Gynecomastia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GYNECOMASTIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES ...

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GYNECOMASTIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gynecomastia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84443-7 1. Gynecomastia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on gynecomastia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GYNECOMASTIA ....................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Gynecomastia ................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GYNECOMASTIA.............................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Gynecomastia............................................................................... 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON GYNECOMASTIA .................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Patents on Gynecomastia............................................................................................................. 51 Patent Applications on Gynecomastia ......................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON GYNECOMASTIA ........................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 57 Chapters on Gynecomastia........................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 The Genome Project and Gynecomastia....................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 90 GYNECOMASTIA DICTIONARY............................................................................................... 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 131

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with gynecomastia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about gynecomastia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to gynecomastia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on gynecomastia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to gynecomastia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on gynecomastia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GYNECOMASTIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on gynecomastia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and gynecomastia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Management of the Patient with Liver Disease Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Clinics of North America. 10(3): 465-470. August 1998. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders. Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. Summary: This article, from a series on the management of medical problems, reviews the dental care and oral surgery management of the patient with liver disease. The author discusses the risk factors for liver disease (partly to help identify patients with undiagnosed liver disease), the physical signs of liver disease, laboratory abnormalities in liver disease, evaluating the patient with suspected liver disease, preoperative therapy, intraoperative management, and postoperative care. Risk factors for liver disease include intravenous drug abuse, cocaine sniffing, contact with blood,

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transfusions before 1989, alcohol abuse, multiple sexual contacts, diabetes, family history of liver disease, and medications and food supplements. The physical signs of liver disease can include jaundice, spider telangiectasia, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), gynecomastia (abnormal enlargement of breasts in men), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), ascites, and increased lunulae (moon-shaped pale areas, such as that at the base of the fingernail). The author provides specific recommendations for the preoperative and postoperative monitoring and management of patients with liver disease. 6 tables. 12 references.

Federally Funded Research on Gynecomastia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to gynecomastia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to gynecomastia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore gynecomastia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for gynecomastia: •

Project Title: LUPRON TEST IN CHILDREN WITH PUBERTAL DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenfield, Robert L.; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PRIMARY CORTISOL RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Malchoff, Carl; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PUBERTAL AND PREPUBERTAL GYNECOMASTIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Keenan, Bruce S.; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Classification of gynecomastia is made using in vivo and in vitro testing. The role of estrogen conversion to androgen is explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for gynecomastia in the PubMed Central database: •

Gynecomastia with Ketoconazole. by DeFelice R, Johnson DG, Galgiani JN.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181611

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Male gynecomastia and risk for malignant tumours -- a cohort study. by Olsson H, Bladstrom A, Alm P.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137592

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with gynecomastia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for gynecomastia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of idiopathic gynecomastia treated by endoscopic reduction mammoplasty. Author(s): Yoshida Y, Yasuhara A, Hamada Y, Higashino H, Kobayashi Y. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 2001 July; 40(7): 421-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491140

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A case-control study of gynecomastia in HIV-1-infected patients receiving HAART. Author(s): Rahim S, Ortiz O, Maslow M, Holzman R. Source: Aids Read. 2004 January; 14(1): 23-4, 29-32, 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959701

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A circumareolar approach in surgical management of gynecomastia. Author(s): Huang TT, Hidalgo JE, Lewis SR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1982 January; 69(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7053509

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A mutation of the androgen receptor associated with partial androgen resistance, familial gynecomastia, and fertility. Author(s): Grino PB, Griffin JE, Cushard WG Jr, Wilson JD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1988 April; 66(4): 754-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3346354

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A new cannula for suction removal of parenchymal tissue of gynecomastia. Author(s): Rosenberg GJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 September; 94(3): 548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8047610

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A new suction-assisted device for removing glandular gynecomastia. Author(s): Samdal F, Kleppe G, Aabyholm F. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 February; 87(2): 383-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1989036

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A transaxillary incision for gynecomastia. Author(s): Balch CR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1978 January; 61(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619379

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Absence of prolactin hypersecretion during sleep in men with gynecomastia. Author(s): Buckman MT, MacLean C, Peake GT, Rhodes JM, Srivastava LS. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1980 July; 12(7): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7399395

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Acute myeloid leukemia relapsing as gynecomastia. Author(s): Au WY, Ma SK, Kwong YL, Lie AK, Shek WH, Chow WC, Liang R. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1999 December; 36(1-2): 191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10613464

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Adolescent gynecomastia. Differential diagnosis and management. Author(s): Mahoney CP. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1990 December; 37(6): 1389-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2259545

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Alternatives for the surgical correction of severe gynecomastia. Author(s): Botta SA. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 January-February; 22(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9456358

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Amiodarone-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Antonelli D, Luboshitzky R, Gelbendorf A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 December 11; 315(24): 1553. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3785317

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Amlodipine-induced gynecomastia in two patients on long-term hemodialysis therapy. Author(s): Komine N, Takeda Y, Nakamata T. Source: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2003 March; 7(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586751

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An aromatase-producing sex-cord tumor resulting in prepubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Coen P, Kulin H, Ballantine T, Zaino R, Frauenhoffer E, Boal D, Inkster S, Brodie A, Santen R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 January 31; 324(5): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1986290

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An extended circumareolar incision for breast augmentation and gynecomastia. Author(s): Saad MN. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1983; 7(2): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6613740

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Androgen and estrogen production in elderly men with gynecomastia and testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis. Author(s): Aiman J, Brenner PF, MacDonald PC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 February; 50(2): 380-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7354122

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Androgenic status of lepromatous leprosy patients with gynecomastia. Author(s): Dass J, Murugesan K, Laumas KR, Deo MG, Kandhari KC, Bhutani LK. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1976 October-December; 44(4): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1035585

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Another cause of gynecomastia. Author(s): Dove F. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1994 April 15; 29(4): 27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8144721

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Apocrine cells in a fine needle aspirate of gynecomastia. A case report. Author(s): Pacchioni D, Sapino A, Cassoni P, Bussolati G. Source: Acta Cytol. 1997 July-August; 41(4 Suppl): 1329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9990268

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Apocrine metaplasia in gynecomastia by fine needle aspiration as a possible indicator of anabolic steroid use. A report of two cases. Author(s): Fowler LJ, Smith SS, Snider T, Schultz MR. Source: Acta Cytol. 1996 July-August; 40(4): 734-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8693895

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Apple-coring technique for severe gynecomastia. Author(s): Freiberg A, Hong C. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1987 January; 30(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3815185

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Aromatase and gynecomastia. Author(s): Braunstein GD. Source: Endocrine-Related Cancer. 1999 June; 6(2): 315-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731125

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Aromatase and steroid receptors in gynecomastia and male breast carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Sasano H, Kimura M, Shizawa S, Kimura N, Nagura H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 August; 81(8): 3063-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8768875

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Autosomal dominant familial spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy with gynecomastia. Author(s): Ikezoe K, Yoshimura T, Taniwaki T, Matsuura E, Furuya H, Yamada T, Nagamatsu K, Kira J. Source: Neurology. 1999 December 10; 53(9): 2187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599805

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Axillary approach for gynecomastia liposuction. Author(s): Abramo AC. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1994 Summer; 18(3): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976759

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Bilateral galactocele in a male infant: a rare cause of gynecomastia in childhood. Author(s): Cesur Y, Caksen H, Demirtas I, Kosem M, Uner A, Ozer R. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001 January; 14(1): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11220699

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Breast cancer in a patient with gynecomastia. Author(s): Fodor PB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 December; 84(6): 976-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2555827

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Case of gynecomastia during paroxetine therapy. Author(s): Damsa C, Sterck R, Schulz P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 August; 64(8): 971. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927018

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Case report. Gynecomastia following digitalis administration. Author(s): Wolfe CJ. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1975 December; 62(12): 54-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1194883

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Case report: cystic gynecomastia in a male treated with clomiphene citrate. Author(s): Check JH, Murdock MG, Caro JF, Hermel MB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 December; 30(6): 713-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=729835

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Case report: finasteride-induced gynecomastia in a 62-year-old man. Author(s): Volpi R, Maccarini PA, Boni S, Chiodera P, Coiro V. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1995 June; 309(6): 322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7539584

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Chemotherapy, testicular damage and gynecomastia: an endocrine “black hole”. Author(s): Forbes AP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 July 6; 299(1): 42-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=566379

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Chromosome banding analysis of gynecomastias and breast carcinomas in men. Author(s): Teixeira MR, Pandis N, Dietrich CU, Reed W, Andersen J, Qvist H, Heim S. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1998 September; 23(1): 16-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9713992

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Circumareolar mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals and large gynecomastias: a personal approach. Author(s): Colic MM, Colic MM. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 November-December; 24(6): 450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11246435

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Classification and management of gynecomastia: defining the role of ultrasoundassisted liposuction. Author(s): Rohrich RJ, Ha RY, Kenkel JM, Adams WP Jr. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 February; 111(2): 909-23; Discussion 924-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12560721

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Clinically occult Leydig cell tumor in a cryptorchid man. Report of a case presenting with unilateral gynecomastia and impotence. Author(s): Dounis A, Papacharalampous A. Source: European Urology. 1997; 32(3): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9358228

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Clinically occult Leydig cell tumor presenting with gynecomastia. Author(s): Haas GP, Pittaluga S, Gomella L, Travis WD, Sherins RJ, Doppman JL, Linehan WM, Robertson C. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 November; 142(5): 1325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2810523

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Clomiphene in pubertal-adolescent gynecomastia. Author(s): Laron Z, Dickerman Z. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1978 January; 92(1): 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619068

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Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. Clinical and endocrine studies. Author(s): Plourde PV, Kulin HE, Santner SJ. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1983 November; 137(11): 1080-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6637910

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Clomiphene in the treatment of pubertal-adolescent gynecomastia: a preliminary report. Author(s): Stepanas AV, Burnet RB, Harding PE, Wise PH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 April; 90(4): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=839389

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Clonal karyotypic abnormalities in gynecomastia. Author(s): Cornelio DA, Schmid-Braz AT, Cavalli LR, Lima RS, Ribeiro EM, Cavalli IJ. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1999 December; 115(2): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10598146

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Clozapine as an alternative treatment for neuroleptic-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Uehlinger C, Baumann P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 March; 148(3): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1671543

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Comparison of tamoxifen with danazol in the management of idiopathic gynecomastia. Author(s): Ting AC, Chow LW, Leung YF. Source: The American Surgeon. 2000 January; 66(1): 38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651345

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Concentric circle operation for massive gynecomastia to excise the redundant skin. Author(s): Davidson BA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1979 March; 63(3): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=419211

12

Gynecomastia

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Concurrent Poland's syndrome and gynecomastia: a case report. Author(s): Mahoney J, Hynes B. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1990 February; 33(1): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2154304

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Correction of gynecomastia with an inframammary incision and subsequent scar. Author(s): Beraka GJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 December; 96(7): 1753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7480316

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Cost-effective management of gynecomastia. Author(s): Bowers SP, Pearlman NW, McIntyre RC Jr, Finlayson CA, Huerd S. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1998 December; 176(6): 638-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9926805

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Cumulative side effects of cyclosporine and Ca antagonists: hypergalactinemia, mastadenoma, and gynecomastia. Author(s): Jacobs U, Klein B, Klehr HU. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1994 December; 26(6): 3122. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7998089

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Cyclosporine as a cause of unilateral gynecomastia in renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Kumar A, Bansal V, Mehra S, Minz M, Sharma AK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 July; 47(7): 746. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10778606

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Cytologic atypia in a 53-year-old man with finasteride-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Zimmerman RL, Fogt F, Cronin D, Lynch R. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 April; 124(4): 625-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10747325

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Cytology of nipple discharge in florid gynecomastia. Author(s): Kapila K, Verma K. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 January-February; 47(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12585028

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Diagnosis and treatment of gynecomastia. Author(s): Braunstein GD. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1993 October 30; 28(10A): 37-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8018128

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Disappearance of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia with triamteren. Author(s): Yamamoto S. Source: Intern Med. 2001 June; 40(6): 550. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11446686

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Does prophylactic breast irradiation prevent antiandrogen-induced gynecomastia? Evaluation of 253 patients in the randomized Scandinavian trial SPCG-7/SFUO-3. Author(s): Widmark A, Fossa SD, Lundmo P, Damber JE, Vaage S, Damber L, Wiklund F, Klepp O. Source: Urology. 2003 January; 61(1): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12559286

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Drug-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Afflitto L. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 2000 Fall; 20(3): 189-90, 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12024649

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Drug-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Thompson DF, Carter JR. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1993 January-February; 13(1): 37-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8094898

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Eccentric skin resection and purse-string closure for skin reduction with mastectomy for gynecomastia. Author(s): Smoot EC 3rd. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 October; 41(4): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788217

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Editorial comment: unraveling the cause of HIV-related gynecomastia. Author(s): Braunstein GD. Source: Aids Read. 2004 January; 14(1): 38-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14959702

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Effect of gegen-tang on painful gynecomastia in patients with liver cirrhosis: a brief report. Author(s): Motoo Y, Taga H, Su SB, Sawabu N. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1997; 25(3-4): 317-24. Erratum In: Am J Chin Med 1998; 26(1): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9358905

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Effective radiotherapy in palliating mammalgia associated with gynecomastia after DES therapy. Author(s): Chou JL, Easley JD, Feldmeier JJ, Rauth VA, Pomeroy TC. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1988 September; 15(3): 749-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2458332

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Effects of tamoxifen on lipid profile and coagulation parameters in male patients with pubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Novoa FJ, Boronat M, Carrillo A, Tapia M, Diaz-Cremades J, Chirino R. Source: Hormone Research. 2002; 57(5-6): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12053091

