Hashimoto's Thyroiditis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00510-7 1. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS ..................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis................................................................ 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS ........................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis .............................................................. 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS ..................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS ..................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 69 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 71 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 87 HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS DICTIONARY ...................................................................... 89 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 121

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Federally Funded Research on Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: •

Project Title: EXOCRINE GLAND TARGETING IN AUTOIMMUNE NOD MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Peck, Ammon B.; Professor; Oral Biology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Sjogren's syndrome, one of the connective tissue autoimmune diseases, presents clinically as a loss of exocrine secretory function due to autoaggression primarily against the salivary and lacrimal glands. The mechanism(s) underlying the tissue specific destruction of target organs in Sjogren's syndrome is not understood at the present time. Our studies have now established the NOD (non-obese diabetic) and NOD.B10.H2b mice as the best animal models for secondary and primary Sjogren's syndrome, respectively. To date, the NOD mouse remains the only animal identified to develop the corresponding pathophysiology of salivary gland secretion loss and lacrimal tear production in conjunction with the histological observation of lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine tissues. Results of our studies have novel implications in how we define the autoimmune disease paradigm with the observation of exocrine gland cellular alterations which develop in the absence of a functional lymphocyte system (NOD-scid). Autoimmune diseases, such as IDDM, IBD, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, similar to our studies in both the NOD-scid and NOD parental strain, indicate nonimmune factors, as a consequence of genetically programmed loss of glandular differentiated function or homeostasis, appear to contribute to initiating the disease process. Using a second congenic strain lacking B-cells (NOD.Igu null), the loss of secretory function was shown to be independent of T-cells but not autoantibodies. To elucidate further the mechanism(s) responsible for the loss of exocrine target tissue function of Sjogren' s syndrome-like disease in the NOD model, the following specific aims are proposed: 1. Define the role of regulatory effector cytokines modulating the humoral response in autoimmune exocrinopathy through the analysis of specific knockout mice; and 2. Define the components of the humoral immune response promoting exocrine gland destruction, using the NOD mouse models of Sjogren's syndrome. These studies will expand on our novel observations which established the NOD mouse as an appropriate model for the study of Sjogren's syndrome-like pathology by analyzing the role of the humoral immune system components and effector cytokines in the precipitation of exocrine tissue dysfunction. By using a global approach to the analyses of this autoimmune disease involving a coordinated evaluation of both the lacrimal and salivary glands, the results from this research will provide innovative insights into the mechanism(s) triggering autoimmune attack on specific tissues and further suggest novel strategies for the control of this tissue destruction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IDENTIFYING GENES LINKED TO AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Tomer, Yaron; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are very common with a prevalence of - 5 percent. They include Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which manifests by hypothyroidism, and Graves disease (GD), which causes hyperthyroidism. The mechanisms initiating the AITD are not completely understood. Abundant data point to a genetic susceptibility to AITD, and the applicant, has identified linkages for several AITD susceptibility loci. In the past four years we have performed genome scans on two data sets of multiplex families (102 families, 540 individuals), and mapped 8 loci showing evidence for linkage with AITD. In two of the loci we identified and investigated putative AITD susceptibility genes (CTLA-4 and CD4O}. The focus of the current proposal is four of the eight loci which showed the strongest evidence for linkage with AITD. The goals of our study are to identify and

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characterize the AITD susceptibility genes in these four loci. The specific aims of the proposed study are: 1) To resolve the genetic heterogeneity in our families at the 4 linked loci which are the focus of our studies. At all 4 loci the linkage analysis showed evidence of heterogeneity and resolving it will facilitate identification of the AITD susceptibility genes. We will subdivide the families according to various parameters (e.g. age of onset of disease), analyze these subsets separately for linkage with the four loci, and apply the Predivided-Sample Test. Resolving heterogeneity and identifying subsets of families that are uniformly linked with these loci will amplify the power of the subsequent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and fine mapping analyses (Specific Aims 2 & 3); 2) To analyze two important genes (thyroglobulin and TGFBeta3 which are located at 2 of the linked loci, and are themselves linked and associated with AITD. We will analyze the sequences of the thyroglobulin and TGF-Beta3 genes in order to identify disease-specific SNP's; 3) To fine map two additional linked loci and narrow the linked regions in order to determine appropriate candidate genes for future analyses. We have the capacity and experience to perform these studies. Our flexible relational database (lngresTM) facilitates complex linkage and association analyses. We use two ABI-310 sequencers for genotyping and sequencing, and we have experience at SNPing genes and fine mapping linked regions. We expect that these studies will lead to the identification of gene sequence variations contributing to the expression of AITD. This will allow us to understand the mechanisms initiating these diseases, and hopefully will lead to the development of new therapies targeted at the mechanisms initiating AITD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MENOPAUSE, IDDM, AND AUTOIMMUNITY--THE FAD STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dorman, Janice S.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The Familial Autoimmune and Diabetes (FAD) Study has shown that the prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, defined by high titres of thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin autoantibodies, elevated TSH in the absence of medication, and/or a positive history or exam, is higher among adult women with type 1 diabetes than their non-diabetic sisters or mothers. These findings suggest that one's ability to maintain immunological self-tolerance may be lost prematurely among women with type 1 diabetes. This may also reflect one of the many chronic complications that occur at an early age among affected individuals. One would, therefore, expect that other indicators of advanced biological age may be common among women with type 1 diabetes. Selfreport data from the FAD Study support this hypothesis. The mean age at menopause for women with type 1 diabetes was nearly ten years younger than that for their nondiabetic sisters (41.6 vs. 49.9 years, p less than 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first formal report of an association between type 1 diabetes and early menopause in the scientific literature. Moreover, the public health importance of these data, which must be confirmed, is enormous. Given the high incidence of cardiovascular disease and other complications known to be associated with long-term diabetes, an early natural menopause is likely to exacerbate the risk of myocardial infarction among young women with type 1 diabetes. We have the only defined cohort of type 1 diabetic women that is sufficiently large and of the appropriate age to address the following Specific Aims: 1) To validate the extremely important finding that menopause, defined by 12 months without menstruating and elevated FSH levels, occurs at a significantly younger

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average age among type 1 diabetic compared to non-diabetic women, 2) to evaluate potential differences in menstrual bleeding patterns, menopausal symptomatology and the determinants of age at menopause among type 1 diabetic compared to non-diabetic women, and 3) to evaluate the effect of the menopause transition on major cardiovascular disease risk factors and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease among type 1 diabetic compared to non-diabetic women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW RAT MODEL OF AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES AND ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guberski, Dennis L.; Biomedical Research Models, Inc. 10 New Bond St Worcester, Ma 01606 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of this proposal are to develop and characterize a new congenic rat model with spontaneous autoimmune disease. In Phase 1 we will establish a foundation colony of LEW.1WR1 rats and begin genetic crosses to introgress traits from BBDR/Wor and LEW.1WR strains. This should increase the incidence of spontaneous diabetes and may induce spontaneous arthritis and thyroiditis. The incidence and age of onset of type 1 diabetes, and the occurrence of spontaneous arthritis will be monitored. In Phase 2, select Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) markers will be used to construct speed a congenic strain with a high incidence of multiple spontaneous autoimmune disorders. Some 5 percent of the U.S. population is affected by one or more autoimmune diseases. Experimental animal models facilitate the study of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and permit the evaluation of treatment protocols that are not immediately feasible or ethical in humans. Animal models also provide populations of genetically uniform subjects that can be maintained under environmentally controlled conditions. It is our expectation that this new model of autoimmunity will expedite the development of safe and effective pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes, and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: This research effort will result in a new characterized model of autoimmune diseases. The animal model will generate income by direct sales and contract research within the 15,000 sq. ft. BRM facility. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SIGNALING CROSSTALK AND THYROID CELL SURVIVAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Meinkoth, Judy L.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Immune-mediated cell destruction is one of the central pathologic events in the development of autoimmune disease. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), a specific immune response to thyroid antigens leads to lymphocytic infiltration, follicular cell destruction and clinical hypothyroidism. It is now evident that apoptosis is one of the major pathologic mechanisms underlying HT and other forms of autoimmune disease. Proinflammatory cytokines are thought to play an initiating role in autoimmunity and apoptosis. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 1-beta have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HT and other autoimmune disorders. Recently, these cytokines were shown to induce Fas receptor expression on normal human thyrocytes, cells that express FasL. Cross-linking of Fas resulted in massive apoptosis, leading to the speculation that following inflammation and cytokine release, thyroid cells are pruned

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to die by fratricidal mechanisms. Thyrotropin (TSH) regulates thyroid function, proliferation and possibly, survival. TSH stimulates the expression of thyroid-specific genes, effects that are opposed by (IFN-gamma). In turn, TSH has been reported to decrease IFN-gamma effects on Fas expression and apoptosis. Our aims are to elucidate the effects of proinflammatory cytokines in a continuous line of rat thyroid cells. We wish to explore the mechanisms of cytokine-induced cell death, and of survival promoted by TSH using a combination of biochemistry, cell biology and microinjection. Crosstalk between cytokines and hormones, given their opposing effects on Fas expression, may significantly alter the susceptibility of endocrine cells to apoptosis, a factor with profound implications for autoimmune diseases including thyroiditis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Ras activation, a frequent event in thyroid cancer, sensitizes many cells to cytokine-induced apoptosis, and numerous studies implicate a close linkage between signals activated by Ras and Fas. TSH appears to alter the balance in Ras-mediated signals from proliferation to apoptosis, a finding that may explain the infrequent occurrence of mutations in Ras and in Gs or the TSH receptor, mutations leading to the constitutive activity cAMP- mediated signaling pathways, in thyroid tumors. We will examine the acute effects of Ras on apoptosis, and the signaling pathways responsible for these effects. We will identify cellular factors that contribute to the ability of Ras-transformed cells to escape apoptosis. Taken together, these studies will provide new insight into the regulation of thyroid cell survival and transformation applicable to other endocrine cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES IN AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Davies, Terry F.; Professor; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common human autoimmune dysfunctions encompassing thyroid gland over activity (Graves' disease -GD) and failure (Hashimoto's thyroiditis - HT). The AITD affect up to 10% of the population; mostly women (5:1). Because these diseases are familial, and 30% of identical sibs show concordance, our hypothesis has been that these diseases have a major genetic component. Although their inheritance pattern is complex, tools are now available to begin the search for such genes. Our recent study is involving 100 families have produced evidence of multiple loci involved in AITD. Four of the loci showed strong evidence that they affected the expression of AITD. Other loci showed some evidence for linkage but more data are necessary to confirm them. The data also revealed evidence of heterogeneity within the clinical phenotypes; in particular those patients with HT. It is now necessary to develop a larger data set for the following reasons: (1) There is genetic heterogeneity within the same disease phenotypes, (2) The analysis methods for coping with heterogeneity in small data sets are weak, (3) There is a need to subdivide the data to stratify by specific characteristics to take account of heterogeneity using clinical criteria which will lead to reduced numbers for analysis and, (4) Once we have found linkage we need to detect associations in order to identify the gene and, therefore, need a large enough sample to analyze by this method. Statistical simulations suggest that 200 families should produce more definitive data. Hence the aims of this application are (1) To collect 100 additional multiplex new families with autoimmune thyroid disease and obtain important clinical and epidemiological data as well as DNA and peripheral blood lymphocytes from probands and family members. This will bring our collection to 200. families, (2) We will perform

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a first round whole genome screening on the 200 families using 400 micro satellites and (3) The whole genome screening data from the -1,000 individuals will be analyzed to determine loci with LOD scores >2.0 and the identified loci will be fine mapped with multiple additional micro satellites to narrow the regions of interest. These studies will provide more definitive data on the linked and associated loci contributing to AITD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: T CELL RECOGNITION & REPERTOIRE IN AUTOIMMUNE THYRODITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kong, Yi-Chi M.; Assoc Prof of Immunology & Microbiology; Immunology and Microbiology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal is to use murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) as a model to probe the recognitory, pathogenic, and regulatory mechanisms, both promoting and inhibiting thyroid damage in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), the hypothyroid syndrome. A major thrust in this renewal application is the emphasis on the use of specific HLA single and double class II transgenic mice and major human thyroid antigens and a novel H2E transgenic model because of new findings in the previous years. These include: 1) Identification of HLA-DRB1 and DQ transgenes responsible for susceptibility and resistance to EAT induced with either human thyroglobulin (hTg) or mouse (m) Tg, thereby demonstrating polymorphism in EAT susceptibility and resistance. 2) In the presence of resistant class II alleles, EAT development is down-modulated; an example is DQ8 transgene moderating DR3mediated susceptibility. 3) The unusual H2E model is permissive only for hTg, but not mTg, induction, unlike conventional, susceptible strains. 4) For both HLA and H2E transgenic models, specific Tg epitopes derived from computer modeling have proven thyroiditogenic, revealing hTg-unique epitopes. The recent success in genetic immunization with DNA has provided renewed impetus to extend our models to two other major thyroid antigens. We propose to: 1. Characterize the novel H2AE+ transgenic model with distinct permissiveness for hTg. 2. Examine the response of HLADR3 transgenic mice to Tg and thyroiditogenic epitopes under the influence of protective class II alleles and environmental factors. 3. Determine if HLA association with Tg correlates with other major thyroid antigens-genetic immunization with thyroid peroxidase (hTPO) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (hTSHR). 4. Characterize the mechanisms of T cell regulation in mTg-induced resistance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE ROLE OF CHEMOKINES IN EXPERIMENTAL THYROIDITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lira, Sergio A.; Medicine; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are the most common autoimmune endocrine diseases. The major forms of AITD are Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), causing hypothyroidism, and Graves' disease (GD), causing hyperthyroidism. The hallmark of these conditions is thyroid dysfunction associated with the presence of lymphocytic infiltrates in the thyroid. Despite substantial clinical and experimental data supporting a role for 1vmphocvtes in triggering and sustaining AITD, factors responsible for their trafficking into the thyroid remain unknown. Our

