54, 152, 157 Localized, 85, 127, 142, 150, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 175, 182 Loss of Heterozygosity, 9, 16, 157 Lumbar, 23, 130, 157 Lung Transplantation, 26, 157 Lupus, 85, 157 Lymph, 49, 143, 153, 157, 158, 172, 179 Lymph node, 49, 157, 158, 172 Lymphadenopathy, 153, 157 Lymphatic, 45, 80, 86, 128, 143, 153, 157, 159, 163, 176, 177, 180 Lymphatic system, 80, 157, 176, 177, 180 Lymphedema, 42, 158 Lymphoblasts, 6, 158 Lymphocyte, 129, 158 Lymphoid, 128, 156, 158 Lymphoma, 90, 106, 158 M Macrophage, 154, 158 Macula, 158 Macula Lutea, 158 Macular Degeneration, 13, 78, 158 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 7, 33, 36, 38, 55, 158, 174 Malabsorption, 106, 158 Malformation, 34, 59, 158 Malignancy, 12, 80, 88, 158 Malignant tumor, 27, 72, 85, 90, 113, 158, 164, 174 Malnutrition, 130, 158, 160 Mandible, 3, 38, 49, 158 Meatus, 158, 177, 182 Medial, 85, 129, 145, 158, 177 Mediastinum, 34, 158 Mediate, 5, 14, 158 Medicament, 80, 158 MEDLINE, 103, 105, 107, 158 Melanin, 140, 158, 166, 182 Melanocytes, 151, 158, 159, 162 Melanoma, 52, 79, 86, 88, 106, 112, 159 Membrane, 125, 134, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 149, 156, 159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 172, 176, 182, 184 Meninges, 134, 135, 141, 159 Meningioma, 9, 159 Menstrual Cycle, 159, 169

194

Hemangioma

Mental Disorders, 69, 159 Mesenchymal, 14, 86, 159 Mesentery, 159, 166 Metaplasia, 85, 159 Metastasis, 11, 12, 52, 57, 67, 80, 90, 159 Metastasize, 80, 159, 175 Metastatic, 12, 67, 79, 159, 175 MI, 17, 93, 124, 159 Microbe, 159, 181 Microbiology, 125, 130, 159 Microfilaments, 126, 159 Microorganism, 136, 159, 165, 184 Microscopy, 12, 52, 131, 151, 159 Migrans, 87, 89, 159 Migration, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 160 Mineralization, 160, 164 Mineralocorticoids, 126, 138, 160 Mitochondria, 160, 163 Mitochondrial Swelling, 160, 161 Mitosis, 129, 160 Molecular, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 103, 105, 127, 131, 137, 146, 160, 167, 168, 174 Molecule, 11, 129, 131, 137, 139, 141, 151, 160, 164, 172, 176, 181, 183 Monitor, 160, 162 Monoclonal, 43, 160, 171 Monocytes, 154, 156, 160 Mononuclear, 146, 149, 153, 160 Monosomy, 128, 160 Morphological, 84, 142, 147, 158, 160 Mucosa, 31, 41, 84, 86, 87, 89, 149, 157, 160, 178 Mucositis, 84, 160 Muscle Fibers, 160 Muscular Atrophy, 107, 160 Muscular Dystrophies, 141, 160 Mydriatic, 141, 160 Myelogenous, 160 Myocardium, 4, 13, 159, 161 Myopia, 161, 172, 173 Myositis, 87, 161 Myositis Ossificans, 87, 161 Myotonic Dystrophy, 107, 161 Myristate, 65, 161 N Natural killer cells, 154, 161 NCI, 1, 68, 101, 136, 161 Necrosis, 73, 76, 129, 146, 153, 159, 161 Need, 3, 78, 80, 84, 93, 116, 136, 161 Needle biopsy, 146, 161 Neonatal, 6, 22, 27, 45, 161 Neoplasia, 86, 106, 161