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Elevated serum estradiol associated with increased androstenedione-testosterone ratio in adolescent males with varicocele and gynecomastia. Author(s): Castro-Magana M, Angulo M, Uy J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1991 September; 56(3): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1894030

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Endocrine studies in a male patient with choriocarcinoma and gynecomastia. Author(s): Whitcomb RW, Schimke RN, Kyner JL, Lukert BP, Johnson DC. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1986 November; 81(5): 917-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3776996

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Endocrine studies in testicular tumor patients with and without gynecomastia: a report of 45 cases. Author(s): Stepanas AV, Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Holoye PY. Source: Cancer. 1978 January; 41(1): 369-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=564234

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Endocrinological studies of the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis during danazol treatment in pubertal boys with marked gynecomastia. Author(s): Beck W, Stubbe P. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1982 December; 14(12): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6818119

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Endoscope-assisted transaxillary removal of glandular tissue in gynecomastia. Author(s): Ohyama T, Takada A, Fujikawa M, Hosokawa K. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 January; 40(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9464699

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Epidemic of gynecomastia among illegal Haitian entrants. Author(s): Sattin RW, Roisin A, Kafrissen ME, Dugan JB, Farer LS. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1984 September-October; 99(5): 504-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6435165

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Epithelial atypia in gynecomastia induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. A possible pitfall in fine needle aspiration biopsy. Author(s): Pinedo F, Vargas J, de Agustin P, Garzon A, Perez-Barrios A, Ballestin C. Source: Acta Cytol. 1991 March-April; 35(2): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1709324

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Estrogen and progesterone receptors in gynecomastia. Author(s): Pensler JM, Silverman BL, Sanghavi J, Goolsby C, Speck G, Brizio-Molteni L, Molteni A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 October; 106(5): 1011-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11039372

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Estrogen receptors in male gynecomastia. Author(s): Bicikova M, Duchac M, Hampl R, Heresova J, Starka L. Source: Endocrinol Exp. 1989 September; 23(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2806188

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Evaluation and treatment of gynecomastia. Author(s): Neuman JF. Source: American Family Physician. 1997 April; 55(5): 1835-44, 1849-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105209

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Evidence for autonomous secretion of prolactin in some alcoholic men with cirrhosis and gynecomastia. Author(s): Van Thiel DH, McClain CJ, Elson MK, McMillan MJ, Lester R. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1978 December; 27(12): 1778-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=723631

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Expression and distribution of type VI collagen in gynecomastia. Author(s): Lanzafame S, Magro G, Colombatti A. Source: Acta Histochemica. 1994 June; 96(2): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7976132

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Gynecomastia

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Expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in male breast cancers and gynecomastias. Author(s): Bernard-Gallon DJ, Dechelotte PJ, Le Corre L, Vissac-Sabatier C, Favy DA, Cravello L, De Latour MP, Bignon YJ. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 January-February; 23(1B): 661-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680164

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Expression of pepsinogen C in gynecomastias and male breast carcinomas. Author(s): Serra Diaz C, Vizoso F, Rodriguez JC, Merino AM, Gonzalez LO, Baltasar A, Perez-Vazquez MT, Medrano J. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1999 May; 23(5): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10085390

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Extensive squamous metaplasia in gynecomastia. Author(s): Gottfried MR. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1986 October; 110(10): 971-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2429640

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Familial gynecomastia with increased extraglandular aromatization of plasma carbon19-steroids. Author(s): Berkovitz GD, Guerami A, Brown TR, MacDonald PC, Migeon CJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1985 June; 75(6): 1763-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3924954

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Familial gynecomastia without hypogonadism. Author(s): Say B, Carpenter N, Coldwell JG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 October; 72(10): 1330-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=482994

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Familial gynecomastia. Author(s): Sadr AM, Bahadori M, Manoochehri HA. Source: Int Surg. 1977 March; 62(3): 140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=852933

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Feminizing Sertoli cell tumors associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: an increasingly recognized cause of prepubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Hertl MC, Wiebel J, Schafer H, Willig HP, Lambrecht W. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 September; 102(4): 1151-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734436

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Finasteride induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Carlin BI, Seftel AD, Resnick MI, Findlay J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 August; 158(2): 547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9224349

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Ga-67 uptake in unilateral puberal gynecomastia. Author(s): Tonami N, Matsuda H, Oguchi M, Hisada K. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1980 September; 5(9): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7408360

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Galactorrhea and gynecomastia in a hypothyroid male being treated with risperidone. Author(s): Mabini R, Wergowske G, Baker FM. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 August; 51(8): 983-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10913449

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Giant retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma with paraneoplastic gynecomastia. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Derakhshani P, Neubauer S, Braun M, Heidenreich A, Engelmann U. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1999; 62(4): 223-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10567888

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Gynecomastia after cytotoxic therapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Author(s): Turner AR, Morrish DW, Berry J, MacDonald RN. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 May; 142(5): 896-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6177295

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Gynecomastia after low dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Thomas E, Leroux JL, Blotman F. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 November; 22(11): 2189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8596173

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Gynecomastia and breast cancer during finasteride therapy. Author(s): Green L, Wysowski DK, Fourcroy JL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 September 12; 335(11): 823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8778596

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Gynecomastia and HAART. Author(s): Post JJ. Source: Aids Read. 2000 May; 10(5): 314. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10851722

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Gynecomastia and histamine-2 antagonists. Author(s): Mignon M, Vallot T, Bonfils S. Source: Lancet. 1982 August 28; 2(8296): 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6125664

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Gynecomastia and sexual disorders after the administration of omeprazole. Author(s): Carvajal A, Martin Arias LH. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 June; 90(6): 1028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771409

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Gynecomastia and sexual impotence associated with methotrexate treatment. Author(s): Aguirre MA, Velez A, Romero M, Collantes E. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 1793-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180746

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Gynecomastia and the complete circumareolar approach in the surgical management of skin redundancy. Author(s): Persichetti P, Berloco M, Casadei RM, Marangi GF, Di Lella F, Nobili AM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 April 1; 107(4): 948-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11252087

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Gynecomastia as a complication of chemotherapy for testicular germ cell tumors. Author(s): Aki FT, Tekin MI, Ozen H. Source: Urology. 1996 December; 48(6): 944-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8973685

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Gynecomastia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 35(4): 438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11302408

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Gynecomastia associated with indinavir therapy. Author(s): Caeiro JP, Visnegarwala F, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 December; 27(6): 1539-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868681

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Gynecomastia due to a leydig cell tumour of the testis. Author(s): Distiller LA, Lissoos I, Skudowitz RB. Source: S Afr J Surg. 1981 September; 19(3): 173-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7313903

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Gynecomastia during indinavir antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. Author(s): Toma E, Therrien R. Source: Aids (London, England). 1998 April 16; 12(6): 681-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9583616

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Gynecomastia following chemotherapy for testicular cancer. Author(s): Uygur MC, Ozen H. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660472

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Gynecomastia following low dose methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Finger DR, Klipple GL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 April; 22(4): 796-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7791195

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Gynecomastia following spinal cord disorder. Author(s): Heruti RJ, Dankner R, Berezin M, Zeilig G, Ohry A. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997 May; 78(5): 534-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9161376

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Gynecomastia from exposure to vaginal estrogen cream. Author(s): DiRaimondo CV, Roach AC, Meador CK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 May 8; 302(19): 1089-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7366629

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Gynecomastia in a case of hairy cell leukaemia--cladribine induced? Author(s): Abhyankar D, Saikia T, Advani S. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2001 June; 42(1-2): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699216

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Gynecomastia in a male infant given domperidone. Author(s): van der Steen M, Du Caju MV, Van Acker KJ. Source: Lancet. 1982 October 16; 2(8303): 884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6126749

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Gynecomastia in a patient with celiac disease. Author(s): Globerman H, Suissa A, Karnieli E. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 January; 15(1): 103-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822574

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Gynecomastia in a patient with lung cancer. Author(s): Liu G, Rosenfield Darling ML, Chan J, Jaklitsch MT, Skarin AT. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1999 June; 17(6): 1956. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561237

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Gynecomastia in a young man. Author(s): Rosenthal JT, Taylor RJ, Valdiserri RO, Hakala TR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1981 August; 126(2): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196461

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Gynecomastia in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Garcia-Benayas T, Blanco F, Martin-Carbonero L, Valencia E, Barrios A, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Source: Aids Research and Human Retroviruses. 2003 September; 19(9): 739-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14585204

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Gynecomastia in male HIV patients MRI and US findings. Author(s): Schinina V, Busi Rizzi E, Zaccarelli M, Carvelli C, Bibbolino C. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12213363

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Gynecomastia in men following antineoplastic therapy. Author(s): Trump DL, Pavy MD, Staal S. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 March; 142(3): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6802094

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Gynecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a review of treatment options. Author(s): McLeod DG, Iversen P. Source: Urology. 2000 November 1; 56(5): 713-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11068286

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Gynecomastia in the chronic renal dialysis patient: beware. Author(s): Maywood BT, Krumlowsky F, Hugo NE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1982 January; 69(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7053510

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Gynecomastia in type-1 neurofibromatosis with features of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia with giant cells. Report of two cases. Author(s): Damiani S, Eusebi V. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 May; 438(5): 5136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11407482

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Gynecomastia induced by treatment with tandospirone, a 5-HT1A agonist. Author(s): Kaneda Y, Morimoto T, Fujii A. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 March; 26(2): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11291533

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Gynecomastia of the male nipple. Author(s): Liebau J, Machens HG, Berger A. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 June; 40(6): 678-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9641293

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Gynecomastia with antipsychotics. Author(s): Storch DD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 February; 36(2): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9031565

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Gynecomastia with ketoconazole. Author(s): DeFelice R, Johnson DG, Galgiani JN. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1981 June; 19(6): 1073-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6267997

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Gynecomastia with marked cellular atypia associated with chemotherapy. Author(s): Jun Yang Y. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 May; 126(5): 613-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11958672

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Gynecomastia with metoclopramide use in pediatric patients. Author(s): Madani S, Tolia V. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 March; 24(2): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9077721

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Gynecomastia with pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia and multinucleated giant cells. Association with neurofibromatosis type 1. Author(s): Zamecnik M, Michal M, Gogora M, Mukensnabl P, Dobias V, Vano M. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2002 July; 441(1): 85-7. Epub 2002 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111205

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Gynecomastia with risperidone-fluoxetine combination. Author(s): Benazzi F. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 January; 32(1): 41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10071182

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Gynecomastia with stavudine treatment in an HIV-positive patient. Author(s): Melbourne KM, Brown SL, Silverblatt FJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1998 October; 32(10): 1108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793607

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Gynecomastia with sulpiride. Author(s): Kaneda Y, Fujii A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2002 February; 27(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11846864

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Gynecomastia with unusual intraductal “clear cell” changes mimicking pagetoid ductal spread of lobular neoplasia. Author(s): Guillou L, Gebhard S. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1995 March; 191(2): 156-63; Discussion 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567685

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Gynecomastia without lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV-infected men treated with efavirenz. Author(s): Caso JA, Prieto Jde M, Casas E, Sanz J. Source: Aids (London, England). 2001 July 27; 15(11): 1447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11504970

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Gynecomastia, lipodystrophy syndrome, and dyslipidemia occurring or worsening during antiretroviral regimens other than protease inhibitor-based ones. Author(s): Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999). 2004 January 1; 35(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707802

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Gynecomastia. Author(s): Glass AR. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 1994 December; 23(4): 825-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7705322

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Gynecomastia. Author(s): Lehman JA. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1983 Winter; 3(4): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6198670

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Gynecomastia. Author(s): Mian TA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1981 May; 31(5): 100-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6788978

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Gynecomastia. Author(s): Carlson HE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 October 2; 303(14): 795-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6997736

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Gynecomastia. Author(s): Braunstein GD, Glassman HA. Source: Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 6: 401-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9174780

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Gynecomastia: a clinical experience. Author(s): Holbert RD, Nunenmacher SJ. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1998 January; 39(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448385

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Gynecomastia: complications of the subcutaneous mastectomy. Author(s): Steele SR, Martin MJ, Place RJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 February; 68(2): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842972

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Gynecomastia: cytologic features and diagnostic pitfalls in fine needle aspirates. Author(s): Amrikachi M, Green LK, Rone R, Ramzy I. Source: Acta Cytol. 2001 November-December; 45(6): 948-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726123

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Gynecomastia: pathomechanisms and treatment strategies. Author(s): Mathur R, Braunstein GD. Source: Hormone Research. 1997; 48(3): 95-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11546925

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Gynecomastia-like changes of the female breast. Author(s): Kang Y, Wile M, Schinella R. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 April; 125(4): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260624

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Gynecomastia-like lesions in the female breast. Author(s): Umlas J. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 June; 124(6): 844-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10835518

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HIV-infection-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Couderc LJ, Clauvel JP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 August; 107(2): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3605910

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HIV-related gynecomastia. Author(s): Pantanowitz L, Evans D, Gross PD, Dezube BJ. Source: The Breast Journal. 2003 March-April; 9(2): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603389

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Holiday gynecomastia related to marijuana? Author(s): Dardick KR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993 August 1; 119(3): 253. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8323105

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Holiday gynecomastia. Author(s): Heufelder AE, Leinung MC, Northcutt RC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 May 15; 116(10): 877. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1567108

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Homosexual/heterosexual status in boys at puberty: idiopathic adolescent gynecomastia and congenital virilizing adrenocorticism compared. Author(s): Money J, Lewis V. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1982; 7(4): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7167630