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working hypothesis is that lymphocytes are recruited into the thyroid by a particular set of chemokines. Chemokine expression has been documented within the thyroid in different forms of AITD and we now provide direct evidence that their expression in transgenic mice is sufficient to induce lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. Animals expressing the chemokine CCL21 in the thyroid present a significant lymphocytic infiltrate that is organized into discrete T and B cell areas, resembling the infiltrates found in AITD. Together, these results strongly suggest that chemokines are key players in AITD. In this proposal we plan to investigate the role of chemokines in thyroid homeostasis and disease. Specifically we will: AIM 1. Define the expression profile and function of chemokines in the thyroid during homeostasis and disease. AIM 2. Determine the mechanisms underlying the lymphocytic infiltration promoted by CCL21 in the thyroid. AIM 3. Determine if chemokine blockade will alter chemokine-induced leukocyte recruitment to the thyroid and interfere with the development of thyroid autoimmune disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THYROCYTES EXPRESS INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gianoukakis, Andrew G.; Harbor-Ucla Research & Educ Inst 1124 W Carson St Torrance, Ca 905022052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The understanding of autoimmune thyroid diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease (GD), remains superficial and current treatment is symptom-oriented. The mediators responsible for the lymphocytic infiltration and inflammation characteristic of autoimmune thyroid glands have not been identified. The long-term objective of this project is to investigate the role of thyroid epithelial cells in the inflammatory response. Here, we propose experiments designed to 1) investigate the pathogenesis of thyroid inflammation 2) identify potential therapeutic targets for interrupting these processes and 3) identify clinical markers of autoimmune thyroid disease activity. Cellular immunology, protein chemistry and molecular biology techniques will be utilized to examine thyrocyte expression of immunomodulatory molecules in vitro and in situ. We propose to measure serum levels of inflammatory mediators and attempt to correlate their serum levels with disease activity in a 48-month prospective study of patients with Graves' disease. The candidate and mentor have worked closely for over 3 years. This relationship has led to significant production and the generation of supporting preliminary data. With the support of a research career development award, continued mentoring and the availability of a General Clinical Research Center, the candidate will be able to further investigate his findings and answer the clinically relevant questions that have arisen. During the career development period, the candidate will also complete graduate level coursework in molecular biology and translational investigation. The candidate will develop the scientific knowledge base, problem solving abilities, and technical skills which will allow him to develop into a independent physician/scientiist. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of acute exacerbation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with a nontender thyroid. Author(s): Bando Y, Notumata K, Toya T, Tanaka N, Fugisawa M. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1997 August; 44(4): 603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9447297

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A case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with antibodies to thyroid hormone analogues. Author(s): Sakata S, Maekawa H, Ogawa T, Sarui H, Matsuda M, Endo J, Wada S, Nagai K. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1992 April 30; 207(1-2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1591860

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A case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with markedly elevated serum thyroglobulin and evidence of its influence on the measurement of anti-thyroglobulin antibody by highly sensitive assays. Author(s): Moriyama K, Akamizu T, Umemoto M, Miura M, Saijo M, Taniguchi K, Nakao K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 October; 46(5): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10670755

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A case of hypopituitarism associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and candidiasis: lymphocytic hypophysitis or Sheehan's syndrome? Author(s): Iwaoka T. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2001 October; 48(5): 585-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11789564

3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

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A case of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus associated with relapsing polychondritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and pituitary adrenocortical insufficiency in succession. Author(s): Takamatsu K, Nishiyama T, Nakauchi Y, Yamano T, Ohno F. Source: Jpn J Med. 1989 March-April; 28(2): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2525204

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A case of primary biliary cirrhosis associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, scleroderma and Sjogren's syndrome. Author(s): Horita M, Takahashi N, Seike M, Nasu S, Takaki R. Source: Intern Med. 1992 March; 31(3): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611199

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A case of Rathke's cleft cyst associated with diabetes insipidus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Koshiyama H, Kato Y, Masutani H, Hashimoto N, Imura H. Source: Jpn J Med. 1989 May-June; 28(3): 406-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2739152

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A polymorphism within the vitamin D-binding protein gene is associated with Graves' disease but not with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Pani MA, Regulla K, Segni M, Hofmann S, Hufner M, Pasquino AM, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 June; 87(6): 2564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12050214

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A thyroglossal duct node as presenting symptom of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a report of two cases. Author(s): Nooteboom GC, van der Vijver JC. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1992 February; 40(1-2): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1579182

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A thyroid biopsy with histologic features of both Riedel's thyroiditis and the fibrosing variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Taubenberger JK, Merino MJ, Medeiros LJ. Source: Human Pathology. 1992 September; 23(9): 1072-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1516929

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Absence of serologic evidence for hepatitis C virus infection in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wong S, Mehta AE, Faiman C, Berard L, Ibbott T, Minuk GY. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 March-April; 43(8): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8714237

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Adrenoneuropathy: characteristic gross findings and association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and accelerated atherosclerosis. Author(s): Joshi M, Clark WE 2nd, Uphoff DF. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1991 November; 4(6): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1788259

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Affinity purification of IgG subclasses and the distribution of thyroid auto-antibody reactivity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Weetman AP, Black CM, Cohen SB, Tomlinson R, Banga JP, Reimer CB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1989 July; 30(1): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2756340

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Albright's syndrome with acromegaly and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: report of a case. Author(s): Huang TS, Chang CC, Huang JS, Hsieh HC, Chen FW. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1990 August; 89(8): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1981236

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Analysis of genetic regulation of chicken spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, an animal model of human Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Vasicek D, Vasickova K, Kaiser P, Drozenova R, Citek J, Hala K. Source: Immunogenetics. 2001 December; 53(9): 776-85. Epub 2001 November 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862410

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Anti-bovine thyrotropin autoantibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Sakata S, Takuno H, Nagai K, Kimata Y, Maekawa H, Yamamoto M, Takeda N, Ochi Y, Miura K. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1991 February; 14(2): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2061567

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Apoptosis in thyroid tissue from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Kotani T, Aratake Y, Hirai K, Fukazawa Y, Sato H, Ohtaki S. Source: Autoimmunity. 1995; 20(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7578885

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Assessment of the frequency of mutant (hprt-) T lymphocytes from peripheral blood of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Liakata E, Philippou G, Souvatzoglou A, Lymberi P, Carayanniotis G. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2003 July; 13(7): 631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12964967

Studies

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Association of CTLA-4 gene A-G polymorphism (IDDM12 locus) with acute-onset and insulin-depleted IDDM as well as autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis) in the Japanese population. Author(s): Awata T, Kurihara S, Iitaka M, Takei S, Inoue I, Ishii C, Negishi K, Izumida T, Yoshida Y, Hagura R, Kuzuya N, Kanazawa Y, Katayama S. Source: Diabetes. 1998 January; 47(1): 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9421386

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Association of DRB1*04-DQB1*0301 haplotype and lack of association of two polymorphic sites at CTLA-4 gene with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in an Italian population. Author(s): Petrone A, Giorgi G, Mesturino CA, Capizzi M, Cascino I, Nistico L, Osborn J, Di Mario U, Buzzetti R. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 February; 11(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288988

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Association of generalized pustular psoriasis, Sjogren syndrome, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Yamamoto T, Yokoyama A. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 23(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8720263

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Association of HLA antigen and restriction fragment length polymorphism of T cell receptor beta-chain gene with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ito M, Tanimoto M, Kamura H, Yoneda M, Morishima Y, Yamauchi K, Itatsu T, Takatsuki K, Saito H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1989 July; 69(1): 100-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2567295

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Association of HLA-DR53 and lack of association of DPB1 alleles with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Japanese. Author(s): Onuma H, Ota M, Sugenoya A, Fukushima H, Inoko H, Iida F. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1993 September; 42(3): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7904384

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Association of the acral type of pustular psoriasis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Naka W, Harada T, Nishikawa T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 February; 22(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7722088

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Association of vitiligo, morphea, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Dervis E, Acbay O, Barut G, Karaoglu A, Ersoy L. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2004 March; 43(3): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15009403

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Autoantibodies against Forssman glycolipids in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ariga T, Yoshida T, Mimori T, Yu RK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1991 December; 86(3): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1747956

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Autoantibody against thyroid iodide transporter in the sera from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis possesses iodide transport inhibitory activity. Author(s): Endo T, Kaneshige M, Nakazato M, Kogai T, Saito T, Onaya T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1996 November 1; 228(1): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8912659

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Autoimmunity to human thyroglobulin. Respective epitopic specificity patterns of anti-human thyroglobulin autoantibodies in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Bouanani M, Bataille R, Piechaczyk M, Salhi SL, Pau B, Bastide M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1991 December; 34(12): 1585-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1720958

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Autologous CD8-positive cells suppress T cell proliferation in response to thyroid antigens in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Weetman AP. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1989 May; 51(2): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2522848

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B cell lymphoma of the thyroid in Hashimoto's thyroiditis monitored by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Jayaram G, Rani S, Raina V, Singh CH, Chandra M, Marwaha RK. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1990; 6(2): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338037

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B lymphocyte subsets in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Suranyi P, Szegedi G, Damjanovich S, Juhasz F, Stenszky V, Farid NR. Source: Immunology Letters. 1989 August; 22(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2476382

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B7.1 costimulatory molecule is expressed on thyroid follicular cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but not in Graves' disease. Author(s): Battifora M, Pesce G, Paolieri F, Fiorino N, Giordano C, Riccio AM, Torre G, Olive D, Bagnasco M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 November; 83(11): 4130-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814503

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Basophilic leucocytes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Skin reaction upon intradermal injection of thyroid extract studied by skin window technique. Author(s): Wolf-Jurgensen P, Phalberg P. Source: Acta Allergol. 1965; 20(6): 438-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4221565

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Bilateral adhesive capsulitis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Summers GD, Gorman WP. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 October; 28(5): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2790409

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Biological activity of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Pruzanski W, Capes H, Baur R, Wenzel BE, Row VV, Volpe R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1984 February; 7(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6609185

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Breast cancer in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ito K, Maruchi N. Source: Lancet. 1975 December 6; 2(7945): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=53602

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Bullous pemphigoid and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Callen JP, McCall MW. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1981 November; 5(5): 558-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7028805

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Bullous pemphigoid occurring in psoriatic plaques in association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Smith WD, Jones MS, Stewart TW, Fernando MU. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1991 September; 16(5): 389-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1794194

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C cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations. Author(s): Katoh R. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1987 October; 37(10): 1611-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3434283

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Carbohydrate moieties in recombinant human thyroid peroxidase: role in recognition by antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Foti D, Rapoport B. Source: Endocrinology. 1990 June; 126(6): 2983-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1693564

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Cardiovascular effects of long-term L-thyroxine therapy for Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children and adolescents. Author(s): Radetti G, Paganini C, Crepaz R, Pittscheider W, Gentili L. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1995 June; 132(6): 688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7788007

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Case report: Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. Author(s): Masor JJ, Gal AA, LiVolsi VA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1994 August; 308(2): 112-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8042651

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C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid in a patient with goitrous hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Libbey NP, Nowakowski KJ, Tucci JR. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1989 January; 13(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909199

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Characterization of thyroid infiltrating lymphocytes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: detection of B and T cells specific for thyroid antigens. Author(s): Del Prete GF, Mariotti S, Tiri A, Ricci M, Pinchera A, Romagnani S. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1987; 281: 111-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3497506

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Chronic angio-oedema of the tongue associated with pernicious anaemia and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Peltz S, Barchuk W, Oppenheimer J, Druce H, Bielory L. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 July; 20(4): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8548999

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Clear nuclear changes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Author(s): Berho M, Suster S. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1995 November-December; 25(6): 513-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8572560

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Clinical significance of measurements of antithyroid antibodies in the diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: comparison with histological findings. Author(s): Kasagi K, Kousaka T, Higuchi K, Iida Y, Misaki T, Alam MS, Miyamoto S, Yamabe H, Konishi J. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1996 October; 6(5): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8936669

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Clonal analysis of T lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Bagnasco M, Ferrini S, Venuti D, Prigione I, Torre G, Biassoni R, Canonica GW. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987; 82(2): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3100453

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Cloning and analysis of IgG kappa and IgG lambda anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies from a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: evidence for in vivo antigen-driven repertoire selection. Author(s): McIntosh RS, Asghar MS, Watson PF, Kemp EH, Weetman AP. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1996 July 15; 157(2): 927-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8752947

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Cloning and analysis of IgM anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): McIntosh RS, Tandon N, Metcalfe RA, Weetman AP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1994 November 29; 1227(3): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7986824

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Codon 17 polymorphism of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Addison's disease. Author(s): Donner H, Braun J, Seidl C, Rau H, Finke R, Ventz M, Walfish PG, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 December; 82(12): 4130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9398726

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Coexistent carcinoma of the thyroid gland and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Strauss M, Laurian N, Antebi E. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1983 September; 157(3): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688483