Neoplasm, 67, 86, 149, 161, 164, 174 Neoplastic, 10, 79, 80, 85, 135, 149, 157, 158, 161, 174 Nephrogenic, 85, 161 Nephron, 148, 161 Nephropathy, 155, 161 Nerve, 31, 127, 130, 145, 151, 154, 161, 162, 163, 168, 174, 175, 178, 181 Nervous System, 9, 107, 126, 134, 161, 162, 166 Neural, 9, 87, 126, 161, 173 Neuroblastoma, 87, 162 Neurofibroma, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 162 Neurogenic, 86, 87, 162 Neurologic, 9, 162 Neuroma, 86, 87, 162 Neuronal, 7, 162 Neurons, 147, 162, 179 Neuropathy, 6, 162 Neuroretinitis, 162, 173 Neutrons, 126, 162, 171 Nevus, 23, 74, 87, 90, 91, 162 Night Blindness, 162, 173 Nitrogen, 113, 127, 129, 145, 162, 182 Nuclear, 29, 42, 54, 56, 59, 60, 114, 131, 142, 145, 147, 161, 162 Nuclei, 126, 142, 148, 155, 158, 160, 162, 163, 170 Nucleic acid, 75, 79, 147, 153, 162, 171 Nucleus, 129, 131, 135, 139, 143, 145, 147, 160, 162, 170, 180 O Occult, 39, 53, 162 Ocular, 12, 62, 65, 91, 162 Oculomotor, 134, 162 Odontogenic Cysts, 90, 162 Odontogenic Tumors, 90, 163 Oedema, 134, 163 Oncogene, 10, 106, 163 Oncogenic, 10, 75, 154, 163 Oncology, 8, 34, 39, 41, 50, 52, 64, 65, 163, 172 Opacity, 35, 134, 140, 163 Ophthalmic, 23, 38, 63, 163, 173 Ophthalmic Artery, 163, 173 Opsin, 163, 173 Optic disc, 53, 163 Optic Disk, 140, 158, 163 Optic Nerve, 162, 163, 172, 173 Oral Health, 90, 163 Oral Hygiene, 149, 163 Orbit, 20, 23, 38, 43, 55, 145, 163, 166

Index 195

Orbital, 38, 39, 45, 49, 54, 163 Organelles, 91, 139, 159, 160, 163, 168 Orofacial, 50, 84, 87, 163 Osmotic, 160, 163, 175 Ossification, 161, 164, 174 Osteogenic sarcoma, 90, 164 Osteomalacia, 75, 164 Osteosarcoma, 90, 164 Otitis, 85, 164 Otolaryngologist, 85, 164 Otolaryngology, 25, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 45, 51, 63, 85, 164 Otology, 31, 38, 55, 85, 164 Ovarian Follicle, 138, 164 Ovaries, 145, 164, 183 Ovary, 79, 138, 164 Ovum, 138, 140, 148, 164, 169, 184 Oxidation, 139, 164 P Palate, 93, 164, 178 Pancreas, 125, 140, 154, 164 Pancreatic, 21, 106, 164 Pancreatic cancer, 106, 164 Papilla, 164 Papillary, 22, 29, 164 Papilloma, 84, 86, 90, 137, 164 Paralysis, 134, 165 Parathyroid, 75, 165, 174, 180 Parathyroid Glands, 165, 174 Parathyroid hormone, 75, 165 Parietal, 165, 166 Parotid, 42, 48, 165 Paroxysmal, 106, 165 Partial remission, 165, 172 Particle, 165, 181 Patch, 144, 165, 181 Pathogen, 165, 179 Pathogenesis, 6, 8, 86, 87, 89, 165 Pathologic, 33, 53, 85, 86, 87, 88, 129, 131, 133, 138, 152, 165, 170 Pathologic Processes, 129, 165 Pathologies, 86, 165 Pathophysiology, 8, 165 Patient Care Team, 94, 165 Patient Education, 112, 118, 120, 124, 165 Patient Selection, 91, 165 Pediatric Dentistry, 90, 165 Pedigree, 6, 165 Pelvic, 43, 165, 169 Penis, 166, 183 Peptic, 166, 175 Peptic Ulcer, 166, 175

Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage, 166, 175 Peptide, 10, 12, 146, 166, 168, 170, 180 Percutaneous, 46, 58, 166 Perfusion, 152, 166 Perianal, 137, 166 Periodontal Cyst, 90, 163, 166 Perioperative, 91, 166 Periorbital, 12, 62, 64, 166 Peripheral Nervous System, 166, 174, 179 Peritoneum, 63, 159, 166, 173 Pernicious, 89, 166 Pernicious anemia, 89, 166 Petechiae, 89, 166 Pharmacologic, 7, 127, 166, 181 Pharyngitis, 166, 174 Phenotype, 8, 10, 11, 166 Phenylalanine, 166, 182 Phosphates, 75, 166 Phospholipases, 166, 176 Phospholipids, 75, 146, 166 Phosphorus, 75, 133, 165, 167 Phosphorylated, 11, 167 Phosphorylation, 72, 167 Photocoagulation, 63, 136, 167 Photodynamic therapy, 22, 25, 46, 47, 50, 95, 167 Photosensitizer, 91, 167 Physiologic, 9, 15, 126, 131, 159, 167, 172, 181 Physiology, 13, 75, 85, 125, 142, 167, 179 Pigment, 140, 158, 159, 167, 173 Pigmentation, 88, 91, 112, 151, 167 Pituitary Gland, 138, 146, 147, 149, 167 Placenta, 13, 15, 167, 169, 182 Plants, 130, 133, 148, 167, 174, 181 Plasma, 5, 84, 89, 125, 126, 128, 134, 143, 146, 147, 150, 160, 167, 168, 170, 175 Plasma cells, 128, 167 Plasma protein, 143, 167, 170, 175 Plasmin, 167, 168 Plasminogen, 87, 167, 168 Plasminogen Activators, 167, 168 Plasticity, 7, 168 Plastids, 163, 168 Platelet Activation, 168, 176 Platelet Aggregation, 147, 168 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 56, 168 Platelets, 168 Pneumonectomy, 58, 168 Polycystic, 107, 168 Polyhydramnios, 22, 168 Polyp, 85, 86, 168

196

Hemangioma

Polypeptide, 72, 79, 127, 136, 146, 167, 168, 170, 185 Polysaccharide, 129, 168, 170 Pons, 168, 173 Posterior, 38, 39, 41, 130, 135, 141, 164, 168, 177 Postnatal, 168, 178 Postoperative, 85, 168 Postsynaptic, 168, 176 Potassium, 30, 58, 160, 169 Potentiates, 154, 169 Potentiation, 169, 176 Practice Guidelines, 104, 113, 169 Precancerous, 125, 169 Precursor, 143, 166, 168, 169, 170, 182 Predisposition, 15, 169 Prenatal, 47, 48, 142, 169 Prevalence, 6, 15, 48, 169 Primary tumor, 67, 169 Probe, 75, 169 Progesterone, 4, 169, 178 Progression, 7, 9, 10, 80, 128, 169 Progressive, 7, 58, 134, 136, 149, 155, 160, 161, 168, 169, 173 Proliferative Retinopathy, 10, 169 Proline, 136, 151, 169 Promoter, 13, 169 Proportional, 143, 169 Prostate, 106, 169, 183 Protease, 5, 170 Protein C, 12, 77, 127, 130, 148, 170 Protein Conformation, 77, 127, 170 Protein S, 10, 107, 131, 139, 147, 170, 178, 180 Proteoglycans, 131, 145, 170 Proteolytic, 8, 137, 146, 167, 168, 170 Prothrombin, 170, 180 Protons, 126, 151, 155, 170, 171 Proximal, 10, 36, 74, 75, 141, 170 Pruritic, 141, 170 Psoriasis, 79, 170 Psychic, 170, 175 Public Policy, 103, 170 Publishing, 16, 86, 170 Pulmonary, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 32, 48, 49, 64, 132, 170, 180, 183 Pulmonary Artery, 132, 170, 183 Pulmonary hypertension, 20, 48, 170 Pulse, 21, 160, 170 Pupil, 141, 160, 171 Purines, 171, 175 Purpura, 85, 88, 171