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Hormonal changes during puberty: V. Transient pubertal gynecomastia: abnormal androgen-estrogen ratios. Author(s): Moore DC, Schlaepfer LV, Paunier L, Sizonenko PC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984 March; 58(3): 492-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6693546

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Hormonal profile of Leydig cell tumors with gynecomastia. Author(s): Bercovici JP, Nahoul K. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985; 203: 503-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3832101

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Hormonal profile of Leydig cell tumors with gynecomastia. Author(s): Bercovici JP, Nahoul K, Tater D, Charles JF, Scholler R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984 October; 59(4): 62530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6434575

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Hormonal profile of patients with Leydig cell tumors: a urologic cause of gynecomastia. Author(s): Xciarra A, Casale P, Di Nicola S, Di Chiro C, Di Silverio F. Source: Minerva Urol Nefrol. 1998 December; 50(4): 225-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973810

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Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia. Author(s): Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 March; 116(3): 450-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2137877

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Hypophyseal tumor and gynecomastia preceding bilateral breast cancer development in a man. Author(s): Olsson H, Alm P, Kristoffersson U, Landin-Olsson M. Source: Cancer. 1984 May 1; 53(9): 1974-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6704924

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Hypospadias and gynecomastia in a male associated with autosomal balanced translocation. Author(s): Krishna Murthy DS, Shah VC, Chadha AK, Murthy SK, Desai AB. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1985 July-August; 52(417): 417-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4093178

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Idiopathic gynecomastia treated with tamoxifen: a preliminary report. Author(s): Alagaratnam TT. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 9(5): 483-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3664552

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Immune complex disease and gynecomastia. Author(s): McCarthy GM, Russell T, Clowry L, Schumacher B, McCarty DJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 May; 16(5): 696-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2526876

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Immunohistochemical localization of prostate-specific antigen in ductal epithelium of male breast. Potential diagnostic pitfall in patients with gynecomastia. Author(s): Gatalica Z, Norris BA, Kovatich AJ. Source: Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology : Aimm / Official Publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry. 2000 June; 8(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937064

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Incidence of apocrine cells in fine-needle aspirates of gynecomastia: a study of 100 cases. Author(s): Gupta RK, Naran S, Lallu S, Fauck R. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2000 May; 22(5): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10790234

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Incidence of gynecomastia in men infected with HIV and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Piroth L, Grappin M, Petit JM, Buisson M, Duong M, Chavanet P, Portier H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(7): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515774

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Increased aromatase activity in pubic skin fibroblasts from patients with isolated gynecomastia. Author(s): Bulard J, Mowszowicz I, Schaison G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987 March; 64(3): 61823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3818893

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Increased gallium-67 citrate uptake in the breast of a patient with gynecomastia. Author(s): Morita S, Ishibashi M, Funatsu K, Hirayama T, Nomura Y, Ohtake H. Source: Kurume Med J. 1990; 37(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2214676

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Indications for and results of surgical therapy for male gynecomastia. Author(s): Colombo-Benkmann M, Buse B, Stern J, Herfarth C. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1999 July; 178(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456706

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Infantile gynecomastia with bloody nipple discharge. Author(s): Olcay I, Gokoz A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1992 January; 27(1): 103-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552426

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Inferior pedicle reduction technique for larger forms of gynecomastia. Author(s): Kornstein AN, Cinelli PB. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1992 Fall; 16(4): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414658

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Interstitial cell tumor and gynecomastia in familial male pseudohermaphroditism due to a defect in androgen biosynthesis. Author(s): Epps D, de Campos EP, Wajntal A, Lodovici O. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 1978 April; 33(2): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=566462

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Irradiation therapy prevents gynecomastia in sex offenders treated with antiandrogens. Author(s): Eriksson T, Eriksson M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 August; 59(8): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9721827

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Isolated relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the breast masquerading as gynecomastia. Author(s): Chim CS, Shek TW, Liang R. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 June 1; 108(8): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10896624

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Ketoconazole and gynecomastia. Author(s): Moncada B, Baranda L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1982 October; 7(4): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6128355

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Ketoconazole-induced increase in estradiol-testosterone ratio. Probable explanation for gynecomastia. Author(s): Pont A, Goldman ES, Sugar AM, Siiteri PK, Stevens DA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1985 August; 145(8): 1429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4040740

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Lesions of the breast in children exclusive of typical fibroadenoma and gynecomastia. A clinicopathologic study of 113 cases. Author(s): Pettinato G, Manivel JC, Kelly DR, Wold LE, Dehner LP. Source: Pathol Annu. 1989; 24 Pt 2: 296-328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2771454

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Letter: Gynecomastia with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia (11betahydroxylase deficiency). Author(s): Zachmann M, Prader A. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 November; 87(5): 839-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1185368

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Letter: Methadone-associated gynecomastia. Author(s): Thomas BL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 January 15; 294(3): 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1244523

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Leydig cell tumor and metachronous Leydig cell hyperplasia: a case associated with gynecomastia and elevated urinary estrogens. Author(s): Castle WN, Richardson JR Jr. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 December; 136(6): 1307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3773114

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Leydig cell tumor with gynecomastia. Report of a case with electron microscopy. Author(s): Lehtonen T, Makinen J, Nickels J, Permi J. Source: European Urology. 1980; 6(6): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7460987

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Leydig cell tumor with gynecomastia: further studies--the recovery after unilateral orchidectomy. Author(s): Bercovici JP, Nahoul K, Ducasse M, Tater D, Kerlan V, Scholler R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1985 November; 61(5): 957-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3930556

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Leydig cell tumor with gynecomastia: hormonal effects of an estrogen-producing tumor. Author(s): Bercovici JP, Tater D, Khoury S, Charles JF, Floch J, Leroy JP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1981 December; 53(6): 1291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6795227

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Leydig-cell tumor of the testis with gynecomastia and elevated estrogen levels. Author(s): Shimp WS, Schultz AL, Hastings JR, Anderson WR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1977 June; 67(6): 562-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=868795

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Lipoplasty: treatment for gynecomastia. Author(s): Lewis CM. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1985; 9(4): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4091085

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Liposuction through an axillary incision for treatment of gynecomastia. Author(s): Abramo AC, Viola JC. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1989 Spring; 13(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2741757

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Male breast carcinoma and gynecomastia: comparison of mammography with sonography. Author(s): Jackson VP, Gilmor RL. Source: Radiology. 1983 November; 149(2): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6622700

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Male breast lesions: gynecomastia and its distinction from carcinoma by aspiration biopsy cytology. Author(s): Russin VL, Lachowicz C, Kline TS. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1989; 5(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2791831

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Male chest correction. Pectoral implants and gynecomastia. Author(s): Aiache AE. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1991 October; 18(4): 823-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1934895

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Male gynecomastia and risk for malignant tumours--a cohort study. Author(s): Olsson H, Bladstrom A, Alm P. Source: Bmc Cancer [electronic Resource]. 2002 October 16; 2(1): 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383352

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Male hypogonadism with gynecomastia caused by late-onset deficiency of testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase. Author(s): Castro-Magana M, Angulo M, Uy J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1993 May 6; 328(18): 1297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8469252

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Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17-ketoreductase deficiency: report of a case without gynecomastia and without vaginal pouch. Author(s): Caufriez A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 January; 154(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3004217

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Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5 alpha reductase deficiency associated with gynecomastia. Author(s): Mendonca BB, Batista MC, Arnhold IJ, Nicolau W, Madureira G, Lando VS, Kohek MB, Carvalho DG, Bloise W. Source: Revista Do Hospital Das Clinicas. 1987 March-April; 42(2): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3441728

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Male pseudohermaphroditism due to nonsalt-losing 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: gender role change and absence of gynecomastia at puberty. Author(s): Mendonca BB, Bloise W, Arnhold IJ, Batista MC, Toledo SP, Drummond MC, Nicolau W, Mattar E. Source: J Steroid Biochem. 1987 December; 28(6): 669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2826919

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Male reduction mammoplasty in serious gynecomastias. Author(s): Brenner P, Berger A, Schneider W, Axmann HD. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1992 Fall; 16(4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414657

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Malignant granulosa cell tumor of the testis associated with gynecomastia and long survival. Author(s): Matoska J, Ondrus D, Talerman A. Source: Cancer. 1992 April 1; 69(7): 1769-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1551061

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Mammary epithelioid myofibroblastoma arising in bilateral gynecomastia: case report with immunohistochemical profile. Author(s): Reis-Filho JS, Faoro LN, Gasparetto EL, Totsugui JT, Schmitt FC. Source: International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 October; 9(4): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12574852

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Mammographic diagnosis of gynecomastia. Author(s): Cukier DS. Source: J Med Soc N J. 1977 October; 74(10): 837-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=269284

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Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Author(s): Babigian A, Silverman RT. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 January; 107(1): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176630

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Management of pubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Osler DC. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 November; 91(5): 856-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=909040

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Measurement of androgen and estrogen receptors in breast tissue from subjects with anabolic steroid-dependent gynecomastia. Author(s): Calzada L, Torres-Calleja J, Martinez JM, Pedron N. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 August 17; 69(13): 1465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11554608

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Medications that cause gynecomastia. Author(s): J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Feb;78(2):1616-21 Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 December; 92(7): 1411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8106605

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Melatonin and painful gynecomastia. Author(s): De Bleecker JL, Lamont BH, Verstraete AG, Schelfhout VJ. Source: Neurology. 1999 July 22; 53(2): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10430450

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Metastatic breast carcinoma mandible in gynecomastia gynecomastic. Case report. Author(s): Choukas C, Toto PD, Choukas NC. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 December; 76(6): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8284082

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Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma of the breast, simulating gynecomastia: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Author(s): Nappi O, Ferrara G, Ianniello G, Wick MR. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1992; 8(6): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1334827

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Metronidazole-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Fagan TC, Johnson DG, Grosso DS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 December 13; 254(22): 3217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4068156

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Mineralocorticoids in the mechanism of gynecomastia in adrenal hyperplasia caused by 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Author(s): Hochberg Z, Even L, Zadik Z. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 February; 118(2): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1993958

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Modified technique for correction of gynecomastia. Author(s): Luckey RC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992 April; 89(4): 767. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1546102

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Molecular basis of severe gynecomastia associated with aromatase expression in a fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Agarwal VR, Takayama K, Van Wyk JJ, Sasano H, Simpson ER, Bulun SE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998 May; 83(5): 1797800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9589695

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Morselization suction: a modified technique for gynecomastia. Author(s): Rigg BM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 July; 88(1): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2052647

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Myofibroblastoma associated with bilateral gynecomastia: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Yoo CC, Pui JC, Torosian MH. Source: Oncol Rep. 1998 May-June; 5(3): 731-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9538186

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Neurofibromata of the chest wall simulating prepubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Curran JP, Coleman RO. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1977 November; 16(11): 1064-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=410578

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Neurofibromatous pseudogynecomastia associated with prepubertal idiopathic gynecomastia. Author(s): Solomon L, Kim YH, Reiner L. Source: N Y State J Med. 1976 June; 76(6): 932-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=819881

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New X-linked syndrome of mental retardation, gynecomastia, and obesity is linked to DXS255. Author(s): Frezal J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 December 1; 44(6): 854-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1481864

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New X-linked syndrome of mental retardation, gynecomastia, and obesity is linked to DXS255. Author(s): Wilson M, Mulley J, Gedeon A, Robinson H, Turner G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1991 September 15; 40(4): 406-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1746601

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Nipple pain with jogging following gynecomastia excision. Author(s): Koplin LM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 April; 95(4): 774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7892335

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Nipple placement in simple mastectomy with free nipple grafting for severe gynecomastia. Author(s): Murphy TP, Ehrlichman RJ, Seckel BR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 November; 94(6): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7972427

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Normoprolactinemia in boys with marked gynecomastia. Author(s): Beck W. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 September; 137(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6791926

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Occult Leydig cell tumor in a patient with gynecomastia. Author(s): Anderson MS, Brogi E, Biller BM. Source: Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2001 July-August; 7(4): 26771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11497478

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Occult testicular interstitial-cell tumor in a patient with gynecomastia: ultrasonic detection. Author(s): Emory TH, Charboneau JW, Randall RV, Scheithauer BW, Grantham JG. Source: Radiology. 1984 May; 151(2): 474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6709922

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Occurrence of alpha-1-fetoprotein in the mammary gland tissue of men with gynecomastia. Author(s): Falser N, Mikuz G, Suckert K. Source: Beitr Pathol. 1976 May; 157(4): 412-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=60993

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On gynecomastia and suction-assisted lipectomy. Author(s): Fodor PB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1988 November; 82(5): 918. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2845456

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On the inhibitory action of 29 drugs having side effect gynecomastia on estrogen production. Author(s): Satoh T, Itoh S, Seki T, Itoh S, Nomura N, Yoshizawa I. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002 October; 82(23): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12477487

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Paget's disease in gynecomastia: immunohistochemical study of a case. Author(s): Muretto P, Polizzi V, Staccioli MP. Source: Tumori. 1988 April 30; 74(2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2453090

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Painful gynecomastia following cytotoxic therapy for testis cancer: a potentially favorable prognostic sign? Author(s): Trump DL, Anderson SA. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1983 July; 1(7): 416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6199476

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Painful gynecomastia with ranitidine. Author(s): Tosi S, Cagnoli M. Source: Lancet. 1982 July 17; 2(8290): 160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6123872

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Painful gynecomastia: an unusual toxicity of gabapentin? Author(s): Zylicz Z. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000 July; 20(1): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012313

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Partial 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency presenting as new-onset gynecomastia in a eugonadal adult male. Author(s): Cavanah SF, Dons RF. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1993 January; 42(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8446050

