Jürgen Scherff
Grundkurs Computernetze
Aus dem Bereich IT erfolgreich lernen
Lexikon für IT-Berufe von Peter Fetzer...
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Jürgen Scherff
Grundkurs Computernetze
Aus dem Bereich IT erfolgreich lernen
Lexikon für IT-Berufe von Peter Fetzer und Bettina Schneider Grundkurs IT-Berufe von Andreas M. Böhm und Bettina Jungkunz Java für IT-Berufe von Wolf-Gert Matthäus Prüfungsvorbereitung für IT-Berufe von Manfred Wünsche Grundlegende Algorithmen von Volker Heun Algorithmen für Ingenieure – realisiert mit Visual Basic von Harald Nahrstedt Grundkurs Programmieren mit Delphi von Wolf-Gert Matthäus Grundkurs Visual Basic von Sabine Kämper Visual Basic für technische Anwendungen von Jürgen Radel Grundkurs Smalltalk – Objektorientierung von Anfang an von Johannes Brauer Grundkurs Software-Entwicklung mit C++ von Dietrich May Programmieren lernen mit Java von Erwin Merker und Roman Merker Grundkurs JAVA von Dietmar Abts Aufbaukurs JAVA von Dietmar Abts Grundkurs Java-Technologien von Erwin Merker Java ist eine Sprache von Ulrich Grude Middleware in Java von Steffen Heinzl und Markus Mathes Das Linux-Tutorial – Ihr Weg zum LPI-Zertifikat von Helmut Pils Rechnerarchitektur von Paul Herrmann Grundkurs Relationale Datenbanken von René Steiner Grundkurs Datenbankentwurf von Helmut Jarosch Datenbank-Engineering von Alfred Moos Grundkurs Datenbankentwicklung von Stephan Kleuker Grundlagen der Rechnerkommunikation von Bernd Schürmann Netze – Protokolle – Spezifikationen von Alfred Olbrich
www.vieweg.de
Grundkurs Verteilte Systeme von Günther Bengel Grundkurs Mobile Kommunikationssysteme von Martin Sauter Grundkurs Wirtschaftsinformatik von Dietmar Abts und Wilhelm Mülder Grundkurs Theoretische Informatik von Gottfried Vossen und Kurt-Ulrich Witt Anwendungsorientierte Wirtschaftsinformatik von Paul Alpar, Heinz Lothar Grob, Peter Weimann und Robert Winter Business Intelligence – Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen von Hans-Georg Kemper, Walid Mehanna und Carsten Unger Grundkurs Geschäftsprozess-Management von Andreas Gadatsch Prozessmodellierung mit ARIS ® von Heinrich Seidlmeier ITIL kompakt und verständlich von Alfred Olbrich BWL kompakt und verständlich von Notger Carl, Rudolf Fiedler, William Jórasz und Manfred Kiesel Masterkurs IT-Controlling von Andreas Gadatsch und Elmar Mayer Masterkurs Computergrafik und Bildverarbeitung von Alfred Nischwitz und Peter Haberäcker Grundkurs Mediengestaltung von David Starmann Grundkurs Web-Programmierung von Günter Pomaska Web-Programmierung von Oral Avcı, Ralph Trittmann und Werner Mellis Grundkurs MySQL und PHP von Martin Pollakowski Grundkurs SAP R/3® von André Maassen und Markus Schoenen SAP ®-gestütztes Rechnungswesen von Andreas Gadatsch und Detlev Frick Kostenträgerrechnung mit SAP R/3® von Franz Klenger und Ellen Falk-Kalms Masterkurs Kostenstellenrechnung mit SAP® von Franz Klenger und Ellen Falk-Kalms Controlling mit SAP ® von Gunther Friedl, Christian Hilz und Burkhard Pedell Logistikprozesse mit SAP R/3® von Jochen Benz und Markus Höflinger IT-Projekte strukturiert realisieren von Ralph Brugger Grundkurs Computernetze von Jürgen Scherff
Jürgen Scherff
Grundkurs Computernetze Eine kompakte Einführung in die Rechnerkommunikation – Anschaulich, verständlich, praxisnah Mit 184 Abbildungen
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1. Auflage März 2006 2007. Durchgesehener Nachdruck Alle Rechte vorbehalten © Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2006 Lektorat: Dr. Reinald Klockenbusch / Andrea Broßler Der Vieweg Verlag ist ein Unternehmen von Springer Science+Business Media. www.vieweg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Konzeption und Layout des Umschlags: Ulrike Weigel, www.CorporateDesignGroup.de Umschlagbild: Nina Faber de.sign, Wiesbaden Druck und buchbinderische Verarbeitung: Wilhelm & Adam, Heusenstamm Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-528-05902-6
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Vorwort aáÉ=Ñ~ëòáåáÉêÉåÇÉ=kÉíòïÉêâïÉäí=ÇêÉÜí=ëáÅÜ=áããÉê=ëÅÜåÉääÉêK=eÉìJ íÉ=áëí=Ñ~ëí=àÉÇÉê=îçå=ìåë=Ó=ëÉá=Éë=~ã=^êÄÉáíëéä~íò=çÇÉê=òì=e~ìëÉ=Ó= _ÉåìíòÉê= ÉáåÉë= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉëK= bë= ÖáÄí= áåòïáëÅÜÉå= åáÅÜí= åìê= táÇÉ= ^êÉ~= kÉíïçêâë= Et^këF= ìåÇ= içÅ~ä= ^êÉ~= kÉíïçêâë= Ei^këFI= ëçåÇÉêå= ~ìÅÜ= däçÄ~ä= ^êÉ~= kÉíïçêâë= Ed^këFI= jÉíêçéçäáí~å= ^êÉ~= kÉíïçêâë=Ej^këF=ìåÇ=mÉêëçå~ä=^êÉ~=kÉíïçêâë=Em^këFK=fã=t^kJ _ÉêÉáÅÜ=ëáåÇ=ïáê=å~ÅÜ=uKORI=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó=ìåÇ=^qj=ãáí=jmip=~ìÑ= ÇÉã=tÉÖ=òì=êÉáå=çéíáëÅÜÉå=kÉíòÉåK=fã=i^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ=Ü~í=Ç~ë=dáJ Ö~ÄáíJbíÜÉêåÉí= ^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë= ÉêëÉíòíK= råÇ= ÖÉåÉêÉää= ëáåÇ= ÜÉìíÉ= pïáíÅÜáåÖJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= åÉÄÉå= ÇÉã= łâä~ëëáëÅÜÉå= oçìíáåÖ= Éáå= ìåîÉêòáÅÜíÄ~êÉê=_Éëí~åÇíÉáä=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉåK= a~ë=îçêäáÉÖÉåÇÉ=_ìÅÜ=ÄáÉíÉí=ÉáåÉ=báåÑΩÜêìåÖ=áå=ÇáÉ=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåJ ÇÉå= hçåòÉéíÉ= ìåÇ= qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= ÅçãéìíÉêÖÉëíΩíòíÉê= hçããìåáJ â~íáçåëëóëíÉãÉI= çÜåÉ= ÇÉêÉå= hÉååíåáë= Éáå= sÉêëí®åÇåáë= ãçÇÉêåÉê= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ= åáÅÜí= ã∏ÖäáÅÜ= áëíK= bë= êáÅÜíÉí= ëáÅÜ= ~å= àÉÇÉåI= ÇÉê= ëáÅÜ=áåíÉåëáîÉê=ãáí=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=ÄÉëÅÜ®ÑíáÖÉå=ïáää=çÇÉê=ãìëëW= Éë=áëí=ëçïçÜä=ÑΩê=píìÇÉåíÉå=~äë=~ìÅÜ=ÑΩê=mê~âíáâÉê=ÖäÉáÅÜÉêã~≈Éå= òìã= kÉíòïÉêâÉáåëíáÉÖ= ÖÉÉáÖåÉíX= ÇÉåå= Éë= ÉêëÅÜä®Öí= ÇÉå= kÉíòJ ïÉêâÉáåëíÉáÖÉê= åáÅÜí= ÖäÉáÅÜ= ãáí= ÉåÇäçëÉå= qÉñíÉå= ìåÇ= ò~ÜääçëÉå= aÉí~áäëI=ëç=ïáÉ=Éë=îáÉäÉ=báåÑΩÜêìåÖëÄΩÅÜÉê=íìåK=pí~ííÇÉëëÉå=ÄáÉíÉí= Ç~ë= _ìÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉ= ìåÇ= ~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜÉ= báåÑΩÜêìåÖ= áå= ÇáÉ= tÉäí=ÇÉê=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉK= aÉê=iÉëÉê=ïáêÇ=ëÅÜêáííïÉáëÉ=~å=ÇáÉ=âçãéäÉñÉ=qÜÉã~íáâ=ÜÉê~åÖÉJ ÑΩÜêí= ìåÇ= ÇìêÅÜ= ~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜÉ= dê~ÑáâÉå= ìåíÉêëíΩíòíK= pç= äÉêåí= Éê= åáÅÜí= åìê= ÇáÉ= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå= hçåòÉéíÉ= ìåÇ= qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= îçå= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=âÉååÉåI=ëçåÇÉêå=Éê=ÉêÜ®äí=~ìÅÜ=ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= ÉåÇäçë= ÉêëÅÜÉáåÉåÇÉ= cΩääÉ= îçå= ^ÄâΩêòìåÖÉå= ~ìë= ÇÉê= kÉíòïÉêâïÉäíW= rqm= ìåÇ= pqmI= fplLfb`= NNUMNI= caj= ìåÇ= qajI= ofmI= lpmc= ìåÇ= _dmI= mae= ìåÇ= plkbqLpaeI= ^qjI= fbbb= UMOI= `pj^L`aI=^api=ìåÇ=mmm=ëçïáÉ=tácá=ìåÇ=táj^u=ëáåÇ=åìê=ÉáåÉ= Ö~åò=âäÉáåÉ=^ìëï~ÜäK=cΩê=ÇÉå=kÉíòïÉêâëéÉòá~äáëíÉå=ëáåÇ=ÇáÉ=ÜáåJ íÉê= ÇáÉëÉå= ^ÄâΩêòìåÖÉå= ëíÉÜÉåÇÉå= hçåòÉéíÉ= ëÉäÄëíîÉêëí®åÇäáÅÜI= ÑΩê=ÇÉå=kÉíòïÉêâÉáåëíÉáÖÉê=~ÄÉê=ÄáäÇÉå=ëáÉ=çÑí=ÉáåÉ=báåëíáÉÖëÜΩêJ ÇÉ=ìåÇ=jçíáî~íáçåëÄêÉãëÉK= få=åÉìå=~ìÑÉáå~åÇÉê=~ìÑÄ~ìÉåÇÉå=h~éáíÉäå=ïÉêÇÉå=ÇáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉJ ÇÉåÉå=c~ÅÉííÉå=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK=a~ÄÉá=ïáêÇ=ÄÉJ ëçåÇÉêÉê= tÉêí= ~ìÑ= ÇáÉ= a~êëíÉääìåÖ= ÇÉê= wìë~ããÉåÜ®åÖÉ= ÖÉäÉÖíX= ÇÉåå=ïÉê=píêìâíìêÉåI=qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå=ìåÇ=båíïáÅâäìåÖëëíìÑÉå=îçå= s =
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báåÑΩÜêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK N = NKN==
dêìåÇÄÉÖêáÑÑÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK N =
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hçåòÉéí=ÉáåÉë=kÉíòïÉêâÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S =
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hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÉáåÉë=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NO =
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lêÖ~åáë~íáçå=ÇÉê=hçããìåáâ~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NU =
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qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OP =
kÉíòïÉêâÉ=áã=éê~âíáëÅÜÉå=báåë~íò KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOT = OKN==
hä~ëëáÑáâ~íáçå=îçå=kÉíòïÉêâÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OT =
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wáÉäÉ=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQ =
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sçå=oÉÅÜÉåòÉåíêÉå=òì=qÉêãáå~äJ=ìåÇ=eçëíêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PV =
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sçå=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíòÉå=òì=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåëåÉíòÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QQ =
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tÉÄÄ~ëáÉêíÉ=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ=ÇÉê=dÉÖÉåï~êí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QV =
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qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RV =
hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSP = PKN==
a~ë=lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää=áã=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SP =
PKO==
aáÉåëíÉ=ìåÇ=mêçíçâçääÉ=áã=lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ST =
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aáÉ=íê~åëéçêíçêáÉåíáÉêíÉå=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TQ =
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aáÉ=~åïÉåÇìåÖëçêáÉåíáÉêíÉå=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UM =
PKR==
aáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UR =
PKS==
pí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêìåÖëJfåëíáíìíáçåÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VP =
PKT==
fåíÉêåÉíJlêÖ~åáë~íáçåÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS =
PKU==
qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMO =
k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNMR = QKN==
§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMR =
QKO==
jçÇìä~íáçåëíÉÅÜåáâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNP =
QKP==
§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ=iÉáíÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNU = sff
=
=== QKQ==
§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOQ =
QKR==
píêìâíìêáÉêíÉ=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPN =
QKS==
cìåâΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPR =
QKT==
qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQO =
R=
kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNQR = RKN==
jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQR =
RKO==
sÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRN =
RKP==
oçìíáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRS =
RKQ==
cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSP =
RKR==
§ÄÉêä~ëíëíÉìÉêìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSU =
RKS==
t^kJ=ìåÇ=i^kJbîçäìíáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTN =
RKT==
qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTV =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNUP = SKN==
sÉêÄáåÇìåÖëëáÅÜÉêìåÖ=ãáí=eai` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUP =
SKO==
m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖ=ãáí=uKOR KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVM =
SKP==
aáÉåëíÉáåíÉÖê~íáçå=áã=pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVT =
SKQ==
jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=mae=ìåÇ=plkbqLpaeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMR =
SKR==
c~ëí=m~ÅâÉí=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=ãáí=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONO =
SKS==
_êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=ãáí=^qj KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONU =
SKT==
jmip=ìåÇ=çéíáëÅÜÉ=kÉíòÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOR =
SKU==
_êÉáíÄ~åÇòìÖ~åÖ=ãáí=api=ìåÇ=mmm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOV =
SKV==
jçÄáäÑìåâ=ãáí=dpjI=dmop=ìåÇ=rjqp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPR =
SKNM= qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OQS = T=
i^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKORN = TKN==
a~ë=âä~ëëáëÅÜÉ=bíÜÉêåÉí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORN =
TKO==
aÉê=âä~ëëáëÅÜÉ=qçâÉåJoáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORR =
TKP==
bîçäìíáçå=ÇÉê=i^kJpí~åÇ~êÇë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSN =
TKQ==
jçÇÉêåÉë=i^kJpïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSS =
TKR==
j^kë=ìåÇ=p^këKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTN =
TKS==
táêÉäÉëë=i^këI=m^kë=ìåÇ=j^këKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUM =
TKT==
qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OVN =
sfff= =
== U=
V=
`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOVR = UKN==
kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®íÉ=áã=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OVR =
UKO==
i~óÉêJOJ=ìåÇ=i~óÉêJPJfåíÉêåÉíïçêâáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMM =
UKP==
sáêíìÉääÉ=i^kë=ìåÇ=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMT =
UKQ==
^êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ãçÇÉêåÉê=`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNO =
UKR==
qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNU =
fåíÉêåÉí=ìåÇ=fåíê~åÉíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPON = VKN==
aáÉ=_~ëáëéêçíçâçääÉ=fmI=q`m=ìåÇ=ram KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PON =
VKO==
aáÉ=ÉêÖ®åòÉåÇÉå=mêçíçâçääÉ=^omI=f`jmI=ae`m=ìåÇ=akp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK POU=
VKP==
aáÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëéêçíçâçääÉ=eqqmI=cqm=ìåÇ=pjqmLmlm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PPT=
VKQ==
péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ãáí=sçáÅÉ=çîÉê=fm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQT =
VKR==
_~ëáë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=îçå=fåíê~åÉíëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PRR =
VKS==
dêìåÇâçåòÉéíÉ=òìê=kÉíòïÉêâëáÅÜÉêÜÉáíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PRV =
VKT==
qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PTM =
iáíÉê~íìêîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPTR = pÅÜä~ÖïçêíîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPTV = = =
fu =
==
Abbildungsverzeichnis = ^ÄÄK=NKNW=jçÇÉää=ÉáåÉë=éÉêëçåÉääÉå=fåÑçêã~íáçåëëóëíÉãëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O = ^ÄÄK=NKOW=j~ëÅÜáåÉå=áã=fåÑçêã~íáçåëëóëíÉãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK P = ^ÄÄK=NKPW=fåíÉÖê~íáçå=îçå=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãÉå=ìåÇ=`çãéìíÉêåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK R = ^ÄÄK=NKQW=båÇÉJòìJbåÇÉJpáÅÜí=òïÉáÉê=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëé~êíåÉêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S = ^ÄÄK=NKRW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=ã∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=åÉíòáåíÉêåÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK T = ^ÄÄK=NKSW=qçéçäçÖáÉå=îçå=äçâ~äÉå=kÉíòÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = ^ÄÄK=NKTW=a~ë=fåíÉêåÉí=~äë=ÉáåÉ=sáÉäò~Üä=ãáíÉáå~åÇÉê=îÉêÄìåÇÉåÉê=kÉíòÉK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NM = ^ÄÄK=NKUW=pÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜÉ=a~êëíÉääìåÖ=ÉáåÉê=kÉíòïÉêâ~êÅÜáíÉâíìêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NN = ^ÄÄK=NKVW=cìåâíáçåÉääÉê=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NP = ^ÄÄK=NKNMW=hçåëíêìâíáîÉê=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NR = ^ÄÄK=NKNNW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëÑçêãÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NV = ^ÄÄK=NKNOW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=sÉêâÉÜêë~êíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM = ^ÄÄK=NKNPW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=_ÉíêáÉÄë~êíÉå=ÇÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ON = ^ÄÄK=NKNQW=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖëçêáÉåíáÉêíÉê=ìåÇ=îÉêÄáåÇìåÖëäçëÉê=aáÉåëí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OO = ^ÄÄK=OKNW=^ìëÇÉÜåìåÖ=ìåÇ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~é~òáí®í=îçå=kÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PN = ^ÄÄK=OKOW=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâçåòÉéí=îçå=_êç~ÇÅ~ëíJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PP = ^ÄÄK=OKPW=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâçåòÉéí=îçå=mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQ = ^ÄÄK=OKQW=§ÄäáÅÜÉ=wáÉäÉ=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=áã=ÄÉíêáÉÄäáÅÜÉå=_ÉêÉáÅÜ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = ^ÄÄK=OKRW=aáÉ=ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå=wáÉäÉ=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=áã=éêáî~íÉå=_ÉêÉáÅÜ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PT = ^ÄÄK=OKSW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=qÉêãáå~äJkÉíòÉë=ÑΩê=ÇÉå=eçëí=f_j=pLPSMKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QN = ^ÄÄK=OKTW=f_jÛë=pk^JkÉíòïÉêâíçéçäçÖáÉ=~äë=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÑΩê=eçëíêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíòÉ KKKKKKKKKKKK QO = ^ÄÄK=OKUW=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê=`äáÉåíJpÉêîÉêJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìêÉå=ÑΩê=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíòÉ KKKK QS = ^ÄÄK=OKVW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÑΩê=Éáå=áåíÉÖêáÉêíÉë=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåëåÉíò KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QT = ^ÄÄK=OKNMW=tÉÄÄ~ëáÉêíÉ=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ=~ìë=ÇÉê=_ÉåìíòÉêéÉêëéÉâíáîÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RN = ^ÄÄK=OKNNW=bJ`çããÉêÅÉJ^åïÉåÇìåÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RQ = ^ÄÄK=OKNOW=aÉê=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉÄÉÇ~êÑ=áã=wÉáí~Ää~ìÑ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RS = ^ÄÄK=PKNW=_ÉáëéáÉäÜ~ÑíÉê=sÉêÖäÉáÅÜ=òìê=hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SQ = ^ÄÄK=PKOW=dêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉ=ÇÉë=lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SS = ^ÄÄK=PKPW=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=pÅÜáÅÜíÉåëíêìâíìê=ÇÉë=lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ST = uf =