Pustular, 153, 171 Pyogenic, 79, 84, 87, 89, 90, 171 Q Quaternary, 170, 171 Quiescent, 80, 171 R Race, 35, 160, 171 Radiation, 30, 39, 49, 64, 67, 73, 74, 76, 79, 84, 88, 91, 143, 145, 147, 152, 155, 171, 174, 184 Radiation therapy, 49, 67, 76, 145, 155, 171, 174 Radicular, 90, 163, 171 Radicular Cyst, 90, 163, 171 Radioactive, 132, 151, 153, 154, 157, 162, 163, 171, 174, 182 Radiofrequency ablation, 49, 58, 171 Radiography, 32, 128, 171 Radioimmunotherapy, 171, 172 Radiolabeled, 5, 171 Radiological, 49, 166, 171 Radiology, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 48, 49, 62, 63, 64, 113, 171 Radiotherapy, 30, 52, 54, 132, 171 Randomized, 68, 142, 172 Ranula, 90, 172 Reabsorption, 75, 172 Receptor, 4, 5, 8, 10, 13, 29, 31, 46, 72, 125, 129, 172, 176 Recombinant, 5, 50, 56, 172, 183 Rectum, 26, 129, 132, 140, 147, 156, 169, 172 Red blood cells, 144, 150, 172, 174 Red Nucleus, 130, 172 Refer, 1, 132, 136, 151, 157, 158, 162, 171, 172 Refraction, 161, 172, 177 Regeneration, 146, 172 Regimen, 142, 172 Regional lymph node, 80, 172 Relaxant, 147, 172 Remission, 30, 172 Renal pelvis, 85, 172 Reproductive cells, 148, 150, 172 Resection, 7, 24, 40, 42, 55, 64, 88, 172 Retina, 23, 26, 65, 135, 137, 140, 158, 161, 162, 163, 169, 172, 173, 174, 184 Retinal, 46, 50, 51, 52, 65, 78, 140, 163, 173 Retinal Artery, 78, 173 Retinal Artery Occlusion, 78, 173 Retinal Detachment, 46, 140, 173 Retinal Vein, 78, 173

Index 197

Retinal Vein Occlusion, 78, 173 Retinitis, 65, 173 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 65, 173 Retinoblastoma, 106, 173 Retinol, 173 Retrobulbar, 55, 173 Retrograde, 155, 173 Retroperitoneal, 40, 126, 173 Retroviral vector, 10, 173 Retrovirus, 16, 173 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 88, 90, 174 Rheumatism, 174 Rheumatoid, 9, 11, 174 Rheumatoid arthritis, 9, 11, 174 Rickets, 87, 174 Risk factor, 88, 174 Rod, 130, 174 Rubber, 23, 125, 174 S Salivary, 140, 145, 164, 174, 179 Salivary glands, 140, 145, 174 Salvage Therapy, 41, 174 Saponins, 174, 178 Sarcoma, 7, 10, 72, 77, 79, 87, 88, 89, 90, 174, 176 Scalpel, 77, 174 Scans, 8, 73, 174 Scarlet Fever, 89, 174 Schwannoma, 86, 87, 89, 174 Scleroderma, 88, 146, 175 Sclerosis, 88, 107, 129, 175 Sclerotherapy, 35, 52, 62, 76, 77, 175 Screening, 5, 6, 136, 175 Scrotum, 59, 175, 180 Sebaceous, 175, 184 Secondary tumor, 159, 175 Secretion, 10, 138, 148, 149, 152, 154, 160, 175, 183 Secretory, 4, 175 Segmental, 59, 175 Segmentation, 175 Seizures, 7, 165, 175 Semen, 169, 175 Seminal vesicles, 175, 183 Senile, 125, 175 Serine, 10, 11, 175 Serous, 46, 143, 175 Serum, 59, 136, 149, 160, 175 Serum Albumin, 59, 175 Sex Determination, 107, 175 Shock, 176, 181 Shunt, 21, 176