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Partial deficiency in 17-ketosteroid reductase presenting as gynecomastia. Author(s): Rogers DG, Chasalow FI, Blethen SL. Source: Steroids. 1985 February; 45(2): 195-200. Erratum In: Steroids 1985 June; 45(6): 473. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3867188

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Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 October; 87(4): 398-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=907238

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Pectoralis major ruptures postsuction lipectomy for surgical management of gynecomastia. Author(s): Khan JI, Ho-Asjoe M, Frame JD. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 January-February; 22(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9456349

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Pediatric management problems. Physiologic gynecomastia. Author(s): Belkengren R, Sapala S. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1995 September-October; 21(5): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8684852

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Pelvic sarcoma causing gynecomastia. Author(s): Herr HW, Hennessy WT, Kantor A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1990 May; 143(5): 1008-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2329588

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Persistent gynecomastia resulting from scalp inunction of estradiol: a model for persistent gynecomastia. Author(s): Gabrilove JL, Luria M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 November; 114(11): 1672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=718216

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Potential use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnostic distinction of gynecomastia from breast carcinoma in men. Author(s): Mottolese M, Bigotti G, Coli A, Vitucci C, Natali PG. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1991 August; 96(2): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1713740

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Prepubertal gynecomastia associated with estrogen-containing hair cream. Author(s): Edidin DV, Levitsky LL. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1982 July; 136(7): 587-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7091084

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Prepubertal gynecomastia caused by an adrenal tumor. Diagnostic value of ultrasonography. Author(s): Itami RM, Amundson GM, Kaplan SA, Lippe BM. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1982 July; 136(7): 584-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7091083

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Prepubertal gynecomastia during growth hormone therapy. Author(s): Malozowski S, Stadel BV. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 April; 126(4): 659-61. Erratum In: J Pediatr 1995 July; 127(1): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7699552

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Prepubertal gynecomastia following topical inunction of estrogen containing ointment. Author(s): Halperin DS, Sizonenko PC. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1983 October; 38(4): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6654687

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Prepubertal gynecomastia with lobules and acini: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Haibach H, Rosenholtz MJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 August; 80(2): 252-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6349328

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Prepubertal gynecomastia: indirect exposure to estrogen cream. Author(s): Felner EI, White PC. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 April; 105(4): E55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10742376

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Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in children with gynecomastia, premature thelarche and idiopathic precocious puberty. Author(s): Abe K, Matsuura N, Nohara Y, Fujita H, Fujieda K, Kato T, Mikami Y. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1984 March; 142(3): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6233752

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Pseudogynecomastia due to neurofibromatosis--a light microscopic and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Lipper S, Willson CF, Copeland KC. Source: Human Pathology. 1981 August; 12(8): 755-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6793500

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Pseudogynecomastia secondary to injection of heroin into breast tissue. Author(s): Carlson RH, Velez R, Rivlin RS. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1978 March; 138(3): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=343744

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Pseudogynecomastia. Author(s): Lippens C, Ardies P, Van Steen A. Source: J Belge Radiol. 1990 November; 73(6): 528-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2277017

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Psychological stress as a cause of intermittent gynecomastia. Author(s): Gooren LJ, Daantje CR. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1986 June; 18(6): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3732992

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Pubertal gynecomastia and transient elevation of serum estradiol level. Author(s): LaFranchi SH, Parlow AF, Lippe BM, Coyotupa J, Kaplan SA. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1975 August; 129(8): 927-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1163504

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Pubertal gynecomastia due to an estrogen-producing adrenal adenoma. Author(s): Sultan C, Descomps B, Garandeau P, Bressot N, Jean R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1979 November; 95(5 Pt 1): 744-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=490244

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Pubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): De Sanctis V, Bernasconi S, Bona G, Bozzola M, Buzi F, Radetti G, Rigon F, Tato L, Tonini G, De Sanctis C. Source: Minerva Pediatr. 2002 August; 54(4): 357-61. Review. English, Italian. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131874

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Pubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Lazala C, Saenger P. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May; 15(5): 553-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12014513

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Question from the clinician: adolescent gynecomastia. Author(s): Rosen DS. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2003 September; 24(9): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12949268

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Radiography of gynecomastia and other disorders of the male breast. Author(s): Michels LG, Gold RH, Arndt RD. Source: Radiology. 1977 January; 122(1): 117-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=318597

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Radiography of the male breast in gynecomastia. Author(s): Rissanen TJ, Makarainen HP, Kallioinen MJ, Kiviniemi HO, Salmela PI. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1992 March; 33(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1562400

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Radiotherapeutic prophylaxis of estrogen-induced gynecomastia: a study of late sequela. Author(s): Fass D, Steinfeld A, Brown J, Tessler A. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1986 March; 12(3): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3957739

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Rapid growth of pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma in axillary gynecomastia in an immunosuppressed patient. Author(s): Seidman JD, Borkowski A, Aisner SC, Sun CC. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1993 July; 117(7): 736-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8323441

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Re: Eccentric skin resection and purse-string closure for skin reduction with mastectomy for gynecomastia. Author(s): Botta SA. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 May; 42(5): 571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10340872

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Re: Liposuction of giant lipoma and the treatment of gynecomastia without sharp excision. Author(s): Dolsky RL. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1991 March; 26(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2029145

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Re: Pursestring and skin excision in gynecomastia. Author(s): Peled IJ. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 March; 42(3): 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10096631

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Reduction of telomeric length and c-erbB-2 gene amplification in human breast cancer, fibroadenoma, and gynecomastia. Relationship to histologic grade and clinical parameters. Author(s): Odagiri E, Kanada N, Jibiki K, Demura R, Aikawa E, Demura H. Source: Cancer. 1994 June 15; 73(12): 2978-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7911069

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Report of an XX male with hypospadias and pubertal gynecomastia, SRY gene negative in blood leukocytes but SRY gene positive in testicular cells. Author(s): Dardis A, Saraco N, Mendilaharzu H, Rivarola M, Belgorosky A. Source: Hormone Research. 1997; 47(2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9030973

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Report of gynecomastia in five male patients during antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Author(s): Peyriere H, Mauboussin JM, Rouanet I, Merle C, Sotto A, Arnaud A, HillaireBuys D, Balmes P. Source: Aids (London, England). 1999 October 22; 13(15): 2167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546872

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Resolution of prepubertal male gynecomastia following removal of a giant pigmented nevus. Author(s): Leung A, McArthur RG, Birdsell DC, Amundson GM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1985 August; 15(2): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4091472

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Reversible gynecomastia associated with sulindac therapy. Author(s): Kapoor A, Gopalakrishnan L, Weis S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 November 4; 250(17): 2284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6632121

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Role of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in spontaneous gynecomastia of adolescents. Author(s): Villalpando S, Mondragon L, Barron C, Perez-Pasten E, Castaneda G, AlonsoUriarte R, Cortes-Gallegos V. Source: Archives of Andrology. 1992 May-June; 28(3): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1530365

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Scintigraphic features of a pure estrogen-secreting adrenocortical adenoma in a patient with gynecomastia. Author(s): Minutoli F, Pecorella GR, Cosentino S, Lipari R, Baldari S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 October; 27(10): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352124

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Serum inhibin B concentration in a prepubertal boy with gynecomastia and PeutzJeghers syndrome. Author(s): Bergada I, Del Toro K, Katz O, Chemes H, Campo S. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 January; 13(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10689645

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Serum prolactin concentration in a prepubertal boy with gynecomastia. Author(s): Johnsonbaugh RE, Horowitz LM, Rogol AD, Karnei RF Jr. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 April; 132(4): 424. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=645667

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Sonography of gynecomastia. Author(s): Wigley KD, Thomas JL, Bernardino ME, Rosenbaum JL. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1981 May; 136(5): 927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784529

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Studies on the interactions between drugs and estrogen: analytical method for prediction system of gynecomastia induced by drugs on the inhibitory metabolism of estradiol using Escherichia coli coexpressing human CYP3A4 with human NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase. Author(s): Satoh T, Fujita KI, Munakata H, Itoh S, Nakamura K, Kamataki T, Itoh S, Yoshizawa I. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2000 November 15; 286(2): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11067738

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Successful percutaneous dihydrotestosterone treatment of gynecomastia occurring during highly active antiretroviral therapy: four cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Benveniste O, Simon A, Herson S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 September 15; 33(6): 891-3. Epub 2001 August 10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11512095

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Suction lipectomy and gynecomastia. Author(s): Yang CC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 April; 83(4): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2538853

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Suction lipectomy for gynecomastia. Author(s): Strasser EJ, Yalamanchi B. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1988 May; 81(5): 810-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3362998

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Suggested nomenclature for aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the breast. Part III: Gynecomastia. Author(s): Letterman G, Schurter M. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1986; 10(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3087145

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Sulpiride stimulation of prolactin secretion in adolescents with gynecomastia: relation to the circulating levels of estradiol. Author(s): Fideleff HL, Belma S, Guitelman A, Baigorri AM, Aquilano D, Scaglia HE. Source: Acta Med Port. 1980 July-August; 2(4): 269-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7211478

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Surgery for gynecomastia. Author(s): Teimourian B, Perlman R. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1983; 7(3): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6637655

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Surgical correction of massive gynecomastia. Author(s): Artz S, Lehman JA Jr. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1978 February; 113(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=626583

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Surgical correction of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia: case report. Author(s): Marshall KA, Wolfort FG, Cochran TC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1977 August; 60(2): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=887667

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Surgical treatment of gynecomastia in the body builder. Author(s): Aiache AE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 January; 83(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909079

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Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: liposuction combined with subcutaneous mastectomy. Author(s): Boljanovic S, Axelsson CK, Elberg JJ. Source: Scand J Surg. 2003; 92(2): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841558

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T lymphocytes and thymic hormone activity in pubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Livieri C, Lorini R, Cammareri V, Maccario R. Source: Thymus. 1982 September; 4(5): 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6983747

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Tamoxifen as treatment for gynecomastia and mastodynia resulting from hormonal deprivation. Author(s): Serels S, Melman A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 April; 159(4): 1309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9507867

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Tamoxifen for flutamide/finasteride-induced gynecomastia. Author(s): Staiman VR, Lowe FC. Source: Urology. 1997 December; 50(6): 929-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426725

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Tamoxifen for gynecomastia induced by anabolic steroids? Author(s): Spano F, Ryan WG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 September 27; 311(13): 861-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6472395

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Tamoxifen therapy for painful idiopathic gynecomastia. Author(s): McDermott MT, Hofeldt FD, Kidd GS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 November; 83(11): 1283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2237557

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Tc-99m sestamibi uptake in a patient with gynecomastia: a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Author(s): Gellett LR, Farmer KD, Vivian GC. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 June; 24(6): 466. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361957

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Technetium-99m DTPA localized in gynecomastia secondary to orchiectomy and estrogen therapy in a patient with carcinoma of the prostate. Author(s): Shih WJ, Wierzbinski B, Magoun S, Ryo UY. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1988 April; 13(4): 306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2836121

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Technical refinements in the surgical treatment of gynecomastia. Author(s): Gasperoni C, Salgarello M, Gasperoni P. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 April; 44(4): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10783108

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Testicular and epididymal involvement in leprosy patients, with special reference to gynecomastia. Author(s): El-Shiemy S, El-Hefnawi H, Abdel-Fattah A, El-Okbi M, Farid A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1976 January-February; 15(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1245370

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Testicular steroid biosynthesis in a boy with a large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor producing prepubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Berensztein E, Belgorosky A, de Davila MT, Rivarola MA. Source: Steroids. 1995 February; 60(2): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7618189

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The incidence of pubertal gynecomastia in boys living in the Ankara region. Author(s): Guvenc H, Yurdakok M, Kinik E, Buyukgebiz A. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1989 April-June; 31(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2617714

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The mortician's mystery. Gynecomastia and reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an embalmer. Author(s): Finkelstein JS, McCully WF, MacLaughlin DT, Godine JE, Crowley WF Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 April 14; 318(15): 961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3352686

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The occurrence of gynecomastia upon withdrawal of clomiphene citrate treatment for idiopathic oligospermia. Author(s): Lee PA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1980 September; 34(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6773824

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The pathogenesis of gynecomastia. Author(s): Wilson JD, Aiman J, MacDonald PC. Source: Adv Intern Med. 1980; 25: 1-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6987837

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The pinwheel technique: an adjunct to the periareolar approach in gynecomastia resection. Author(s): Chiu DT, Siegel HW. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 May; 42(5): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10340852

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The relationship of concentrations of serum hormones to pubertal gynecomastia. Author(s): Lee PA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975 February; 86(2): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1111683

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The treatment of gynecomastia without sharp excision. Author(s): Becker H. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1990 April; 24(4): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2353791

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Treating puberty gynecomastia. Author(s): Alagaratnam TT. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1987 April; 37(297): 178. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2826778

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Treatment of adolescent gynecomastia using a bipedicle technique. Author(s): Peters MH, Vastine V, Knox L, Morgan RF. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1998 March; 40(3): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9523606

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Treatment of gynecomastia with tamoxifen: a double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Parker LN, Gray DR, Lai MK, Levin ER. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1986 August; 35(8): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3526085

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Treatment of gynecomastia. Author(s): Gruntmanis U, Braunstein GD. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 May; 2(5): 643-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11569940

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Treatment of persistent pubertal gynecomastia with dihydrotestosterone heptanoate. Author(s): Eberle AJ, Sparrow JT, Keenan BS. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1986 July; 109(1): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3088241

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Trisomy 4 in a case of gynecomastia. Author(s): Burbano RR, Neto JB, Philbert P, Lemos JA, Bahia M, Casartelli C. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2000 March; 117(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10704686