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Coexisting Hashimoto's thyroiditis with differentiated thyroid cancer and benign thyroid diseases: indications for thyroidectomy. Author(s): Pisanu A, Piu S, Cois A, Uccheddu A. Source: Chir Ital. 2003 May-June; 55(3): 365-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872571

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Combined primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome due to a single adrenocortical adenoma complicated by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Tanaka M, Izeki M, Miyazaki Y, Horigome M, Yoneda T, Tsuyuki S, Takami S, Aiba M. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 967-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487169

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Comparison of the cellular infiltrate of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in vivo and after in vitro cell growth. Author(s): Londei M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Greenall C, Turner M, Feldmann M. Source: Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1987; 281: 86-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3497514

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Complement activation by direct C4 binding to thyroperoxidase in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Blanchin S, Estienne V, Durand-Gorde JM, Carayon P, Ruf J. Source: Endocrinology. 2003 December; 144(12): 5422-9. Epub 2003 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960013

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Concomitant association of thyroid sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Sasaki H, Harada T, Eimoto T, Matsuoka Y, Okumura M. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1987 December; 294(6): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3425592

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Concomitant Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, presenting as primary hypothyroidism. Author(s): Cronin CC, Higgins TM, Murphy D, Ferriss JB. Source: Ir Med J. 1996 July-August; 89(4): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8824038

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Concomitant papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Liu LH, Bakhos R, Wojcik EM. Source: Semin Diagn Pathol. 2001 May; 18(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11403259

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Concomitant presentation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and maltoma of the thyroid in a twenty-year-old man with a rapidly growing mass in the neck. Author(s): Pereira FO, Graf H, Nomura LM, Neto JZ, Collaco LM, Boguszewski CL. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 September; 10(9): 833-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11041463

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Correlation of computerized gray-scale sonographic findings with thyroid function and thyroid autoimmune activity in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Loy M, Cianchetti ME, Cardia F, Melis A, Boi F, Mariotti S. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2004 March-April; 32(3): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14994254

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CTLA-4 promoter variants in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Braun J, Donner H, Siegmund T, Walfish PG, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1998 May; 51(5): 563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9672157

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Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Cornetta AJ, Russell JP, Cunnane M, Keane WM, Rothstein JL. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 February; 112(2): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11889377

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Cytodiagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with a metastatic adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Gupta RK, Delahunt J, Johnston P, Delahunt B. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1996 February; 14(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834085

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Cytolytic T lymphocytes with natural killer activity in thyroid infiltrate of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: analysis at clonal level. Author(s): del Prete GF, Maggi E, Mariotti S, Tiri A, Vercelli D, Parronchi P, Macchia D, Pinchera A, Ricci M, Romagnani S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986 January; 62(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3484387

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Cytophilic anti-thyroglobulin antibody and antibody-dependent macrophagemediated cytotoxicity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Mitsunaga M. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 1987 October; 41(5): 205-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3687492

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Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 gene polymorphisms and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 infection: their associations with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Japanese patients. Author(s): Tomoyose T, Komiya I, Takara M, Yabiku K, Kinjo Y, Shimajiri Y, Yogi H, Kouki T, Masuda M, Takasu N. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 August; 12(8): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12225635

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Dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with atrophic but not with goitrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Zettinig G, Weissel M, Flores J, Dudczak R, Vogelsang H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 January; 30(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620002

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Detection and properties of TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Endo K, Kasagi K, Konishi J, Ikekubo K, Okuno T, Takeda Y, Mori T, Torizuka K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1978 May; 46(5): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=45421

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Diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Fisher M, Nussbaum M, Abrams CA, Shenker IR. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1980 January; 134(1): 93-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6892517

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Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and cytotoxic lymphocytes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Podleski WK, Podleski UG. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1974 October; 84(4): 459-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4369917

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Difference in species specificity of TSH receptor antibodies in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): de Bruin TW. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1988 June; 11(6): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3209819

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Different cytokine mRNA profiles in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and nonautoimmune thyroid disorders determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Author(s): Heuer M, Aust G, Ode-Hakim S, Scherbaum WA. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1996 April; 6(2): 97-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8733879

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Different intrathyroid expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease: analysis at mRNA level and association with B7.1 costimulatory molecule. Author(s): Pesce G, Fiorino N, Riccio AM, Montagna P, Torre G, Salmaso C, Altrinetti V, Bagnasco M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 March; 25(3): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936473

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Differential autoantibody responses to thyroid peroxidase in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Bermann M, Magee M, Koenig RJ, Kaplan MM, Arscott P, Maastricht J, Johnson J, Baker JR Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 October; 77(4): 1098-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8408460

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Differential effect of cold agglutinins on lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Farid NR, Noel EP, Barnard JM, Marshall WH. Source: Cellular Immunology. 1976 March 15; 22(2): 394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=946952

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Differential effects of 2'-deoxyguanosine on peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation in healthy donors and Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. Author(s): Covas MI, Esquerda A, Arner M, Sanz F, Mahy N. Source: Cell Proliferation. 1996 September; 29(9): 513-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980658

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Differentiation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis from thyroid neoplasms in fine needle aspirates. Author(s): Ravinsky E, Safneck JR. Source: Acta Cytol. 1988 November-December; 32(6): 854-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3201876

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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

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Distribution of calcitonin- and somatostatin-containing cells in thyroid lymphoma and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Baschieri L, Castagna M, Fierabracci A, Antonelli A, Del Guerra P, Squartini F. Source: Appl Pathol. 1989; 7(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2567176

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Distribution of T-, B-, and thyroglobulin-binding lymphocytes infiltrating the gland in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and de Quervain's thyroiditis. Author(s): Totterman TH. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1978 July; 10(3): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=307474

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Do heat-shock proteins (Hsps)65-reactive lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis & systemic lupus erythematosus implicate Hsp65 in autoimmunity? Author(s): Bell CG. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1996 February; 24(1): 85S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8674767

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Do we need to assess the thyroid function in the infants of mothers with Hashimoto's thyroiditis? Author(s): Habeb AM, Zubier M, Pairaudeau P, Mathew V. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 May; 88(3): F258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12719411

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Easy bruising, thrombocytopenia, and elevated platelet immunoglobulin G in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Hymes K, Blum M, Lackner H, Karpatkin S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 January; 94(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6893793

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Ectopic thyroid and Hashimoto's thyroiditis arising from a thyroglossal duct cyst: a case report. Author(s): Gok U, Keles E, Cobanoglu B, Yildiz M, Donder E. Source: Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 2003 January; 10(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12529575

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Effect of different drugs on the level of DNA-hydrolyzing polyclonal IgG antibodies in sera of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and nontoxic nodal goiter. Author(s): Nevinsky GA, Breusov AA, Baranovskii AG, Prints AV, Kanyshkova TG, Galvita AV, Naumov VA, Buneva VN. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 March-April; 7(2): 201-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11257722

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Effect of L-thyroxine administration on antithyroid antibody levels, lipid profile, and thyroid volume in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Romaldini JH, Biancalana MM, Figueiredo DI, Farah CS, Mathias PC. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1996 June; 6(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8837324

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Effect of small doses of iodine on thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency. Author(s): Reinhardt W, Luster M, Rudorff KH, Heckmann C, Petrasch S, Lederbogen S, Haase R, Saller B, Reiners C, Reinwein D, Mann K. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1998 July; 139(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9703374

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Effects of thyroid status on thyroid autoimmunity expression in euthyroid and hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Rieu M, Richard A, Rosilio M, Laplanche S, Ropion V, Fombeur JP, Berrod JL. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1994 April; 40(4): 529-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8187321

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Electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies on Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Yagi Y. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1981 July; 31(4): 611-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6895146

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Elevated prolactin to cortisol ratio and polyclonal autoimmune activation in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Legakis I, Petroyianni V, Saramantis A, Tolis G. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2001 October; 33(10): 585-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11607877

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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

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Encephalopathy as the presenting symptom of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Watemberg N, Willis D, Pellock JM. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 January; 15(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10641616

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Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: use of serum immunoglobulin G as a marker of disease activity. Author(s): Fatemi S, Bedri J, Nicoloff JT. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2003 February; 13(2): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12699601

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Enhanced production of gamma-interferon by thyroid-derived T cell clones from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Del Prete GF, Tiri A, Mariotti S, Pinchera A, Ricci M, Romagnani S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1987 August; 69(2): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3115656

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Epidemiologic aspects of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease in Rochester, Minnesota (1935-1967), with special reference to temporal trends. Author(s): Furszyfer J, Kurland LT, McConahey WM, Woolner LB, Elveback LR. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1972 March; 21(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5066850

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Episodic polyarthralgia associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Hunter T, Chalmers IM, Dube WJ, Schroeder ML. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1988 February; 31(2): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3348833

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Evidence for the highly conformational nature of the epitope(s) on human thyroid peroxidase that are recognized by sera from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Finke R, Seto P, Rapoport B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 July; 71(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1695226

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Evidence for thyrotropin (TSH)-blocking activity in goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis with assays measuring inhibition of TSH receptor binding and TSH-stimulated thyroid adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate responses/cell growth by immunoglobulins. Author(s): Takasu N, Yamada T, Katakura M, Yamauchi K, Shimizu Y, Ishizuki Y. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987 February; 64(2): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2878935

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Evidence of fetal microchimerism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Klintschar M, Schwaiger P, Mannweiler S, Regauer S, Kleiber M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 June; 86(6): 2494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11397845

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Evidence of HTLV-I in thyroid tissue in an HTLV-I carrier with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Kawai H, Mitsui T, Yokoi K, Akaike M, Hirose K, Hizawa K, Saito S. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 1996 May; 74(5): 275-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8773264

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Evidence of integrity of the follicular basement membrane in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Zantut-Wittmann DE, Zollner RL, Pinto GA, Vassallo J. Source: Pathology International. 1999 December; 49(12): 1119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10632936

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Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on thyroid epithelial cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis but not in Graves' disease or papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Bagnasco M, Caretto A, Olive D, Pedini B, Canonica GW, Betterle C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1991 February; 83(2): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1671565

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Expression of p63 in papillary thyroid carcinoma and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a pathobiologic link? Author(s): Unger P, Ewart M, Wang BY, Gan L, Kohtz DS, Burstein DE. Source: Human Pathology. 2003 August; 34(8): 764-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506636

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Extreme squamous metaplasia in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Dube VE, Joyce GT. Source: Cancer. 1971 February; 27(2): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5100405

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F-18-FDG-PET in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and MALT lymphoma recurrence of the thyroid. Author(s): Mikosch P, Wurtz FG, Gallowitsch HJ, Kresnik E, Lind P. Source: Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2003; 153(3-4): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12658970

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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

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Familial Hashimoto's thyroiditis with kidney impairment. Author(s): Shuper A, Leathem T, Pertzelan A, Eisenstein B, Mimouni M. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1987 August; 62(8): 811-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3662585

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Fas and Fas ligand gene mutations in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Dong Z, Takakuwa T, Takayama H, Luo WJ, Takano T, Amino N, Matsuzuka F, Aozasa K. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2002 December; 82(12): 1611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12480911

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Fas ligand gene polymorphisms are not associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Stuck BJ, Pani MA, Besrour F, Segni M, Krause M, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: Human Immunology. 2003 February; 64(2): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559631

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Fas/Fas ligand up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation may be significant in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Mitsiades N, Poulaki V, Kotoula V, Mastorakos G, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Koutras DA, Tsokos M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 June; 83(6): 2199203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9626160

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Fas/Fas ligand-driven T cell apoptosis as a consequence of ineffective thyroid immunoprivilege in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Stassi G, Todaro M, Bucchieri F, Stoppacciaro A, Farina F, Zummo G, Testi R, De Maria R. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 January 1; 162(1): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9886394

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Fas-FasL in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Stassi G, Zeuner A, Di Liberto D, Todaro M, Ricci-Vitiani L, De Maria R. Source: Journal of Clinical Immunology. 2001 January; 21(1): 19-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321234

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Fine needle aspiration biopsy of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Sources of diagnostic error. Author(s): MacDonald L, Yazdi HM. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 May-June; 43(3): 400-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10349369

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of papillary carcinoma thyroid with Hashimoto's thyroiditis--report of two cases. Author(s): Patil PV, Godhi AS, Sant AN. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1997 April; 40(2): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9257504

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Follicular thyroid lesions coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: incidence and possible sources of diagnostic errors. Author(s): Kollur SM, El Sayed S, El Hag IA. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2003 January; 28(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508180

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Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Betterle C, Borkenstein M, Cvijovic K, Kadrnka-Lovrencic M, Krzisnik C, Battelino T, et al. Source: Acta Diabetologica. 1995 June; 32(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7579533

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Gastric, haematological, and immunological abnormalities in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Schiller KF, Snyder LM, Vallotton MB. Source: Gut. 1967 December; 8(6): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5630605

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Generation of recombinant, enzymatically active human thyroid peroxidase and its recognition by antibodies in the sera of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Kaufman KD, Rapoport B, Seto P, Chazenbalk GD, Magnusson RP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1989 August; 84(2): 394-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474568

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Genetic differences shown by HLA typing among Japanese patients with euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy, Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: genetic characteristics of euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy. Author(s): Inoue D, Sato K, Maeda M, Inoko H, Tsuji K, Mori T, Imura H. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1991 January; 34(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2004473

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Goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease). Author(s): Doniach D, Bottazzo GF, Russell RC. Source: Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979 March; 8(1): 63-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=371875

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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