Side effect, 74, 91, 126, 131, 176, 181 Signal Transduction, 6, 10, 72, 176 Signs and Symptoms, 172, 176 Skeletal, 22, 23, 30, 127, 130, 160, 176 Skeleton, 155, 176 Skull, 3, 44, 135, 145, 163, 176, 180 Small intestine, 141, 151, 155, 176 Smooth muscle, 10, 138, 146, 147, 156, 176, 179 Sodium, 75, 160, 172, 176, 179 Soft tissue, 53, 84, 85, 86, 90, 113, 132, 146, 150, 176 Soft tissue sarcoma, 146, 176 Solid tumor, 80, 128, 143, 176 Solvent, 144, 148, 163, 176 Soma, 177 Somatic, 6, 8, 14, 16, 138, 142, 160, 166, 177 Somatic mutations, 6, 8, 177 Specialist, 115, 141, 177 Species, 127, 141, 144, 147, 151, 160, 171, 177, 178, 182, 184 Specificity, 13, 126, 133, 177 Spectrum, 73, 139, 177 Sperm, 127, 136, 148, 150, 172, 177, 180 Sphenoid, 34, 134, 152, 177 Sphenoid Sinus, 177 Spina bifida, 130, 177 Spinal cord, 23, 41, 67, 134, 135, 141, 144, 159, 161, 162, 166, 177 Spinous, 144, 177 Spirochete, 177, 179 Spleen, 127, 157, 177 Splenomegaly, 153, 177 Sporadic, 51, 173, 177 Squamous, 79, 84, 85, 90, 135, 144, 149, 177, 178 Squamous cell carcinoma, 79, 84, 85, 90, 144, 149, 177 Squamous cells, 149, 177, 178 Squamous Epithelium, 135, 178 Staging, 86, 174, 178 Staphylococcus, 147, 152, 178 Staphylococcus aureus, 152, 178 Steady state, 41, 178 Stem Cells, 14, 144, 178 Sterile, 165, 178 Steroid, 37, 113, 174, 178 Stimulus, 6, 154, 178 Stomach, 125, 140, 144, 147, 151, 166, 176, 177, 178 Stomatitis, 84, 88, 178 Streptococci, 153, 174, 178

198

Hemangioma

Streptomycin, 139, 178 Stress, 95, 169, 174, 178 Stricture, 34, 178 Stroke, 67, 69, 102, 133, 178 Stromal, 14, 46, 178 Styrene, 174, 179 Subacute, 153, 179 Subclinical, 153, 175, 179 Subcutaneous, 126, 142, 156, 163, 179 Sublingual, 35, 172, 179 Submaxillary, 172, 179 Substance P, 175, 178, 179 Substrate, 143, 179 Sulfur, 145, 179 Superinfection, 8, 179 Superior vena cava, 130, 179 Support group, 115, 179 Suppression, 11, 62, 138, 179 Sweat, 135, 179 Sweat Glands, 135, 179 Symphysis, 169, 179 Symptomatic, 39, 41, 47, 49, 54, 179 Synaptic, 176, 179 Syphilis, 87, 179 Systemic, 62, 84, 88, 127, 129, 132, 133, 144, 153, 163, 171, 175, 178, 179 T Telangiectasia, 77, 88, 107, 179 Temporal, 23, 55, 158, 180 Testicles, 175, 180 Tetany, 165, 180 Tetracycline, 4, 141, 180 Thalamic, 55, 130, 180 Thalamic Diseases, 130, 180 Thermal, 84, 91, 141, 162, 180 Thoracic, 18, 23, 24, 37, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 56, 140, 180, 184 Thoracic Surgery, 18, 24, 37, 40, 42, 43, 50, 180 Thorax, 125, 130, 157, 179, 180 Threonine, 10, 11, 175, 180 Thrombin, 17, 146, 168, 170, 180 Thrombocytopenia, 106, 180 Thrombolytic, 168, 180 Thrombomodulin, 17, 63, 65, 170, 180 Thrombosis, 154, 170, 175, 178, 180 Thymus, 157, 180 Thyroid, 13, 15, 31, 87, 152, 165, 180, 181, 182 Thyroid Gland, 152, 165, 180, 181 Thyrotoxicosis, 13, 180 Thyrotropin, 152, 180