^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=PKQW=eáÉê~êÅÜáÉ=îçå=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëÇáÉåëíÉåI=fåëí~åòÉå=ìåÇ=mêçíçâçääÉå KKKKKK SU = ^ÄÄK=PKRW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉê=aáÉåëíJpéÉòáÑáâ~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SV = ^ÄÄK=PKSW=pÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜÉ=a~êëíÉääìåÖ=ÇÉë=fåÜ~äíë=ÉáåÉë=mêçíçâçääë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TM = ^ÄÄK=PKTW=hçããìåáâ~íáçå=òïáëÅÜÉå=òïÉá=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉå=p^m KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TO = ^ÄÄK=PKUW=sÉêíÉáäìåÖ=ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=áã=kÉíò KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TP = ^ÄÄK=PKVW=cìåâíáçå~äáí®í=ÇÉê=íê~åëéçêíçêáÉåíáÉêíÉå=pÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TR = ^ÄÄK=PKNMW=cìåâíáçå~äáí®í=ÇÉê=~åïÉåÇìåÖëçêáÉåíáÉêíÉå=pÅÜáÅÜíÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UN = ^ÄÄK=PKNNW=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÄÉâ~ååíÉ=lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UQ = ^ÄÄK=PKNOW=aáÉ=açaJhçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UT = ^ÄÄK=PKNPW=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=ìåÇ=açaJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UV = ^ÄÄK=PKNQW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÇÉê=hçããìåáâ~íáçå=áå=ÇÉê=açaJhçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKK VM = ^ÄÄK=PKNRW=aáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÉ=ÇÉê=ÉáåòÉäåÉå=açaJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VN = ^ÄÄK=PKNSW=aáÉ=jáíÖäáÉÇÉêçêÖ~åáë~íáçå=ÇÉê=fpl` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VT = ^ÄÄK=PKNTW=aáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=^âíáîáí®íÉå=ìåÇ=dêÉãáÉå=ÇÉê=fpl` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VV = ^ÄÄK=PKNUW=aáÉ=lêÖ~åáë~íáçåëëíêìâíìê=ÇÉê=f`^kkKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMM = ^ÄÄK=QKNW=m~ê~ääÉäJpÉêáÉåJ=ìåÇ=pÉêáÉåJm~ê~ääÉäJt~åÇäìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMS = ^ÄÄK=QKOW=hçåíáåìáÉêäáÅÜÉ=ìåÇ=ÇáëâêÉíÉ=páÖå~äâ~íÉÖçêáÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMT = ^ÄÄK=QKPW=_ÉáëéáÉäÉ=ÑΩê=ÄÉâ~ååíÉ=páÖå~äÅçÇÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMU = ^ÄÄK=QKQW=^ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=ìåÇ=ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNM = ^ÄÄK=QKRW=_~ëáëÄ~åÇJ=ìåÇ=_êÉáíÄ~åÇΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNN = ^ÄÄK=QKSW=jçÇìä~íáçåëîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=òìê=~å~äçÖÉå=a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNR = ^ÄÄK=QKTW=aáÉ=mìäëÉÅçÇÉãçÇìä~íáçå=Em`jF=òìê=ÇáÖáí~äÉå=péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKKKKKKKK NNS = ^ÄÄK=QKUW=_ÉáëéáÉä=òìê=jçÇìä~íáçå=áå=ÇÉê=qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNT = ^ÄÄK=QKVW=_~ì~êíÉå=îçå=píÉêåîáÉêÉêå=ìåÇ=qmJh~ÄÉäå=áå=nìÉêëÅÜåáííÇ~êëíÉääìåÖ KKKKKK NNV = ^ÄÄK=QKNMW=ogQRJpíÉÅâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖI=píê~áÖÜíJqÜêçìÖÜJ=ìåÇ=`êçëëçîÉêJh~ÄÉä KKKKKKKKKKKKK NON = ^ÄÄK=QKNNW=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉå=ãçÇÉêåÉê=qmJh~ÄÉä KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOO = ^ÄÄK=QKNOW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=hç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉäë=ìåÇ=_k`JpíÉÅâÉêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOP = ^ÄÄK=QKNPW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=çéíáëÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOR = ^ÄÄK=QKNQW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOS = ^ÄÄK=QKNRW=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉäå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOT = ^ÄÄK=QKNSW=a®ãéÑìåÖëÑÉåëíÉê=ÉáåÉë=itiKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOU = ^ÄÄK=QKNTW=aáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêíóéÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPM = ^ÄÄK=QKNUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê=ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉå=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPO = uff= =
^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=QKNVW=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ìåÇ=ã~ñáã~äÉ=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPQ = ^ÄÄK=QKOMW=a~ë=ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉ=péÉâíêìãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPS = ^ÄÄK=QKONW=cìåâòÉääÉå=ÉáåÉë=wÉääìä~êÑìåâåÉíòÉë=EjçÄáäÑìåâFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPV = ^ÄÄK=QKOOW=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=p~íÉääáíÉåÑìåâë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQN = ^ÄÄK=RKNW=kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí=ìåÇ=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQS = ^ÄÄK=RKOW=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQT = ^ÄÄK=RKPW=§ÄÉêëáÅÜí=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQU = ^ÄÄK=RKQW=póåÅÜêçåÉë=ìåÇ=~ëóåÅÜêçåÉë=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQV = ^ÄÄK=RKRW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=iÉáíìåÖëîÉêãáííäìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRO = ^ÄÄK=RKSW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåîÉêãáííäìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRP = ^ÄÄK=RKTW=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëòÉáí=ÄÉá=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåîÉêãáííäìåÖ=ìåÇ=m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖ KKKKKKK NRR = ^ÄÄK=RKUW=a~ë=oçìíáåÖJmêçÄäÉãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRT = ^ÄÄK=RKVW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=oçìíáåÖJq~ÄÉääÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRU = ^ÄÄK=RKNMW=oçìíáåÖ=ÇìêÅÜ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉ=oçìíáåÖJaçã®åÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRV = ^ÄÄK=RKNNW=aáëí~åÅÉJsÉÅíçêJoçìíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSM = ^ÄÄK=RKNOW=iáåâJpí~íÉJoçìíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSN = ^ÄÄK=RKNPW=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÇÉë=píçéJ~åÇJt~áíJjÉÅÜ~åáëãìë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSQ = ^ÄÄK=RKNQW=päáÇáåÖ=táåÇçï=ÑΩê=ìåãáííÉäÄ~ê=ÄÉå~ÅÜÄ~êíÉ=póëíÉãÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSR = ^ÄÄK=RKNRW=päáÇáåÖ=táåÇçï=ÑΩê=åáÅÜí=ÄÉå~ÅÜÄ~êíÉ=båÇëóëíÉãÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NST = ^ÄÄK=RKNSW=^ÄÜ®åÖáÖâÉáí=ÇÉê=kÉíòäÉáëíìåÖ=îçå=ÇÉê=kÉíòä~ëí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSU = ^ÄÄK=RKNTW=§ÄÉêä~ëíëíÉìÉêìåÖ=ìåÇ=nì~äáíó=çÑ=pÉêîáÅÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTM = ^ÄÄK=RKNUW=t^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=EqÉáä=NF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTO = ^ÄÄK=RKNVW=t^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=EqÉáä=OF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTP = ^ÄÄK=RKOMW=i^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTR = ^ÄÄK=RKONW=qêÉåÇ=ÇÉê=łfmJçîÉêJléíáÅ~äJhçåòÉéíÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTU = ^ÄÄK=SKNW=jìäíáéçáåíJ=ìåÇ=mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUQ = ^ÄÄK=SKOW=råÄ~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉë=îçå=eai`KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUR = ^ÄÄK=SKPW=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=_~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉ=ãáí=`çãÄáåÉÇ=pí~íáçåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUS = ^ÄÄK=SKQW=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=eai`Jcê~ãÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUT = ^ÄÄK=SKRW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUV = ^ÄÄK=SKSW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVM = ^ÄÄK=SKTW=aáÉ=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=píêìâíìê=ÇÉê=uKORJpÅÜåáííëëíÉääÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVN = ^ÄÄK=SKUW=içÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉ=ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVO = ufff =
^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=SKVW=a~ë=a~íÉñJmJkÉíò=~äë=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=uKORJkÉíòÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVP = ^ÄÄK=SKNMW=a~ë=dêìåÇÑçêã~í=îçå=uKORJm~âÉíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVQ = ^ÄÄK=SKNNW=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ìÑÄ~ìI=a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ìåÇ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ÄÄ~ìKKKKKKKKKKKK NVS = ^ÄÄK=SKNOW=fpakJhçåòÉéí=ìåÇ=fpakJ^åëÅÜäìëë~êíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVU = ^ÄÄK=SKNPW=fpakJ_~ëáë~åëÅÜäΩëëÉ=ìåÇ=fpakJmêáã®êãìäíáéäÉñ~åëÅÜäìëëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVV = ^ÄÄK=SKNQW=fpakJh~å®äÉ=ÇÉê=pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=p =ìåÇ=p KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMM = ^ÄÄK=SKNRW=_Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=aJh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMN = ^ÄÄK=SKNSW=jìäíáéäÉñê~ÜãÉåI=i^maJcê~ãÉ=ìåÇ=appNJm~âÉíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMO = ^ÄÄK=SKNTW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=fpakJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ãáí=appN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMQ = ^ÄÄK=SKNUW=sÉêãáííäìåÖëéêáåòáé=îçå=fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMR = ^ÄÄK=SKNVW=cçêã~íÉ=ÇÉë=bNJo~ÜãÉåë=ìåÇ=ÇÉë=bOJo~ÜãÉåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMS = ^ÄÄK=SKOMW=aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñJeáÉê~êÅÜáÉå=maeI=plkbq=ìåÇ=paeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMU = ^ÄÄK=SKONW=aáÉ=plkbqLpaeJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMV = ^ÄÄK=SKOOW=píêìâíìê=ÉáåÉë=paeJo~ÜãÉåë=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ=pqjJN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONM = ^ÄÄK=SKOPW=qçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå=plkbqLpaeJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONO = ^ÄÄK=SKOQW=sáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ÄÉá=uKOR=ìåÇ=ÄÉá=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONP = ^ÄÄK=SKORW=qçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=cê~ãÉJoÉä~óJkÉíòÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONR = ^ÄÄK=SKOSW=a~ë=cçêã~í=ÉáåÉë=i^mc=`çêÉ=cê~ãÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONS = ^ÄÄK=SKOTW=^qjJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=ìåÇ=^qjJwÉääÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONV = ^ÄÄK=SKOUW=sáêíìÉääÉ=mÑ~ÇÉ=ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=h~å®äÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOM = ^ÄÄK=SKOVW=mêáî~íÉë=^qjJt^k=ãáí=îáêíìÉääÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=`Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKK OON = ^ÄÄK=SKPMW=a~ë=_JfpakJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOO = ^ÄÄK=SKPNW=^qjJkìíòä~ëíJqê~åëÑÉê=ìåÇ=^qjJpáÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOQ = ^ÄÄK=SKPOW=cçêï~êÇáåÖ=ÉáåÉë=fmJm~âÉíÉë=~ìÑ=ÉáåÉã=i~ÄÉä=pïáíÅÜÉÇ=m~íÜ=EipmF KKKKKKK OOS = ^ÄÄK=SKPPW=báå=_ÉáëéáÉä=òìã=jmip=ÑΩê=òïÉá=cb`ë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOT = ^ÄÄK=SKPQW=aáÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÉáåÉë=^apiJ_êÉáíÄ~åÇòìÖ~åÖÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPM = ^ÄÄK=SKPRW=dÉåìíòíÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄ®åÇÉê=ìåÇ=wìíÉáäìåÖ=ÇÉê=ÄáíLëLeò=éêç=pìÄâ~å~ä KKKK OPO = ^ÄÄK=SKPSW=a~ë=cçêã~í=îçå=mmmJcê~ãÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPQ = ^ÄÄK=SKPTW=pÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìã=^ìÑÄ~ì=ìåÇ=^ÄÄ~ì=îçå=mmmJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåKKKKK OPR = ^ÄÄK=SKPUW=cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ÑΩê=dpj=ìåÇ=rjqp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPT = ^ÄÄK=SKPVW=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ÄÉá=dpjJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPU = ^ÄÄK=SKQMW=aáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=dpjJkÉíòÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPV = ^ÄÄK=SKQNW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÉáåÉë=jçÄáäÉ=qÉêãáå~íáåÖ=`~ääë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OQN = ufs= =
^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=SKQOW=aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=îçå=rjqp=áã=sÉêÖäÉáÅÜ=òì=dpj=ìåÇ=dmop KKKKKKKKK OQQ = ^ÄÄK=SKQPW=aáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=rjqpJkÉíòÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OQR = ^ÄÄK=TKNW=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíò=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=bíÜÉêåÉíJ_ìë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORO = ^ÄÄK=TKOW=cê~ãÉJcçêã~íÉ=ÑΩê=bíÜÉêåÉíJcê~ãÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORP = ^ÄÄK=TKPW=a~ë=wìÖêáÑÑëîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=`pj^L`aKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORR = ^ÄÄK=TKQW=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíò=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=f_j=qçâÉåJoáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORS = ^ÄÄK=TKRW=cçêã~íÉ=ÑΩê=a~íÉåJcê~ãÉë=ìåÇ=ÑΩê=qçâÉåJcê~ãÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORT = ^ÄÄK=TKSW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÇÉë=qçâÉåJm~ëëáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORV = ^ÄÄK=TKTW=aáÉ=pí~åÇ~êÇëÉêáÉ=fbbb=UMO=ãáí=ÇÉå=~ÄÖÉÇÉÅâíÉå=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSN = ^ÄÄK=TKUW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=bíÜÉêåÉíJi^kë=ãáí=píÉêåJqçéçäçÖáÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSP = ^ÄÄK=TKVW=aáÉ=dáÖ~ÄáíJbíÜÉêåÉíJpí~åÇ~êÇë=fbbb=UMOKPò=ìåÇ=fbbb=UMOKP~Ä KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSR = ^ÄÄK=TKNMW=i~óÉêJOJ_êáÇÖáåÖ=òìê=pÉÖãÉåíáÉêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OST = ^ÄÄK=TKNNW=hçääáëáçåëÇçã®åÉå=ìåÇ=_êç~ÇÅ~ëíÇçã®åÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSV = ^ÄÄK=TKNOW=bêë~íò=îçå=eìÄë=ÇìêÅÜ=jìäíáéçêíJ_êáÇÖÉë=ÄòïK=i~óÉêJOJpïáíÅÜÉëKKKKKKKKKKK OTM = ^ÄÄK=TKNPW=aáÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ÉáåÉë=caafJoáåÖÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTO = ^ÄÄK=TKNQW=aáÉ=_ìëJqçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå=ana_=ìåÇ=ana_=ãáí=oáåÖJqçéçäçÖáÉ KKKKKKKKKKKK OTR = ^ÄÄK=TKNRW=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÉáåÉë=oÉëáäáÉåí=m~ÅâÉí=oáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTS = ^ÄÄK=TKNSW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=p^kë=ãáí=c`=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=c~ÄêáÅ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTU = ^ÄÄK=TKNTW=^ÄÖêÉåòìåÖ=òïáëÅÜÉå=tm^kI=ti^kI=tj^k=ìåÇ=tt^kKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUM = ^ÄÄK=TKNUW=ti^kJqçéçäçÖáÉå=ìåÇ=ti^kJpí~åÇ~êÇë=å~ÅÜ=fbbb=UMOKNN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUN = ^ÄÄK=TKNVW=jÉÇáÉåòìÖêáÑÑ=ãáí=`pj^L`^=ìåÇ=oqpL`qp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUQ = ^ÄÄK=TKOMW=_äìÉíççíÜJkÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=_äìÉíççíÜJpí~åÇ~êÇ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUS = ^ÄÄK=TKONW=táj^uJkÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉå=ìåÇ=táj^uJpí~åÇ~êÇ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUV = ^ÄÄK=UKNW=cìåâíáçå~äÉ=_ÉëÅÜêÉáÄìåÖ=ÇÉê=kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®íÉ=ÇìêÅÜ=pÅÜáÅÜíòìçêÇåìåÖ OVS= ^ÄÄK=UKOW=táêÉäÉëë=_êáÇÖÉë=ìåÇ=oÉãçíÉ=_êáÇÖÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OVT = ^ÄÄK=UKPW=_ÉáëéáÉäÜ~ÑíÉ=i^kJt^kJ=ìåÇ=t^kJt^kJhçééäìåÖ=ÇìêÅÜ=oçìíÉêKKKKKKKKKK OVV = ^ÄÄK=UKQW=oÉÇìåÇ~åò=ìåÇ=pÅÜäÉáÑÉåÄáäÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMN = ^ÄÄK=UKRW=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÇÉë=pé~ååáåÖJqêÉÉJ^äÖçêáíÜãìë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMO = ^ÄÄK=UKSW=§ÄÉêëáÅÜí=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=fmJ^ÇêÉëëâä~ëëÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMR = ^ÄÄK=UKTW=aáÉ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=kÉíïçêâ=^ÇÇêÉëë=qê~åëä~íáçåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMS = ^ÄÄK=UKUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=îçå=éçêíJÄ~ëáÉêíÉå=si^kë=ãáí=fåíê~Jsi^kJsÉêâÉÜêKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMU = ^ÄÄK=UKVW=qêìåâ=iáåâ=ãáí=si^kJq~ÖÖÉÇ=cê~ãÉë=å~ÅÜ=fbbb=UMOKNè KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMV = ^ÄÄK=UKNMW=fåíÉêJsi^kJsÉêâÉÜê=ãáí=oçìíÉêJçåJ~JpíáÅâ=ìåÇ=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKKK PNN = us =
^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=UKNNW=jçÇÉêåÉë=`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâ=ãáí=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNP = ^ÄÄK=UKNOW=eáÖÜ=^î~áä~Äáäáíó=ìåÇ=iç~Ç=_~ä~åÅáåÖ=ãáí=pqm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNR = ^ÄÄK=UKNPW=eáÖÜ=^î~áä~Äáäáíó=ìåÇ=iç~Ç=_~ä~åÅáåÖ=ãáí=epomKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNT = ^ÄÄK=VKNW=a~í~Öê~ãJcçêã~í=ÑΩê=Ç~ë=fåíÉêåÉí=mêçíçâçää=EfmîQ=ìåÇ=fmîSF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK POO = ^ÄÄK=VKOW=pÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=ÑΩê=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ìåÇ=^ÄÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=q`mJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ KKK POQ= ^ÄÄK=VKPW=pÉÖãÉåíJcçêã~íÉ=ÑΩê=q`m=ìåÇ=ram=EpÉÖãÉåí=eÉ~ÇÉêFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK POS = ^ÄÄK=VKQW=_ÉáëéáÉä=òìê=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÇÉë=^ÇÇêÉëë=oÉëçäìíáçå=mêçíçÅçä=E^omF KKKKKKKKKKK POV = ^ÄÄK=VKRW=f`jmJ^åÑê~ÖÉ=ìåÇ=f`jmJcÉÜäÉêãÉäÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PPN = ^ÄÄK=VKSW=aáÉ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=ae`m KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PPP = ^ÄÄK=VKTW=píêìâíìê=ìåÇ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÇÉë=açã~áå=k~ãÉ=póëíÉãë=EakpF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PPR = ^ÄÄK=VKUW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÉáåÉë=tÉÄòìÖêáÑÑÉë=ãáí=eqqmKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PPU = ^ÄÄK=VKVW=jçÇÉää=òìê=kìíòìåÖ=ÇÉë=cáäÉ=qê~åëÑÉê=mêçíçÅçäë=EcqmFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQN = ^ÄÄK=VKNMW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=bJj~áäJqê~åëÑÉêë=îçã=hìåÇÉå=òìã=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåKKKKKKKKKKK PQQ = ^ÄÄK=VKNNW=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÑΩê=sçfm=å~ÅÜ=fqrJq=eKPOPKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQU = ^ÄÄK=VKNOW=hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=îçå=eKPOP=ìåÇ=pfm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQV = ^ÄÄK=VKNPW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÉáåÉê=pfmJpÉëëáçå=òïáëÅÜÉå=òïÉá=fmJqÉäÉÑçåÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PRP = ^ÄÄK=VKNQW=aáÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÉáåÉë=fåíê~åÉíë=áã=ïÉáíÉêÉå=páååÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PRS = ^ÄÄK=VKNRW=sÉê~êÄÉáíìåÖ=ÉáåÉë=_ÉåìíòÉê~ìÑíê~ÖÉë=áå=ÉáåÉê=PJqáÉêJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKKKKKK PRU = ^ÄÄK=VKNSW=^ÄëÅÜáêãìåÖ=ÉáåÉë=`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâë=ÇìêÅÜ=ÉáåÉ=cáêÉï~ää KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PSN = ^ÄÄK=VKNTW=sÉêëÅÜäΩëëÉäìåÖ=ìåÇ=e~ëÜJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PSP = ^ÄÄK=VKNUW=^åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=sÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=òìê=ëáÅÜÉêÉå=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKK PSR= ^ÄÄK=VKNVW=báåë~íòã∏ÖäáÅÜâÉáíÉå=îçå=smkë=ÑΩê=ëáÅÜÉêÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå KKKKKK PST = ^ÄÄK=VKOMW=aáÉ=^^^J^êÅÜáíÉâíìê=òìë~ããÉå=ãáí=o^afrp=ìåÇ=b^mKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PSV =
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Verarbeitung/ Speicherung von Informationen
Austausch von Informationen: Kommunikation
Verarbeitung/ Speicherung von Informationen
Verarbeitung/ Speicherung von Informationen
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Nachrichten Telefonnetz
Endeinrichtungen
Endeinrichtungen
Übertragungs- und Vermittlungseinrichtungen
Beispiel eines Computers: Der PC (Desktop Computer) Ausgabe Daten
Verarbeitung/ Speicherung
Eingabe
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Endeinrichtungen (Sender/Empfänger) Netzwerk
Integration Nachrichtenübertragungsfunktionen
Integration
Integration
Datenverarbeitungsfunktionen
Computer (Maschinelle Datenverarbeitung)
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(Software: Browser, Datenbankserver usw.) Virtuelle Verbindung
A2
Kommunikationsarchitektur (Software: Protokollstapel)
Netztopologie (Hardware und Übertragungsmedien)
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1.3
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Computer
DEE
Kommunikationssubsystem
Computer
Netz
DEE
DÜE
Schnittstelle
DÜE
Schnittstelle
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Netz
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Netzwerkadapter (Netzwerkkarte)
Computer (Datenstation)
Technischer Teil: Hardware (Kommunikationssubsystem)
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Punkt-zu-alle-Übertragung (Broadcast) 1 DEE
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Telefonsystem: Verbindungsorientierter Dienst
Datenübertragung Datenübertragung Datenübertragung Verbindungsauflösung Auflösungsbestätigung Zeit
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Clients
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MS Windows-Systeme
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PC-LAN
PC-LAN
Lokale PCs
Dezentrale Computer
Minicomputer
Mainframe
Zentrale Computer
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Transitsystem (Netzwerk)
Endsystem (Computer)
I
Protokoll der Anwendungsschicht Protokoll der Schicht N + 1 Protokoll der Schicht N Protokoll der Schicht N - 1 .