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Goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Lack of association with HLA antigens. Author(s): Fein HG, Metz S, Nikolai TF, Johnson AH, Smallridge RC. Source: Mol Biol Med. 1986 April; 3(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3461235

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Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in monozygous twins. Author(s): Chertow BS, Fidler WJ, Fariss BL. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1973 January; 72(1): 18-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4739225

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Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: effects of high doses of antithyroid drugs on thyroid autoantibody levels. Author(s): Romaldini JH, Werner MC, Rodrigues HF, Teixeira VL, Werner RS, Farah CS, Bromberg N. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1986 June; 9(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2428860

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Graves' disease associated with histologic Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Falk SA, Birken EA, Ronquillo AH. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1985 February; 93(1): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3920630

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Graves' disease progressing to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Jaffiol C, Baldet L, Pages A, Clot J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 August 5; 250(5): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6688099

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Graves' ophthalmopathy, ocular myasthenia gravis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Czernobilsky H, Ziegler R. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1985 April; 21(4): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3873447

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Grey-scale analysis allows a quantitative evaluation of thyroid echogenicity in the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Mazziotti G, Sorvillo F, Iorio S, Carbone A, Romeo A, Piscopo M, Capuano S, Capuano E, Amato G, Carella C. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 August; 59(2): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12864800

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Behar R, Penny R, Powell HC. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1986 August; 233(4): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3755753

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis and carcinoma of the thyroid: optimal management. Author(s): Sclafani AP, Valdes M, Cho H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1993 August; 103(8): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8361285

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Author(s): Armigliato M, Paolini R, Bianchini E, Monesi G, Zamboni S, D'Andrea E. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2002 September; 12(9): 829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12481950

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: differences among individuals with and without abnormal thyroid function. Author(s): McCanlies E, O'Leary LA, Foley TP, Kramer MK, Burke JP, Libman A, Swan JS, Steenkiste AR, Mccarthy BJ, Trucco M, Dorman JS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 May; 83(5): 1548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9589653

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with Riedel's thyroiditis and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Author(s): Julie C, Vieillefond A, Desligneres S, Schaison G, Grunfeld JP, Franc B. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1997; 193(8): 573-7; Discussion 578. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9406251

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a functioning adenoma. Author(s): Hoogenberg K, van Tol KM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 September; 11(9): 893. Erratum In: Thyroid 2001 November; 11(11): 1086. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575861

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as bilateral knee arthropathy. Author(s): Gillan MM, Scofield RH, Harley JB. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2002 May; 95(5): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043105

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as single hot nodule and hypothyroidism. Author(s): Mousavi Z, Zakavi SR, Farid NR. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 July-August; 25(7): 643-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12150342

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis shares features with early papillary thyroid carcinoma. Author(s): Arif S, Blanes A, Diaz-Cano SJ. Source: Histopathology. 2002 October; 41(4): 357-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383219

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis with amyloid deposits. Author(s): Rushing D, Sanson T, Veillon D, Abreo F, Baethge BA. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1993 December; 145(12): 509-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8120438

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis with heterogeneous antithyrotropin receptor antibodies: unique epitopes may contribute to the regulation of thyroid function by the antibodies. Author(s): Akamizu T, Kohn LD, Hiratani H, Saijo M, Tahara K, Nakao K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 June; 85(6): 2116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852437

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis with ophthalmopathy and dermopathy. Author(s): Sarkar D, Singh SK, Bandopadhyaya B, Kumar M, Agrawal JK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1997 April; 45(4): 331-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521100

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis within ectopic thyroid gland mimicking the presentation of thyroglossal duct cyst. Author(s): Wein RO, Norante JD, Doerr TD. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 September; 125(3): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11555767

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome and orbital lymphoma. Author(s): Ko GT, Chow CC, Yeung VT, Chan H, Cockram CS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1994 June; 70(824): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8029168

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis: countrywide screening of goitrous healthy young girls in postiodization phase in India. Author(s): Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Karak AK, Gupta N, Verma K, Kochupillai N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 October; 85(10): 3798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11061541

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis: fine-needle aspirations of 50 asymptomatic cases. Author(s): Poropatich C, Marcus D, Oertel YC. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1994; 11(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7813361

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Hashimoto's thyroiditis--a rare but treatable cause of encephalopathy in children. Author(s): Byrne OC, Zuberi SM, Madigan CA, King MD. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2000; 4(6): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11277369

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High prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Duclos-Vallee JC, Johanet C, Trinchet JC, Deny P, Laurent MF, Duron F, Valensi P, Weil B, Homberg JC, Pateron D, et al. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 October 1; 309(6958): 846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524874

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HLA-A and -DRB4 genes in controlling the susceptibility to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wan XL, Kimura A, Dong RP, Honda K, Tamai H, Sasazuki T. Source: Human Immunology. 1995 February; 42(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7744616

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HLA-DQB1-associated susceptibility that distinguishes Hashimoto's thyroiditis from Graves' disease in type I diabetic patients. Author(s): Santamaria P, Barbosa JJ, Lindstrom AL, Lemke TA, Goetz FC, Rich SS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994 April; 78(4): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157715

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Hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis with scintigraphic and echo-color Doppler features mimicking autonomous adenoma. Author(s): Boi F, Piga M, Loy M, Mariotti S. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 May; 25(5): 469-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12035946

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Identification of susceptibility loci for autoimmune thyroid disease to 5q31-q33 and Hashimoto's thyroiditis to 8q23-q24 by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis in Japanese. Author(s): Sakai K, Shirasawa S, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Tamai H, Kuma K, Akamizu T, Tanimura M, Furugaki K, Yamamoto K, Sasazuki T. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2001 June 15; 10(13): 1379-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11440990

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Images in medicine: Hashimoto's thyroiditis with orbitopathy and dermopathy. Author(s): Singh SK, Singh KK, Sahay RK. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 October-December; 46(4): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11435659

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Immunohistochemical analysis of the ras p21 oncoprotein in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Kyriakoy D, Karkavitsas N, Eliopoulos G, Spandidos DA. Source: Anticancer Res. 1992 July-August; 12(4): 1189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1503408

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Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and Bcl-2 proteins in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and primary thyroid lymphomas. Author(s): Chetty R, O'Leary JJ, Biddolph SC, Gatter KC. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1995 March; 48(3): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7730485

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Immunohistochemical detection of p53 homolog p63 in solid cell nests, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and hashimoto's thyroiditis: A stem cell hypothesis of papillary carcinoma oncogenesis. Author(s): Burstein DE, Nagi C, Wang BY, Unger P. Source: Human Pathology. 2004 April; 35(4): 465-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15116328

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In vitro production of interferon-gamma by peripheral blood from patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Matsubayashi S, Akasu F, Kasuga Y, Snow K, Keystone E, Volpe R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1990 October; 82(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1976464

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In vitro solubilization of deposits of IgG immune complexes by gamma-globulins in patients with Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, pretibial myxoedema and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Antonelli A, Palla R, Casarosa L, Alberti B, Saracino A, Baschieri L. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1992 September; 26 Suppl 2: 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1384020

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Incidence of neoplasia in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a fine-needle aspiration study. Author(s): Carson HJ, Castelli MJ, Gattuso P. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1996 February; 14(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834075

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Increased 18F-FDG uptake mimicking thyroid cancer in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Schmid DT, Kneifel S, Stoeckli SJ, Padberg BC, Merrill G, Goerres GW. Source: European Radiology. 2003 September; 13(9): 2119-21. Epub 2002 August 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928962

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Increased colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Cindoruk M, Tuncer C, Dursun A, Yetkin I, Karakan T, Cakir N, Soykan I. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 34(3): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11873103

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Increased serum concentration of interleukin-5 in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Hidaka Y, Okumura M, Shimaoka Y, Takeoka K, Tada H, Amino N. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 March; 8(3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9545110

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Infiltrating gamma/delta T-cell receptor-positive lymphocytes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease and papillary thyroid cancer. Author(s): Paolieri F, Pronzato C, Battifora M, Fiorino N, Canonica GW, Bagnasco M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 April; 18(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560812

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Influence of thyroxine treatment on thyroid size and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Hegedus L, Hansen JM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hansen BM, Hoier-Madsen M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1991 September; 35(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1742880

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Inhibition by immunoglobulin G of synthesis of thyroid hormone in thyroid cultures from hypothyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Noh J, Hamada N, Saito H, Yoshimoto M, Iwasaki H, Ozaki O, Okamoto Y, Ito K, Morii H. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1990 November; 123(5): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1979465

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Interactions of HLA-DRB4 and CTLA-4 genes influence thyroid function in Hashimoto's thyroiditis in Japanese population. Author(s): Terauchi M, Yanagawa T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Fukazawa T, Maruyama H, Saruta T. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 December; 26(12): 1208-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055474

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Intrathyroidal branchial cleft cyst in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Radhi JM, Clive PJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994 July; 163(1): 229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8010239

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Intrathyroidal cytokine gene expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ajjan RA, Watson PF, McIntosh RS, Weetman AP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1996 September; 105(3): 523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8809144

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Intrathyroidal lymphoepithelial cyst. A report of two cases not associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ryska A, Vokurka J, Michal M, Ludvikova M. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1997; 193(11-12): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9521510

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Intrathyroidal microchimerism in Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis: regulation of tolerance or alloimmunity by fetal-maternal immune interactions? Author(s): Badenhoop K. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2004 April; 150(4): 421-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080769

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Is there a place for routine surveillance using sonography, CT, or MR imaging for early detection (notably lymphoma) of patients affected by Hashimoto's thyroiditis? Author(s): Podoloff DA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 November; 167(5): 1337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8911208

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Kikuchi's disease associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Rubio SI, Plewinsky TS, Sabatini M, Poretsky L. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1996 February; 19(2): 136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778167

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Kikuchi's lymphadenitis developing in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Aqel NM, Amr SS, Najjar MM, Henry K. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 November; 36(11): 1236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9402878

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Lack of association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and SD-locus HLA antigens. Author(s): Ludwig H, Schernthaner G, Mayr WR, Hofer R. Source: Diabete Metab. 1977 June; 3(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=578140

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Letter: Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Crabtree GR, Lee JC, Cornwell GG 3rd. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 September; 83(3): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1242293

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Localized primary amyloid tumor of the thyroid developing in the course of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Moriuchi A, Yokoyama S, Kashima K, Andoh T, Nakayama I, Noguchi S. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1992 March; 42(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1570743

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Long term spectrotypic and idiotypic stability of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Delves PJ, Roitt IM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1988 March; 71(3): 459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3383450

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Long-term treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroxine. Author(s): Papapetrou PD, MacSween RN, Lazarus JH, Harden RM. Source: Lancet. 1972 November 18; 2(7786): 1045-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4117375

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Low prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Bisot-Locard S, Bornet H, Rousset H, Cortey-Boennec L, Bonnevial L, Vindimian M, Trepo C. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1995 August; 23(2): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7499800

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L-thyroxine therapy induces a fall of thyroid microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies in idiopathic myxedema and in hypothyroid, but not in euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Chiovato L, Marcocci C, Mariotti S, Mori A, Pinchera A. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1986 August; 9(4): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3782743

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Lupus erythematosus and hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Garber JJ, Worthington JW, Randall RV, Kierland RR. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1969 October; 46(4): 100-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5394925

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Lymphocyte blastogenic response to human thyroglobulin in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and metastatic thyroid cancer. Author(s): Aoki N, DeGroot J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1979 December; 38(3): 523-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=583403

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Lymphoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Fenton JE, Stack J, Kelly P, O'Dwyer TP. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 August; 109(8): 781-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7561509

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Lymphoma arising from Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an unusual cause of acute stridor. Author(s): Arullendran P, Pfleiderer AG. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 November-December; 52(8): 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622060

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Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Sugenoya A, Silverberg J, Trokoudes K, Row VV, Volpe R. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1979 May; 91(1): 99-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=88154

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Maltoma of the thyroid in a man with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wozniak R, Beckwith L, Ratech H, Surks MI. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 April; 84(4): 1206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10199754

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Markers of potential coeliac disease in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Valentino R, Savastano S, Maglio M, Paparo F, Ferrara F, Dorato M, Lombardi G, Troncone R. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 April; 146(4): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11916614

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Massive pericardial effusion in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: histological examination of underlying cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Yamada T, Yamamoto H, Hirahara K, Tokunaga O. Source: Intern Med. 1995 January; 34(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7718970

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Medical cure of plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a case report and review. Author(s): Laurent S, Mouthon L, Longchampt E, Roudaire M, Franc S, Krivitzky A, Cohen R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2004 April; 89(4): 1534-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15070909

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Metastatic carcinoma of bronchus associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Parr JH, Ramsay I. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1985 April; 39(4): 160-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3839408

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Mid-dermal elastolysis associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Gambichler T, Linhart C, Wolter M. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 May; 12(3): 245-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10461647

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Molecular analysis of HLA-DQ and -DP genes in caucasoid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wu Z, Stephens HA, Sachs JA, Biro PA, Cutbush S, Magzoub MM, Becker C, Schwartz G, Bottazzo GF. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1994 February; 43(2): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8016838

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Monoclonal gammopathy in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Author(s): Matsubayashi S, Tamai H, Nagai K, Kuma K, Nakagawa T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986 November; 63(5): 1136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3760115

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Multifocal motor neuropathy and asymptomatic Hashimoto's thyroiditis: first report of an association. Author(s): Toscano A, Rodolico C, Benvenga S, Girlanda P, Laura M, Mazzeo A, NobileOrazio E, Trimarchi F, Vita G, Messina C. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2002 August; 12(6): 566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117481