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Tutankhamun and his brothers. Familial gynecomastia in the Eighteenth Dynasty. Author(s): Paulshock BZ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 July 11; 244(2): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6991731

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Ultrasound aspiration for gynecomastia. Author(s): Strasser EJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 December; 112(7): 1967-8; Author Reply 1968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14663266

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Ultrastructural observations on gynecomastia. Author(s): Hassan MO, Olaizola MY. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1979 November; 103(12): 624-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=583120

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Unilateral gynecomastia and impotence during low-dose spironolactone administration in men. Author(s): Zarren HS, Black PM. Source: Military Medicine. 1975 June; 140(6): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=807887

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Unilateral gynecomastia associated with thoracotomy following resection of carcinoma of the lung. Author(s): Field JB, Solis RT, Dear WE. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1989 December; 298(6): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2596496

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Unilateral gynecomastia induced by treatment with 1 mg of oral finasteride. Author(s): Ferrando J, Grimalt R, Alsina M, Bulla F, Manasievska E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 April; 138(4): 543-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11939831

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Unilateral gynecomastia induced by treatment with diltiazem. Author(s): Otto C, Richter WO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 February 14; 154(3): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8297206

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Unnecessary mastectomy for gynecomastia in testicular cancer patient. Author(s): Moul JW, Moellman JR. Source: Military Medicine. 1992 August; 157(8): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1382250

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Urologic causes of gynecomastia: approach to diagnosis and management. Author(s): Lemack GE, Poppas DP, Vaughan ED Jr. Source: Urology. 1995 February; 45(2): 313-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7855981

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Vitamin E and gynecomastia. Author(s): Roberts HJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1994 January 15; 29(1): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8288683

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Waxing and waning gynecomastia: an indication of noncompliant use of prescribed medication. Author(s): Miller JA, Pramanik B, Gilhooly P. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 June; 92(6): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10372857

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GYNECOMASTIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and gynecomastia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Gynecomastia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “gynecomastia” (or a synonym): •

Ga-67 uptake in diethylstilbestrol-induced gynecomastia. Experience with six patients. Author(s): Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan. Source: Kosuda, S Kawahara, S Tamura, K Saito, K Kubo, A Hashimoto, S Clin-NuclMed. 1990 December; 15(12): 879-82 0363-9762

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Gynecomastia as a complication of auranofin therapy. Author(s): Department of Internal medicine, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, 84132. Source: Williams, H J J-Rheumatol. 1988 December; 15(12): 1863-4 0315-162X

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Gynecomastia associated with isolated ACTH deficiency. Source: Shimatsu, A Suzuki, Y Tanaka, S J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1987 April; 10(2): 127-9 0391-4097

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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51

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON GYNECOMASTIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “gynecomastia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on gynecomastia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Gynecomastia By performing a patent search focusing on gynecomastia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on gynecomastia: •

Biological methods utilizing dihydrotestosterone heptanoate Inventor(s): Keenan; Bruce S. (3639 Tartan, Houston, TX 77025), Sparrow; James T. (12119 Atwell, Houston, TX 77035) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,956,357 Date filed: March 28, 1986 Abstract: Disclosed is synthesized dihydrotestosterone heptanoate, its method of synthesis, and its method of use as an androgenic hormone of male gynecomastia, as a hormonal probe, as well as other applications. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to dihydrotestosterone heptanoate, compositions including that compound, and methods of use thereof. Breast enlargement (gynecomastia) in adolescent males is a common phenomenon. Several methods of treatment have been tried. Treatment with the androgenic hormone testosterone has actually caused increased breast size (H. E. Carlson, Gynecomastia, 303 New Eng J. Med. 795-799 (1980)), I.robably because testosterone is converted to the female sex hormone estradiol in vivo by the aromatase enzyme. In another study, treatment was attempted with an alcoholic solution of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) applied to the skin. J. M. Kuhn, R. Roca, M. H. Landot, M. Riev, J. P. Luton, Bricase, Studies in the Treatment of Idiopathic Gynaecomastia With Percutaneous Dihydrotestosterone, 520 Clinical Endocrinology 19:513 (1983). While in a majority of patients this was successful and systemic absorption: of DHT was indicated by elevations in its plasma levels, in about 1/5 of the subjects absorption was poor and there was no benefit. Also, in another 1/3 of the subjects, breast regression was incomplete. Another disadvantage of this technique is that the solution must be applied three to four times daily to be effective. This is inconvenient and esthetically objectionable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04956357__

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Method of treating gynecomastia Inventor(s): Neri; Rudolph (Hawthorne, NJ), Spiegel; Robert J. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 4,895,715 Date filed: May 9, 1989 Abstract: A method of treating gynecomastia in noncastrated patients being treated with an antiandrogen for androgen-dependent diseases such as benign prostatic hypertrophy, who are in need of such treating comprising administering to such patients therapeutically effective amounts of an antiandrogen, e.g., flutamide, in association with an antiestrogen, e.g., Tamoxifen, or an aromatase inhibitor such as 4hydroxyadrostenedione is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of treating gynecomastia in patients being treated with an antiandrogen who are in need of such treatment. This invention more particularly relates to a method of treating gynecomastia in benign prostatic

Patents 53

hypertrophy patients being treated with an antiandrogen who are in need of such treating comprising administering to such patients in assocation with therapeutically effective amounts of an antiandrogen, an antiestrogen or an aromatase inhibitor or pharmaceutical compositions thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,382, (Labrie et al.) discloses that prostate adenocarcinoma, benign prostate hypertrophy and hormone-dependent mammary tumors may be treated with various LH-RH agonists and that prostate adenocarcinoma and benign hypertrophy may be treated by use of various LH-RH agonists and an antiandrogen. However, there is no suggestion or disclosure of the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,695 (Labrie) discloses a method of treatment of prostate cancer in susceptible male animals including humans whose testicular hormonal secretions are blocked by surgical or chemical means, e.g., by use of an LHRH agonist, e.g., [D-Trp.sup.6, des-Gly-NH.sub.2.sup.10 ]LH-RH ethylamide which comprises administering an antiandrogen, e.g., flutamide in association at least one antiandrogen, e.g., flutamide in association at least one inhibitor of sex steroid biosynthesis, e.g., aminoglutethimide and/or ketoconazole. However, there is no suggestion or disclosure of the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04895715__

Patent Applications on Gynecomastia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to gynecomastia: •

Estrogen receptor modulators Inventor(s): Chen, Helen Y.; (Livingston, NJ), DiNinno, Frank P.; (Old Bridge, NJ), Kim, Seongkon; (Holmdel, NJ), Wu, Jane Y.; (Marlboro, NJ) Correspondence: Merck And CO Inc; P O Box 2000; Rahway; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20020165226 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds and derivatives thereof, their synthesis, and their use as estrogen receptor modulators. The compounds of the instant invention are ligands for estrogen receptors and as such may be useful for treatment or prevention of a variety of conditions related to estrogen functioning including: bone loss, bone fractures, osteoporosis, cartilage degeneration, endometriosis, uterine fibroid disease, hot flashes, increased levels of LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, impairment of cognitive functioning, cerebral degenerative disorders, restenosis, gynecomastia, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, obesity, incontinence, and cancer, in particular of the breast, uterus and prostate. Excerpt(s): Naturally occurring and synthetic estrogens have broad therapeutic utility, including: relief of menopausal symptoms, treatment of acne, treatment of dysmenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding, treatment of osteoporosis, treatment of hirsutism, treatment of prostatic cancer, treatment of hot flashes and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Because estrogen is very therapeutically valuable, there has been

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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great interest in discovering compounds that mimic estrogen-like behavior in estrogen responsive tissues. For example, estrogen-like compounds would be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of bone loss. Bone loss occurs in a wide range of subjects, including women that are post-menopausal or have had a hysterectomy, patients who were or are currently being treated with corticosteroids, and patient's having gonadal dysgenesis. The current major bone diseases of public concern are osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hyperparathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization-induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. All of these conditions are characterized by bone loss, resulting from an imbalance between bone resorption, i.e. breakdown, and bone formation, which continues throughout life at the rate of about 14% per year on the average. However, the rate of bone turnover differs from site to site, for example, it is higher in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and the alveolar bone in the jaws than in the cortices of the long bones. The potential for bone loss is directly related to turnover and can amount to over 5% per year in vertebrae immediately following menopause, a condition which leads to increased fracture risk. In the U.S., there are currently about 20 million people with detectable fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. In addition, there are about 250,000 hip fractures per year attributed to osteoporosis. This clinical situation is associated with a 12% mortality rate within the first two years, while 30% of the patients require nursing home care after the fracture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical preparations for treating side effects during and/or after GnRHa therapy Inventor(s): Dittrich, Ralph; (Erlangen, DE), Hummel, Wolfgang; (Neuenmarkt, DE), Licht, Peter; (Bubenreuth, DE), Neuwinger, Joachim; (Erlangen, DE), Oettel, Mcihael; (Jena, DE), Wildt, Ludwig; (Herzogenaurach-Haundorf, DE) Correspondence: Striker, Striker & Stenby; 103 East Neck Road; Huntington; NY; 11743; US Patent Application Number: 20020065260 Date filed: June 26, 2001 Abstract: The pharmaceutical preparations for treating side effects, such as hot flashes, prostate enlargement and gynecomastia, during and/or after treatment with analogs or antagonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa therapy) contain an effective amount of a chemically modified derivative of 17.alpha.-estradiol, a chemically modified derivative of 17.beta.-estradiol and/or a chemical modified derivative of estriol. Pharmaceutical preparations containing 14.alpha.,15.alpha.-methylene-1,3,5(10),8-tetraene-3,17.alpha.-diol are particularly preferred. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/291,385, now abandoned, which, in turn, claims the benefit of U. S. Provisional Patent Application, Ser. No. 60/081,791, filed Apr. 15, 1998. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations for reducing the undesirable side effects, such as hot flashes and prostate enlargement, during and/or after treatment with analogs or antagonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHa therapy) in men as well as women. The active ingredients in these pharmaceutical preparations are characterized by estrogen action in the central nervous system. The estrogen side effects in the periphery, e.g. the prostate, the uterus or the breast glands, are reduced or completely

Patents 55

eliminated. It is known that treatment with analogs or antagonists of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRHa therapy) is an effective therapy in diseases whose intensity is influenced by the activity of the gonads. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Product for treating gynecomastia Inventor(s): Massimini, Giorgio; (Abbiategrasso, IT), Piscitelli, Gabriella; (Milano, IT) Correspondence: Oblon Spivak Mcclelland Maier & Neustadt PC; Fourth Floor; 1755 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020183291 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a method of treating gynecomastia in a patient being treated with an antiandrogen, which method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an aromatase inhibitor selected from exemestane, formestane, anastrozole, letrozole and fadrozole, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a said aromatase inhibitor. The use of a said aromatase inhibitor in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating gynecomastia induced by antiandrogen therapy and a kit containing the said aromatase inhibitor and an antiandrogen are also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of treating gynecomastia in patients being treated with an antiandrogen, who are in need of such treatment. This invention more particularly relates to a method of treating gynecomastia in prostatic cancer and in benign prostatic hypertrophy patients being treated with an antiandrogen, who are in need of such treating, comprising administering to such patients in association with therapeutically effective amounts of the antiandrogen, an aromatase inhibitor selected from exemestane, formestane, anastrozole, letrozole and fadrozole, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Prostatic cancer has been treated with antiandrogens. Benign prostatic hypertrophy, a particularly common problem in older men, has been treated with antiandrogens and by use of estrogenic substances. The use of estrogenic substances has undesirable, life-threatening side effects due to the inherent properties of the estrogenic substances. The use of antiandrogens, e.g. bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide and cyproterone acetate, while devoid of life-threatening side effects associated with treatment with estrogenic substances, produces gynecomastia in up to 40% of non-castrated males studied, including normal subjects and advanced prostate cancer patients. Gynecomastia interferes with continued patient compliance with the antiandrogen therapy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with gynecomastia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms)

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into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on gynecomastia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning gynecomastia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

57

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON GYNECOMASTIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to gynecomastia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on gynecomastia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on gynecomastia: •

Endocrinology Source: New York, NY: Elsevier Science, Inc. 2003. 737 p. Contact: Available from Elsevier Science, Inc. Journal Information Center, 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010. (212) 633-3750. Fax (212) 633-3764. Website: www.elsevier.com. PRICE: $39.95. ISBN: 932141170. Summary: This book on endocrinology is from a series that provides the latest on evaluation, diagnosis, management, outcomes and prevention. The book offers concise, action-oriented recommendations for primary care medicine. It includes MediFiles (sections) on acromegaly, Addison's disease (hypoaldosteronism), Cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, Gilbert's disease, gynecomastia, hirsutism, hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, Klinefelter's syndrome, osteomalacia and rickets, osteoporosis,

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pheochromocytoma, polycystic ovarian syndrome, precocious puberty, thyroid carcinoma, thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, and Turner's syndrome. Each MediFile covers summary information and background on the condition, and comprehensive information on diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, and prevention. Each section concludes with a list of resources.