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KD (N - 1)
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VI I
KD (N + 1)
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KD (N)
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KD (N - 1)
I
VI: Verarbeitungsinstanz (Anwendung), I: Instanz, KD: Kommunikationsdienst
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Dienstbenutzer 1. N-Connectrequest (...)
Dienstbenutzer 4. N-Connectconfirm (...)
3. 2. N-ConnectN-Connectresponse (...) indication (...)
SAPs (Service Access Points) Diensterbringer
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Dienstelemente des Dienstes N
Protokollinstanz
PDUs des Protokolls N
Protokollinstanz
Dienstelemente des Dienstes N - 1
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Endsystem (Computer)
Transitsystem (Netz)
IDU Schicht N + 1
ICI
SDU SAP
Schicht N
ICI
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SDU
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SDU PDU
IDU: Interface Data Unit ICI: Interface Control Information SDU: Service Data Unit
SAP: Service Access Point H: Header PDU: Protocol Data Unit
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Transportorientierte Schichten
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Anwendungsschicht
Bereitstellung anwendungsspezifischer Kommunikationsdienste Daten
Darstellungsschicht
Einheitliche, standardisierte Informationsdarstellung
Sitzungsschicht
Logische Verbindung von zwei Anwendungsprozessen
bzw.
Nachrichten
Transportschicht Vermittlungsschicht Sicherungsschicht Bitübertragungsschicht
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lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääI=
•
fåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ=pí~åÇ~êÇë=ÄòïK=kçêãÉå=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=_~ëáë=ÇÉë= lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääë= EłlpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë= ÄòïK= łlpfJkçêJ ãÉåFI= UP
=
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•
aÉJc~ÅíçJpí~åÇ~êÇë= EfåÇìëíêáÉJpí~åÇ~êÇëF= ìåÇ= å~ÅÜ= aÉJ Ñ~ÅíçJpí~åÇ~êÇë=êÉ~äáëáÉêíÉ=mêçíçâçääáãéäÉãÉåíáÉêìåÖÉåK=
a~ë= lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää= ëÉäÄëí= áëí= ÜÉìíÉ= ÉáåÉ= ìåìãëíêáííÉåÉ= ìåÇ= åáÅÜí= ãÉÜê= ïÉÖòìÇÉåâÉåÇÉ= _ÉòìÖëÄ~ëáë= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= _ÉëÅÜêÉáJ ÄìåÖ= îçå= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉåK= cΩê= ÇáÉ= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå= ïìêÇÉå= ò~ÜäêÉáÅÜÉ= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇë= ÄòïK= kçêãÉå= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíI= ÇáÉ= ÇáÉ= àÉïÉáäáÖÉå= ëÅÜáÅÜíëéÉòáÑáëÅÜÉå= aáÉåëíÉ= ìåÇ= mêçíçâçääÉ= ëéÉòáÑáòáÉêÉåK= aáÉëÉ= lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë= êÉáÅÜÉå= îçå= ÇÉê= éÜóëáâ~äáëÅÜÉå= pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉåÇÉÑáåáíáçå= sKOQ= ÇÉê= fqrJq= ~ìÑ= ÇÉê= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= N= Äáë= Üáå= òìã= pí~åÇ~êÇ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= cáäÉíê~åëÑÉê= cq^j= ÇÉê= fplJkçêã= URTN= ~ìÑ= ÇÉê= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= TK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= PKNN= ÖáÄí= ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉ=^ìëï~Üä=ÄÉâ~ååíÉê=lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇëK= =
OSI-Schicht
7
Application: ISO 8571 (FTAM), 9040 (VT), ... ITU-T X.400 (MHS), X.500 (Directory Services), ...
6
Presentation: ISO 8822/23 (COPP), 8824/5 (ASN.1)
5
Session: ISO 8326/7 (COSP)
4
End-to-End: ISO 8072/3 (COTP), 8602 (CLTP)
3
Packet Switching: ISO 8208 (CONP), ISO 8473 (CLNP), ITU-T X.25 (PLP), Q.930/1 (ISDN), I.121, Q.2931 (ATM)
2
WAN: ISO 3309, 4335, ... (HDLC , LAPB, LAPD, ...), LAN: IEEE 802.X (LLC, Ethernet, Token Ring, ...)
1
WAN-Interfaces: ITU-T V.24, X.21, LAN-Verkabelung: TIA/EIA 568, ISO/IEC 11801
= ^ÄÄK=PKNNW=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÄÉâ~ååíÉ=lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë= _Éíê~ÅÜíÉí= ã~å= fãéäÉãÉåíáÉêìåÖÉå= îçå= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= ìåÇ= lpfJmêçíçâçääáãéäÉãÉåíáÉêìåÖÉåI= ëç= ÉêÖáÄí= ëáÅÜ=Éáå=ÖÉãáëÅÜíÉë=_áäÇW= •
UQ=
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=
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lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= PW= báåÉêëÉáíë= ëÉíòÉå= áã= t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= îáÉäÉ= éêáî~íÉ= ìåÇ= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= kÉíòÄÉíêÉáÄÉê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëíÉÅÜJ åçäçÖáÉå= ÉáåI= ÇáÉ= ~ìÑ= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= òì= ÇÉå=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=N=Äáë=P=~ìÑÄ~ìÉåW=òì=åÉååÉå=ëáåÇ=ÜáÉê= Ç~ë= fpak= ìåÇ= m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖëåÉíòÉ= ~ìÑ= _~ëáë= îçå= uKORI= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= çÇÉê= ^qj= E^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë= qê~åëÑÉê= jçÇÉFK=^åÇÉêÉêëÉáíë=Ü~í=ÇÉê=ïÉäíïÉáíÉ=páÉÖÉëòìÖ=ÇÉê=fåJ íÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ= ~äë= aÉJÑ~ÅíçJpí~åÇ~êÇ= ÇáÉ= ÜÉêëíÉääÉêëéÉòáÑáëÅÜÉå= lpfJmêçíçâçääáãéäÉãÉåíáÉêìåÖÉå= ~ÄÖÉä∏ëíI=ëçÇ~ëë=~ìÅÜ=áå=Öê∏≈ÉêÉå=båÇëóëíÉãÉå=EwÉåíê~äJ êÉÅÜåÉêåI= pÉêîÉêåF= â~ìã= åçÅÜ= lpfJmêçíçâçääJpí~Åâë= òì= ÑáåÇÉå=ëáåÇK=fmJm~âÉíÉ=ïÉêÇÉå=ÇÉëÜ~äÄ=áã=t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= ãÉáëí= ÇìêÅÜ= lpfJmêçíçâçääáãéäÉåíáÉêìåÖÉå= ÉáåÖÉâ~éëÉäí= ìåÇ=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK=
•
lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=Q=Äáë=TW=eÉêëíÉääÉê=ìåÇ=^åïÉåÇÉê=Ü~ÄÉå= ëáÅÜ= éê~âíáëÅÜ= ~ìëå~Üãëäçë= îçå= ÇÉê= lpfJmêçíçâçääïÉäí= îÉê~ÄëÅÜáÉÇÉí= ìåÇ= ëÉíòÉå= åìê= åçÅÜ= ÇáÉ= fåíÉêåÉíJ mêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ= ÇÉë= aÉJÑ~ÅíçJpí~åÇ~êÇë= ãáí= ÇÉå= ÄÉâ~ååíÉå=^åïÉåÇìåÖëÇáÉåëíÉå=EeqqmI=cqm=ìëïKF=ÉáåK=
3.5
Die Internet-Protokollfamilie
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fã= dÉÖÉåë~íò= òìê= mêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ= ÄòïK= mêçíçâçääJpìáíÉ= áëí= Éáå= łmêçíçâçääJpí~Åâ= Emêçíçâçääëí~éÉäI= mêçíçÅçä= pí~ÅâF= ÉáåÉ= jÉåÖÉ= îçå=mêçíçâçääÉåI=ÇáÉ=~ìÑ=ÉáåÉã=`çãéìíÉê=áåëí~ääáÉêí=ëáåÇ=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ= ~äë= ~ìëÑΩÜêÄ~êÉê= mêçÖê~ããJ`çÇÉ= ÇáÉ= hçããìåáâ~íáçå= òïáJ ëÅÜÉå= òïÉá= ^åïÉåÇìåÖëéêçòÉëëÉå= ëíÉìÉêåK= báå= tÉÄÄêçïëÉê= îÉêïÉåÇÉí= ÄÉáëéáÉäëïÉáëÉ= Ç~ë= mêçíçâçää= eqqm= òìê= oÉ~äáëáÉêìåÖ= ëÉáåÉë= hçããìåáâ~íáçåëÇáÉåëíÉëK= aáÉëÉë= ëÉíòí= ëÉáåÉêëÉáíë= ~ìÑ= ÉáJ åÉã= ~âíáîáÉêíÉå= q`mLfmJmêçíçâçääJpí~Åâ= ~ìÑI= ÇÉê= ïáÉÇÉêìã= Éáå= ~ìëÑΩÜêÄ~êÉë= pÅÜáÅÜíJOJmêçíçâçää= òìã= ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíÉå= kÉíòïÉêâJ ~Ç~éíÉê=EòK=_K=bíÜÉêåÉíâ~êíÉF=îÉêïÉåÇÉíK=
aáÉ=açaJ hçããìåáâ~íáJ çåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=
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US=
= =
PKR== aáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ= •
kÉíïçêâ=^ÅÅÉëë=i~óÉêW=páÉ=ÄáÉíÉí=ÇáÉ=_~ëáë=ÑΩê=ÉáåÉ=ëáJ ÅÜÉêÉ= EòìîÉêä®ëëáÖÉF= éÜóëáëÅÜÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= òïáëÅÜÉå= òïÉá=éÜóëáëÅÜ=ÄÉå~ÅÜÄ~êíÉå=póëíÉãÉå=ìåÇ=ÖÉÜ∏êí=ëÉäÄëí= åáÅÜí=òìê=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉK=fÜêÉ=òÉåíê~äÉå= ^ìÑÖ~J ÄÉå=ëáåÇ=ÇáÉ=éÜóëáâ~äáëÅÜÉ=_áíΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI=ÇáÉ=píÉìÉêìåÖ= ÇÉë= kÉíòòìÖêáÑÑë= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ=oÉ~äáëáÉêìåÖ= òìîÉêä®ëëáÖÉê= éÜóJ ëáëÅÜÉê=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåK=
=
DoD-Schicht
Application Layer 4
FTP, HTTP, DNS, ... (zahlreiche Kommunikationsdienste der Internet-Protokollfamilie)
3
TCP, UDP (verbindungsorientierter und verbindungsloser Transportdienst)
Transport Layer
Internet Layer 2
1
IP (verbindungsloser Netzwerkdienst mit zahlreichen weiteren Routing- und Steuerungsprotokollen)
Network Access Layer Ethernet, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, ... (WAN- und LANInfrastruktur, gehört nicht zur Internet-Protokollfamilie)
= ^ÄÄK=PKNOW=aáÉ=açaJhçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê= •
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PKR== aáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ= ÄÉêåáããí= Ç~ãáí= ^ìÑÖ~ÄÉå= ÇÉê= páíòìåÖëëÅÜáÅÜí= ElpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= Q= ìåÇ= Éáå= píΩÅâ= îçå= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= RFK= a~ë= cqmJmêçíçâçää= ëÅÜäáÉ≈J äáÅÜ= âΩããÉêí= ëáÅÜ= åÉÄÉå= ÇÉê= a~íÉáΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ~ìÅÜ= ìã= ÉáåÉ= ÉáåÜÉáíäáÅÜÉ= a~íÉåÇ~êëíÉääìåÖ= ìåÇ= ä®ëëí= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= é~ê~ääÉäÉ= pÉëëáJ çåë=òì=ElpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=R=Äáë=TFK= = DoD-Schichten: Sicht eines Internetnutzers
OSI-Schichten
DoD-Schichten: Sicht eines Netzwerkadministrators
Anwendungsschicht HTTP, FTP, DNS, ...
Darstellungsschicht
Anwendung
Sitzungsschicht TCP
Transportschicht
End-to-End Internet
IP Vermittlungsschicht Netzzugang
Sicherungsschicht
Subnetz
Bitübertragungsschicht
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Daten
Anwendung
Anwendung
Nachricht Application Layer
H Daten
Application Layer
Segment Transport Layer
H Nachricht
Transport Layer
Paket Internet Layer Network Access Layer
H
Segment Frame
H
Paket
Internet Layer Network Access Layer
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VM=
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Application Telnet Layer
FTP
SMTP HTTP
Transport Layer
TCP ICMP IGMP
DNS
TFTP SNMP DHCP
...
UDP
…
Internet Layer
BGP OSPF
RIP
…
IP
ARP
RARP Netzwerkprotokolle
Network Access Layer
...
Routingprotokolle
WAN- und LAN-Infrastruktur der OSI-Schichten 1 bis 3 (sie bildet die Basis für die Internet-Protokollfamilie)
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Internet
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ISOC Headquarters and Secretariat: Reston, Virginia (USA) Global
Members
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Collaboration, Funding, Elections
Local Members
Individuals and Organizations (Companies, Government Agencies, Non-Profit-Organizations) of more than 180 Countries
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IETF
Research Groups
Working Groups
INET
Internet and Network Conferences
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IANA IANA
Network Training Workshops
International Community of Network Designers, Operators, Vendors and Researchers
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Internet
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Headquarters: Marina del Rey, California (USA) Advisory Committees
Board of Directors
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GNSO • Commercial & Business gTLD Registries • Internet Service & Connection Providers • ...