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Multiple branchial cleft-like cysts in a female patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Asanuma K, Nishio A, Itoh N, Kasuga Y, Amano J. Source: Endocrine Journal. 2000 June; 47(3): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036874

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Multiple branchial cleft-like cysts in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Louis DN, Vickery AL Jr, Rosai J, Wang CA. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1989 January; 13(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909197

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Multiple myeloma with myeloma nephropathy in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wu MJ, Fang HC, Chang TY, Lo YS, Chung HM. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2002 June; 101(6): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189648

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Multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Roquer J, Escudero D, Herraiz J, Maso E, Cano F. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1987 January; 234(1): 23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3819783

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Myasthenia gravis, pernicious anemia, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Krol TC. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1979 September; 36(9): 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=582504

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Mycobacterium avium intracellulare suppurative thyroiditis in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Robillon JF, Sadoul JL, Guerin P, Iafrate-Lacoste C, Talbodec A, Santini J, Canivet B, Freychet P. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1994 February; 17(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8006334

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Natural antibody status in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Jasani B, Ternynck T, Lazarus JH, Phillips DI, Avrameas S, Parkes AB. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1999; 51(1): 9-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11424741

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Natural cytotoxicity of blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects and patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis against normal thyroid cells. Author(s): Seybold D, Ryan EA, Wall JR. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1981 November; 6(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6896073

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Natural cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes from normal subjects and patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis against human adult and fetal thyroid cells. Author(s): Chow A, Baur RJ, Schleusener H, Wall JR. Source: Life Sciences. 1983 January 3-10; 32(1-2): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6687486

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Natural killer cell activity in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wenzel BE, Chow A, Baur R, Schleusener H, Wall JR. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 November; 8(11): 1019-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9848716

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Necrotizing myopathy as a remote effect of gastric cancer accompanied with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Yutani C, Matsuda Y, Murao S, Kamo Y, Yoshida H, Nakajima T. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1978 January; 28(1): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=580341

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Neutrophilic dermatosis of the face associated with aortitis syndrome and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Nakayama H, Shimao S, Hamamoto T, Munemura C, Nakai A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1993 October; 73(5): 380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7904408

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No association of two Fas gene polymorphisms with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Stuck BJ, Pani MA, Besrour F, Segni M, Krause M, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 November; 149(5): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585083

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Nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis in association with primary biliary cirrhosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Herr W, Lohse AW, Spahn TW, Dienes HP, Trautmann F, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH, Marker-Hermann E. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 1996 March-April; 55(2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8686385

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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the thyroid and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Casparie AF, Ruitenberg HM. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1984; 27(2): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6546787

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Objective evidence of decreased salivary function in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (chronic thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Author(s): Changlai SP, Chen WK, Chung C, Chiou SM. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2002 October; 23(10): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352603

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Occult papillary thyroid carcinoma in Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a metastatic bone tumor. Author(s): Nishikawa M, Toyoda N, Yonemoto T, Fujiyama A, Ogawa Y, Tokoro T, Sakaguchi N, Yoshimura M, Yoshikawa N, Tabata S, Kumazawa H, Yamashita T, Sakaida N, Okamura A, Kasagi K, Inada M. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1998 February; 45(1): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9625454

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Occult parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Savli H, Sevinc A, Sari R, Ozen S, Buyukberber S, Ertas E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 January; 24(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11227731

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Occurrence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Linos A, Worthington JW, Palumbo PJ, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1980; 33(2): 73-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6965494

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Ocular myasthenia gravis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Osher RH, Smith JL. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1975 June; 79(6): 1038-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1173540

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Ocular myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Iwasaki Y, Kinoshita M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1989 January 15; 107(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2912128

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One-year prophylactic treatment of euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with levothyroxine: is there a benefit? Author(s): Padberg S, Heller K, Usadel KH, Schumm-Draeger PM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 March; 11(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327616

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Ophthalmopathy without hyperthyroidism in patients with histologic Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wyse EP, McConahey WM, Woolner LB, Scholz DA, Kearns TP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1968 November; 28(11): 1623-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5754841

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Outcome of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Comtois R, Faucher L, Lafleche L. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995 July 10; 155(13): 1404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7794089

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p27 Kip1 protein expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Troncone G, Iaccarino A, Caleo A, Bifano D, Pettinato G, Palombini L. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 August; 56(8): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890807

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p27(Kip1) Protein expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis diagnosed by fine-needle biopsy. Author(s): Troncone G, Vetrani A, Bifano D, Palombini L. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2001 June; 24(6): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11391828

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Papillary carcinoma of a thyroglossal duct remnant with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Prasad ML, Rangaswamy M, Kumar N, Shukla NK. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1990 May; 69(5): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2379481

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Paracentral corneal melting in a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada's syndrome, psoriasis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Paroli MP, Pinca M, Speranza S, Marino M, Pivetti-Pezzi P. Source: Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2003 December; 11(4): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14704903

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Paradoxical pituitary hormone responses in a case of primary hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Muechler EK, Huang KE. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1982 October; 38(4): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6811339

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Pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: apoptosis revisited. Author(s): Fine JB, Fine RM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 37(3): 188-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9556104

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Pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: an autoimmune disorder of the eye muscle associated with Graves' hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wall JR, Bernard N, Boucher A, Salvi M, Zhang ZG, Kennerdell J, Tyutyunikov A, Genovese C. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1993 July; 68(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8513588

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Pathophysiology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Author(s): Rapoport B. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1991; 42: 91-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2035997

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Peripheral K cells in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in relation to circulating immune complexes. Author(s): Endo Y, Aratake Y, Yamamoto I, Nakagawa H, Kuribayashi T, Ohtaki S. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1983 February; 18(2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6342862

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Pernicious anemia, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Sjogren's in a woman with SLE and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Author(s): Feld S, Landau Z, Gefel D, Green L, Resnitzky P. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 February; 16(2): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2746580

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Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Zingrillo M, Tardio B, Bisceglia M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 June; 18(6): 460-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594242

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Precipitations of thyrotropin receptor-related peptides by immunoglobulin G of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Murakami M, Miyashita K, Yamada M, Iriuchijima T, Mori M. Source: Life Sciences. 1994; 55(15): 1209-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7934618

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Pretibial myxoedema associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Cannavo SP, Borgia F, Vaccaro M, Guarneri F, Magliolo E, Guarneri B. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 November; 16(6): 625-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12482050

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Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wagner B, Vierhapper H, Hofmann H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 March 9; 312(7031): 640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8595364

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Prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Author(s): Nikiforova MN, Caudill CM, Biddinger P, Nikiforov YE. Source: International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2002 January; 10(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927965

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Prevalence of Yersinia plasmid-encoded outer protein (Yop) class-specific antibodies in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Chatzipanagiotou S, Legakis JN, Boufidou F, Petroyianni V, Nicolaou C. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 March; 7(3): 138-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318812

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Primary B cell lymphoma of the thyroid and its relationship to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Hyjek E, Isaacson PG. Source: Human Pathology. 1988 November; 19(11): 1315-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3141260

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Primary lymphoma of the thyroid, the association with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Scholefield JH, Quayle AR, Harris SC, Talbot CH. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 1992 April; 18(2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1582516

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Primary non-Hodgkin's T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland complicating Hashimoto's thyroiditis: case report. Author(s): Haciyanli M, Erkan N, Yorukoglu K, Sagol O, Harmancioglu O. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 August; 10(8): 717-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014319

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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Muratani H, Nakashima T, Ueno M, Sato H, Inoue K, Shiraki Y. Source: Jpn J Med. 1982 July; 21(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6897269

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Qualitative aspects of thyroglobulin antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Dussault JH, Guay D. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 August 17; 111(4): 319-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4408339

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Quantitative analysis of C cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Lima MA, Santos BM, Borges MF. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1998 June; 8(6): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669288

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Reconstitution of severe combined immunodeficient mice with intrathyroidal lymphocytes of thyroid xenografts from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Akasu F, Morita T, Resetkova E, Miller N, Akasu R, Jamieson C, Volpe R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1993 January; 76(1): 22330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7678424

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Recovery of thyroid function with a decreased titre of antimicrosomal antibody in a hypothyroid man with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Kaise K, Kitaoka H, Yoshida K, Kaise N, Fukazawa H, Sakurada T, Saito S, Yoshinaga K. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1983 April; 102(4): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6687775

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Regulation of apoptosis in endocrine autoimmunity: insights from Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Author(s): Salmaso C, Bagnasco M, Pesce G, Montagna P, Brizzolara R, Altrinetti V, Richiusa P, Galluzzo A, Giordano C. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 June; 966: 496-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12114310

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Relationship between cigarette smoking and hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Fukata S, Kuma K, Sugawara M. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1996 October; 19(9): 607-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957745

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Relationship of clinical features and laboratory parameters to thyroid echogenicity measured by standardized grey scale ultrasonography in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Schiemann U, Avenhaus W, Konturek JW, Gellner R, Hengst K, Gross M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 April; 9(4): Mt13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12709678

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Remission of acanthosis nigricans, hypertrichosis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroxine replacement. Author(s): Dix JH, Levy WJ, Fuenning C. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1986 September; 3(4): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3774651

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RET/PTC rearrangements in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Sheils O, Smyth P, Finn S, Sweeney EC, O'Leary JJ. Source: International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2002 April; 10(2): 167-8; Author Reply 168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12075413

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Rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis, polymyositis, gastritis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Mastaglia FL, Kakulas BA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 June 3; 1(22): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4381684

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Riedel's thyroiditis and fibrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Papi G, Corrado S, Carapezzi C, De Gaetani C, Carani C. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 May; 26(5): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906372

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Riedel's thyroiditis associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidism, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Author(s): Best TB, Munro RE, Burwell S, Volpe R. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1991 October; 14(9): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761813

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Riedel's thyroiditis associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ross DS, Daniels GH. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1992 June; 15(6): 479. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1401750

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Rosette inhibition test for the demonstration of thymus-dependent lymphocyte sensitization in Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Farid NR, Munro RE, Row VV, Volpe R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1973 November 22; 289(21): 1111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4127831

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Sclerosing mucoepidermoid thyroid carcinoma with eosinophilia. A distinctive lowgrade malignancy arising from the metaplastic follicles of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Chan JK, Albores-Saavedra J, Battifora H, Carcangiu ML, Rosai J. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1991 May; 15(5): 438-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2035738

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Screening for an AIRE-1 mutation in patients with Addison's disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis as well as in APECED syndrome. Author(s): Meyer G, Donner H, Herwig J, Bohles H, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2001 March; 54(3): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298085

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Selective IgA deficiency in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Case report. Author(s): Konstantopoulos K, Tsianateli T, Adamidis S, Petrakakou T, Kouli C, Diamanti E. Source: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 1996; 101(3): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9055392

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Sibling cases of primary biliary cirrhosis associated with polymyositis, vasculitis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Harada N, Dohmen K, Itoh H, Ohshima T, Yamamoto H, Nagano M, Iwata Y, Hachisuka K, Ishibashi H. Source: Intern Med. 1992 February; 31(2): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1600281

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Simultaneous occurrence of minimal change glomerular disease, sarcoidosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Nishimoto A, Tomiyoshi Y, Sakemi T, Kanegae F, Nakamura M, Ikeda Y, Shimazu K, Yonemitsu N. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2000 September-October; 20(5): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11093004

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Solid cell nests (SCN) in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Vollenweider I, Hedinger C. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988; 412(4): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3125674

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Sonographic diagnosis and grading of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Sostre S, Reyes MM. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1991 February; 14(2): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1648115

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Sonography of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Gupta RK, Pant CS, Marwah RK. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1988 February; 16(2): 135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3130407

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Spontaneous regression of diffuse large-cell lymphoma associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Uohashi A, Imoto S, Matsui T, Murayama T, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Ohbayashi C, Itoh H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 November; 53(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8895693

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Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Chaudhary RK, Barnes EL, Myers EN. Source: Head & Neck. 1994 November-December; 16(6): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822183

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Squamous metaplasia with Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a thyroid nodule. Author(s): Kobayashi T, Okamoto S, Maruyama H, Okamura J, Takai S, Mori T. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1989 February; 40(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2915541

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Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in an adolescent with chronic hallucinations and depression: case report and review. Author(s): Mahmud FH, Lteif AN, Renaud DL, Reed AM, Brands CK. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 September; 112(3 Pt 1): 686-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949305

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Strong association between HLA DRw9 and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in southern Chinese. Author(s): Hawkins BR, Lam KS, Ma JT, Wang C, Yeung RT. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987 April; 114(4): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3472422

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Studies of human thyroid xenografts from Hashimoto's thyroiditis in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice: detection of thyroid stimulation-blocking antibody. Author(s): Yoshikawa N, Arreaza G, Mukuta T, Resetkova E, Miller N, Jamieson C, Volpe R. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1994 Spring; 4(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7914445

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Subacute cerebellar syndrome and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Association or simple coincidence? Author(s): Mouzak A, Agathos P, Vourdeli-Giannakoura E. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 December; 106(6): 374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12460145

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Subacute cutaneous lupus associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ilan Y, Ben Yehuda A. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1991 August; 39(1-2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1961346

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Successful outcome after surgical management in two cases of the "painful variant" of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Gourgiotis L, Al-Zubaidi N, Skarulis MC, Papanicolaou DA, Libutti SK, Alexander HR Jr, Merino MJ, Sarlis NJ. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2002 July-August; 8(4): 25965. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173911