Chapters on Gynecomastia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to gynecomastia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and gynecomastia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on gynecomastia: •

Symptoms of Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in Tanagho, E.A. and McAninch, J.W., eds. Smith's General Urology. Fifteenth Edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2000. p. 31-40. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill. Medical Publishing. 1221 P.O. Box 182615, Columbus, OH 43272-5046. (800) 262-4729. PRICE: $54.95;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838586074. Summary: This chapter on symptoms of disorders of the genitourinary tract is from a textbook that offers a practical and concise guide to the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of urologic diseases. The author notes that in the workup of any patient, the history is of paramount importance; this is particularly true in urology. The author discusses only those urologic symptoms that are apt to be brought to the physician's attention by the patient. It is important to know not only whether the disease is acute or chronic, but also whether it is recurrent, since recurring symptoms may represent acute exacerbations (worsening) of chronic disease. The author covers systemic manifestations, local and referred pain, kidney pain, pseudorenal pain (radiculitis), ureteral pain, vesical pain, prostatic pain, testicular pain, epididymal pain, back and leg pain, gastrointestinal symptoms of urologic diseases, symptoms related to the act of urination, frequency, nocturia (getting up at night to urinate), urgency, dysuria (painful urination), enuresis (bedwetting), symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction, urinary incontinence (involuntary loss of urine), oliguria (reduction of amount of urine), anuria (no urination), pneumaturia (gas in the urine), cloudy urine, chyluria (lymphatic fluid in the urine), bloody urine (hematuria), urethral discharge in men, skin lesions of the external genitalia, visible or palpable masses, edema (fluid accumulation), bloody ejaculation, gynecomastia (enlarged breasts), size of penis, infertility, and complaints related to sexual problems. The chapter concludes with references categorized by subject. 3 figures. 32 references.

•

Physical Examination of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in Tanagho, E.A. and McAninch, J.W., eds. Smith's General Urology. Fifteenth Edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2000. p. 41-49.

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Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill. Medical Publishing. 1221 P.O. Box 182615, Columbus, OH 43272-5046. (800) 262-4729. PRICE: $54.95;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838586074. Summary: This chapter on the physical examination of the genitourinary tract is from a textbook that offers a practical and concise guide to the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of urologic diseases. The author notes that the patient history will suggest whether a complete or partial physical examination is indicated. The author first briefly discusses unusual findings that may be present on general examination, including gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men), hemihypertrophy (overgrowth of half the body), clues to renal anomalies (including deformities of the external ear and facial bones), and other findings. The author then discusses examination of the kidneys, including inspection, palpation, percussion, transillumination, differentiation of renal and radicular pain, and auscultation; examination of the bladder; examination of the external male genitalia, including penis (inspection, palpation, urethral discharge), scrotum, testis, epididymis, spermatic cord and vas deferens, and testicular tunics and adnexa (nearby tissues); examination of the female genitalia, including vaginal examination (inspection and palpation); rectal examination in males, including sphincter and lower rectum, prostate (consistency, mobility, size, and techniques of massage), seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes; and neurologic examination. The chapter concludes with references categorized by subject. 3 figures. 43 references.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3041 35 860 9 104 4049

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Gynecomastia In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and gynecomastia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for gynecomastia: •

Gynecomastia, Hereditary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=139300 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

22

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on gynecomastia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to gynecomastia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to gynecomastia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “gynecomastia”:

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Other guides Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Breast Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html Breast Reconstruction http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastreconstruction.html Male Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malebreastcancer.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to gynecomastia, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Benign Breast Conditions Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_6x_benign_breast_conditions_ 59.asp

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Breast Aspiration vs. Biopsy: What's the Difference? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00346 Breast Lump -- Biopsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/breastlumpsbiopsyloader.html Breast Problems in Women Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/519.xml Breast Self-Examination Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00026 Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/interventional/breast_biopsy_us.htm Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy (Mammatome) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00731 When You Find a Breast Lump Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00031 X-ray Guided Breast Biopsy Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/interventional/breast_biopsy_xr.htm

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Blood Clot in the Breast (Mondor's Disease) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00762 Breast Calcifications: Are They Cancer? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00049 Breast Pain: Common but Often Manageable Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00351 Fibrocystic Breast Changes Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZLF2SXODC &sub_cat=326 Galactorrhea Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00730

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From the National Institutes of Health Understanding Breast Changes: A Health Guide for All Women Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/understanding-breast-changes/

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Men Breast Problems in Men Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/520.xml Enlarged Male Breasts: A Problem for Thousands; Male Breast Reduction with Ultrasound-Assisted Liposuction Is Safe and Effective Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news_room/press_releases/Enlarged-MaleBreasts-A-Problem-for-Thousands.cfm Gynecomastia Male Breast Reduction Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/procedures/Gynecomastia.cfm

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Organizations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org/ American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/ National Women's Health Information Center Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.4woman.gov/

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Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: The Breast -- Disorders Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ3F9G56JC& sub_cat=326 Pictures of Breast Anatomy Source: Breastcancer.org http://www.breastcancer.org/breast_anatomy_picture.html

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Prevention/Screening MedlinePlus: Mammography Source: National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mammography.html

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Research Questions and Answers about the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/4_19.htm Tamoxifen Lowers Risk of Benign Breast Disease in Some Women Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/results/tamoxifen-and-benign-breastdisease0102

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Teenagers How to Perform a Breast Self-Examination Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/bse.html I'm a Guy. So How Come I'm Developing Breasts? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/question/just_guys/boybrst.html Why Are My Breasts Different Sizes? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/breast_size.html Why Are My Breasts Sore? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/sore_breasts.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

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The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “gynecomastia” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

AACE medical guidelines for clinical practice for management of menopause Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 Nov-December; 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2138&nbr=1364&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

•

AACE medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 Mar-April; 15 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2847&nbr=2073&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

•

ACC/AHA guideline update on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperati Source: American College of Cardiology Foundation - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 March 15 (revised 2002); 58 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3149&nbr=2375&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

•

ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evalua Source: American College of Cardiology Foundation - Medical Specialty Society; 1995 November 1 (revised 2001 Dec); 56 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3114&nbr=2340&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in adults and children--2003 update Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 (revised 2003); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3726&nbr=2952&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2002); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3525&nbr=2751&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hypogonadism in adult male patients-2002 update Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 2002); 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3524&nbr=2750&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of male sexual dysfunction: a couple's problem--2003 update Source: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 (revised 2003); 19 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3725&nbr=2951&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: evaluation and management of occult and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 July 18 (reviewed 2001); 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3062&nbr=2288&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 November 8 (reviewed 2001); 3 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3065&nbr=2291&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

Patient Resources

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American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: nausea and vomiting Source: American Gastroenterological Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 May 21 (reviewed 2001); 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3060&nbr=2286&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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Congestive heart failure in adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1997 October (revised 2002 Jan); 71 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3165&nbr=2391&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure Source: European Society of Cardiology - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 September; 34 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2976&nbr=2202&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram Source: European Society of Cardiology - Medical Specialty Society; 2002 September; 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3425&nbr=2651&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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Heart failure Source: American Medical Directors Association - Professional Association; 1996 (revised 2002); 18 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3303&nbr=2529&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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Heart failure - systolic dysfunction Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 1999 August; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2282&nbr=1508&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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Heart Failure Society of America guidelines for management of patients with heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction: pharmacological approaches Source: Heart Failure Society of America, Inc - Disease Specific Society; 1999 December; 36 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2736&nbr=1962&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 2002 March; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3372&nbr=2598&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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National High Blood Pressure Education Program: Working Group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1990 (revised 2000 Jul); 39 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1478&nbr=704&am p;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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Preventive services for adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1995 June (revised 2002 Sep); 50 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3501&nbr=2727&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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Preventive services for children and adolescents Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1995 June (revised 2002 Sep); 32 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3502&nbr=2728&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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Screening for obesity in adults: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 1996 (revised 2003 December 2); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4118&nbr=3163&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

Patient Resources

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Summary of policy recommendations for periodic health examinations Source: American Academy of Family Physicians - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 November (revised 2003 Aug); 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4183&nbr=3208&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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The management of benign prostatic hyperplasia Source: American Urological Association, Inc. - Medical Specialty Society; 2003; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3740&nbr=2966&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy

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The management of priapism Source: American Urological Association, Inc. - Medical Specialty Society; 2003; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3741&nbr=2967&a mp;string=gynecomastia

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Ultrasonographic examinations: indications and preparation of the patient Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2000 April 18 (revised 2001 October 24); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3385&nbr=2611&a mp;string=breast+AND+hypertrophy Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Gynecomastia: When Breasts Form in Males Summary: This online brochure presents an overview of gynecomastia, a condition in which firm breast tissue forms in males. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4828 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to gynecomastia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is

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not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to gynecomastia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with gynecomastia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about gynecomastia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.

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Simply type in “gynecomastia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “gynecomastia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “gynecomastia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “gynecomastia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 85 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 87 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on gynecomastia: •

Basic Guidelines for Gynecomastia Gynecomastia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003165.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Gynecomastia Breast enlargement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003153.htm Gynecomastia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003165.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Gynecomastia ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm

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Luteinizing hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003708.htm Prolactin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003718.htm Testosterone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003707.htm X-ray of the chest Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm X-ray of the skull Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003802.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Gynecomastia Mastectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002919.htm

•

Background Topics for Gynecomastia Analgesics Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Hormone level Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003445.htm Marijuana Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

Online Glossaries 91 •

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GYNECOMASTIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adnexa: The appendages of the eye, as the lacrimal apparatus, the eyelids, and the extraocular muscles. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have

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nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Aminoglutethimide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide is used to decrease the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and suppress the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anastrozole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Anastrozole is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of tumors that need estrogen to grow. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiandrogen therapy: Treatment with drugs used to block production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antiandrogens: Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are

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caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspirate: Fluid withdrawn from a lump, often a cyst, or a nipple. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auranofin: An oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is believed to act via immunological mechanisms and alteration of lysosomal enzyme activity. Its efficacy is slightly less than that of injected gold salts, but it is better tolerated, and side effects which occur are potentially less serious. [NIH] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU]

Dictionary 97

Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bicalutamide: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]

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Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system,

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consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cladribine: An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a

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sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]

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Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized

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subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diethylstilbestrol: DES. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysgenesis: Defective development. [EU] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH]

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Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enterohepatic: Of or involving the intestine and liver. [EU] Enterohepatic Circulation: Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

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Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. They act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. They can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exemestane: An anticancer drug used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Neck Fractures: Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an

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important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the

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excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Germ cell tumors: Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to

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produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulosa Cell Tumor: An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemangiopericytoma: A type of cancer involving blood vessels and soft tissue. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]

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Hip Fractures: Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term femoral neck fractures is available. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]

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Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypospadias: A developmental anomaly in the male in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis or on the perineum. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral

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bioavailability. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and fertility. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH]

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Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal Apparatus: The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The

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granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Letrozole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Letrozole is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipectomy: Removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits by suction curettage or blunt cannulization in the cosmetic correction of obesity and other esthetic contour defects. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL

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increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). [NIH] Mastodynia: Pain in the breast. [EU] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU]

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MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two

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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining

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to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nilutamide: A drug that blocks the effects of male hormones in the body. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens. [NIH] Nipple discharge: Fluid coming from the nipple. [NIH] Nocturia: Excessive urination at night. [EU] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the

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lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Orchitis: Inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. [EU] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU]

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Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Pedicle: Embryonic link between the optic vesicle or optic cup and the forebrain or diencephalon, which becomes the optic nerve. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH]

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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,

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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that

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promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH]

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Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary

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sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Smooth Muscle Tumor: A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatic: A cord-like structure formed by the vas deferens and the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the testis. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH]

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Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active anti-inflammatory analgesic that undergoes enterohepatic circulation to maintain constant blood levels without causing gastrointestinal side effects. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

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[NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thoracotomy: Surgical incision into the chest wall. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroid Nodule: A small circumscribed mass of differentiated tissue associated with the thyroid gland. It can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The growth of nodules can lead to a condition of nodular goiter. Most nodules appear between the ages of 30 and 50 years and most are benign. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of

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thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transillumination: Passage of light through body tissues or cavities for examination of internal structures. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH]

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Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]

Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the

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tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

131

INDEX A Abdomen, 93, 99, 113, 118, 119, 123, 125, 126 Abdominal, 93, 113, 118, 119, 123 Acidosis, 93, 102 Acne, 53, 93, 101 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 27, 93 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 93 Adenocarcinoma, 53, 93, 108 Adenoma, 37, 40, 93 Adnexa, 59, 93 Adrenal Cortex, 93, 94, 105, 121 Adverse Effect, 93, 125 Affinity, 93 Age of Onset, 93, 128 Agonist, 21, 53, 93, 99, 103, 105, 127 Algorithms, 93, 97 Alkaloid, 93, 100 Alpha-1, 34, 94 Alpha-fetoprotein, 94, 105 Alternative medicine, 94 Amine, 94, 109 Aminoglutethimide, 53, 94 Amphetamines, 94, 100 Ampulla, 94, 104 Anabolic, 8, 31, 42, 94, 102 Anabolic Steroids, 31, 42, 94 Analgesic, 94, 126 Analog, 94, 126 Anastrozole, 55, 94 Anatomical, 94, 110, 124 Androgenic, 8, 52, 94, 101 Androgens, 93, 94, 96 Androstenedione, 14, 94 Anemia, 69, 94 Anomalies, 59, 94, 127 Anorexia, 94, 95, 118 Antagonism, 95, 102 Antiandrogen therapy, 55, 95 Antiandrogens, 27, 55, 95, 97, 117 Antibodies, 95, 116, 122 Antibody, 93, 95, 110, 111, 112, 116, 122, 130 Antidepressant, 95, 106 Antiemetic, 95, 103, 115 Antifungal, 95, 112 Antigen, 93, 95, 107, 109, 110, 111 Anti-inflammatory, 95, 107, 126