CCNSO • ccTLD Managers • Regional Internet (IP address) Registries • Root Name Server Operators
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Bit-Sequenz
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Flag Frame
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Basisbandübertragung Bandbreite
Breitbandübertragung Bandbreite
10 MHz
10 MHz
Übertragungskanal 3 Übertragungskanal 2
1 Übertragungskanal
Übertragungskanal 1
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Paar 1
1b
Zusätzliche Gesamtschirmung
STP-Kabel
2a
S/UTP-Kabel
S/STP-Kabel
Paar 2
2b Zusätzliche Paarschirmung
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Paar 3 Paar 4 P.1 Paar 2 87654321
RJ45-Stecker TX+ 1 TX- 2 RX+ 3 4 5 RX- 6 7 8
Paar 3 Paar 2 P.1 Paar 4 12345678
Pin-Belegung - Ethernet: Paare 2 und 3 - Token Ring: Paare 1 und 3 - ISDN: Paare 1 und 3 - ATM: Paare 2 und 4
RJ45-Buchse 1 RX+ 2 RX3 TX+ 4 5 6 TX7 8
Straight-Through-Kabel
TX+ 1 TX- 2 RX+ 3 4 5 RX- 6 7 8
1 TX+ 2 TX3 RX+ 4 5 6 RX7 8
Crossover-Kabel
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_êÉáíÄ~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ÑáåÇÉå= áÜêÉå= báåë~íò= áã= t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= ÄÉáã=h~ÄÉäÑÉêåëÉÜÉå=ìåÇ=h~ÄÉäêìåÇÑìåâK=§ÄÉê=ÇáÉ=hç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ÇÉê= sÉêíÉáäåÉíòÉ= ÉêÑçäÖí= ÉáåÉ= ~å~äçÖÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ÇÉê= cÉêåJ ëÉÜJ= ìåÇ= oìåÇÑìåâëÉåÇìåÖÉå= áã= _êÉáíÄ~åÇîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= òì= ÇÉå= e~ìëÜ~äíÉå= ÇÉê= cÉêåëÉÜòìëÅÜ~ìÉê= ìåÇ= oìåÇÑìåâÜ∏êÉêK= _êÉáíJ Ä~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= Ü~ÄÉå= áÜêÉå= rêëéêìåÖ= áã= ãáäáí®êáëÅÜÉå= _ÉJ êÉáÅÜK=páÉ=íê~ÖÉå=ÇáÉ=EåáÅÜí=ãÉÜê=å~ÅÜîçääòáÉÜÄ~êÉF=_ÉòÉáÅÜåìåÖ= odJRV= ~ìë= ÇÉå= îáÉêòáÖÉê= g~ÜêÉåI= Ü~ÄÉå= ÉáåÉå= ÜáëíçêáëÅÜ= ÄÉÖêΩåJ ÇÉíÉå= tÉääÉåïáÇÉêëí~åÇ= îçå= TR= lÜã= ìåÇ= â∏ååÉå= cêÉèìÉåòÉå= Äáë=ãáåÇÉëíÉåë=PMM=jeò=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK=fÜêÉ=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=ïáêÇ=áå=h~J å®äÉ=îçå=ãÉáëí=S=jeò=~ìÑÖÉíÉáäíK=aáÉëÉ=h~å®äÉ=ïÉêÇÉå=ÑΩê=~å~äçJ ÖÉ=cÉêåëÉÜJ=ìåÇ=oìåÇÑìåâëÉåÇìåÖÉå=ëçïáÉ=ìåíÉê=wìÜáäÑÉå~ÜãÉ= ÇáÖáí~äÉê= jçÇìä~íáçåëíÉÅÜåáâ= òìåÉÜãÉåÇ= ~ìÅÜ= ÑΩê= ÇáÖáí~äÉ= _áíJ ëíê∏ãÉ= îÉêïÉåÇÉíI= ÄÉáëéáÉäëïÉáëÉ= ÑΩê= ÇáÖáí~äÉ= o~ÇáçJ= ìåÇ= cÉêåJ ëÉÜëÉåÇìåÖÉå=áå=`aLasaJnì~äáí®í=ìåÇ=~ìÅÜ=ëÅÜçå=ÑΩê=fåíÉêåÉíJ ~åëÅÜäΩëëÉK= a~= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ÉáåÉ= ~å~äçÖÉ= qê®ÖÉêÑêÉèìÉåò= ÄÉåìíJ òÉåI= ÄÉå∏íáÖÉå= ëáÉ= ÑΩê= ä®åÖÉêÉ= píêÉÅâÉå= ~å~äçÖÉ= sÉêëí®êâÉêK= cêΩJ ÜÉê= ïìêÇÉå= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ~ìÅÜ= ~ìÑ= cÉêåëíêÉÅâÉå= áã= qÉäÉÑçååÉíò=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK=fåòïáëÅÜÉå=ëáåÇ=ëáÉ=Ççêí=àÉÇçÅÜ=Ñ~ëí=~ìëJ å~Üãëäçë=ÇìêÅÜ=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=ÉêëÉíòí=ïçêÇÉåK=
4.4
Übertragung über Lichtwellenleiter dÉÖÉåΩÄÉê= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉå= iÉáíÉêå= ÄáÉíÉå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= EitiF= åçÅÜ= îáÉä= Ü∏ÜÉêÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÄ~åÇÄêÉáíÉåK= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ïÉêÇÉå=~äë= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=EcáÄÉê=léíáÅ=`~ÄäÉF=~ìë=äìéÉåêÉáJ åÉã= nì~êòÖä~ë= ÜÉêÖÉëíÉääí= ìåÇ= â∏ååÉå= ïÉÖÉå= áÜêÉê= ÖÉêáåÖÉå= a®ãéÑìåÖ= Öêç≈É= båíÑÉêåìåÖÉå= ΩÄÉêÄêΩÅâÉåK= ^ì≈ÉêÇÉã= Ü~ÄÉå= ëáÉ= ïÉáíÉêÉ= sçêíÉáäÉ= ïáÉ= ÜçÜÉ= ^ÄÜ∏êëáÅÜÉêÜÉáí= ìåÇ= rå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖJ âÉáí= îçå= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉê= píê~ÜäìåÖ= Epí∏êÑÉëíáÖâÉáí= ìåÇ= âÉáåÉ= ëí∏êÉåÇÉ=^ìëëíê~ÜäìåÖFK= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=ïìêÇÉå=òìå®ÅÜëí=áã=_~ÅâÄçåÉJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ=îçå=qÉäÉJ âçããìåáâ~íáçåëåÉíòÉå= îÉêäÉÖíK= fåòïáëÅÜÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå= ïÉÖÉå= áÜêÉê= sçêíÉáäÉ= áå= Ñ~ëí= ~ääÉå= _ÉêÉáÅÜÉå= îçå= i^këI= j^këI= t^kë= ìåÇ= d^kë= ãáí= ^ìëå~ÜãÉ= ÇÉê= łi~ëí= jáäÉ= ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK= kìê= ÇáÉ= bí~ÖÉåîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= áå= i^kë= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= t^kJwìÖ®åÖÉ= ÄäÉáÄÉå= ãÉáëí=ÇÉå=ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉå=iÉáíÉêå=îçêÄÉÜ~äíÉåX=ÇÉåå=ÉáåÉ=`çãéìíÉêJ ~åÄáåÇìåÖ= ΩÄÉê= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ= iÉáíÉê= áëí= áå= i^kë= áå= ÇÉê= oÉÖÉä= âçëJ
NOQ=
= =
QKQ== §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= íÉåÖΩåëíáÖÉêI= ìåÇ= áã= t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= ï®êÉ= ÉáåÉ= kÉìîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ~ääÉê=îçêÜ~åÇÉåÉå=qÉáäåÉÜãÉê~åëÅÜäìëëäÉáíìåÖÉå=òì=~ìÑïÉåÇáÖK= hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÉáJ åÉë=çéíáëÅÜÉå=§J ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëJ íÉãë=
wìê= çéíáëÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= ÇáÉ= ãáí= fåÑê~êçíJiáÅÜí= ~êÄÉáíÉíI= ïÉêJ ÇÉå=åÉÄÉå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå=åçÅÜ=ïÉáíÉêÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÄÉå∏J íáÖíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNP= ëíÉääí= ÇÉå= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉë= çéíáëÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãë=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~ê=EîÖäK=xNVzI=pK=OSS=ÑÑKFK= =
Sender
Optisches Übertragungssystem
Elektrooptischer Wandler
Empfänger
Optoelektronischer Wandler
Lichtwellenleiter DÜE Computer oder Netzwerkgerät
DÜE Fotodiode
LED/Laserdiode
Elektrisches Signal
Optisches Signal (Lichtwellen)
Computer oder Netzwerkgerät
Elektrisches Signal
= ^ÄÄK=QKNPW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=çéíáëÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãë= aáÉ= òì= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÇÉå= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉå= páÖå~äÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= îçå= ÉáåÉã= ÉäÉâíêççéíáëÅÜÉå= t~åÇäÉêI= ÇÉê= ~ìë= ÉáåÉê= iáÅÜíèìÉääÉ= ìåÇ= ÉáJ åÉã= jçÇìä~íçê= ÄÉëíÉÜíI= áå= çéíáëÅÜÉ= páÖå~äÉ= ìãÖÉï~åÇÉäíK= aáÉ= iáÅÜíèìÉääÉ= ÉêòÉìÖí= ÜáÉêòì= ÉáåÉ= qê®ÖÉêÑêÉèìÉåòI= ~ìÑ= ÇáÉ= ÇÉê= jçJ Çìä~íçê=ÇáÉ=ÇáÖáí~äÉå=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåëáÖå~äÉ=~ìÑéê®ÖíK=aáÉë=ÖÉëÅÜáÉÜí= ãÉáëí=ÇìêÅÜ=s~êá~íáçå=ÇÉê=pí®êâÉ=ÉáåÉë=iáÅÜíëíê~ÜäëK=pç=â∏ååÉå=òK= _K= ÇáÉ= kìääÉå= ìåÇ= báåëÉå= ÉáåÉë= _áíëíêçãë= ~äë= ëÅÜï~ÅÜÉê= ÄòïK= ëí~êâÉê= iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= ãáí= âäÉáåÉê= ÄòïK= Öêç≈Éê= ^ãéäáíìÇÉ= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääí= ïÉêÇÉåK=aáÉ=ÉêòÉìÖíÉ=iáÅÜíïÉääÉ=ïáêÇ=ÇìêÅÜ=ÇÉå=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáJ íÉê= òìã= bãéÑ®åÖÉê= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåI= ÇÉëëÉå= çéíçÉäÉâíêçåáëÅÜÉê= t~åÇäÉê= ~ìë= ÉáåÉã= iáÅÜíÉãéÑ®åÖÉê= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉã= aÉãçÇìä~íçê= ÄÉëíÉÜíK= aÉê= çéíçÉäÉâíêçåáëÅÜÉ= t~åÇäÉê= ÑΩÜêí= ÉáåÉ= oΩÅâï~åÇJ äìåÖ=ÇÉê=çéíáëÅÜÉå=páÖå~äÉ=áå=ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ=páÖå~äÉ=ÇìêÅÜK= ^äë= iáÅÜíèìÉääÉ= ÑΩê= Ç~ë= ìåëáÅÜíÄ~êÉ= fåÑê~êçíJiáÅÜí= ïáêÇ= ÉåíïÉÇÉê= ÉáåÉ= iba= EiáÖÜí= bãáííáåÖ= aáçÇÉF= çÇÉê= ÉáåÉ= i~ëÉêÇáçÇÉ= ÄÉJ åìíòí= Ei^pboW= iáÖÜí= ^ãéäáÑáÅ~íáçå= Äó= píáãìä~íÉÇ= bãáëëáçå= çÑ= o~J Çá~íáçåFK=^äë=iáÅÜíÉãéÑ®åÖÉê=ÇáÉåí=Ç~ÖÉÖÉå=ÉáåÉ=cçíçÇáçÇÉK= NOR =
Q=
k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=
táÉ= äÉáíÉí= åìå= Éáå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ÉáåÉ= iáÅÜíïÉääÉ= ïÉáíÉê\= bë= a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê= ïÉêÇÉå=ÜáÉêòì=Éáå=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇáÅÜíÉêÉë=jÉÇáìã=ãáí=ÉáåÉê=Öê∏≈ÉJ iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíìåÖ= êÉå=_êÉÅÜò~Üä=å =ìåÇ=Éáå=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇΩååÉêÉë=jÉÇáìã=ãáí=ÉáåÉê= âäÉáåÉêÉå= _êÉÅÜò~Üä= å = ÄÉå∏íáÖíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNQ= òÉáÖí= ÇÉå= wìJ ë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉã= báåÑ~ääëïáåâÉä= α= ìåÇ= ÇÉã= _êÉJ ÅÜìåÖëïáåâÉä=αÛ=EîÖäK=xNMzI=pK=OUQ=ÑÑKX=xPSzI=pK=NNP=ÑKFK= = Akzeptanzwinkel Totalreflexion Optisch dünneres Medium
Optisch dichteres Medium
n2
Brechungswinkel
Brechungswinkel
α‘
αG‘
α Einfallswinkel
Lichtstrahl Lot
α‘ α
αG
n1
Brechungswinkel
Einfallswinkel Lot
Einfallswinkel Lot
Mantelglas Kernglas Lichtstrahl
Mantelglas
= ^ÄÄK=QKNQW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíìåÖ= dêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜ=ïáêÇ=Éáå=iáÅÜíëíê~ÜäI=ÇÉê=îçå=ÉáåÉã=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇáÅÜíÉJ êÉå=jÉÇáìã=EòK=_K=t~ëëÉêF=~ìÑ=Éáå=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇΩååÉêÉë=jÉÇáìã=EòK= _K= iìÑíF= íêáÑÑíI= ~å= ÇÉê= jÉÇáÉåÖêÉåòÉ= îçã= içí= ïÉÖ= ÖÉÄêçÅÜÉåK= táêÇ= åìå= ÇÉê= báåÑ~ääëïáåâÉä= α= Äáë= òìã= dêÉåòïáåâÉä= α = îÉêÖê∏J ≈ÉêíI= ëç= îÉêä®ìÑí= ÇÉê= ÖÉÄêçÅÜÉåÉ= iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= Éåíä~åÖ= ÇÉê= jÉÇáÉåJ ÖêÉåòÉ=EmÜ~ëÉåÖêÉåòÉFK=aÉå=dêÉåòïáåâÉäI=~Ä=ÇÉã=Éáå=iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= åáÅÜí= ãÉÜê= áå= Ç~ë= çéíáëÅÜ= ÇΩååÉêÉ= jÉÇáìã= ÉáåíêáííI= åÉååí= ã~å= ~ìÅÜ=^âòÉéí~åòïáåâÉäK=táêÇ=ÇÉê=báåÑ~ääëïáåâÉä=åçÅÜ=Öê∏≈Éê=~äë= ÇÉê= ^âòÉéí~åòïáåâÉäI= ëç= ïáêÇ= ÇÉê= iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= íçí~ä= êÉÑäÉâíáÉêíK= få= ÇáÉëÉã=c~ää=ëéêáÅÜí=ã~å=îçå=ÉáåÉê=qçí~äêÉÑäÉñáçåK= _Éá=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå=áëí=Ç~ë=hÉêåÖä~ë=E`çêÉF=Ç~ë=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇáÅÜJ ^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå= íÉêÉ=jÉÇáìã=ìåÇ=Ç~ë=ÇÉå=hÉêå=ìãÖÉÄÉåÇÉ=j~åíÉäÖä~ë=E`ä~ÇJ ÇáåÖF=Ç~ë=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇΩååÉêÉ=jÉÇáìãK=táêÇ=åìå=Éáå=iáÅÜíëíê~Üä=ãáí= ãáåÇÉëíÉåë= ÇÉã= ^âòÉéí~åòïáåâÉä= áå= Ç~ë= hÉêåÖä~ë= ÉáåÖÉëéÉáëíI= ëç= äÉáíÉí= áÜå= Ç~ë= j~åíÉäÖä~ë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÇáÉ= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ= _êÉÅÜìåÖ= NOS=
= =
QKQ== §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ïÉáíÉêK= gÉÇÉ= dä~ëÑ~ëÉê= ÉáåÉë= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉäë= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= hÉêåJ= ìåÇ= j~åíÉäÖä~ë= ãáí= aìêÅÜãÉëëÉêå= áã= µJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= EjáâêçãÉíÉêÄÉJ êÉáÅÜF=ëçïáÉ=ÉáåÉê=rãÜΩääìåÖ=~ìë=hìåëíëíçÑÑ=EëK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=QKNRFK= = Glasfaser mit Ummantelung (Vollader)
Mantelglas
Umhüllung aus Kunststoff
Kernglas
Glasfaser
Glasfaserkabel (Bündelader) Außenmantel Zugentlastung Stützelement Vollader Glasfaser (Mantel- und Kernglas)
= ^ÄÄK=QKNRW=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉäå= få= ÉáåÉã= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä= ëáåÇ= çÑí= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå= òì= ëçÖK= _ΩåÇÉä~ÇÉêå=áå=ÉáåÉê=eΩääÉ=òìë~ããÉåÖÉÑ~ëëíK=rã=ÇáÉ=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå= ìåÇ=ÇáÉ=eΩääÉ=îçå=ÇÉå=wìÖâê®ÑíÉå=òì=Éåíä~ëíÉåI=ÇáÉ=áåëÄÉëçåÇÉêÉ= ÇìêÅÜ= _áÉÖÉå= ìåÇ= qÉãéÉê~íìêëÅÜï~åâìåÖÉå= ÉåíëíÉÜÉåI= áëí= ÇáÉ= eΩääÉ= ãÉáëí= ãáí= ÉáåÉã= dÉä= ÖÉÑΩääíK= eáåòì= âçããÉå= åçÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= wìÖÉåíä~ëíìåÖ= EÄÉá= ^ì≈Éåâ~ÄÉäå= ãáí= k~ÖÉíáÉêëÅÜìíòF= ìåÇ= Éáå= ^ì≈Éåã~åíÉä=~ìë=hìåëíëíçÑÑI=ÇÉê=ëÅÜäáÉ≈äáÅÜ=Ç~ë=ÖÉë~ãíÉ=dä~ëÑ~J ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=ëÅÜΩíòíK== a~ë=a®ãéÑìåÖëJ îÉêÜ~äíÉå=ÉáåÉë= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêë=
iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= Ü~ÄÉå= ÖÉå~ì= ëç= ïáÉ= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ= iÉáíÉê= Éáå= ÄÉJ ëíáããíÉë= a®ãéÑìåÖëîÉêÜ~äíÉåK= aáÉ= a®ãéÑìåÖ= ÉáåÉë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= dä~ëÑ~ëÉê= ÖÉÑΩÜêíÉå= iáÅÜíëíê~Üäë= Ü®åÖí= îçå= ëÉáåÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= ~ÄK= råíÉê= ÇÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= îÉêëíÉÜí= ã~å= ÇÉå= ^Äëí~åÇ= òïáëÅÜÉå= òïÉá= ~ìÑÉáå~åÇÉê= ÑçäÖÉåÇÉå= pÅÜïáåÖìåÖëJj~ñáã~= EÄòïK= pÅÜïáåÖëJjáåáã~FK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNS= òÉáÖí= Ç~ë= a®ãéÑìåÖëîÉêÜ~äJ íÉå=ÉáåÉë=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêëK=aáÉ=a®ãéÑìåÖI=ÇáÉ=áå=Ç_Lâã=EaÉòáJ ÄÉäLháäçãÉíÉêF= ÖÉãÉëëÉå= ïáêÇI= ëáåâí= òìå®ÅÜëí= ãáí= òìåÉÜãÉåÇÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= ìåÇ= ëíÉáÖí= Ç~åå= ÄÉá= NSMM= k~åçãÉíÉêå= ENSMM= jáääáJ ~êÇëíÉä= jÉíÉêå>F= ïáÉÇÉê= ~åK= _Éá= ÉáåÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= îçå= URM= åãI= NOT =
Q=
k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= NPMM= åã= ìåÇ= NRRM= åã= ÖáÄí= Éë= àÉïÉáäë= ÉáåÉå= _ÉêÉáÅÜ= ãáí= ÉáåÉê= åáÉÇêáÖÉêÉå=a®ãéÑìåÖK=aáÉëÉ=ÇêÉá=łçéíáëÅÜÉå=cÉåëíÉê=ïÉêÇÉå= ÇÉëÜ~äÄ=ÄÉá=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå=òìê=páÖå~äΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ÖÉåìíòí=Eòì= ÇÉå=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=báÖÉåëÅÜ~ÑíÉå=îçå=iti=îÖäK=xNMzI=pK=OUT=ÑÑKFK= = Dämpfung (dB/km) Optisches Fenster: 850 nm
2,0 1,8
Optisches Fenster: 1300 nm
Optisches Fenster: 1550 nm
1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Wellenlänge (nm)
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= Sekundärbereich: Gebäudeverkabelung
Sekundärbereich: Gebäudeverkabelung
Tertiärbereich: Etagenverkabelung
Tertiärbereich: Etagenverkabelung
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
FD
CD
BD
BD
Primärbereich: Geländeverkabelung zum WAN
CD: Campus Distributor, BD: Building Distributor, FD: Floor Distributor
= ^ÄÄK=QKNUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê=ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉå=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= NPO=
= =
QKR== píêìâíìêáÉêíÉ=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= få= ëÉáåÉê= ÉêëíÉå= sÉêëáçå= ëÅÜäìÖ= ÇÉê= pí~åÇ~êÇ= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= dÉÄ®ìÇÉJ= ìåÇ= bí~ÖÉåîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= SOIRLNORµJjìäíáãçÇÉJdê~ÇáÉåíÉåáåÇÉñJ Ñ~ëÉêåI= RMJlÜãJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉäI= NRMJlÜãJpqmJh~ÄÉä= ìåÇ= NMMJ lÜãJrmqJh~ÄÉä= îçêK= cΩê= ÇáÉ= ^åÄáåÇìåÖ= ÇÉê= _Ωêç~êÄÉáíëéä®íòÉ= ë~Ü=Éê=òïÉá=h~ÄÉä~åÄáåÇìåÖÉå=îçêI=ÉáåÉ=ÑΩê=Ç~ë=qÉäÉÑçå=ìåÇ=ÉáJ åÉ= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= aÉê= ïÉëÉåíäáÅÜÉ= k~ÅÜíÉáä= îçã= ìêJ ëéêΩåÖäáÅÜÉå=qf^Lbf^=RSU=áëí=Ç~êáå=òì=ëÉÜÉåI=Ç~ëë=ëáÅÜ=ÇáÉ=péÉòáJ Ñáâ~íáçåÉå= åìê= ~ìÑ= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêââçãéçåÉåíÉå= Eh~ÄÉä= ìåÇ= píÉÅâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåF=ÄÉëÅÜê®åâÉåK= fplLfb`=NNUMN= ìåÇ=bk=RMNTP=