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Surgically treated Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Gyory F, Lukacs G, Juhasz F, Mezosi E, Szakall S, Vegh T, Math J, Balazs G. Source: Acta Chir Hung. 1999; 38(3-4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10935132

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Surrogate thyroglobulin receptors and T cell proliferation in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Fukuma N, Hoy T, Phillips DI, McLachlan SM. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1992 Winter; 2(4): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1493370

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Susceptibility to thyroid autoimmune disease: molecular analysis of HLA-D region genes identifies new markers for goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Badenhoop K, Schwarz G, Walfish PG, Drummond V, Usadel KH, Bottazzo GF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 November; 71(5): 1131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1977755

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Tc-99m pertechnetate trapping and thyroid function in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Wang PW, Chen HY, Li CH, Liu RT, Chien WY, Tung SC. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1994 March; 19(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8033462

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T-cell lymphoma in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Abdul-Rahman ZH, Gogas HJ, Tooze JA, Anderson B, Mansi J, Sacks NP, Finlayson CJ. Source: Histopathology. 1996 November; 29(5): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8951491

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Ten-year follow-up study of thyroid function in euthyroid patients with simple goiter or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Sato A, Aizawa T, Koizumi Y, Komiya I, Ichikawa K, Takemura Y, Yamada T. Source: Intern Med. 1995 May; 34(5): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7647404

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The coexistence of psoriasis vulgaris, Sjogren's syndrome, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Nogita T, Aramoto Y, Terajima S, Akimoto K, Kawashima M, Hidano A, Matsugami K, Mochizuki T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 19(5): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1644955

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The obese strain chicken as a model for human Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Sundick RS, Bagchi N, Brown TR. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 1996; 104 Suppl 3: 4-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8986409

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The prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis in Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a Turkish population. Author(s): Cindoruk M, Yetkin I, Karakan T, Kandilci U. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2002 July-September; 65(3): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420604

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The superiority of antimicrosomal over antithyroglobulin antibodies for detecting Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Nordyke RA, Gilbert FI Jr, Miyamoto LA, Fleury KA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1993 April 12; 153(7): 862-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8466378

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Thyroid blood flow evaluation by color-flow Doppler sonography distinguishes Graves' disease from Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Vitti P, Rago T, Mazzeo S, Brogioni S, Lampis M, De Liperi A, Bartolozzi C, Pinchera A, Martino E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 December; 18(11): 857-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778158

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Thyroid cancer coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis at King Khalid University Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Sulimani RA. Source: East Afr Med J. 1996 November; 73(11): 767-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8997871

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Thyroid cells in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis stimulate allogeneic T cells when pretreated with phorbol ester. Author(s): Tandon N, Weetman AP. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1992 September; 37(3): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424210

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Thyroid hemilobar atrophy in patients diagnosed as having Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Iwata M, Kasagi K, Misaki T, Fujita T, Iida Y, Konishi J. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 March; 11(3): 293-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327622

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Thyroid lymphoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Tc-99m pertechnetate and Ga-67 citrate imaging in two cases. Author(s): Jung WK, Slavin JD Jr, Spencer RP. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 November; 21(11): 894-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922862

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Thyroid metastasis from rectal carcinoma coexisting with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings. Author(s): Takashima S, Takayama F, Wang Q, Kobayashi S, Sone S. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1998 September; 26(7): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9719987

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Thyroid peroxidase autoantibody epitopic 'fingerprints' in juvenile Hashimoto's thyroiditis: evidence for conservation over time and in families. Author(s): Jaume JC, Burek CL, Hoffman WH, Rose NR, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1996 April; 104(1): 115-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8603516

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Thyrotoxicosis in Down's and Turner's syndromes: the likelihood of Hashimoto's thyroiditis as the underlying aetiology. Author(s): Idris I, O'Malley BP. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 May; 54(4): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912322

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Thyroxine and triiodothyronine autoantibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis with severe hormone-resistant hypothyroidism. Author(s): Blackett PR, Fry H, Garnica A, Blick K. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol. 1994 January-March; 7(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8186828

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Turner's syndrome with X-isochromosome and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): de Kerdanet M, Lucas J, Lemee F, Lecornu M. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1994 November; 41(5): 673-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7828358

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Two cases of morphea associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Lee HJ, Kim MY, Ha SJ, Kim JW. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(1): 58-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013202

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Two unusual sites of colon cancer metastases and a rare thyroid lymphoma. Case 3. Primary T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid arising in a background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Raftopoulos I, Vanuno D, Kouraklis G. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 August 1; 19(15): 3576-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11481367

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Typing for major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in thyroid tissue blocks: association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with HLA-DQA0301 and DQB0201 alleles. Author(s): Shi Y, Zou M, Robb D, Farid NR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 September; 75(3): 943-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517390

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Ultrastructural alterations of the follicular basement membrane in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Report of eight cases with basement deposits. Author(s): Kalderon AE, Bogaars HA, Diamond I. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1973 October; 55(3): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4582703

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Ultrastructural findings in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and focal lymphocytic thyroiditis with reference to giant cell formation. Author(s): Knecht H, Hedinger CE. Source: Histopathology. 1982 September; 6(5): 511-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6897233

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Ultrastructural localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Yamamoto N, Suzuki S, Ota Z. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 1990 February; 44(1): 21-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2330843

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Ultrastructural pathology in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Shamsuddin AK, Lane RA. Source: Human Pathology. 1981 June; 12(6): 561-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6895075

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Unilateral ophthalmopathy in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Tomer Y. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2000 January; 10(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10691321

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Unilateral proptosis due to orbital pseudotumor in a patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Johnston MV, Larsen PR. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1972 December; 21(12): 1155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4678530

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Variant angina in isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency, inappropriate vasopressin secretion and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Nishikawa M, Toyoda N, Miyaji M, Higuchi M, Yonemoto T, Ogawa Y, Sakaguchi N, Tokoro T, Iwasaka T, Inada M. Source: Intern Med. 1998 April; 37(4): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9630202

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Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP1alpha) polymorphism in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Pani MA, Regulla K, Segni M, Krause M, Hofmann S, Hufner M, Herwig J, Pasquino AM, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 June; 146(6): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12039697

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Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Ban Y, Taniyama M, Ban Y. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2001 June; 11(6): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442012

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Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada's syndrome associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Chi HI, Furue M, Ishibashi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1994 September; 21(9): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962975

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What is meant today by Hashimoto's thyroiditis? Author(s): Costa A, Torchio B, Zoppetti G, Feyless E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 May; 12(5): 355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768760

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or a synonym): •

A clinical study of treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis by moxibustion. Source: Hu, G S Chen, H P He, J S Heng, J S Guo, X L Cheng, M Sheng, J Q Hong, W Ye, X L Hou, Y J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 181-4 0254-6272

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A study on the clinical effect and immunological mechanism in the treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis by moxibustion. Author(s): Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture & Meridian. Source: Hu, G Chen, H Hou, Y He, J Cheng, Z Wang, R J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1993 March; 13(1): 14-8 0254-6272

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Abnormal functional behavior of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Hashimoto's disease patients. Immunomodulatory effects of cyclosporin A. Author(s): Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain. Source: Guillen, C Prieto, A Alvarez Escola, C Reyes, E Diaz, D San Antonio, E De La Hera, A Alvarez Mon, M Immunopharmacol-Immunotoxicol. 1999 February; 21(1): 1539 0892-3973

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Clinical observation on Hashimoto's thyroiditis treated by indirect moxibustion with various Chinese medicines. Author(s): Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture & Meridians. Source: Hu, G Chen, H He, J Cheng, Z Wang, R Hou, Y J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1996 March; 16(1): 27-32 0254-6272

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Patients with Hashimoto's disease treated with L-thyroxine and followed for three years. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, Italy. Source: Mussa, G C Corrias, A Mostert, M Pellegrino, D Silvestro, L J-PediatrEndocrinol-Metab. 1998 Jan-February; 11(1): 59-62

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: •

A clinical study of treating Hashimoto's thyroiditis by moxibustion. Author(s): Hu GS, Chen HP, He JS, Heng JS, Guo XL, Cheng M, Sheng JQ, Hong W, Ye XL, Hou YJ. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1987 September; 7(3): 181-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3444348

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A study on the clinical effect and immunological mechanism in the treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis by moxibustion. Author(s): Hu G, Chen H, Hou Y, He J, Cheng Z, Wang R. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1993 March; 13(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8501952

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Assessment of thyroid growth stimulating activity of immunoglobulins from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease by cytokinesis arrest assay. Author(s): Miyamoto S, Kasagi K, Alam MS, Misaki T, Iida Y, Konishi J. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997 May; 136(5): 499-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9186271

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Autoimmune thyroiditis following interleukin-2 and LAK cell therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: correlation with tumor regression. Author(s): Besana C, Sabbadini MG, Corti C, Di Lucca G, Foppoli M, Marcatti M, Heltai S, Rugarli C. Source: Tumori. 1991 August 31; 77(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1746057

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Chemical determination of iodinated compounds in human thyroid. Author(s): Nakashima T, Shiroozu A, Okamura K, Inoue K, Omae T. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1978 February; 25(1): 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=580417

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Clinical aspects of primary thyroid lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment based on our experience of 119 cases. Author(s): Matsuzuka F, Miyauchi A, Katayama S, Narabayashi I, Ikeda H, Kuma K, Sugawara M. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1993 Summer; 3(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8369658

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Clinical observation on Hashimoto's thyroiditis treated by indirect moxibustion with various Chinese medicines. Author(s): Hu G, Chen H, He J, Cheng Z, Wang R, Hou Y. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1996 March; 16(1): 27-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758705

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Effect of low dose iodide supplementation on thyroid function in potentially susceptible subjects: are dietary iodide levels in Britain acceptable? Author(s): Chow CC, Phillips DI, Lazarus JH, Parkes AB. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1991 May; 34(5): 413-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2060151

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Fatal heatstroke in a young woman with previously undiagnosed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Author(s): Siegler RW.

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Source: J Forensic Sci. 1998 November; 43(6): 1237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9846404 •

Female patient with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, diagnosed with MALT lymphoma of both breasts. Author(s): Kraemer DM, Weissinger F, Reimer P, Kunzmann V, Rudiger T, Wilhelm M. Source: Onkologie. 2003 June; 26(3): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845214

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Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid in an area of endemic goitre: influence of restored sufficient iodine supplementation on the clinical significance of cytological results. Author(s): Slowinska-Klencka D, Klencki M, Sporny S, Lewinski A. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 January; 146(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751062

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Graves' disease development during sizofiran treatment. Author(s): Morita S, Ueda Y. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 977-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487171

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Large doses of radioiodide in Graves' disease: effect on ophthalmopathy and longacting thyroid stimulator. Author(s): Pequegnat EP, Mayberry WE, McConahey WM, Wyse EP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1967 December; 42(12): 802-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4169552

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L-thyroxine malabsorption due to the injection of herbal remedies. Author(s): Geatti O, Barkan A, Turrin D, Orsolon PG, Shapiro B. Source: Thyroidology. 1993 December; 5(3): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524637

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Massage therapy on neck: a contributing factor for destructive thyrotoxicosis? Author(s): Tachi J, Amino N, Miyai K. Source: Thyroidology. 1990 April; 2(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1715747

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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma followed by plasmacytoma, both arising in A thyroid gland with Hashimoto's disease. Author(s): Hasegawa Y, Itoh T, Tamagawa Y, Komeno T, Kojima H, Ninomiya H, Yatabe Y, Mori N, Nagasawa T.

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Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1999 November; 35(5-6): 613-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609800 •

Pathogenesis of autoimmune hypothyroidism induced by lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell therapy: in vitro inhibition of human thyroid function by interleukin-2 in the presence of autologous intrathyroidal lymphocytes. Author(s): Sato K, Yamazaki K, Shizume K, Yamakawa Y, Satoh T, Demura H, Kanaji Y, Obara T, Fujimoto Y, Aiba M, et al. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1993 Fall; 3(3): 179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8257856

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Prevention of postthymectomy autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. Author(s): Kojima A, Tanaka-Kojima Y, Sakakura T, Nishizuka Y. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1976 June; 34(6): 601-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=778485

•

Primary thyroid lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease. Author(s): Thieblemont C, Mayer A, Dumontet C, Barbier Y, Callet-Bauchu E, Felman P, Berger F, Ducottet X, Martin C, Salles G, Orgiazzi J, Coiffier B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 January; 87(1): 10511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11788631

•

Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. Author(s): Gartner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, Krebs B, Angstwurm MW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 April; 87(4): 168791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11932302

•

The inhibitory effect of large doses of methimazole on iodine induced lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody titers in BB/Wor rats. Author(s): Reinhardt W, Appel MC, Alex S, Yang YN, Braverman LE. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 September; 12(8): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2592741

•

Thyroglobulin epitope recognition in a post iodine-supplemented Sri Lankan population. Author(s): Okosieme OE, Premawardhana LD, Jayasinghe A, de Silva DG, Smyth PP, Parkes AB, Lejeune PJ, Ruf J, Lazarus JH.