Thyroxine, 13, 15, 166, 181 Tinnitus, 164, 181 Tomography, 7, 26, 30, 41, 55, 181 Tonsillitis, 174, 181 Topical, 80, 144, 181 Toxic, iv, 76, 141, 143, 152, 162, 179, 181 Toxicity, 8, 181 Toxicology, 104, 181 Toxins, 129, 153, 171, 181 Trachea, 132, 156, 158, 180, 181 Transcriptase, 173, 181 Transdermal, 80, 181 Transduction, 6, 72, 176, 181 Transfection, 131, 181 Trauma, 3, 85, 131, 149, 161, 180, 181 Trees, 127, 174, 181 Tremor, 55, 181 Tricuspid Valve, 24, 182 Trisomy, 128, 182 Tryptophan, 136, 182 Tuberculosis, 157, 182 Tuberous Sclerosis, 9, 79, 107, 182 Tumor suppressor gene, 9, 157, 182 Tumorigenic, 11, 79, 182 Tympanic membrane, 85, 182 Tyrosine, 11, 31, 72, 182 U Ulcer, 166, 182, 183 Ultrasonography, 18, 30, 58, 182 Ultrasound energy, 76, 182 Umbilical Arteries, 182 Umbilical Cord, 35, 48, 182 Unconscious, 140, 152, 182 Ureter, 85, 155, 172, 182 Urethra, 85, 166, 169, 182, 183 Urinary, 75, 139, 148, 182, 183 Urinary tract, 182, 183 Urine, 85, 129, 131, 150, 161, 172, 182, 183 Urogenital, 85, 148, 183 Urogenital System, 85, 183 Urology, 19, 29, 32, 34, 40, 43, 56, 58, 85, 183 Urothelium, 85, 183 Uterus, 47, 135, 138, 140, 145, 146, 156, 164, 169, 183 V Vaccines, 183, 184 Vacuoles, 142, 163, 183 Vagina, 133, 135, 183 Vaginitis, 133, 183 Varicose, 74, 175, 183 Varicose vein, 74, 175, 183

Index 199

Varix, 87, 183 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 72, 183 Vasoactive, 10, 183 Vector, 4, 181, 183 Vein, 63, 75, 129, 130, 153, 155, 162, 165, 173, 179, 182, 183 Vena, 130, 183 Venereal, 179, 183 Venous, 40, 45, 59, 79, 87, 129, 132, 134, 150, 163, 170, 183 Ventricle, 50, 170, 182, 183 Ventricular, 50, 183 Venules, 132, 133, 143, 183 Verruca, 79, 90, 183 Vertebrae, 3, 130, 155, 177, 183 Vertebral, 22, 23, 28, 30, 39, 54, 59, 60, 177, 184 Vertigo, 164, 184 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 184 Viral, 8, 10, 130, 163, 173, 181, 182, 184 Virulence, 179, 181, 184 Virus, 8, 10, 17, 88, 130, 148, 153, 154, 173, 181, 184 Viscera, 159, 177, 184

Visceral, 138, 166, 184 Visual field, 173, 184 Vitreous Body, 135, 172, 184 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 140, 184 Vitreous Humor, 173, 184 Vitro, 14, 184 Vivo, 7, 184 Vulgaris, 79, 90, 184 W Wart, 155, 184 Watchful waiting, 113, 184 White blood cell, 128, 153, 156, 157, 158, 161, 167, 184 Windpipe, 180, 184 Womb, 183, 184 Wound Healing, 10, 11, 146, 154, 184 X Xenograft, 128, 184 X-ray, 74, 124, 129, 137, 147, 162, 171, 174, 184 Y Yeasts, 133, 147, 166, 185 Yttrium, 30, 185 Z Zymogen, 170, 185

200

Hemangioma

Hemangioma - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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