NVVR= ïìêÇÉ= ÇÉê= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇ= fplLfb`= NNUMN= ãáí= ÇÉã= k~ãÉå= dÉåÉêáÅ= Å~ÄäáåÖ= Ñçê= ÅìëíçãÉê= éêÉãáëÉë= E^ääÖÉãÉáåÉ= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ÑΩê= hìåÇÉåÖêìåÇëíΩÅâÉF= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíI= ÇÉê= ïÉáíÖÉJ ÜÉåÇ= ãáí= ÇÉê= Ñ~ëí= ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖ= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíÉå= òïÉáíÉå= ^ìëÖ~ÄÉ= ÇÉë= ~ãÉêáâ~åáëÅÜÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= qf^Lbf^= RSU= ΩÄÉêÉáåëíáããíK= bê= ëéÉòáÑáòáÉêí= ~ÄÉê= åáÅÜí= åìê= h~íÉÖçêáÉå= îçå= hçãéçåÉåíÉåI= ëçåJ ÇÉêå= ~ìÅÜ= kÉíò~åïÉåÇìåÖëâä~ëëÉå= ÑΩê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉJ ÅâÉå= EiáåâJhä~ëëÉåFI= ïçÄÉá= ìåíÉê= ÉáåÉê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉ= Ö~åò=~ääÖÉãÉáå=ÉáåÉ=båÇÉJòìJbåÇÉJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=îÉêëí~åÇÉå=ïáêÇK= báåÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉ= ìãÑ~ëëí= fåëí~ää~íáçåëâ~ÄÉäI= m~íÅÜÑÉäÇÉêI= píÉÅâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=^åëÅÜäìëëÇçëÉå=Ó=ÇáÉ=dÉê®íÉ=ëÉäÄëí=ìåÇ= áÜêÉ= ^åëÅÜäìëëâ~ÄÉä= ÖÉÜ∏êÉå= àÉÇçÅÜ= åáÅÜí= ãÉÜê= òì= ÉáåÉã= iáåâ= Ç~òìK= aÉê=pí~åÇ~êÇ=fplLfb`=NNUMN=äáÉÖí=ëÉáí=OMMO=áå=ÉáåÉê=~âíì~äáëáÉêíÉå= OK=^ìëÖ~ÄÉ=îçê=ìåÇ=ÄáÉíÉí=ÇáÉ=_~ëáë=ÑΩê=ÉáåÉ=~åïÉåÇìåÖëåÉìíJ ê~äÉ= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ãáí= ÉáåÜÉáíäáÅÜÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëëóëíÉãÉå= ÑΩê= ~åïÉåÇìåÖëìå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖÉ=^åëÅÜäΩëëÉ=E`çãéìíÉêI=qÉäÉÑçåI=sáÇÉç= ìëïKFK=sçã=`bkbib`=ïìêÇÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=Ç~òì=ÇÉê=ëéêÉÅÜÉåÇ=~âíì~J äáëáÉêíÉ=Éìêçé®áëÅÜÉ=pí~åÇ~êÇ=bk=RMNTPWOMMO=ãáí=ÇÉã=k~ãÉå=fåJ Ñçêã~íáçå= qÉÅÜåçäçÖó= Ó= dÉåÉêáÅ= Å~ÄäáåÖ= ëóëíÉãë= ìåÇ= ãáí= ïÉáíÖÉÜÉåÇ= áÇÉåíáëÅÜÉã= fåÜ~äí= ÜÉê~ìëÖÉÖÉÄÉåK= bë= ÖáÄí= ~äëç= ÇÉêJ òÉáí= ÇêÉá= ÖΩäíáÖÉ= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëëí~åÇ~êÇëW= ÇÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇ= bk= RMNTP= ãáí=dΩäíáÖâÉáí=ÑΩê=bìêçé~I=ÇÉå=pí~åÇ~êÇ=qf^Lbf^=RSU=ãáí=^åïÉåJ ÇìåÖ=áå=kçêÇ~ãÉêáâ~=ìåÇ=ÇÉå=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=pí~åÇ~êÇ=fplLfb`= NNUMN=ãáí=áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉê=dΩäíáÖâÉáíK=
mêáã®êJI=pÉâìåJ Ç®êJ=ìåÇ=qÉêíá®êJ ÄÉêÉáÅÜ=
^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNV= òÉáÖí= ÇáÉ= îçå= ÇÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= îçêÖÉëÉÜÉåÉå= sÉêJ â~ÄÉäìåÖëÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ãáí=ÇÉå=ã~ñáã~ä=òìä®ëëáÖÉå=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉåK=aÉê= mêáã®êÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ìãÑ~ëëí= ÇáÉ= dÉä®åÇÉîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉå= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= dÉÄ®ìÇÉå= ÉáåÉë= råíÉêåÉÜãÉåë= ÄòïK= ÉáåÉê= lêÖ~J åáë~íáçå= E`~ãéìë= _~ÅâÄçåÉFK= aáÉ= dÉä®åÇÉîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ïáêÇ= ÇìêÅÜ=ÉáåÉå=òÉåíê~äÉå=pí~åÇçêíîÉêíÉáäÉê=E`aI=`~ãéìë=aáëíêáJ ÄìíçêF=ãáí=ÇÉã=t^k=îÉêÄìåÇÉåK=aáÉ=ã~ñáã~äÉ=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉ=ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉå= òì= ÇÉå= dÉÄ®ìÇÉîÉêíÉáäÉêå= ÇÉê= k~ÅÜJ NPP =
Q=
k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= Ä~êÖÉÄ®ìÇÉ=ÄÉíê®Öí=NRMM=ãK=bë=ïÉêÇÉå=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê=EjçåçJ ãçÇÉJ=çÇÉê=jìäíáãçÇÉÑ~ëÉêåF=ÉãéÑçÜäÉåI=ìã=~ääÉ=^åïÉåÇìåÖëJ ~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=ÄÉëíã∏ÖäáÅÜ=~ÄòìÇÉÅâÉåK= = Standortverteiler
Gebäudeverteiler
G
F
Anschlussdose
E
LWL (TP)
LWL
D
Etagenverteiler
TP (LWL)
1500 m
500 m
90 m
Primärbereich: Geländeverkabelung
Sekundärbereich: Gebäudeverkabelung
Tertiärbereich: Etagenverkabelung
C
B
A
A, E, F und G sind Geräteanschlusskabel. B, C und D sind Patchkabel. A + B + E <= 10 m, C <= 20 m, D <= 20 m, F <= 30 m, G <= 30 m
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aáÉ= ëçêíáÉêíÉ= ^ìÑäáëíìåÖ= ÄòïK= a~êëíÉääìåÖ= ~ääÉê= ÄáëÜÉê= ÄÉâ~ååíÉå= a~ë=ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖJ åÉíáëÅÜÉ=péÉâíêìã= ^êíÉå= îçå= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉå= tÉääÉå= ïáêÇ= ~äë= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáJ ëÅÜÉë= péÉâíêìã= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKOM= òÉáÖí= Ç~ë= ÉäÉâíêçJ ã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉ= péÉâíêìãI= Ç~ë= ãÉáëí= å~ÅÜ= cêÉèìÉåòÉå= ~ìÑëíÉáÖÉåÇ= ìåÇ= å~ÅÜ= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉå= ~ÄëíÉáÖÉåÇ= ëçêíáÉêí= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääí= ïáêÇK= aáÉ= ÜÉìíáÖÉ= cìåâíÉÅÜåáâ= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜí= ÉëI= òìê= páÖå~äΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= cêÉJ èìÉåòÉå=îçã=åáÉÇêáÖÉå=háäçÜÉêíòÄÉêÉáÅÜ=ÇÉê=i~åÖïÉääÉå=Äáë=Üáå= òìã=qÉê~ÜÉêíòÄÉêÉáÅÜ=ÇÉë=fåÑê~êçíJiáÅÜíÉë=òì=åìíòÉåK= = Frequenz (in Hertz) 100
102
104
Schall 107
105
106
108
Radio 103
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1012
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101
10-1
Infrarot
10-3
Wechselstrom
1014
10-5
1016
1018
UV
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10-7
10-9
1020
10-11
Sichtbares Licht
1022
1024
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10-13
10-15 10-17 Wellenlänge (in m)
Frequenzbereiche zur Signalübertragung Frequenz (in Hertz) 104 105 106
107
Rundfunk
108
109
1010
1011
1012
Mobilfunk, WLANs, WMANs
1013
1014
Infrarot-WLANs
Satellitenfunk Optischer Terrestr. Fernsehen Mikrowellen-Richtfunk Richtfunk
LF 103
MF 102
HF 101
VHF 100
UHF 10-1
SHF 10-2
EHF 10-3
10-4
10-5 10-6 10-7 Wellenlänge (in m)
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Fernsehsatellit 1 Umdrehung/Tag 1 Erdumkreisung/Tag
36.000 km 36.000 km Äquator (0°) Nullmeridian (0°)
Erdachse
Fernmeldesatellit
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NQP =
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k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= OQK hÉååòÉáÅÜåÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêíóéÉå= ãáí= áÜJ êÉå=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=jÉêâã~äÉå>= ORK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=péäÉá≈íÉÅÜåáâ=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ=píÉÅâÉêíÉÅÜåáâ=òìê= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=îçå=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå>=kÉååÉå=páÉ=ÇêÉá=ãçÇÉêåÉ= itiJpí~åÇ~êÇJpíÉÅâÉê>= OSK t~ë= îÉêëíÉÜí= ã~å= ìåíÉê= łÄÉÇ~êÑëçêáÉåíáÉêíÉê= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ìåÇ=ï~ë=ìåíÉê=łsçääîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ\= OTK bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= dêìåÇáÇÉÉ= ÇÉê= ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ìåÇ= ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëÄÉêÉáJ ÅÜÉ=ãáí=ÇÉå=ã~ñáã~äÉå=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉå>= OUK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= ÇêÉá= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëëí~åJ Ç~êÇë=áå=ÇÉê=oÉáÜÉåÑçäÖÉ=áÜêÉê=båíëíÉÜìåÖ=ãáí= ENF=áÜêÉê=_ÉòÉáÅÜåìåÖI= EOF=áÜêÉã=fåÜ~äíI= EPF=áÜêÉê=áåÜ~äíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÉáåëíáããìåÖL^ÄïÉáÅÜìåÖI= EQF=áÜêÉã=àÉïÉáäáÖÉå=ÖÉçÖê~éÜáëÅÜÉå=^åïÉåÇìåÖëÄÉêÉáÅÜ>= OVK tÉäÅÜÉ= iáåâJhä~ëëÉå= ìåÇ= hçãéçåÉåíÉåJh~íÉÖçêáÉå= ïìêÇÉå= ÑΩê= qmJh~ÄÉä= ëí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêí\= kÉååÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= ã~ñáã~äÉå= cêÉJ èìÉåòÉå= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêâ~åïÉåÇìåÖÉå= ÇÉê= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= iáåâJhä~ëëÉå>=tÉäÅÜÉ=hä~ëëÉå=ïìêÇÉå=ÑΩê=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå=ëéÉòáÑáJ òáÉêí\= PMK t~ë= îÉêëíÉÜí= ã~å= ìåíÉê= cìåâ\= tÉäÅÜÉê= wìë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ= ÄÉJ ëíÉÜí= ÄÉá= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉå= tÉääÉå= òïáëÅÜÉå= áÜêÉê= cêÉJ èìÉåòI=áÜêÉê=tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ=ìåÇ=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíÖÉëÅÜïáåÇáÖâÉáí\= PNK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= Ç~ë= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉ= péÉâíêìã= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= tÉääÉå~êíÉåI=ÇáÉ=òìê=páÖå~äΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ÖÉåìíòí=ïÉêÇÉå>= POK hÉååòÉáÅÜåÉå=páÉ=báÖÉåëÅÜ~ÑíÉå=ìåÇ=^åïÉåÇìåÖÉå= ENF=ÇÉê=o~ÇáçΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= EOF=ÇÉê=jáâêçïÉääÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= EPF=ÇÉê=fåÑê~êçíΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= EQF=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ>= PPK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=cìåâ~êíÉåI=ÇáÉ=ÄÉáã=íÉêêÉëíêáëÅÜÉå=cìåâ= ÖÉåìíòí=ïÉêÇÉå>= PQK bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= Ç~ë= hçåòÉéí= ÇÉë= p~íÉääáíÉåÑìåâë>= kÉååÉå= páÉ= òïÉá= ÄÉÇÉìíÉåÇÉ= p~íÉääáíÉåÄÉíêÉáÄÉê>= tÉäÅÜÉ= ^êíÉå= îçå= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåë~íÉääáíÉå= ÖáÄí= Éë= ìåÇ= ïçêáå= ìåíÉêëÅÜÉáÇÉå= ëáÉ= ëáÅÜ\=
NQQ=
= =
==
5
Netzwerkmechanismen få=ÇáÉëÉã=h~éáíÉä=ÄÉíê~ÅÜíÉå=ïáê=ÇáÉ=kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉåI=ÇáÉ= òìê=lêÖ~åáë~íáçå=ÇÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòí=ïÉêÇÉåI= ìã= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáííÉ= ÉáåÉë=t^kë=ÜáåïÉÖ=îçã=pÉåÇÉê=òìã=bãéÑ®åÖÉê=òì=ΩÄÉêãáííÉäåK= wìå®ÅÜëí= ïáêÇ= ÇáÉ= jìäíáéäÉñJ= ìåÇ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ= ÄÉëÅÜêáÉJ ÄÉåI=ÇáÉ=òìê=oÉ~äáëáÉêìåÖ=é~ê~ääÉäÉê=äçÖáëÅÜÉê=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~å®äÉ= ΩÄÉê=éÜóëáëÅÜÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáÉå=ÄÉå∏íáÖí=ïáêÇK=pçÇ~åå=ïáêÇ= Éáå=báåÄäáÅâ=áå=ÇáÉ=oçìíáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=òìê=_ÉëíáããìåÖ=ÇÉë=ÄÉëíÉå= tÉÖÉë=ÖÉÖÉÄÉå=ìåÇ=Éë=ïÉêÇÉå=cäìëëJ=ìåÇ=§ÄÉêä~ëíëíÉìÉêìåÖ=ÉêJ ä®ìíÉêíI= ÇáÉ= ÉáåÉ= §ÄÉêä~ëí= ÄÉáã= bãéÑ®åÖÉê= ìåÇ= áã= kÉíò= îÉêÜáåJ ÇÉêåK= ^ÄëÅÜäáÉ≈ÉåÇ= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉ= ÇÉê= t^kJ= ìåÇ= i^kJbîçäìíáçå=ÜÉê~ìëÖÉëíÉääíK=
5.1
Multiplextechnik
kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí=ÇÉë= aáÉ= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= ïìêÇÉ= òìå®ÅÜëí= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~J íáçå= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíI= ìã= ÇáÉ= âçëíÉåáåíÉåëáîÉ= kÉíòïÉêâáåÑê~ëíêìâíìê= jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ÇÉê=qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçåë~åÄáÉíÉê=ëç=Öìí=ïáÉ=ã∏ÖäáÅÜ=~ìëòìä~ëíÉåK= £ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= tÉáíîÉêâÉÜêëåÉíòÉ= Ü~ÄÉå= ÇáÉ= qçéçäçÖáÉ= ÉáåÉë= j~J ëÅÜÉååÉíòÉë= ìåÇ= ~êÄÉáíÉå= ~äë= mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíòÉ= EqÉáäëíêÉÅâÉåJ åÉíòÉFK=báå=ÇÉê~êíáÖÉë=mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíò=ÄÉëíÉÜí=~ìë=kÉíòâåçíÉå= E§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëJ= ìåÇ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉåF= ìåÇ= §ÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖëãÉÇáÉå= ãáí= ÜçÜÉê= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉ= EsÉêÄáåÇìåÖëâ~ÄÉäI= cìåâJ ëíêÉÅâÉåF=òìê=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ÇÉê=kÉíòâåçíÉåK= jÉÜêÉêÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ÑΩê=àÉïÉáäë=òïÉá=båÇëóëJ íÉãÉ= â∏ååÉå= áå= ÉáåÉã= mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíò= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉëÉäÄÉå= §J ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáííÉ= ä~ìÑÉåK= pÅÜçå= ÉáåÉ= ÉáåòáÖÉ= hçããìåáJ â~íáçåëîÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ïΩêÇÉ=~ÄÉê=çÜåÉ=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=ÄÉëíáããíÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáííÉ= ÄäçÅâáÉêÉåI= ïÉåå= ã~å= îçå= ÉáåÉã= ÉáåòáJ ÖÉå= éÜóëáëÅÜÉå= jÉÇáìã= ~ìëÖÉÜíK= jáí= eáäÑÉ= ÇÉê= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= ïáêÇ=ÇáÉ=ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖÉ=jÉÜêÑ~ÅÜåìíòìåÖ=ÉáåÉë=kÉíòÉë=ÇìêÅÜ=ãÉÜJ êÉêÉ=båÇëóëíÉãÉ=ã∏ÖäáÅÜK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=RKN=ëíÉääí=ÇáÉ=kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí= ìåÇ=Ç~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~êK= hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäJ íáéäÉñáåÖ=
jáí= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= páÖå~äÉ= ãÉÜêÉêÉê= äçÖáëÅÜÉê= h~å®äÉ=ÖÉêáåÖÉê=ł_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖ=ΩÄÉê= Éáå=éÜóëáëÅÜÉë= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáìã=ÜçÜÉê=ł_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK=jÉÜêÉêÉ= NQR =
R=
kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå= îçåÉáå~åÇÉê= ìå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖÉ= ëÉêáÉääÉ= _áíëíê∏ãÉ= â∏ååÉå= ëç= é~ê~ääÉä= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉåëÉäÄÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáíí= ÑäáÉ≈ÉåK= báå= jìäíáéäÉñÉê= ÑΩÜêí=ÇáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=_áíëíê∏ãÉI=ÇáÉ=ãáí=ÉáåÉê=åáÉÇêáÖÉå=§ÄÉêJ íê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ= ÄÉá= áÜã= ~åâçããÉåI= òìë~ããÉå= ìåÇ= ΩÄÉêíê®Öí= ÇÉå= ëç=Éåíëí~åÇÉåÉå=_áíëíêçã=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=éÜóëáëÅÜÉë=jÉÇáìã=ãáí=ÜçÜÉê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~é~òáí®íK= ^ã= ~åÇÉêÉå= båÇÉ= ÇÉë= jÉÇáìãë= íêÉååí= Éáå= aÉãìäíáéäÉñÉê= ÇÉå= ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÉå= _áíëíêçã= ïáÉÇÉê= áå= ÇáÉ= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= _áíëíê∏ãÉ= ~ìÑ= ìåÇ= äÉáíÉí= ëáÉ= ãáí= áÜêÉê= ìêëéêΩåÖäáÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ=òì=ÇÉå=bãéÑ®åÖÉêå=ïÉáíÉê=EîÖäK=òK=_K=xRzI=pK=RO= ÑÑKX=xORzI=pK=OOVX=xPQzI=pK=SV=ÑÑKX=xPSzI=pK=NSN=ÑÑKFK= = Eine einzige Kommunikationsverbindung ohne Multiplexing