Antineoplastic, 20, 95, 99 Antipsychotic, 95, 117, 123 Anuria, 58, 96 Anus, 96, 111, 119, 123 Apathy, 96, 117 Aqueous, 96 Aromatase, 7, 8, 9, 26, 32, 52, 53, 55, 94, 96, 105, 113 Arterial, 96, 109, 121, 127 Arteries, 96, 97, 100, 101, 113, 115 Ascites, 4, 96 Aspirate, 8, 96 Aspiration, 8, 15, 29, 45, 72, 96, 105 Ataxia, 68, 69, 96, 127 Atrophy, 8, 68, 96, 113 Atypical, 96, 123 Auranofin, 48, 96 Auscultation, 59, 96 Axillary, 9, 29, 38, 96 B Basal Ganglia, 95, 96 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 96 Base, 4, 96, 102, 112 Basophils, 97, 113 Benign, 52, 55, 72, 74, 79, 90, 93, 97, 101, 106, 107, 112, 113, 116, 117, 121, 122, 127 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 79, 97, 106 Benign tumor, 97, 112, 113 Bicalutamide, 55, 97 Bilateral, 9, 25, 30, 32, 97 Bile, 97, 104, 106, 112, 113, 126 Bile Acids, 97, 106, 126 Bile Pigments, 97, 112 Bioavailability, 97, 111 Biopsy, 15, 29, 31, 72, 97, 119 Biosynthesis, 27, 43, 53, 97, 124 Biotechnology, 5, 65, 67, 68, 69, 97 Bladder, 58, 59, 97, 110, 117, 121, 129 Blood pressure, 78, 97, 98, 109 Blood vessel, 97, 98, 99, 108, 112, 114, 120, 125, 126, 127, 129 Bone Marrow, 93, 97, 101, 114, 116, 126 Bone metastases, 54, 97 Bone Resorption, 54, 98 Brachytherapy, 98, 111, 112, 122, 130 Branch, 87, 98, 114, 119, 125 Breakdown, 54, 98, 102, 106 Bronchial, 98, 109

132

Gynecomastia

Bulbar, 9, 98 C Calcium, 98, 102, 109, 118, 119 Cannula, 6, 98 Carcinogenic, 98, 126 Carcinogens, 98, 117 Carcinoma, 9, 29, 31, 36, 43, 46, 58, 98, 101 Cardiac, 98, 116, 126 Cardiotonic, 98, 102 Cardiovascular, 53, 75, 98, 124 Cardiovascular disease, 53, 98 Case report, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17, 30, 31, 32, 36, 42, 98 Celiac Disease, 19, 98 Cell Death, 98, 107, 116 Cell Division, 68, 98, 120 Cell proliferation, 53, 98 Central Nervous System, 54, 94, 98, 100, 118, 124 Cerebellar, 96, 99, 123 Cerebellum, 99, 101, 123 Cerebral, 53, 96, 99, 122 Cerebrovascular, 96, 98, 99, 127 Cerebrum, 99, 101, 120, 128 Character, 99, 102, 107, 122 Chemotherapy, 10, 18, 19, 21, 99 Chest wall, 32, 99, 127 Cholesterol, 53, 97, 99, 101, 103, 109, 113, 126, 127 Choriocarcinoma, 14, 99, 109 Chromosome, 10, 99, 107 Chronic, 20, 58, 68, 75, 76, 77, 90, 99, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 120, 126 Chronic Disease, 58, 99, 113 Chronic renal, 20, 99, 120 CIS, 74, 99 Cladribine, 19, 99 Clear cell carcinoma, 99, 102 Clinical trial, 4, 65, 99, 101, 122 Clomiphene, 9, 11, 44, 99 Cloning, 97, 99 Coagulation, 14, 98, 99 Coca, 100 Cocaine, 3, 100 Cofactor, 100, 121 Cognition, 100, 117 Collagen, 15, 100, 106, 121 Collapse, 98, 100 Computational Biology, 65, 67, 100 Conception, 99, 100, 106, 126 Confusion, 100, 117 Conjugated, 100, 101

Connective Tissue, 97, 100, 106, 114, 119, 123, 124 Contraindications, ii, 100 Cornea, 100, 126 Coronary, 98, 100, 101, 115 Coronary heart disease, 98, 101 Coronary Thrombosis, 101, 115 Corpus, 101, 114, 119, 121 Corpus Luteum, 101, 114, 121 Cortex, 96, 101, 123 Cortices, 54, 101 Corticosteroids, 54, 101, 107 Curative, 101, 123 Curettage, 101, 113 Cyclosporine, 12, 101 Cyproterone, 55, 101, 106 Cyproterone Acetate, 55, 101 Cyst, 96, 101 Cytochrome, 40, 96, 101 Cytotoxic, 17, 34, 101, 122 D Danazol, 11, 14, 101 Databases, Bibliographic, 65, 101 Decarboxylation, 102, 109 Degenerative, 53, 102 Density, 102, 103, 113 Dental Care, 3, 102 Deprivation, 42, 102 DES, 14, 53, 102 Diabetes Insipidus, 57, 102 Diabetes Mellitus, 57, 102, 107, 108, 111 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 57, 102 Diagnostic procedure, 51, 102 Dialyzer, 102, 108 Diarrhea, 76, 102 Diencephalon, 102, 119 Diethylstilbestrol, 48, 102 Digestion, 97, 102, 113, 126 Digitalis, 9, 102 Dihydrotestosterone, 40, 41, 45, 52, 101, 102, 123 Dilatation, 102, 121 Diltiazem, 46, 102 Direct, iii, 102, 103, 123 Distal, 103, 106 Domperidone, 19, 103 Dopamine, 95, 100, 103, 115, 123 Duct, 94, 98, 103, 123, 129 Duodenum, 97, 103, 104, 118, 126 Dysgenesis, 54, 103 Dyslipidemia, 22, 103 Dysmenorrhea, 53, 103

Index 133

Dysplasia, 69, 103 Dystrophy, 68, 103 Dysuria, 58, 103 E Edema, 58, 103 Efficacy, 96, 103 Ejaculation, 58, 103, 124 Elastin, 100, 103 Electrocardiogram, 77, 103 Electrocoagulation, 100, 103 Electrons, 96, 103, 112, 118, 122 Endocrine System, 103 Endocrinology, 6, 8, 9, 23, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 52, 57, 103 Endometrial, 104 Endometriosis, 53, 101, 104 Endometrium, 104, 115 Endoscope, 14, 104 Endoscopic, 6, 104 End-stage renal, 99, 104, 120 Enterohepatic, 104, 126 Enterohepatic Circulation, 104, 126 Enuresis, 58, 104 Environmental Exposure, 104, 117 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 104 Enzymatic, 98, 104, 109 Enzyme, 52, 96, 104, 115, 121, 123, 128, 130 Eosinophils, 104, 113 Epithelial, 15, 93, 104, 121 Epithelial Cells, 104, 121 Epithelium, 26, 99, 104 Erectile, 104, 119 Erection, 104, 121 Erythrocytes, 94, 97, 104 Esophageal, 104, 106 Esophagitis, 104, 106 Esophagus, 104, 106, 114, 120, 123, 126 Essential Tremor, 68, 105 Estradiol, 14, 27, 35, 37, 40, 41, 52, 54, 105 Estriol, 54, 105 Estrogen, 5, 8, 15, 19, 25, 28, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 53, 54, 94, 96, 99, 101, 105, 108, 113, 121, 124, 127 Estrogen receptor, 15, 31, 53, 99, 105 Estrogen Receptor Modulators, 53, 105 Excrete, 96, 105 Exemestane, 55, 105 Exogenous, 105, 128 External-beam radiation, 105, 112, 122, 130 Extracellular, 100, 105, 106 Extracellular Matrix, 100, 105, 106

Extraocular, 93, 105 F Facial, 59, 105 Fadrozole, 55, 105 Family Planning, 65, 105 Fat, 97, 101, 105, 112, 113, 123, 125 Fatigue, 105, 108 Fatty acids, 102, 105 Femoral, 105, 109 Femoral Neck Fractures, 105, 109 Femur, 105, 109 Fetoprotein, 34, 105 Fetus, 94, 106, 120, 129 Fibroblasts, 26, 106 Fibroid, 53, 106, 112 Fibrosis, 69, 106, 124 Finasteride, 10, 12, 17, 42, 46, 106 Fine-needle aspiration, 31, 106, 116 Flatus, 106 Fluoxetine, 22, 106 Flutamide, 42, 52, 53, 55, 106 Follicles, 106, 111 Forearm, 97, 106 G Gallium, 26, 106 Gamma Rays, 106, 122 Gas, 58, 106, 109, 126 Gastric, 106, 109, 122 Gastrin, 106, 109 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 78, 106 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 78, 106 Gastrointestinal, 58, 76, 103, 106, 112, 122, 124, 126 Gastrointestinal tract, 106, 112, 124 Gene, 39, 69, 70, 96, 97, 106, 117 Gene Amplification, 39, 106 Genital, 99, 107, 129 Genitourinary, 58, 59, 107, 129 Germ cell tumors, 18, 107 Germ Cells, 107, 118, 125, 127 Giant Cells, 21, 22, 107 Ginseng, 107 Gland, 34, 93, 107, 114, 118, 121, 124, 127, 128 Glucocorticoid, 54, 107 Glucose, 68, 102, 107, 108, 111, 123 Glucose Intolerance, 102, 107 Gluten, 98, 107 Glycoprotein, 107 Goiter, 107, 127 Gonad, 107 Gonadal, 14, 54, 107, 126

134

Gynecomastia

Gonadotropin, 54, 99, 107 Gonorrhoea, 107, 118 Governing Board, 108, 121 Grade, 39, 108 Grafting, 33, 108 Granulosa Cell Tumor, 30, 108 Granulosa Cells, 108, 111, 114 Growth, 36, 38, 68, 75, 94, 95, 97, 98, 105, 108, 110, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120, 127, 128 H Heart attack, 98, 108 Heart failure, 75, 77, 78, 108 Hemangiopericytoma, 17, 108 Hematuria, 58, 108 Heme, 101, 108 Hemodialysis, 7, 102, 108 Hemoglobin, 94, 104, 108 Hemoglobinuria, 68, 108 Hepatic, 108, 113 Hepatocellular, 31, 32, 108 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 31, 32, 108 Hepatomegaly, 4, 108 Hereditary, 68, 108, 123 Heredity, 106, 108 Hip Fractures, 54, 105, 109 Hirsutism, 53, 57, 101, 109, 110 Histamine, 18, 95, 109, 122 Histidine, 109 Hormonal, 25, 28, 42, 52, 53, 96, 109 Hormone therapy, 36, 109 Hydatidiform Mole, 99, 109 Hydrogen, 93, 94, 96, 109, 116, 117, 118 Hydroxylysine, 100, 109 Hydroxyproline, 100, 109 Hyperbilirubinemia, 109, 112 Hypercalcemia, 54, 57, 109 Hypercholesterolemia, 103, 109 Hyperlipidemia, 103, 109 Hyperplasia, 21, 22, 28, 32, 38, 109 Hypersecretion, 6, 109 Hypersensitivity, 109, 123 Hypertension, 98, 109 Hyperthyroidism, 57, 76, 110 Hypertrichosis, 109, 110 Hypertriglyceridemia, 103, 110 Hypertrophy, 42, 52, 53, 55, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 97, 109, 110 Hypogonadism, 16, 29, 43, 76, 110 Hypospadias, 25, 39, 110 Hypothyroidism, 57, 76, 110 Hysterectomy, 54, 110

I Id, 48, 68, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 88, 110 Idiopathic, 6, 11, 24, 26, 32, 37, 42, 44, 52, 110 Imidazole, 109, 110, 122 Immunodeficiency, 68, 110 Immunoglobulin, 95, 110, 116 Immunologic, 110, 122 Immunosuppressive, 107, 110 Impairment, 53, 96, 110, 115 Implant radiation, 110, 111, 112, 122, 130 Impotence, 10, 18, 45, 104, 110 In vitro, 5, 110, 126 In vivo, 5, 52, 110, 126 Incision, 6, 7, 12, 29, 110, 127 Incompetence, 106, 110 Incontinence, 53, 58, 110 Indicative, 110, 119, 129 Indinavir, 18, 19, 110 Induction, 94, 95, 111, 121 Infancy, 111, 123 Infantile, 27, 111, 113 Infarction, 101, 111, 115 Infection, 19, 24, 39, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 123, 126, 130 Infertility, 58, 111, 129 Inflammation, 93, 95, 104, 106, 111, 118, 123, 127 Inhibin, 40, 111 Insulin, 102, 111, 112, 128 Intermittent, 37, 111 Internal Medicine, 17, 20, 24, 27, 35, 37, 46, 103, 111 Internal radiation, 111, 112, 122, 130 Interstitial, 27, 33, 98, 111, 112, 130 Intestinal, 98, 111, 114 Intestines, 93, 104, 106, 111 Intoxication, 111, 130 Intracellular, 111 Intravenous, 3, 111 Involuntary, 58, 96, 104, 105, 111, 116 Ionizing, 104, 112, 122 Ions, 96, 109, 112 Irradiation, 13, 27, 112, 130 Ischemia, 96, 112 J Jaundice, 4, 109, 112 K Kb, 64, 112 Ketoconazole, 5, 21, 27, 53, 112 Ketone Bodies, 102, 112