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Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 August; 59(2): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12864796 •

Thyroid abnormalities during chronic lithium treatment in Hong Kong Chinese: a controlled study. Author(s): Lee S, Chow CC, Wing YK, Shek CC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992 November; 26(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1460167

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

How I Reversed My Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Hypothyroidism by Robert T. Dirgo, Mary Dirgo; ISBN: 059516708X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/059516708X/icongroupinterna

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5451 19 943 2 12 6427

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis”:

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Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Hormones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html Influenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/influenza.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Liver Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Pituitary Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pituitarydisorders.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Sjogren's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sjogrenssyndrome.html Thyroid Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroidcancer.html Thyroid Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/thyroiddiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Calcium Pentagastrin Test Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/calciumpentagastri.pdf T3 (Triiodothyronine): The Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/t3/test.html T4 (Thyroxine): The Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/t4/test.html Thyroid Scan/Thyroid Uptake Study Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/thyroidupt.pdf Thyroperoxidase (TPO) Antibodies Test Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00806 TRH Stimulation Test Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/trh.pdf

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TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/tsh/test.html •

Treatment Antithyroid Drugs Source: UpToDate http://patients.uptodate.com/topic.asp?file=endo_hor/5036 Radioactive Iodine Use for Thyroid Diseases Source: American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/RadioactiveIRAI.pdf Radioiodine Therapy Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/members/Radioiodine_Therapy.pdf Thyroid Hormone Treatment Source: American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/HormoneTreatment_brochure.pdf Thyroid Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/thyroidsurgeryloader.html Thyroidectomy Source: InteliHealth http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/20758.html

•

Nutrition Preparing to Receive I-131: The Low-Iodine Diet Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/pepubs/lowio.pdf

•

Children Congenital Hypothyroidism Source: MAGIC Foundation http://www.magicfoundation.org/congthyr.html Thyroid Disorders Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/gland/thyroid.html Thyroid through the Ages: Birth and Early Childhood (Growth) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-birth.php

•

Latest News Thyroid Disorders Common with Hepatitis C Source: 07/08/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18828 .html

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Organizations American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/ Hormone Foundation http://www.hormone.org/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening How to Take the Thyroid “Neck Check” Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/neckcheck3.pdf

•

Research Are Thyroid Nodules That Grow Cancerous? Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/4/I-60 Effects of Removing Thyroid Antigens in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/5_Part_1/I-75

•

Teenagers Thyroid Disease and Teens Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/growth/thyroid.html

•

Women Postpartum Thyroiditis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00153 Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy Source: American Thyroid Association http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/Thyroid_Dis_Pregnancy_broch.pdf Thyroid through the Ages: Midlife (Menopause) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-midlife.php Thyroid through the Ages: The Reproductive Years (Pregnancy) Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists http://www.aace.com/pub/tam2001/tam-reproyrs.php

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system

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(mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

87

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

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herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with

Dictionary 91

specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aortitis: Inflammation of the wall of the aorta. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmune Hepatitis: A liver disease caused when the body's immune system destroys liver cells for no known reason. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 93

Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH]

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Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector

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not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells,

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adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH]

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Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic Errors: Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles

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with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gamma-Globulins: Serum globulins that migrate in the gamma region on electrophoresis. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or

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as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heat-Shock Proteins: Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpetiformis: Duhring's disease a recurring, inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology characterized by erythematous, papular, pustular, or vesicular lesions which tend to group and are accompanied by itching and burning. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]

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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

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Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH]

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Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large

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intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator: Thyroid stimulator, long-acting. An immunoglobulin G, often found in the blood of hyperthyroid individuals. It stimulates the thyroid for a longer duration than does thyrotoxin and may cause hyperthyroidism in newborns due to placental transmission. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH]

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Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The disease is differentially characterized by high serum titers of antibodies to ribonucleasesensitive extractable (saline soluble) nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH]

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Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins,

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endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]

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Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardial Effusion: Presence of fluid within the pericardium. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Permissiveness: The attitude that grants freedom of expression and activity to another individual, but not necessarily with sanction or approval. [NIH] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH]

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Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmacytoma: Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic plasma cells either in bone marrow or various extramedullary sites. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of

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strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible

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collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroperitoneal Fibrosis: A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis. [NIH]

Retroperitoneal Space: An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the diaphragm to the brim of the true pelvis, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of

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developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sizofiran: A beta-D-glucan obtained from the Aphyllophoral fungus Schizophyllum commune. It is used as an immunoadjuvant in the treatment of neoplasms, especially tumors found in the stomach. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH]

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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Species Specificity: Restriction of a characteristic or response to the members of one species; it usually refers to that property of the immune response which differentiates one species from another on the basis of antigen recognition, but the concept is not limited to immunology and is used loosely at levels higher than the species. [NIH] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]

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Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH]

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Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroiditis, Subacute: Spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland characterized by fever, weakness, sore throat, and painful enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotoxicosis: The clinical syndrome that reflects the response of the peripheral tissues to an excess of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Titre: The quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. [EU] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques.

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[NIH]

Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tsh: A glycoprotein secreted by the pars distalis of the pituitary gland in vertebrates that has hormonal activity. It stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland, as well as the secretion of thyroid hormone. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to

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chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

121

INDEX A Abdominal, 89, 109, 110, 113 Ablation, 89, 102 Acanthosis Nigricans, 45, 89 Acute renal, 89, 101 Adaptability, 89, 93, 94 Adenine, 89 Adenocarcinoma, 19, 89 Adenoma, 18, 29, 31, 89, 110, 111 Adenosine, 24, 89 Adipose Tissue, 89, 109 Adrenal Cortex, 89, 96, 112 Aetiology, 52, 89 Age of Onset, 5, 6, 89 Agglutinins, 21, 89 Algorithms, 89, 92 Alleles, 8, 13, 52, 89 Allergen, 89, 114 Allogeneic, 51, 89 Alternative medicine, 89 Amino acid, 90, 96, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117 Amino Acid Sequence, 90 Amyloid, 30, 35, 90 Anaemia, 16, 90 Anaesthesia, 90, 103 Analytes, 76, 77, 90 Anatomical, 90, 103, 114 Anemia, 41, 43, 90, 110 Angina, 53, 90 Animal model, 4, 6, 12, 90 Antibody, 10, 12, 20, 23, 39, 45, 48, 62, 90, 91, 94, 98, 101, 103, 106, 114, 115 Anticoagulant, 90, 112 Antigen, 13, 17, 20, 89, 90, 95, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 114, 115 Anti-infective, 91, 104 Antineoplastic, 91, 99 Antiviral, 91, 99, 104 Anus, 91, 94, 113 Aorta, 91 Aortic Aneurysm, 91, 113 Aortitis, 39, 91 Apoptosis, 6, 12, 26, 42, 45, 91 Arteries, 91, 92, 96, 107, 108 Arthropathy, 29, 91 Ascites, 91, 109 Aspiration, 26, 27, 91 Assay, 60, 91

Asymptomatic, 31, 38, 91 Atrophy, 51, 91 Autoantibodies, 4, 5, 12, 14, 17, 35, 52, 91 Autoantigens, 91 Autoimmune disease, 4, 6, 9, 49, 91 Autoimmune Hepatitis, 50, 91 Autoimmunity, 6, 12, 14, 22, 23, 45, 91 Autologous, 14, 62, 91 B Bacteria, 91, 92, 101, 107, 111, 117, 118 Bacterium, 92, 101 Basement Membrane, 25, 52, 92, 99, 104 Basophils, 92, 105 Benign, 18, 89, 92, 100, 108, 117 Beta-pleated, 90, 92 Bilateral, 15, 29, 92 Bile, 92, 102, 105, 111, 113, 115 Bile duct, 92, 111, 113 Biochemical, 14, 22, 89, 92 Biopsy, 11, 26, 61, 92 Biotechnology, 10, 71, 92 Blood Cell Count, 92, 110 Blood Glucose, 92, 101, 104 Blood Platelets, 92, 116 Blood pressure, 92, 93, 102, 107 Blood vessel, 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 116, 118 Body Fluids, 92, 97 Bone Marrow, 92, 103, 105, 106, 107, 111 Bone scan, 93, 114 Bronchus, 37, 93 Buccal, 93, 105 C Calcitonin, 22, 93 Calcium, 76, 93, 95, 109, 116 Candidiasis, 10, 93 Candidosis, 93 Carcinogenic, 93, 112, 115 Carcinoma, 18, 19, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 37, 40, 42, 46, 48, 51, 93 Cardiomyopathy, 37, 93 Cardiovascular, 5, 16, 93 Cardiovascular disease, 5, 93 Case report, 16, 22, 37, 44, 47, 48, 93, 94 Case series, 93, 94 Cell Death, 7, 91, 93, 100, 108 Cell Division, 91, 94, 107 Cell proliferation, 14, 21, 49, 94

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Cell Survival, 7, 94, 101 Centrifugation, 94, 107 Cerebellar, 48, 94 Cerebellum, 94 Cerebrovascular, 93, 94 Chemokines, 9, 94 Chromatin, 91, 94 Chromosomal, 94, 111 Chromosome, 94, 105 Chronic, 5, 16, 40, 41, 48, 63, 94, 97, 103, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 119 Cirrhosis, 94, 111 Clinical study, 56, 59, 94 Clinical trial, 3, 71, 94, 96 Cloning, 17, 92, 94 Collagen, 90, 92, 94 Colon, 52, 94, 105 Complement, 18, 94, 95, 106, 114 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 63, 95 Complementary medicine, 59, 95 Computational Biology, 71, 95 Computed tomography, 95, 114 Computerized axial tomography, 95, 114 Conjunctiva, 95, 103 Connective Tissue, 4, 92, 94, 95, 99, 105, 113, 116 Connective Tissue Cells, 95 Constitutional, 96, 108 Contraindications, ii, 96 Controlled study, 63, 96 Cor, 96, 102 Coronary, 93, 96, 107, 108 Coronary heart disease, 93, 96 Coronary Thrombosis, 96, 107, 108 Cortisol, 23, 96 Cutaneous, 49, 93, 96, 105 Cyclic, 20, 96 Cyst, 11, 22, 30, 34, 96 Cysteine, 94, 96 Cytokine, 6, 21, 34, 96 Cytokinesis, 60, 96 Cytoplasm, 91, 92, 96, 98, 107 Cytotoxic, 17, 20, 96 Cytotoxicity, 20, 39, 97 D Degenerative, 97, 101 Deletion, 91, 97 Deoxyguanosine, 21, 97 Depigmentation, 97, 118 Depressive Disorder, 97, 105 Dermal, 37, 97

Dermatosis, 39, 97 Diabetes Insipidus, 11, 97 Diabetes Mellitus, 11, 27, 41, 54, 97, 100, 101 Diagnostic Errors, 27, 97 Diagnostic procedure, 97 Diffusion, 97, 103 Direct, iii, 6, 9, 18, 97, 107, 113 Discrete, 9, 97, 111 Drug Tolerance, 97, 117 Duct, 11, 22, 30, 42, 97, 98, 114 Dyes, 90, 92, 97 E Edema, 97, 109 Effector, 4, 94, 97 Elective, 47, 97 Electrophoresis, 97, 99 Embryo, 98, 103 Encephalopathy, 24, 31, 48, 98 Endemic, 61, 98 Endocarditis, 93, 98 Endogenous, 53, 91, 98 Environmental Health, 70, 72, 98 Enzyme, 97, 98, 107, 110, 113, 116, 118, 119 Eosinophil, 98, 104 Eosinophilia, 46, 98 Epidemiological, 7, 98 Epidermal, 98, 107 Epidermis, 98, 112, 113 Epithelial, 9, 25, 89, 98, 101, 104 Epithelial Cells, 9, 25, 98, 101, 104 Epithelium, 92, 98 Epitope, 24, 62, 98 Erythrocytes, 90, 92, 98, 113, 114 Estrogen, 98, 112 Exocrine, 4, 98, 109 Exogenous, 98 Exophthalmos, 98, 112 Extensor, 98, 112, 118 Extracellular, 90, 95, 99, 116 Extracellular Matrix, 95, 99 F Family Planning, 71, 99 Fibrosis, 99, 113, 114 Fine-needle aspiration, 14, 31, 33, 61, 99, 108 Fixation, 99, 114 Follicles, 46, 99 Fungus, 93, 99, 114 G Gamma-Globulins, 33, 99 Gamma-interferon, 24, 99, 104

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Gastric, 27, 39, 99 Gastrin, 99, 102 Gastritis, 46, 99 Gastrointestinal, 99, 115, 116 Gastrointestinal tract, 99, 115 Gene, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 20, 26, 34, 40, 54, 89, 92, 100, 115, 117 Gene Expression, 34, 100, 115 Genotype, 100, 110 Giant Cells, 100, 114 Gland, 4, 22, 76, 77, 89, 98, 100, 105, 109, 110, 114, 117 Glomerular, 47, 100 Glomerulus, 100 Glucose, 92, 97, 100, 101, 104 Glucose Intolerance, 97, 100 Glycoprotein, 100, 104, 116, 118 Goiter, 23, 50, 100, 117 Governing Board, 100, 111 Grade, 46, 100 Grading, 47, 100 Granuloma, 37, 43, 100 Gravis, 28, 38, 41, 100 Guanine, 97, 100 H Haematological, 27, 100 Haematology, 100 Hair follicles, 100, 119 Headache, 100, 103, 110 Heart attack, 93, 101 Heart failure, 101, 109 Heat-Shock Proteins, 22, 101 Hematopoiesis, 101, 104 Hemoglobin, 90, 92, 98, 101 Hemolytic, 41, 43, 101 Hemorrhage, 101, 110, 112, 116 Hepatitis, 11, 31, 36, 43, 77, 101 Hepatocytes, 101 Hereditary, 101, 110 Heredity, 100, 101 Herpetiformis, 20, 101 Heterogeneity, 5, 7, 101 Hirsutism, 101, 102 Homeostasis, 4, 9, 101 Homologous, 89, 101, 114 Hormonal, 91, 101, 118 Humoral, 4, 102 Humour, 102 Hydrogen, 102, 107 Hyperplasia, 16, 102 Hypersensitivity, 89, 98, 102, 113, 114 Hypertension, 93, 96, 101, 102, 110