X X
Physischer Kanal Logischer Kanal
Kabelverzweiger
Kabelverzweiger
X X
Mehrere gleichzeitige Kommunikationsverbindungen mit Multiplexing Physischer Kanal
Logische Kanäle
Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer
Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer
= ^ÄÄK=RKNW=kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí=ìåÇ=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= cêÉèìÉåòãìäJ íáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=
aáÉ= ~ã= ïÉáíÉëíÉå= îÉêÄêÉáíÉíÉå= jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= ëáåÇ= Ç~ë= cêÉJ èìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖK= få= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= RKO= ëáåÇ=ÄÉáÇÉ=jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK= a~ë= cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= EcajI= cêÉèìÉåÅó= aáîáëáçå= jìäJ íáéäÉñáåÖF= íÉáäí= ÇáÉ= Öêç≈É= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉ= ÉáåÉë= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáJ ìãë=áå=ãÉÜêÉêÉ=âäÉáåÉêÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄ®åÇÉê=~ìÑI=ëçÇ~ëë=ëáÅÜ=ãÉÜêÉJ êÉ=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉ=ãáí=âäÉáåÉê=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=ÉêÖÉÄÉåK=báå=jìäíáéäÉJ ñÉê= ÑΩÜêí= ÜáÉêòì= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= ÖÉíêÉååíÉ= páÖå~äÉ= ëç= òìë~ããÉåI= Ç~ëë= ëáÉ= ~äë=Éáå= páÖå~ä=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉå=éÜóëáëÅÜÉå=h~å~ä= ãáí=ÜçÜÉê=_~åÇJ ÄêÉáíÉ= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= â∏ååÉåK= cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ïáêÇ= ëÉáí=ÇÉå=ÇêÉá≈áÖÉê=g~ÜêÉå=áå=~å~äçÖÉå=qÉäÉÑçååÉíòÉå=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK=
NQS=
= =
RKN== jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= aáÉ=òì=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÇÉå=~å~äçÖÉå=péê~ÅÜëáÖå~äÉ=ÇÉê=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= qÉäÉÑçåâ~å®äÉ=ïÉêÇÉå=áã=qÉäÉÑçååÉíò=ÇìêÅÜ=~å~äçÖÉ=jçÇìä~íáçå= ~ìÑ= ~å~äçÖÉ= qê®ÖÉêëáÖå~äÉ= ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜÉê= cêÉèìÉåò= ~ìÑãçÇìJ äáÉêíK=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ÉáÖåÉí=ëáÅÜ=Öìí=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖI= Ç~= ÑΩê= qÉäÉÑçåÖÉëéê®ÅÜÉ= éÉêã~åÉåí= ÉáåÉ= ÖÉêáåÖÉ= _~åÇJ ÄêÉáíÉ=ÄÉå∏íáÖí=ïáêÇK= = Frequenzmultiplexing Bandbreite
Gesamte Bandbreite des physischen Kanals Bandbreite logischer Kanal 4 Bandbreite logischer Kanal 3 Bandbreite logischer Kanal 2 Bandbreite logischer Kanal 1 Zeit
Zeitmultiplexing Bandbreite
Gesamte Bandbreite des physischen Kanals
Time Slot Log. Kanal 1
Time Slot Log. Kanal 2
Time Slot Log. Kanal 3
Time Slot Log. Kanal 4
Time Slot Log. Kanal 1
Time Slot ... Log. Kanal 2 Zeit
=
^ÄÄK=RKOW=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= fã= dÉÖÉåë~íò= òìã= cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= íÉáäí= Ç~ë= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉJ ñáåÖ= EqajI= qáãÉ= aáîáëáçå= jìäíáéäÉñáåÖF= ÇáÉ= h~å~äâ~é~òáí®í= ÉáåÉë= ÄêÉáíÄ~åÇáÖÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáìãë= áå= wÉáíëÅÜäáíòÉ= EqáãÉ=päçíëF=~ìÑK=^ääÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~å®äÉ=ÉêÜ~äíÉå=òóâäáëÅÜ=ÉåíJ ëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ=wÉáíëÅÜäáíòÉI=ÇáÉ=áÜåÉå=ÉåíïÉÇÉê=ÇÉê=oÉáÜÉ=å~ÅÜ=çÇÉê= àÉ=å~ÅÜ=sÉêâÉÜêëä~ëí=ãÉÜê=çÇÉê=ïÉåáÖÉê=çÑí=òìÖÉíÉáäí=ïÉêÇÉåK=gÉJ ÇÉã= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~å~ä= ëíÉÜí= ëçãáí= àÉïÉáäë= ÑΩê= ÉáåÉå= âìêòÉå= jçãÉåí=ÇáÉ=ÖÉë~ãíÉ=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=òìê=sÉêÑΩÖìåÖK=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ÉáÖåÉí=ëáÅÜ=Öìí=ÑΩê=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉI=ÇáÉ=áã=aá~äçÖÄÉíêáÉÄ=ÖÉåìíòí= ïÉêÇÉåK=aÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåîÉêâÉÜê=Ñ®ääí=ÜáÉêÄÉá=åáÅÜí=âçåíáåìáÉêäáÅÜI= ëçåÇÉêå=áå=âìêòÉå=Éñéäçëáçåë~êíáÖÉå=a~íÉåëí∏≈Éå=E_ìêëíëF=~åK= aáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= aÉê= ΩÄÉêïáÉÖÉåÇÉ= qÉáä= ÇÉê= kÉíòä~ëíI= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêâÉ= ÜÉìíÉ= òì= ÄÉï®äíáÖÉå= Ü~ÄÉåI= áëí= a~íÉåîÉêâÉÜêX= ÇÉëÜ~äÄ= ïìêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= wÉáíJ jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜJ êÉå=áã=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ= ãìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=áã=i~ìÑÉ=ÇÉê=g~ÜêòÉÜåíÉ=áããÉê=ïÉáíÉê=îÉêÑÉáJ åÉêíK= ^ì≈ÉêÇÉã= ïìêÇÉå= åÉìÉ= jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= ïáÉ= Ç~ë= tÉäJ NQT =
R=
kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå= äÉåä®åÖÉåãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= `çÇÉãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= RKP= ÖáÄí= ÉáåÉ= §ÄÉêëáÅÜí= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå= jìäJ íáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=EîÖäK=®ÜåäáÅÜ=ÄÉá=xONzI=pK=PVNFK= =
Multiplexverfahren Multiplexverfahren
FrequenzFrequenzmultiplexing multiplexing
WellenlängenWellenlängenmultiplexing multiplexing
Synchrones Synchrones Zeitmultiplexing Zeitmultiplexing
PDH PDH
SDH/ SDH/ SONET SONET
ZeitZeitmultiplexing multiplexing
CodeCodemultiplexing multiplexing
Asynchrones Asynchrones Zeitmultiplexing Zeitmultiplexing
Frame Relay Frame Relay
(Packet Switching) (Packet Switching)
ATM ATM
(Cell Switching) (Cell Switching)
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Fest zugeordnete Time Slots B A B A B A
A
A
A
A
B
A
Demult.
Multipl.
B
A A
A
B
Leere, nicht verfügbare Time Slots
Asynchrones Zeitmultiplexing A
Time Slots nach Bedarf
A
A
A
A
B
Multipl.
B
A A
A
A
Demult. Leere und verfügbare Time Slots
B
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Endsysteme
Telekommunikationsnetz
Vermittlungseinrichtung
Endsysteme
Physische Wählverbindung
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Endsysteme
Telekommunikationsnetz
Vermittlungsrechner mit Adresstabelle und Nachrichtenspeicher
Endsysteme
Nachricht
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N Zeit ES: Endsysteme
A, B, C: Netzknoten
N: Nachricht
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5.3
Routing-Verfahren
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Endsysteme
Paketvermittlungsnetz
Endsysteme
B 1
C 3
A
6
Welcher Weg ? 2 4
9
7
5
8
D E
F
10
A – F: Router 1 – 10: Subnetze
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Routingtabelle für Router A
Paketvermittlungsnetz B
Zielnetz Next Hop
1
C 3
A 2
6
4
9
7
5
8
D E
F
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10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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SPFAlgorithmus
NetztopologieBaum
Routingtabelle ZN NH RM 100 101 102 103 104 105
100
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Verhalten bei Überlaststeuerung Maximale Netzkapazität
Netzleistung (Anzahl der zugestellten Pakete)
Theoretisch optimales Verhalten
Überlastverhalten
Netzlast (Anzahl der gesendeten Pakete)
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= Dienstgüte-Stufe (QoS-Stufen)
Bandbreite
Maximale Bandbreite Einfacher Service
Differenzierter Service
Garantierter Service
Niedrige Priorität Mittlere Priorität
Hohe Priorität
Zeit
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kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå= òìã= báåë~íòK= bë= ïìêÇÉ= NVTO= ÇìêÅÜ= Ç~ë= ``fqq= áå= ÇÉê= mae= EmäÉëáçÅÜêçåçìë= aáÖáí~ä= eáÉê~êÅÜóF= ëí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêíK= cΩê= Ü∏ÜÉêÉ= _áíê~íÉå= ïìêÇÉå= NVUR= ìåÇ= NVUU= ÇáÉ= jìäíáJ éäÉñÜáÉê~êÅÜáÉå= plkbq= EpóåÅÜêçåçìë= léíáÅ~ä= kÉíïçêâF= ìåÇ=pae=EpóåÅÜêçåçìë=aáÖáí~ä=eáÉê~êÅÜóF=ÖÉëÅÜ~ÑÑÉåK= •
aÉê= ``fqqJpí~åÇ~êÇ= uKOR= EÜÉìíÉ= fqrJq= uKORF= òìê= a~J íÉåé~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖ= ïìêÇÉ= NVTS= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíK= ^ìÑ= ëÉáåÉê= _~ëáë= ÄáÉíÉå= qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçåëìåíÉêåÉÜãÉå= m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖëÇáÉåëíÉ= ~å= EòK= _K= áå= aÉìíëÅÜä~åÇ= ëÉáí= NVUM= a~íÉñJmJaáÉåëíFK= aáÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå= ÉêêÉáÅÜÉå= Äáë=òì=SQ=hÄáíLëI=ï~ë=ÇÉê=dêìåÇëíìÑÉ=ÇÉê=mae=ÉåíëéêáÅÜíK=
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NVVM=ïìêÇÉ=Ç~ë=pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak=EfåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=pÉêîáJ ÅÉë= aáÖáí~ä= kÉíïçêâF= ãáí= ÉáåÉê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ= îçå= SQ=hÄáíLë=ÖÉã®≈=ÇÉê=dêìåÇëíìÑÉ=ÇÉê=mae=áåëí~ääáÉêíK=
= Multiplextechnik
Vermittlungstechnik
Dienst
Jahr
Circuit Switching (Manual Systems)
Telefonie/ Telegrafie
1880
Circuit Switching (Electromechanical Systems)
1910
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
1940 Circuit Switching (Digital Computer-controlled Systems)
1965
(Synchronous) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
1972
Packet Switching (X.25)
X.25 (Datex-P)
1976 (1980)
S-ISDN
1990
= ^ÄÄK=RKNUW=t^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=EqÉáä=NF= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=RKNV=ÖáÄí=ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=ïÉáíÉêÉå=båíïáÅâJ äìåÖëëíìÑÉå= ãçÇÉêåÉê= a~íÉåé~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖëåÉíòÉ= ëÉáí= NVVNK=aáÉ=båíïáÅâäìåÖ=Ü~í=ëáÅÜ=ÇÉìíäáÅÜ=ÄÉëÅÜäÉìåáÖíK=aÉê=ëíÉíáÖ= ï~ÅÜëÉåÇÉ=a~íÉåîÉêâÉÜê=ìåÇ=ÇÉê=ÜáåòìÖÉâçããÉåÉ=jìäíáãÉÇá~J îÉêâÉÜê= ÉêÑçêÇÉêå= kÉíòÉ= ãáí= áããÉê= Öê∏≈ÉêÉê= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉK= bêÖ®åJ òÉåÇ= òìã= ëóåÅÜêçåÉå= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ïìêÇÉ= ÇÉëÜ~äÄ= Ç~ë= ~J ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ÉåíïáÅâÉäíK= NTO=
= =
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Multiplextechnik
Vermittlungstechnik
Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing (ATD)
Packet Transfer Mode (PTM) (ATD-basierte Paket-Vermittlung) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (ATD-basierte Zell-Vermittlung)
Dienst
Frame Relay 1991
B-ISDN
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
1994
1995
1997
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing (OADM)
Jahr
Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) (Optisches Switching)
Optische Netze
2001
UMTS
2005
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pÜ~êÉÇ=jÉÇá~=i^këI=
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^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=RKOM=ëíÉääí=ÇáÉëÉ=îáÉê=ÉåíëÅÜÉáÇÉåÇÉå=båíïáÅâäìåÖëëíìJ ÑÉå=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~êK= =
LAN
LAN HS-LAN/ MAN
Shared Medium
1983/85
LAN
Bridge/ Router
1987/95/2004
1. Shared Media LANs
3. MANs und High-Speed LANs Access Point
Switches
1995
2. LAN Switching
1997/99/2004
4. Wireless LANs, PANs, MANs
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Kommunikationsarchitekturen für IP over Optical
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IP
IP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
ATM
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IP
IP
TCP/UDP IP SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH
DPT/SRP
10GbE
LWL/WDM
LWL/WDM
LWL/WDM
LWL/WDM
LWL/WDM
IP over Ethernet
IP over WDM
IP over ATM IP over IP over over SONET/ SONET/SDH DPT/SRP SDH (B-ISDN)
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6
WAN-Technologien aáÉ= t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉåI= ÇáÉ= ÇáÉ= ïÉëÉåíäáÅÜÉå= båíïáÅâäìåÖëëíìJ ÑÉå=ÇÉê=qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçå=ã~êâáÉêÉåI=ïÉêÇÉå=áã=îçêäáÉÖÉåÇÉå= h~éáíÉä= ÄÉëÅÜêáÉÄÉåK= páÉ= Ä~ìÉå= Öêç≈ÉåíÉáäë= ~ìÑÉáå~åÇÉê= ~ìÑI= âçJ ÉñáëíáÉêÉå= ~åÇÉêÉêëÉáíë= ~ÄÉê= ~ìÅÜ= áå= ÇÉå= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= qÉäÉJ âçããìåáâ~íáçåëåÉíòÉå=åÉÄÉåÉáå~åÇÉêK= a~ë= eai`JmêçíçâçääI= Ç~ë= jáííÉ= ÇÉê= ëáÉÄòáÖÉê= g~ÜêÉ= Éåíëí~åÇI= ÄáäJ ÇÉí=ÇÉå=^ìëÖ~åÖëéìåâí=ÇÉê=båíïáÅâäìåÖK=fÜã=ÑçäÖíÉå=ÇáÉ=m~âÉíJ îÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ= uKOR= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= aáÉåëíáåíÉÖê~íáçå= áã= pÅÜã~äJ Ä~åÇJfpakK=m~ê~ääÉä=Ç~òì=Éåíëí~åÇÉå=å~ÅÜÉáå~åÇÉê=ÇáÉ=mae=ìåÇ= plkbqLpaeK= aáÉ= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉ= bêÜ∏ÜìåÖ= ÇÉê= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉ= ÑΩÜêíÉ= òìã= c~ëí= m~ÅâÉí= pïáíÅÜáåÖ= òìå®ÅÜëí= ãáí= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= ìåÇ= Ç~åå= ãáí=^qjI=Ç~ë=~äë=_~ëáë=ÇÉë=_êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=îçêÖÉëÉÜÉå=ïìêÇÉK= jçÇÉêåÉ= fåíÉêåÉíJ_~ÅâÄçåÉë= îÉêïÉåÇÉå= åÉìÉ= t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçJ ÖáÉåI=áåëÄÉëçåÇÉêÉ=jmip=ëçïáÉ=Ç~ë=òìâìåÑíëíê®ÅÜíáÖÉ=l^aj=ìåÇ= lu`I= ÇáÉ= òìë~ããÉå= êÉáå= çéíáëÅÜÉ= kÉíòÉ= EmÜçíçåáëÅÜÉ= kÉíòÉF= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜÉåK= aÉê= kÉíòòìÖ~åÖ= òì= _êÉáíÄ~åÇåÉíòÉå= ÉêÑçäÖí= ÜÉìíÉ= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉ= ñapiJqÉÅÜåáâ= ãáí= ÇÉã= mmmJmêçíçâçääK= råÇ= ëÉáí= ÇÉå= åÉìåòáÖÉê=g~ÜêÉå=ÉêäÉÄÉå=jçÄáäÑìåâåÉíòÉ=ÉáåÉå=ï~ÜêÉå=_ççãK=
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Secondary Stations (Terminals)
Primary Station (Mainframe)
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Point-to-PointVerbindungen
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Information Response
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Asynchronous Response Mode Secondary Station sendet unaufgefordert Information Frames
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Combined Station
Combined Station Commands, Responses
CS
Primary Station Secondary Station
CS A
Commands, Responses
Command für CS B Response von CS B Command für CS A Response von CS A
CS
Secondary Station Primary Station
CS B
= ^ÄÄK=SKPW=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=_~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉ=ãáí=`çãÄáåÉÇ=pí~íáçåë= NUS=
= =
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Flag
ADR CTRL
Information
Information Frame
0
Supervisory Frame
1
0
S
P/F
Unnumbered Frame
1
1
U
P/F
FCS
SendeEmpfangsP/F Folgenummer Folgenummer
Frame Type
Flag
Frame Check Sequence
S Commands/Responses: EmpfangsFolgenummer RR, RNR, REJ, SREJ
U
U Commands/Responses: SNRM, SABM, DISC, UA etc.