Index 135

Ketosis, 102, 112 Kidney Disease, 64, 69, 112 L Lacrimal, 93, 112 Lacrimal Apparatus, 93, 112 Lactation, 112, 121 Large Intestine, 111, 112, 123, 125 Leiomyoma, 106, 112, 125 Leprosy, 8, 43, 112 Lesion, 113, 124 Lethargy, 110, 113 Letrozole, 55, 113 Leucocyte, 94, 113, 114 Leukaemia, 19, 113 Leukemia, 7, 19, 68, 99, 113 Leukocytes, 39, 97, 104, 113, 116, 117 Library Services, 86, 113 Ligament, 113, 121 Ligands, 53, 113 Lipectomy, 34, 35, 41, 113 Lipid, 14, 111, 113 Lipodystrophy, 22, 113 Lipoma, 39, 113 Lipoprotein, 103, 113 Liver, 3, 13, 93, 94, 97, 104, 108, 113 Liver Cirrhosis, 13, 113 Localization, 26, 113 Localized, 43, 109, 110, 111, 113, 120 Low-density lipoprotein, 103, 113 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 106, 114 Lumen, 98, 114 Lutein Cells, 114, 121 Lymph, 59, 96, 114 Lymph node, 59, 96, 114 Lymphatic, 58, 111, 114, 125, 127 Lymphatic system, 114, 125, 127 Lymphoblastic, 114 Lymphoblasts, 93, 114 Lymphoid, 95, 101, 113, 114 Lymphoma, 7, 19, 68, 114 Lymphoproliferative, 99, 114 M Malabsorption, 68, 98, 114 Malignancy, 54, 114 Malignant, 5, 29, 30, 68, 93, 95, 99, 107, 114, 116, 121, 122, 124, 127 Malignant tumor, 99, 114 Malnutrition, 96, 114, 116 Mammary, 30, 34, 38, 53, 114, 127 Mammography, 29, 74, 114 Mandible, 31, 114

Mastectomy, 10, 13, 23, 33, 39, 42, 46, 90, 114 Mastodynia, 42, 114 Mediastinum, 99, 114 Mediate, 103, 114, 122 MEDLINE, 65, 67, 69, 115 Melanocytes, 115, 117 Melanoma, 68, 115 Membrane, 102, 104, 105, 115, 116 Meninges, 99, 115 Menopause, 54, 75, 115, 120 Menstrual Cycle, 115, 121 Menstruation, 103, 115 Mental Retardation, 33, 70, 115 Metabolic disorder, 102, 115 Metabolite, 105, 115 Metaplasia, 8, 16, 115 Metastasis, 115 Metastatic, 17, 31, 115 Metoclopramide, 21, 115 MI, 17, 18, 91, 115 Microbe, 115, 128 Microcirculation, 113, 115 Microscopy, 28, 115 Mineralization, 115, 118 Mobility, 59, 115 Molecular, 26, 32, 34, 65, 67, 97, 100, 115, 121 Molecule, 95, 96, 107, 115, 118, 120, 122, 128 Monoclonal, 36, 112, 116, 122, 130 Monoclonal antibodies, 36, 116 Monocytes, 113, 116 Motion Sickness, 116 Mucosa, 98, 116, 121 Muscle Fibers, 116 Muscular Atrophy, 9, 68, 116 Muscular Dystrophies, 103, 116 Myocardium, 115, 116 Myotonic Dystrophy, 68, 116 N Nausea, 77, 95, 112, 116 NCI, 1, 63, 74, 99, 116 Necrosis, 111, 115, 116 Need, 3, 52, 55, 57, 58, 81, 94, 99, 116 Needle biopsy, 106, 116 Neonatal, 77, 107, 116 Neoplasia, 22, 68, 116, 117 Neoplasm, 116, 124, 128 Neoplastic, 114, 116 Nephropathy, 112, 117 Nerve, 96, 117, 124

136

Gynecomastia

Nervous System, 68, 98, 117, 126 Neural, 106, 117 Neural tube defects, 106, 117 Neuroleptic, 11, 95, 117 Neurologic, 59, 117 Neurons, 100, 117 Neutrons, 112, 117, 122 Neutrophils, 113, 117 Nevus, 39, 117 Nilutamide, 55, 117 Nipple discharge, 12, 27, 117 Nocturia, 58, 117 O Occult, 10, 33, 76, 117 Oliguria, 58, 117 Oncogene, 68, 117 Optic cup, 117, 119 Optic Nerve, 117, 119 Orchiectomy, 43, 118 Orchitis, 8, 118 Orgasm, 103, 118 Ossification, 118, 123 Osteomalacia, 57, 118 Osteoporosis, 53, 57, 118 Ovaries, 96, 118, 124, 127 Ovary, 94, 101, 105, 107, 118 Ovulation, 99, 108, 118 Ovum, 101, 118, 121, 130 Oxidation, 101, 102, 118 P Palliative, 101, 118 Palpation, 59, 118 Pancreas, 93, 111, 118 Pancreatic, 68, 106, 118 Pancreatic cancer, 68, 118 Pancreatic Juice, 106, 118 Paralysis, 98, 118 Parathyroid, 118, 119, 123 Parathyroid Glands, 118, 119, 123 Paroxetine, 9, 119 Paroxysmal, 68, 119 Parturition, 119, 121 Pathogenesis, 44, 119 Pathologic, 93, 97, 100, 109, 119 Patient Compliance, 55, 119 Pedicle, 27, 119 Pelvic, 35, 104, 119, 121 Penis, 58, 59, 103, 110, 119, 121 Peptide, 119, 120, 121, 122, 127 Percutaneous, 41, 52, 119 Perineum, 110, 119 Periodontal disease, 54, 119

Perioperative, 75, 119 Peripheral Nerves, 113, 119 Peristalsis, 103, 119 Peritoneal, 96, 119 Peritoneal Cavity, 96, 119 Peritoneum, 119, 123 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 54, 120 Pharmacologic, 120, 128 Pharynx, 106, 120 Photocoagulation, 100, 120 Physical Examination, 58, 59, 120 Physiologic, 35, 93, 97, 115, 120, 122 Physiology, 103, 120 Pigment, 115, 120 Pineal gland, 99, 120 Placenta, 96, 105, 120, 121 Plants, 93, 100, 102, 107, 120, 123, 128 Plasma, 16, 52, 95, 107, 108, 120, 124 Plasmid, 107, 120 Poisoning, 111, 116, 120 Polycystic, 58, 69, 120 Polypeptide, 100, 120, 121 Posterior, 96, 99, 118, 120 Postmenopausal, 118, 120 Postoperative, 3, 120 Practice Guidelines, 66, 75, 120 Precursor, 94, 103, 104, 121, 128 Priapism, 79, 121 Probe, 52, 121 Progesterone, 15, 121, 126 Progressive, 99, 108, 116, 121, 128 Prolactin, 6, 15, 37, 40, 41, 90, 103, 121 Proline, 100, 109, 121 Prophylaxis, 38, 121 Proportional, 106, 121 Prostate, 20, 26, 43, 53, 54, 55, 59, 68, 97, 121 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 26, 121 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 121 Protease, 22, 110, 121 Protein S, 69, 97, 121 Proteins, 95, 100, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 128 Proteolytic, 94, 121 Psychomotor, 117, 122 Puberty, 24, 25, 30, 37, 44, 58, 122 Public Policy, 65, 122 Publishing, 5, 58, 59, 122 Pulmonary, 97, 122, 129 Pulmonary Artery, 97, 122, 129

Index 137

R Radiation, 14, 38, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 122, 130 Radiation therapy, 105, 111, 112, 122, 130 Radicular, 59, 122 Radioactive, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 122, 130 Radioimmunotherapy, 122 Radiolabeled, 112, 122, 130 Radiological, 72, 119, 122 Radiotherapy, 14, 98, 112, 122, 130 Randomized, 13, 103, 122 Ranitidine, 34, 122 Receptor, 6, 95, 101, 103, 122, 124 Rectal, 59, 123 Rectum, 59, 96, 106, 110, 112, 121, 123 Red Nucleus, 96, 123 Reductase, 29, 30, 35, 40, 96, 106, 123 Refer, 1, 113, 117, 122, 123 Reflux, 106, 123 Regimen, 103, 119, 123 Regurgitation, 106, 123 Relapse, 27, 123 Resection, 13, 39, 44, 46, 123 Retinoblastoma, 68, 123 Retroperitoneal, 17, 123 Rheumatism, 123 Rheumatoid, 17, 19, 54, 96, 123 Rheumatoid arthritis, 17, 19, 54, 96, 123 Rickets, 57, 123 Risk factor, 3, 123 Risperidone, 17, 22, 123 S Salivary, 118, 123 Saponins, 123, 126 Sarcoma, 35, 124 Schizoid, 124, 130 Schizophrenia, 123, 124, 130 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 124, 130 Sclerosis, 68, 124 Screening, 74, 78, 99, 124 Scrotum, 59, 124, 127, 129 Secretion, 15, 41, 99, 109, 110, 111, 112, 122, 124 Seizures, 119, 124 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 124, 127 Semen, 103, 121, 124 Seminal vesicles, 59, 124, 129 Seminiferous tubule, 111, 124, 125 Senile, 118, 124 Sequela, 38, 124

Serine, 121, 124 Serotonin, 95, 106, 119, 123, 124, 128 Serum, 14, 37, 40, 44, 107, 114, 124 Sex Characteristics, 94, 122, 124, 127 Sex Determination, 69, 125 Side effect, 12, 34, 54, 55, 93, 95, 96, 125, 126, 128 Signs and Symptoms, 123, 125 Skeleton, 105, 125 Skull, 90, 117, 125 Small intestine, 103, 109, 111, 125 Smooth muscle, 53, 94, 106, 109, 112, 125, 126 Smooth Muscle Tumor, 106, 125 Soft tissue, 97, 108, 125 Specialist, 80, 125 Species, 106, 116, 125, 128, 129 Spectrum, 112, 125 Sperm, 94, 99, 107, 124, 125, 127 Spermatic, 59, 125 Spermatozoa, 124, 125, 129 Sphincter, 59, 125 Spinal cord, 19, 99, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125 Spleen, 4, 114, 125 Splenomegaly, 4, 125 Sporadic, 123, 126 Squamous, 16, 126 Stavudine, 22, 126 Sterility, 9, 14, 44, 111, 126 Steroid, 8, 9, 30, 31, 34, 43, 53, 94, 96, 101, 123, 126 Stimulant, 109, 126 Stomach, 93, 104, 106, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126 Stool, 110, 112, 126 Stress, 37, 116, 123, 126 Stroke, 64, 98, 126 Stroma, 38, 126 Stromal, 21, 22, 104, 126 Subacute, 111, 126 Subclinical, 111, 124, 126 Subcutaneous, 23, 42, 103, 112, 113, 126 Substance P, 115, 124, 126 Subtrochanteric, 109, 126 Suction, 6, 32, 34, 41, 113, 126 Sulindac, 40, 126 Symphysis, 121, 126 Syncytium, 107, 126 Synergistic, 121, 126 Syphilis, 118, 126 Systemic, 52, 58, 97, 111, 112, 122, 127, 130 Systolic, 77, 78, 109, 127

138

Gynecomastia

T Tamoxifen, 11, 14, 26, 42, 44, 52, 74, 124, 127 Telangiectasia, 4, 69, 127 Teratogenic, 102, 127 Teratoma, 99, 127 Testicles, 118, 124, 127 Testicular, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 29, 33, 39, 43, 46, 53, 58, 59, 96, 127 Testis, 18, 29, 30, 34, 59, 94, 99, 105, 118, 125, 127 Testosterone, 14, 27, 40, 52, 90, 94, 106, 123, 127 Thalamic, 96, 127 Thalamic Diseases, 96, 127 Thoracotomy, 46, 127 Thrombosis, 121, 126, 127 Thymus, 42, 114, 127 Thyroid, 58, 107, 110, 118, 119, 127, 128 Thyroid Gland, 107, 110, 118, 119, 127, 128 Thyroid Hormones, 127 Thyroid Nodule, 58, 127 Thyroiditis, 58, 127 Thyrotropin, 37, 110, 127 Thyroxine, 128 Topical, 36, 128 Toxic, iv, 102, 104, 128 Toxicity, 34, 128 Toxicology, 66, 128 Toxins, 95, 111, 116, 122, 128 Trachea, 114, 120, 127, 128 Transcriptase, 126, 128 Transfection, 97, 128 Transillumination, 59, 128 Translocation, 25, 128 Transplantation, 12, 99, 128 Tryptophan, 100, 124, 128 Tuberculosis, 118, 128 Tuberous Sclerosis, 69, 128 Tumour, 18, 128 Type 2 diabetes, 57, 128 U Ultrasonography, 36, 128

Unconscious, 110, 129 Urethra, 97, 110, 119, 121, 129 Urinary, 28, 58, 104, 107, 110, 117, 129 Urinary tract, 129 Urinate, 58, 129 Urine, 58, 96, 97, 102, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112, 117, 129 Urogenital, 107, 129 Urogenital Diseases, 129 Urologic Diseases, 58, 59, 129 Urology, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 28, 35, 42, 46, 58, 129 Uterus, 53, 54, 101, 104, 106, 110, 112, 115, 118, 121, 129 V Vagina, 102, 115, 129 Vaginal, 19, 30, 59, 129 Varicocele, 14, 129 Vas Deferens, 59, 125, 129 Vascular, 53, 111, 113, 115, 120, 127, 129 Vasodilator, 103, 109, 129 Vein, 111, 129 Venous, 121, 129 Ventricle, 122, 127, 129 Ventricular, 78, 129 Vertebrae, 54, 125, 129 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 129 Villous, 98, 129 Viral, 107, 129 Virulence, 128, 129 Virus, 107, 129, 130 Vitro, 130 Vivo, 130 Volition, 111, 130 W White blood cell, 93, 95, 113, 114, 130 Windpipe, 120, 127, 130 Withdrawal, 44, 130 Womb, 129, 130 X X-ray, 72, 90, 106, 112, 122, 130 X-ray therapy, 112, 130

Index 139

140

Gynecomastia

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