Hyperthermia, 101, 102 Hyperthyroidism, 4, 8, 41, 42, 102, 105 Hypertrichosis, 45, 101, 102 Hypertrophy, 96, 102 Hypopituitarism, 10, 102 Hypothalamus, 102, 110, 111, 115 Hypothyroidism, 4, 6, 8, 16, 18, 30, 41, 42, 45, 52, 62, 65, 77, 102 I Idiopathic, 36, 102, 114 Immune response, 4, 6, 90, 91, 102, 103, 106, 114, 115, 116, 118 Immune Sera, 103 Immune system, 4, 91, 102, 103, 106, 119 Immunization, 8, 103, 114 Immunofluorescence, 103, 107 Immunoglobulin, 22, 24, 34, 43, 90, 103, 105 Immunologic, 103 Immunology, 8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 42, 51, 103, 115 Impairment, 26, 103 In situ, 9, 103 In vitro, 9, 18, 32, 33, 62, 103 In vivo, 17, 18, 103 Induction, 8, 103, 112 Infarction, 102, 103 Infection, 11, 20, 43, 44, 93, 103, 105, 106, 108, 113, 116, 119 Infiltration, 4, 6, 9, 103 Inflammation, 6, 9, 42, 91, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119 Influenza, 76, 103 Insight, 7, 104 Insulin, 11, 13, 29, 104 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 29, 104 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 21, 25, 104 Interferon, 6, 32, 99, 104 Interferon-alpha, 104 Interleukin-2, 60, 62, 104 Interleukin-5, 33, 104 Intestinal, 104, 106 Intracellular, 103, 104 Intraepithelial, 33, 104 Intrinsic, 92, 104 Iodine, 23, 61, 62, 77, 104 Ischemia, 91, 104, 110 K Kb, 70, 104

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L Lacrimal, 4, 104 Lacrimal gland, 4, 104 Lactation, 104, 112 Laminin, 92, 104 Large Intestine, 104, 113, 115 Larynx, 105, 116, 117 Lesion, 100, 105 Lethargy, 102, 105 Leukocytes, 39, 92, 94, 104, 105, 107, 110 Levothyroxine, 41, 105 Linkage, 4, 7, 32, 105 Lipid, 23, 104, 105 Lithium, 63, 105 Liver, 76, 89, 91, 92, 94, 101, 105, 111, 114 Liver scan, 105, 114 Localization, 53, 105 Localized, 35, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109, 114 Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator, 61, 105 Lupus, 36, 49, 105, 116 Lutein Cells, 105, 112 Lymph, 102, 105, 106, 114 Lymph node, 105, 106, 114 Lymphadenitis, 35, 105 Lymphatic, 103, 105, 106, 109, 115, 116 Lymphatic system, 105, 106, 115, 116 Lymphocyte, 4, 14, 17, 20, 36, 46, 91, 106 Lymphocyte Subsets, 14, 106 Lymphocytic, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 53, 62, 106 Lymphoid, 90, 106 Lymphokine, 62, 106 Lymphoma, 14, 22, 25, 30, 34, 36, 38, 40, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 60, 61, 62, 106 Lytic, 106, 114 M Macrophage, 20, 36, 106 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 106, 114 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 52, 106 Malabsorption, 61, 106 Malignancy, 46, 89, 98, 106 Malignant, 38, 89, 91, 106, 108 Malnutrition, 91, 106 Manic, 105, 106 Mediator, 104, 106 MEDLINE, 71, 106 Melanosis, 89, 106 Membrane, 95, 104, 105, 106, 108, 118 Menopause, 5, 78, 107 Menstruation, 107 Mental, iv, 3, 70, 72, 102, 107, 112

Mental Health, iv, 3, 70, 72, 107, 112 Metabolic disorder, 97, 107 Metaplasia, 25, 48, 107 Metastasis, 51, 107, 108 Metastatic, 19, 36, 37, 40, 60, 102, 107, 114 MI, 21, 37, 87, 107 Microorganism, 107, 118 Microsomal, 36, 107 Migration, 104, 107 Mitosis, 91, 107, 115 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, 35, 107 Mobility, 99, 107 Modeling, 8, 107 Molecular, 9, 25, 32, 37, 49, 71, 73, 92, 95, 107, 112, 117 Molecule, 15, 21, 91, 95, 97, 98, 107, 111, 113 Monitor, 23, 45, 107, 109 Monocytes, 105, 107 Mononuclear, 21, 39, 56, 100, 107, 108 Monophosphate, 24, 108 Morphology, 100, 108 Mucosa, 105, 108, 112 Myalgia, 103, 108 Myasthenia, 28, 38, 41, 108 Myeloma, 38, 108 Myocardial infarction, 5, 96, 107, 108 Myocardium, 107, 108 Myopathy, 39, 108 Myxedema, 36, 108 N Nasal Mucosa, 103, 108 Necrosis, 91, 103, 107, 108, 110, 114 Needle biopsy, 42, 99, 108 Neoplasia, 33, 108 Neoplasms, 91, 108, 111, 114 Neoplastic, 106, 108, 111 Nephropathy, 38, 108 Nerve, 106, 108, 109, 110, 114 Nervous System, 101, 106, 108, 110 Neural, 90, 102, 108 Neuropathy, 38, 108 Neurotransmitter, 89, 90, 108, 115, 116 Neutrophil, 104, 109 Nuclear, 17, 40, 49, 51, 107, 108, 109 Nucleus, 91, 92, 94, 96, 107, 108, 109 O Ocular, 28, 41, 42, 109 Oedema, 16, 109 Orbit, 109 Orbital, 30, 53, 109 Osteoclasts, 93, 109

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Ovum, 109, 112 P Pancreas, 89, 104, 109, 115 Panniculitis, 40, 109 Papilla, 109 Papillary, 19, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 40, 42, 43, 109 Parathyroid, 40, 109, 116 Parathyroid Glands, 109 Parotid, 109, 114 Parturition, 109, 112 Pathogenesis, 6, 9, 26, 42, 62, 109 Pathologic, 6, 91, 92, 93, 96, 102, 109, 110, 112 Pathologic Processes, 91, 110 Pathophysiology, 4, 42, 110 Peptide, 90, 93, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117 Pericardial Effusion, 37, 110 Peripheral blood, 7, 12, 21, 32, 39, 56, 104, 110 Peripheral Nervous System, 108, 110, 115, 116 Peritoneal, 91, 109, 110 Peritoneal Cavity, 91, 109, 110 Peritoneum, 110, 113 Permissiveness, 8, 110 Pernicious anemia, 38, 43, 110 Peroxidase, 5, 8, 16, 21, 24, 27, 33, 51, 53, 62, 110 Peroxide, 110 Pharmacologic, 110, 117 Pharynx, 103, 110 Phenotypes, 7, 110 Phorbol, 51, 110 Physiologic, 107, 110, 113 Pituitary Apoplexy, 102, 110 Pituitary Gland, 102, 110, 111, 118 Pituitary Neoplasms, 102, 111 Plasma, 37, 43, 90, 93, 100, 101, 108, 111 Plasma cells, 90, 108, 111 Plasmacytoma, 61, 111 Plasmid, 44, 111 Pleural, 109, 111 Pleural cavity, 109, 111 Pneumonia, 96, 111 Polymorphic, 13, 111 Polymorphism, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 54, 111 Polypeptide, 90, 94, 111, 112, 115, 119 Polysaccharide, 91, 111, 112 Practice Guidelines, 72, 111 Precipitation, 4, 111 Precursor, 97, 111

Prevalence, 4, 5, 31, 36, 43, 44, 50, 111 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 11, 40, 47, 111 Probe, 8, 111 Problem Solving, 9, 112 Progesterone, 112, 115 Progression, 90, 112 Progressive, 94, 97, 108, 112, 113 Projection, 112 Prolactin, 23, 112 Promoter, 19, 112 Proptosis, 53, 112 Prospective study, 9, 112 Protein C, 9, 90, 112 Protein S, 92, 112 Proteins, 32, 90, 91, 94, 101, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118 Proteoglycans, 92, 112 Psoriasis, 13, 42, 50, 112 Public Health, 5, 72, 112 Public Policy, 71, 112 Purpura, 35, 112 Pustular, 13, 101, 112 Q Quiescent, 113, 118 R Radiation, 102, 113, 114, 119 Radioactive, 77, 93, 102, 105, 109, 113, 114 Receptor, 6, 8, 13, 20, 24, 30, 33, 43, 54, 91, 113 Recombinant, 16, 27, 113 Rectal, 51, 113 Rectum, 91, 94, 104, 113 Recurrence, 25, 113 Red blood cells, 98, 101, 113 Refer, 1, 93, 94, 99, 105, 113, 117 Remission, 45, 113 Renal cell carcinoma, 60, 113 Retroperitoneal, 29, 46, 113 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis, 29, 46, 113 Retroperitoneal Space, 113 Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, 21, 113 Rheumatism, 14, 24, 113 Rheumatoid, 6, 7, 20, 22, 32, 41, 46, 113 Rheumatoid arthritis, 7, 20, 22, 32, 41, 46, 113 Ribonuclease, 107, 113 Ribose, 89, 113 Risk factor, 6, 112, 113 S Saline, 107, 114 Saliva, 114

126

Hashimoto S Thyroiditis

Salivary, 4, 40, 114 Salivary glands, 4, 114 Sarcoidosis, 18, 47, 114 Scans, 4, 114 Scleroderma, 11, 107, 114 Sclerosis, 38, 114 Screening, 8, 31, 47, 78, 94, 114 Sebaceous, 114, 119 Secondary tumor, 107, 114 Secretion, 4, 53, 102, 104, 114, 118 Secretory, 4, 102, 114 Sensitization, 46, 114 Sequencing, 5, 114 Serologic, 11, 114 Serum, 9, 10, 24, 31, 33, 62, 94, 99, 103, 107, 114 Sizofiran, 61, 114 Skull, 109, 114, 116 Small intestine, 102, 115 Somatic, 102, 107, 110, 115 Somatostatin, 22, 115 Somatotropin, 102, 115 Specialist, 79, 115 Species, 20, 89, 107, 115, 116, 118, 119 Species Specificity, 20, 115 Specificity, 14, 115 Spinal cord, 108, 110, 115 Spleen, 105, 106, 114, 115 Squamous, 25, 48, 115 Staging, 114, 115 Sterile, 109, 115 Steroid, 48, 96, 115 Stomach, 89, 99, 102, 110, 114, 115 Stool, 94, 105, 115 Stress, 96, 113, 115 Stridor, 36, 116 Stroke, 70, 93, 116 Subacute, 48, 49, 103, 116 Subclinical, 103, 116 Subcutaneous, 97, 109, 116 Subspecies, 115, 116 Substance P, 114, 116 Supplementation, 60, 61, 62, 116 Suppurative, 39, 116 Symptomatology, 6, 116 Synergistic, 112, 116 Systemic, 12, 13, 22, 91, 92, 93, 103, 107, 109, 114, 116, 117 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 12, 13, 22, 107, 116 T Temporal, 24, 116

Tetany, 109, 116 Thermal, 101, 116 Thrombin, 112, 116 Thrombocytopenia, 22, 35, 116 Thrombomodulin, 112, 116 Thrush, 93, 116 Thymus, 46, 103, 105, 106, 116 Thyroid Gland, 7, 9, 17, 18, 30, 44, 61, 100, 102, 108, 109, 117, 118 Thyroid Hormones, 117 Thyroid Neoplasms, 21, 117 Thyroid Nodule, 48, 78, 117 Thyroiditis, Subacute, 12, 117 Thyrotoxicosis, 52, 61, 117 Thyrotropin, 7, 12, 24, 43, 102, 117 Thyroxine, 16, 23, 33, 35, 36, 45, 52, 56, 61, 76, 105, 117 Titre, 45, 117 Tolerance, 5, 34, 89, 100, 101, 117 Toxic, iv, 97, 108, 117 Toxicology, 72, 117 Toxin, 117 Trachea, 93, 105, 110, 116, 117 Transfection, 92, 117 Transfer Factor, 103, 117 Transgenes, 8, 117 Translational, 9, 118 Transplantation, 103, 106, 118 Tsh, 77, 118 Tuberculosis, 105, 118 U Ultrasonography, 45, 118 Ureters, 113, 118 Urine, 97, 118 V Vaccines, 118 Vagina, 93, 107, 118 Vaginitis, 93, 118 Vascular, 103, 109, 117, 118 Vasculitis, 47, 118 Vein, 109, 118 Venous, 92, 109, 112, 118 Vesicular, 101, 107, 118 Veterinary Medicine, 71, 118 Viral, 100, 103, 118 Virus, 11, 20, 31, 36, 43, 100, 104, 118 Vitiligo, 14, 118 Vitro, 118 Vivo, 118 Vulgaris, 50, 118

127

W White blood cell, 90, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 119 Windpipe, 93, 110, 117, 119

X Xenograft, 90, 119 X-ray, 95, 109, 114, 119 Z Zymogen, 112, 119

128

Hashimoto S Thyroiditis