Poll Bit/Final Bit
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r^=ErååìãÄÉêÉÇ=^ÅâåçïäÉÇÖÉãÉåíFW= nìáííìåÖ= ÉáåÉê= pÉÅçåÇ~êó=pí~íáçå=òì=ÉáåÉã=rååìãÄÉêÉÇ=cê~ãÉK= =
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cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ= ãáí=eai`=
wìê= cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ= ÉåíÜ®äí= Ç~ë= píÉìÉêÑÉäÇ= îçå= fåÑçêã~íáçå= cê~J ãÉë= ÇáÉ= kìããÉê= ÇÉë= ÖÉëÉåÇÉíÉå= cê~ãÉë= EpÉåÇ= pÉèìÉåÅÉ= kìãÄÉêF=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ=kìããÉê=ÇÉë=å®ÅÜëíÉå=Éêï~êíÉíÉå=cê~ãÉë= EoÉÅÉáîÉ= pÉèìÉåÅÉ= kìãÄÉêFI= ãáí= ÇÉê= ÇÉê= äÉíòíÉ= ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÉ= cê~ãÉ= èìáííáÉêí= ïáêÇK= a~ë= jáíÑΩÜêÉå= ÇÉê= nìáííìåÖÉå= áå= ÇÉå= fåJ Ñçêã~íáçå= cê~ãÉë= ÇÉê= m~êíåÉêëí~íáçå= ïáêÇ= ~ìÅÜ= ~äë= máÖÖóÄ~Åâ= ^ÅâåçïäÉÇÖÉãÉåí= EeìÅâÉé~ÅâJnìáííáÉêìåÖF= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉíK= e~í= ÇáÉ= m~êíåÉêëí~íáçå= âÉáåÉå= fåÑçêã~íáçå= cê~ãÉ= òì= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåI= ëç= ëÉåJ ÇÉí= ëáÉ= ëí~ííÇÉëëÉå= ÉáåÉå= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= ooJcê~ãÉI= ÇÉê= áã= píÉìÉêÑÉäÇ= åìê= ÉáåÉ= oÉÅÉáîÉ= pÉèìÉåÅÉ= kìãÄÉê= ÉåíÜ®äíK= aáÉ= pÉèìÉåòJ kìããÉêå=ä~ìÑÉå=îçå=M=Äáë=T=ÄòïK=îçå=M=Äáë=NOT=ÄÉáã=ÉêïÉáíÉêJ íÉå= sÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= EbñíÉåÇÉÇ= jçÇÉFI= Ç~ë= òK= _K= ÄÉá= p~íÉääáíÉåΩÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖ=ïÉÖÉå=ÇÉê=ä®åÖÉêÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÇ~ìÉê=~åÖÉïÉåÇÉí=ïáêÇK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKR=îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí=ÇáÉ=cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ=ÄÉáëéáÉäÜ~Ñí=ÑΩê= ÇÉå= kçêã~ä= oÉëéçåëÉ= jçÇÉ= ìåÇ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= ^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë= _~ä~åJ ÅÉÇ= jçÇÉK= _ÉáÇÉ= _ÉáëéáÉäÉ= ÖÉÜÉå= òìê= sÉêÉáåÑ~ÅÜìåÖ= îçå= e~äÄJ ÇìéäÉñJ_ÉíêáÉÄ=~ìëK= = Normal Response Mode
Asynchronous Balanced Mode
(Halbduplex-Betrieb) A
U (B, SNRM, P) U (B, UA, F)
(Halbduplex-Betrieb) B
A Verbindungsaufbau
I (B, S=0, R=0)
U (B, SABM, P) U (B, UA, F) I (B, S=0, R=0)
I (B, S=1, R=0)
I (B, S=1, R=0)
I (B, S=2, R=0, P)
I (B, S=2, R=0, P)
I (B, S=0, R=3, F) S (B, RR, R=1, P)
Datenübertragung
I (B, S=1, R=3, F)
S (B, RR, R=3, F) Pause: B hat nichts zu senden I (A, S=0, R=3)
S (B, RR, R=2, P)
I (A, S=1, R=3, P)
S (B, RR, R=3, F)
S (A, RR, R=2, F)
U (B, DISC, P) U (B, UA, F)
B
Verbindungsabbau
U (A, DISC, P) U (A, UA, F)
t t t t I, S, U: Frametyp; A, B: Adresse; S/R: Sende-/Empfangs-Nr.; P/F: Poll Bit/Final Bit
=
^ÄÄK=SKRW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ= cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖ= wìê= cÉÜäÉêä~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖ= ÄÉêÉÅÜåÉí= eai`= ÄÉáã= pÉåÇÉê= ~ìë= ÇÉå= _áíë=ÇÉë=òì=ëÉåÇÉåÇÉå=cê~ãÉë=å~ÅÜ=ÇÉã=`o`JsÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=E`óÅäáÅ= ãáí=eai`= oÉÇìåÇ~åÅó=`ÜÉÅâF=ÉáåÉ=òïÉá=_óíÉë=ä~åÖÉ= mêΩÑëìããÉ=E_äçÅâJ éêΩÑòÉáÅÜÉåF=ìåÇ=ëéÉáÅÜÉêí=ëáÉ=áã= cÉäÇ=c`p=Ecê~ãÉ=`ÜÉÅâ=pÉJ NUV =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= èìÉåÅÉFK= _Éáã= bãéÑ®åÖÉê= ÑΩÜêí= eai`= ÇáÉ= _ÉêÉÅÜåìåÖ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÉå= cê~ãÉ= ÉêåÉìí= ÇìêÅÜ= ìåÇ= îÉêÖäÉáÅÜí= Ç~ë= bêÖÉÄåáë= ãáí=ÇÉã=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÉå=c`pJcÉäÇK=fã=c~ääÉ=ÉáåÉê=^ÄïÉáÅÜìåÖ=ëÉåJ ÇÉí=ÇÉê=bãéÑ®åÖÉê=ÉáåÉ=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=nìáííìåÖ=òì=ÇÉã=ÑÉÜäÉêÜ~ÑíÉå= cê~ãÉI= áåÇÉã= Éê= ÇÉå= cê~ãÉ= åçÅÜã~äë= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉëëÉå= pÉèìÉåòJ kìããÉê=~åÑçêÇÉêíK=aÉê=pÉåÇÉê=ÉêâÉååí=ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÑÉÜäÉê= ~å= ÇÉê= pÉèìÉåòJkìããÉê= ÇÉê= åÉÖ~íáîÉå= nìáííìåÖK= aáÉ= łmçääáåÖ= pí~íáçå= îÉêïÉåÇÉí= òìë®íòäáÅÜ= Éáå= qáãÉçìíW= c~ääë= ëáÉ= îçã= bãéJ Ñ®åÖÉê= åáÅÜí= áååÉêÜ~äÄ= ÉáåÉê= îçêÖÉÖÉÄÉåÉå= wÉáíëé~ååÉ= ÉáåÉå= oÉëéçåëÉJcê~ãÉ=ÉêÜ®äíI=ïáÉÇÉêÜçäí=ëáÉ=áÜêÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= få= ÇÉê= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKS= ëáåÇ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= kçêã~ä= oÉëéçåëÉ= jçÇÉ= ìåÇ= ÑΩê=ÇÉå=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=_~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉ=àÉïÉáäë=òïÉá=ÄÉáëéáÉäÜ~ÑíÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÑÉÜäÉê=òì=ëÉÜÉåK=aÉê=ÉêëíÉ=cÉÜäÉê=áëí=Éáå=c`pJcÉÜäÉê= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= òïÉáíÉ= Éáå= qáãÉçìíJcÉÜäÉêK= _ÉáÇÉ= cÉÜäÉê= ÑΩÜêÉå= àÉïÉáäë= òì=ÉáåÉê=ÉêåÉìíÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= = Normal Response Mode
Asynchronous Balanced Mode
(Halbduplex-Betrieb)
(Halbduplex-Betrieb)
A
. . .
B
A
I (B, S=6, R=3)
. . . I (B, S=7, R=3)
I (B, S=7, R=3)
I (B, S=0, R=3, P)
I (B, S=0, R=3, P)
S (B, RR, R=7, F)
I (B, S=3, R=7, F)
I (B, S=7, R=3)
I (B, S=7, R=4) I (B, S=0, R=4, P) S (B, RR, R=1, F) I (B, S=1, R=4, P) Timeout I (B, S=1, R=4, P)
B
I (B, S=0, R=3, P) S (B, RR, R=1, F) Pause: B hat nichts zu senden I (A, S=3, R=1, P)
S (A, RR, R=4, F) Timeout S (B, RR, R=2, F) I (A, S=3, R=1, P) . . . . t t t t . . I, S: Frametyp; A, B: Adresse; S/R: Sende-/Empfangs-Nr.; P/F: Poll Bit/Final Bit
=
^ÄÄK=SKSW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖ=
6.2
Paketvermittlung mit X.25 eai`=êÉ~äáëáÉêí=~äë=mêçíçâçää=ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí=O=áã=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë= _~ä~åÅÉÇ= jçÇÉ= ëáÅÜÉêÉ= mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÄÉå~ÅÜÄ~êíÉå= póëíÉãÉåK= aÉê= pí~åÇ~êÇ= uKOR= ÇÉê= fqrJqI= ÇÉê= ÇáÉ= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=N=Äáë=P=~ÄÇÉÅâíI=ÄáäÇÉí=Ç~ÖÉÖÉå=ÇáÉ=dêìåÇä~ÖÉ=ÑΩê=
NVM=
= =
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DTE/DCE-Interface DCE (DÜE)
local
Application Processes Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer
X.25-Netz
local Virtuelle Verbindungen zu entfernten Anwendungsprozessen
PLP-Schnittstelle (Logische Kanäle)
PSE
LAPB-Schnittstelle (Physischer Kanal)
PSE
X.20/X.21-Schnittstelle (Bitübertragung)
Physical Layer
PSE
PSE: Packet Switching Exchange
= ^ÄÄK=SKTW=aáÉ=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=píêìâíìê=ÇÉê=uKORJpÅÜåáííëëíÉääÉ= NVN =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= aáÉ=uKORJpéÉòáÑáâ~íáçå=ìãÑ~ëëí=ÇáÉ=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=N=Äáë=PW= •
uKOM= ìåÇ= uKONW= mÜóëáâ~äáëÅÜÉ= pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= ~ëóåJ ÅÜêçåÉ= ÄòïK= ëóåÅÜêçåÉ= a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÖáí~äÉ= kÉíòÉ=EpíÉÅâÉêÄÉäÉÖìåÖI=éÜóëáâ~äáëÅÜÉ=báÖÉåëÅÜ~ÑíÉåFI=
•
i^m_= Eiáåâ= ^ÅÅÉëë= mêçÅÉÇìêÉ= Ó= _~ä~åÅÉÇFW= ÉáåÖÉJ ëÅÜê®åâíÉ=s~êá~åíÉ=îçå=eai`I=ÇáÉ=~ìÑ=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=_~J ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉ=ÑΩê=`çãÄáåÉÇ=pí~íáçåë=ÄÉëÅÜê®åâí=áëíI=
•
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mim=êÉ~äáëáÉêí=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=_~ëáë=ëáÅÜÉêÉê=éÜóëáëÅÜÉê=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=äçJ ÖáëÅÜÉ= h~å®äÉ= ÑΩê= îáêíìÉääÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= òïáëÅÜÉå= båÇëóëJ íÉãÉå=ΩÄÉê=ãÉÜêÉêÉ=kÉíòâåçíÉå=ÜáåïÉÖ=EëáÉÜÉ=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKUFK= = DTE A
PSE A Transportnetz PSE B
DTE/DCE-Interface
X.25-Netzwerk
DTE B
DTE/DCE-Interface
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
255
255
255
255
Logische Kanäle
Logische Kanäle Virtuelle Verbindung
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A
4800 bit/s A
1200 bit/s A
D
B
B
D
Anschluss mit mehreren logischen Kanälen
DVST-P
1,92 Mbit/s
DVST-P C
D
Anschluss mit mehreren logischen Kanälen
C DVST-P
C
9600 bit/s
1,92 Mbit/s DVST-P: Datenvermittlungsstelle mit Paketvermittlung A, B, C, D: Pakete der virtuellen Verbindungen A, B, C und D
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Header
Byte 1
Daten
Byte 2
Byte 3
Logical Channel Number Logical Channel Group Number General Format Identifier
Packet Type Identifier
= ^ÄÄK=SKNMW=a~ë=dêìåÇÑçêã~í=îçå=uKORJm~âÉíÉå=
NVQ=
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•
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•
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•
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ISDN
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Endeinrichtung A
ISDN-Netz
Endeinrichtung B
(Telefon, Fax, Computer)
(Vermittlungsstellen)
(Telefon, Fax, Computer)
B1
B2
B1
B2
7
7
6
6
5
D
D 4
5 4
3
Q.930/1
Q.930/1
3
2
Q.920/1
Q.920/1
2
1
I.430/1 I.430/1 I.430/1
I.430/1 I.430/1 I.430/1
1
D-KanalProtokoll
SS7
D-KanalProtokoll
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•
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Header
Call Reference (2 oder 3 Bytes)
ProtokollDiskriminator
NachrichtenTyp
LAPD-Frame Flag 0 C R
Address SAPI (6 Bits)
Control
1
TEI (7 Bits)
FCS
Flag
C/R: Command/Response SAPI: Service Access Point Identifier TEI: Terminal Endpoint Identifier Je 1 Bit für D-Kanal
Multiplexrahmen 8 Bits für B1
Information
8 Bits für B2
8 Bits für B1
8 Bits für B2
Steuer- und Füll-Bits für Rahmenaufbau
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aÉã= eÉ~ÇÉê= ÑçäÖÉå= çÄäáÖ~íçêáëÅÜÉ= çÇÉê= çéíáçå~äÉ= fåÑçêã~íáçåëJ ÉäÉãÉåíÉK= páÉ= ÉåíÜ~äíÉå= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉ= m~ê~ãÉíÉê= ïáÉ= òK= _K= ïáÉ= oìÑåìããÉê=ÇÉê=êìÑÉåÇÉå=ìåÇ=ÇÉê=ÖÉêìÑÉåÉå=båÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖK= aÉê= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉê= _Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= òì= ÉáåÉã= ~åÇÉêÉå= qÉáäJ ^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=_J h~å~äîÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= åÉÜãÉê= áëí= áå= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKNT= ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK= wìå®ÅÜëí= ÄÉïáêâí= Ç~ë= ^ÄåÉÜãÉå= ÇÉë= e∏êÉêë= îçå= båÇÖÉê®í= ^= Ç~ë= pÉåJ ãáí=appN= ÇÉå=ÉáåÉê=pbqrmJk~ÅÜêáÅÜí=òìê=sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ=^K=aáÉ=sÉêãáííJ äìåÖëëíÉääÉ=^=íÉáäí=ÇÉã=êìÑÉåÇÉå=båÇÖÉê®í=ãáí=pbqrm=^`h=ÉáåÉå= _Jh~å~ä= òì= ìåÇ= ΩÄÉêãáííÉäí= áã= ÇìêÅÜÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉíÉå= _Jh~å~ä= ÇÉå= t®ÜäíçåK= aìêÅÜ= Ç~ë= t®ÜäÉå= ïáêÇ= Ç~ë= båÇÖÉê®í= ^= îÉê~åä~ëëíI= ÇÉê= sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ= _= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ= ^= fkclJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ãáí= ÇÉå= t~ÜäòáÑÑÉêå= òì= ëÉåÇÉåI= ïçê~ìÑÜáå= sÉêãáííJ äìåÖëëíÉääÉ= ^= ÇÉå= t®Üäíçå= ïáÉÇÉê= ~ÄëÅÜ~äíÉíK= _Éáã= t®ÜäÉå= ãáí= ~ìÑÖÉäÉÖíÉã= e∏êÉê= ÉåíÑ~ääÉå= ÇáÉ= fkclJk~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= t®ÜäíçåI=Ç~=ÇáÉ=t~ÜäòáÑÑÉêå=Ç~åå=ÄÉêÉáíë=áå=ÇÉê=pbqrmJk~ÅÜêáÅÜí= ÉåíÜ~äíÉå=ëáåÇK= OMP =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= aáÉ= fkclJk~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ÄÉïáêâÉåI= Ç~ëë= ÇáÉ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ= _= ~ääÉå= ~å= ÇÉå= pMJ_ìë= ~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉåÉå= båÇÖÉê®íÉå= ÉáåÉ= pbqrmJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜí= ëÉåÇÉíI= ÇáÉ= òìã= häáåÖÉäå= ÑΩÜêíK= aáÉ= båÇÖÉê®íÉI= ÇáÉ= ÇÉå= ÖÉÑçêÇÉêíÉå= aáÉåëí= äÉáëíÉå= â∏ååÉåI= ~åíïçêíÉå= ÇÉê= sÉêãáííJ äìåÖëëíÉääÉ=_=ãáí=ÉáåÉê=^iboqJk~ÅÜêáÅÜíI=ïçê~ìÑÜáå=sÉêãáííäìåÖëJ ëíÉääÉ=^=ÉáåÉå=cêÉáíçå=~å=båÇÖÉê®í=^=ëÉåÇÉíK=a~ë=^ÄÜÉÄÉå=ÇÉë= e∏êÉêë= îçå= båÇÖÉê®í= u= ÄÉïáêâí= Ç~ë= ^ÄëÉåÇÉå= ÉáåÉê= `lkkJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜí= òìã= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ìÑÄ~ìK= páÉ= ÑΩÜêí= ÄÉáã= båÇÖÉê®í= ^= òìã= cêÉáíçåÉåÇÉ= ìåÇ= òìê= nìáííáÉêìåÖ= ãáí= `lkk= ^`hK= ^ì≈ÉêJ ÇÉã=íÉáäí=ÇáÉ=sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ=_=ÇÉã=ÖÉêìÑÉåÉå=båÇÖÉê®í=u=ãáí= `lkk= ^`h= ÉáåÉå= _Jh~å~ä= òì= ìåÇ= ëÅÜáÅâí= ÉáåÉ= obib^pbJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜí= ~å= ÇáÉ= ΩÄêáÖÉå= ÖÉêìÑÉåÉå= båÇÖÉê®íÉI= ï~ë= òìã= häáåJ ÖÉäÉåÇÉ= ÑΩÜêíK= aáÉ= båÇÖÉê®íÉ= ~åíïçêíÉå= ãáí= ÉáåÉã= obib^pb= ^`hK=a~ãáí=łëíÉÜí=ÇáÉ=_Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖK= = Endgerät Vermittlungs- Vermittlungs- Endgerät Endgerät A stelle A stelle B X Y Hörer A abnehmen Wählton Wählen
*
Freiton Freitonende
SETUP SETUP ACK
*
INFO INFO
SETUP
SETUP
ALERT
ALERT
ALERT Hörer X abnehmen
CONN
CONN
*
CONN ACK
CONN ACK
*
REL
REL ACK
Verbindung mit X t
Klingeln
B-Kanal-Verbindung t
*
t
t
t
Klingelende Endgerät Y Verbindung mit A
Symbol für „B-Kanal durchschalten“
=
^ÄÄK=SKNTW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=fpakJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ãáí=appN= pçääÉå=îáÉäÉ=båÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉå=ãáí=ÇÉã=fpak=îÉêÄìåÇÉå=ïÉêÇÉåI= fpakJ kÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~J ëç= áëí= ÇÉê= báåë~íò= ÉáåÉê= fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉ= EfpakJqhJ ^åä~ÖÉI= m^_uF= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜK= báåÉ= fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉ= áëí= ÖÉå= ÉáåÉ= éêáî~íÉ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖI= ÇáÉ= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉå= fpakJ mêáã®êãìäíáéäÉñ~åëÅÜäìëë= ãáí= ÇÉã= fpak= îÉêÄìåÇÉå= áëí= ìåÇ= ~å= ÇáÉ= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= qÉáäåÉÜãÉêJbåÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉå= EkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉåF= ΩÄÉê= kÉÄÉåëíÉääÉåJ^åëÅÜäìëëäÉáíìåÖÉå= ~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉå= ëáåÇK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKNU=òÉáÖí=Ç~ë=sÉêãáííäìåÖëéêáåòáé=ÉáåÉê=kÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉK= OMQ=
= =
SKQ== jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=mae=ìåÇ=plkbqLpae=
ISDN-Nebenstellenanlage
ISDN
Unternehmensinternes Netz
Öffentliches Netz
= ^ÄÄK=SKNUW=sÉêãáííäìåÖëéêáåòáé=îçå=fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉå= báåÉ= fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉ= îÉêãáííÉäí= ÉáåÉêëÉáíë= båÇÉáåêáÅÜJ íìåÖÉå= áã= ìåíÉêåÉÜãÉåëáåíÉêåÉå= kÉíò= ãáíÉáå~åÇÉêI= ~åÇÉêÉêëÉáíë= Ä~ìí= ëáÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= òì= ÉñíÉêåÉå= båÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉå= ΩÄÉê= Ç~ë= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= fpakJkÉíò= ~ìÑK= eáÉêòì= ÄÉëáíòí= ëáÉ= ~äë= hÉêåëíΩÅâ= ÉáåÉ= aìêÅÜëÅÜ~äíÉáåÜÉáí=EpïáíÅÜáåÖ=råáíF=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=ÄäçÅâáÉêìåÖëÑêÉáÉå= o~ìãJwÉáíJhçééÉäÑÉäÇK= §ÄÉê= Ç~ë= o~ìãJwÉáíJhçééÉäÑÉäÇ= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ=_Jh~å®äÉ=éÜóëáëÅÜ=ÇìêÅÜÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉí=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ=_áíëíê∏ãÉ=áã=wÉáíJ ãìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=_~ëáë=ÇÉë=m`jPMJpóëíÉãë=ïÉáíÉêÖÉäÉáJ íÉí=Eòì=báåòÉäÜÉáíÉå=îÖäK=ìK=~K=xNUzI=pK=NUQ=ÑÑKFK=
6.4
Multiplexing mit PDH und SONET/SDH
aÉê=maeJ pí~åÇ~êÇ=
wìê= aáÖáí~äáëáÉêìåÖ= ÇÉê= qÉäÉÑçååÉíòÉ= ìåÇ= òìê= báåÑΩÜêìåÖ= ÇÉë= pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak= ïìêÇÉ= ÇáÉ= mäÉëáçÅÜêçåÉ= aáÖáí~äÉ= eáÉê~êJ ÅÜáÉ= EmaeI= mäÉëáçÅÜêçåçìë= aáÖáí~ä= eáÉê~êÅÜóF= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíI= ÇáÉ= ëáÅÜ= ÖêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜ= ÑΩê= ~ääÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáÉå= ÉáÖåÉíK= aáÉ= mae=áëí=ÉáåÉ=ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=ãáí=ÜáÉê~êÅÜáëÅÜ= ÖÉÖäáÉÇÉêíÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå= òìê= oÉ~äáëáÉêìåÖ= äÉáíìåÖëîÉêãáíJ íÉäíÉê= ìåÇLçÇÉê= é~âÉíîÉêãáííÉäíÉê= båÇëóëíÉãîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= ΩÄÉê= t^kJ_~ÅâÄçåÉëK= NVTO= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíÉ= Ç~ë= ``fqq= EÇÉê= sçêä®ìÑÉê= ÇÉê=fqrJqF=ÑΩê=kçêÇ~ãÉêáâ~I=bìêçé~=ìåÇ=g~é~å=ÇáÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåJ ÇÉå= maeJpí~åÇ~êÇë= dKTMO= E§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉåFI= dKTMP= E§ÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖëëÅÜåáííëíÉääÉåF= ìåÇ= dKTMQ= Eo~ÜãÉåëíêìâíìêÉåFI= ÇáÉ= òïáJ ëÅÜÉåòÉáíäáÅÜ=ãÉÜêÑ~ÅÜ=ΩÄÉê~êÄÉáíÉí=ïìêÇÉåK= OMR =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= a~ë= tçêí= éäÉëáçÅÜêçå= EÖêáÉÅÜáëÅÜW= Ñ~ëí= ëóåÅÜêçåF= ïÉáëí= Ç~ê~ìÑ= ÜáåI= Ç~ëë= ÇáÉ= _áíê~íÉå= ÇÉê= ÖÉãìäíáéäÉñíÉå= âäÉáåÉêÉå= h~å®äÉ= òìJ ë~ããÉå=åáÅÜí=ÖÉå~ì=ÇáÉ=_áíê~íÉ=ÇÉê=å®ÅÜëíÜ∏ÜÉêÉå=jìäíáéäÉñëíìJ ÑÉ=ÉêÖÉÄÉåK=^ÄïÉáÅÜìåÖÉå=ÉåíëíÉÜÉå=Ç~ÇìêÅÜI=Ç~ëë=aìããóJ_áíë= EpíçéÑÄáíëF=ÉáåÖÉÑΩÖí=ïÉêÇÉå=ãΩëëÉåI=ìã=äÉáÅÜí=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜÉ= q~âíê~íÉå=ÇÉê=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãÉ=~ìëòìÖäÉáÅÜÉå= E_áíJpíçéÑÉåI=_áí=píìÑÑáåÖFK==
a~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê= mae=
aáÉ= mae= ãìäíáéäÉñí= ÇáÉ= mêáã®êãìäíáéäÉñê~íÉ= Ó= OIMQU= jÄáíLë= ÇÉê=p JfpakJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ=ÇÉë=m`jPMJpóëíÉãë=áå=bìêçé~=ÓI=áåÇÉã= ëáÉ= ÇÉêÉå= âäÉáåÉêÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~ÜãÉå= EbNJo~ÜãÉå= áå= bìêçé~F= áå= Öê∏≈ÉêÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~ÜãÉå= ÉáåÉë= ëÅÜåÉääÉêÉå= äçÖáëÅÜÉå= h~J å~äë= EbOI= bPI= bQ= áå= bìêçé~F= ÉáåÑΩÖíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKNV= òÉáÖí= Ç~ë= cçêã~í= ÉáåÉë= bNJo~ÜãÉåë= ÇÉê= jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ= m`jPM= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉë= bOJo~ÜãÉåë=ÇÉê=å®ÅÜëíÜ∏ÜÉêÉå=jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ=m`jNOM=EîÖäK=ìK=~K= xONzI= pK= PVN= ÑKX= xPQzI= pK= OST= ÑÑKFK= rã= ÉáåÉ= sÉêïÉÅÜëÉäìåÖ= ãáí= ÇÉå= łcê~ãÉë=ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí=O=òì=îÉêãÉáÇÉåI=ïÉêÇÉå=ÜáÉê=ÇáÉ=marë= ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí=N=ãáí=ÇÉã=ÇÉìíëÅÜÉå=tçêí=ło~ÜãÉå=ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉíK= = E1-Rahmen (PCM30) 256 Bits K0 K1 K2 K3
…
X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19
Rahmenkennungswort in ungeraden Rahmen
…
K29 K30 K31
Signalisierungskanal mit 8 Bits, K1 bis K15, K17 bis K31: Datenkanäle à 8 Bits
Rahmenmeldewort in geraden Rahmen: X 1 D N Y Y Y Y D: Dringender Alarm, N: Normaler Alarm, X: Nationale Verbindung, Y: Internationale Verbindung
E2-Rahmen (PCM120) 10
2
RKW M
200
4
Nutzbits
St
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 D N Rahmenkennungswort
848 Bits 208 4 Nutzbits
St
208
4 4
204
Nutzbits
St St B
Nutzbits
Stopfinformationsbits
Stopfbits
Rahmenmeldewort: D: Dringender Alarm, N: Normaler Alarm
=
^ÄÄK=SKNVW=cçêã~íÉ=ÇÉë=bNJo~ÜãÉåë=ìåÇ=ÇÉë=bOJo~ÜãÉåë= báå= bNJo~ÜãÉå= ÇÉê= eáÉê~êÅÜáÉëíìÑÉ= N= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= PO= _óíÉë= ÑΩê= PO=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉK=a~ë=ÉêëíÉ=_óíÉ=ÑΩê=h~å~ä=M=ÉåíÜ®äí=ÄÉá=łìåÖÉJ ê~ÇÉå= o~ÜãÉå= ENKI= PKI= RK= o~ÜãÉå= ìëïKF= Éáå= o~ÜãÉåâÉååìåÖëJ ïçêí=ãáí=póåÅÜêçåáëáÉêìåÖëÄáíëI=ÄÉá=łÖÉê~ÇÉå=o~ÜãÉå=EOKI=QKI=SK= OMS=
= =
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S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= Ñ~ÅÜ=ΩÄÉê~êÄÉáíÉíÉ=póåÅÜêçåÉ=aáÖáí~äÉ=eáÉê~êÅÜáÉ=EpaeI=póåJ ÅÜêçåçìë= aáÖáí~ä= eáÉê~êÅÜóFI= ÇáÉ= ÇìêÅÜ= ÇáÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇë= dKTMT= Äáë= dKTMV= ÇÉê= fqrJq= ëéÉòáÑáòáÉêí= áëíK= páÉ= ëíáããí= ïÉáíÖÉÜÉåÇ= ãáí= plkbq=ΩÄÉêÉáå=ìåÇ=ä∏ëí=ÇáÉ=îÉê~äíÉíÉ=mae=~ÄK=plkbq=ìåÇ=pae= ëáåÇ= ~ìÑ= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ìåÇ= ~ìÑ= oáÅÜíÑìåâ= ÄÉëÅÜê®åâíK= ^ÄÄáäJ ÇìåÖ= SKOM= ÖáÄí= ÉáåÉå= §ÄÉêÄäáÅâ= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= ÇêÉá= jìäíáéäÉñJ eáÉê~êÅÜáÉå= EîÖäK= òK= _K= ~ìÅÜ= xRzI= pK= NOR= ÑÑKX= xPQzI= pK= OSU= ÑÑKFK= páÉ= òÉáÖí= ïáÅÜíáÖÉ= _êìííçJ_áíê~íÉå= áå= jÄáíLëI= ÄÉëçåÇÉêë= ÄÉÇÉìíë~ãÉ= jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉå=ëáåÇ=ÑÉíí=ã~êâáÉêíK= = Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) Nordamerika
Europa
Japan
SONET
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
USA
weltweit
0,064 (DS0)
0,064 (E0)
0,064 (J0)
-
1,544 (DS1)
2,048 (E1)
1,544 (J1)
-
-
6,312 (DS2)
8,448 (E2)
6,312 (J2)
-
-
44,736 (DS3) 34,368 (E3) 32,064 (J3) 274,176 (DS4) 139,264 (E4) 97,728 (J4)
51,840
(OC1)
-
155,520 (OC-3)
155,520
(STM-1)
622,080
(STM-4)
-
-
-
622,080 (OC-12)
-
-
-
2.488,320 (OC-48)
2.488,320 (STM-16)
9.953,280 (OC-192)
9.953,280 (STM-64)
39.813,120 (OC-768) 39.813,120 (STM-256)
=
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Leitungsvermittelte und/oder paketvermittelte Verbindungen Path
Path
Multiplex Section
Multiplex Section
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section
Regenerator Section
Regenerator Section
Regenerator Section
Physical Media
Physical Media
Physical Media
Physical Media
Terminal Add Drop Multiplexer/ Regenerator Multiplexer Digital Cross Connect
Terminal Multiplexer
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STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module 1) 270 Bytes 9 Bytes
261 Bytes
1 RSOH 3 4 AU-Pointer AU-4 9 Zeilen 5 MSOH
VC-4 POH
9
1 B.
Container C-4 im VC4 mit Data Payload: • PDH-Rahmen • VC3/VC11/VC12 • ATM-Zellen • HDLC-Frames • IP-Pakete •… 260 Bytes
VC-4 (Virtual Container mit POH und C4)
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plkbqLpaeJkÉíòÉ= Ü~ÄÉå= åçêã~äÉêïÉáëÉ= ÉáåÉ= oáåÖJqçéçäçÖáÉK= páÉ=ïÉêÇÉå=òìê=bêÜ∏ÜìåÖ=ÇÉê=kÉíòïÉêâîÉêÑΩÖÄ~êâÉáí=áå=cçêã=ÉáJ åÉë= açééÉäêáåÖÉë= êÉ~äáëáÉêíK= aÉê= ÉêëíÉ= oáåÖ= áëí= ~âíáîI= ÇÉê= òïÉáíÉ= ONN =
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TM
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ADM
ADM
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STM-1
ADM STM-1
TM
ADM
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ADM
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TM
STM-1
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STM-1
PCM30-PCM1920
STM-1
STM: Synchronous Transport Module PCM: Pulse Code Modulation
TM PCM30-PCM1920
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6.5
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3 PLP 2 LAPB
X.25
1 X.20/21 DTE
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DTE
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Frame Relay Switch
3 Higher Layers 2b LAPF Control 2a LAPF Core
DTE
DCE
DCE
DTE
Q.922 G.703/4 1 Physical Layer I.430/1 X.21 OSI-Schichten Standards
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SKR== c~ëí=m~ÅâÉí=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=ãáí=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó= pí~åÇ~êÇ=Ó=åìê=ÇáÉ=qÉáäåÉÜãÉêJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉI=åáÅÜí=~ÄÉê=Ç~ë=kÉíòJ ïÉêâ= ëÉäÄëíK= k~ÅÜ= ÇÉã= pí~åÇ~êÇ= ÉêÑçäÖí= ÇÉê= kÉíòòìÖ~åÖ= îçå= ÉáJ åÉã=båÇëóëíÉã=EaqbI=a~í~=qÉêãáå~íáåÖ=bèìáéãÉåíF=~ìë=~ìÑ= ÉáåÉ= a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖ= Ea`bI= a~í~= `áêÅìáíJ qÉêãáå~íáåÖ=bèìáéãÉåíF=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=rkf=ErëÉê=kÉíïçêâ=fåíÉêJ Ñ~ÅÉFK= báå= aqb= â~åå= Éáå= oçìíÉêI= ÉáåÉ= _êáÇÖÉI= Éáå= ëéÉòáÉääÉë= co^a= Ecê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= ^ÅÅÉëë= aÉîáÅÉFI= Ç~ë= ~äë= jìäíáéêçíçâçääJ fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=marë=~åÇÉêÉê=mêçíçâçääÉ=ïÉáíÉêäÉáíÉíI=çÇÉê=~ìÅÜ=åìê=Éáå= `çãéìíÉê= ëÉáåK= ^äë= a`b= ÑìåÖáÉêí= ãÉáëí= Éáå= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= pïáíÅÜK= bë= ÖáÄí= ~ÄÉê= ~ìÅÜ= aqbëI= ÇáÉ= ~äë= a`b= âçåÑáÖìêáÉêí= ïÉêÇÉå= â∏åJ åÉåI= ëçÇ~ëë= Ç~ë= a`b= EïáÉ= ÄÉá= ÉáåÉê= m`JkÉíòïÉêââ~êíÉF= áå= Ç~ë= aqb=áåíÉÖêáÉêí=ïáêÇ=ìåÇ=Ç~ë=kÉíòïÉêâ=áã=aqb=ÉåÇÉíK= = LAN
DTE
DCE
(Router, Bridge, FRAD)
Frame Relay Network
DCE
(Frame Relay Switches) Interface: Q.922
Interface: Q.922
E
D A
X 19
1
138
LAN
23
Y
116
55 77
DTE (Router, Bridge, FRAD)
B4
2
Z
C
3
84
10
Tabelle von Switch B Incoming Logical Channel
Outgoing Logical Channel
Interface
DLCI
Interface
DLCI
1 1 …
55 138 …
3 2 …
116 84 …
= ^ÄÄK=SKORW=qçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=cê~ãÉJoÉä~óJkÉíòÉå= pïáíÅÜáåÖ=áå= cê~ãÉJoÉä~óJ kÉíòÉå=
cê~ãÉë=ïÉêÇÉå=îçå=ÇÉå=~ìÑ=ÉáåÉê=îáêíìÉääÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=Ea~J í~=iáåâ=`çååÉÅíáçåF=äáÉÖÉåÇÉå=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó=pïáíÅÜÉë=ÇìêÅÜÖÉJ ëÅÜ~äíÉí= EÇ~ÜÉê= ÇÉê= k~ãÉ= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó>F= ìåÇ= ~ÄëÅÜåáííëïÉáëÉ= ΩJ ÄÉê=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉ=ïÉáíÉêÖÉäÉáíÉíK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOR=òÉáÖí=òïÉá=îáêJ íìÉääÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåI= ÇáÉ= ÇìêÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= cçäÖÉ= îçå= ai`fë= Ea~í~= iáåâ= `çååÉÅíáçå= fÇÉåíáÑáÉêëF= ÖÉâÉååòÉáÅÜåÉí= ëáåÇW= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉã=oçìíÉêå=u=ìåÇ=v=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=ai`fë=NVI=RRI=NNS=ìåÇ=OP=ëçïáÉ= òïáëÅÜÉå=ÇÉå=oçìíÉêå=u=ìåÇ=w=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=ai`fë=TTI=NPUI=UQ=ìåÇ= NMK=gÉÇÉê=pïáíÅÜ=ÄÉëáíòí=ÉáåÉ=q~ÄÉääÉI=ÇáÉ=òìã=àÉïÉáäáÖÉå=mçêí=ÇáÉ= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉå= ai`fë= ÉåíÜ®äíK= pç= ëíÉÜÉå= òK= _K= áå= ÇÉê= q~ÄÉääÉ= ONR =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= îçã=pïáíÅÜ=_=òïÉá=báåíê®ÖÉ=òì=ÇÉå=ÜÉêÉáåâçããÉåÇÉå=ìåÇ=ÉåíJ ëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉå=ÜÉê~ìëÖÉÜÉåÇÉå=äçÖáëÅÜÉå=h~å®äÉå=ÇÉê=ÄÉáÇÉå=îáêJ íìÉääÉå= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåK= gÉÇÉã= cê~ãÉ= ïáêÇ= îçê= ëÉáåÉã= qê~åëéçêí= ÇÉê= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ= ai`f= ÜáåòìÖÉÑΩÖíI= ëçÇ~ëë= áÜå= ÇÉê= å®ÅÜëíÉ= pïáíÅÜ=àÉïÉáäë=ÇìêÅÜëÅÜ~äíÉå=ìåÇ=ïÉáíÉêäÉáíÉå=â~ååK=
i^mc=`çêÉ=cê~ãÉë=Ü~ÄÉå=ÉáåÉ=î~êá~ÄäÉ=i®åÖÉK=aÉê=kìíòä~ëíÄÉJ cçêã~í=ÉáåÉë= i^mc=`çêÉ=cê~ãÉ= êÉáÅÜ=EfåÑçêã~íáçå=cáÉäÇF=î~êááÉêí=ìåÇ=â~åå=ã~ñáã~ä= NSKMMM=lâJ íÉííÉ= ~ìÑåÉÜãÉåK= táÉ= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKOS= òÉáÖíI= Ü~ÄÉå= i^mc= `çêÉ= cê~ãÉë= ÉáåÉå= ®ÜåäáÅÜÉå= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ïáÉ= eai`Jcê~ãÉëK= kìê= Ç~ë= `çåíêçä=cáÉäÇ=ÑÉÜäí=ìåÇ=Ç~ë=^ÇêÉëëÑÉäÇ=áëí=~åÇÉêë=~ìÑÖÉÄ~ìíK= =
Flag
Address
Information
FCS
Oktett 1 8
7
6
5
4
DLCI (High Order)
Flag
Oktett 2 3
2
1
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
FE BE C/R EA DLCI (Low Order) CN CN DE EA
DLCI: Data Link Connection Identifier
C/R: EA: FECN: BECN: DE: FCS:
Command/Response Bit Extended Address Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Backward Explicit Congestion Notification Discard Eligibility Frame Check Sequence
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t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå=
Breitband-ISDN mit ATM a~ë= ê~ë~åíÉ= t~ÅÜëíìã= áããÉê= åÉìÉê= fåíÉêåÉíJ= ìåÇ= fåíê~åÉí~åJ ïÉåÇìåÖÉå= ÑΩÜêí= Ç~òìI= Ç~ëë= åáÅÜí= åìê= a~íÉåI= ëçåÇÉêå= òìåÉÜJ ãÉåÇ= ~ìÅÜ= ^ìÇáçJ= ìåÇ= sáÇÉçëíê∏ãÉ= ÇáÖáí~ä= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= ãΩëëÉåK= dêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜ= ëíÉáÖÉêå= jìäíáãÉÇá~~åïÉåÇìåÖÉå= ÇÉå= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉÄÉÇ~êÑ= ÖÉÖÉåΩÄÉê= âä~ëëáëÅÜÉå= a~íÉåîÉê~êÄÉáíìåÖë~åJ ïÉåÇìåÖÉå= Ö~åò= ÉêÜÉÄäáÅÜK= a~êΩÄÉê= Üáå~ìë= îÉêä~åÖÉå= bÅÜíòÉáíJ ^ìÇáç=EòK=_K=fmJqÉäÉÑçåáÉF=ìåÇ=bÅÜíòÉáíJsáÇÉç=EòK=_K=sáÇÉçâçåÑÉJ êÉåòÉåF=fëçÅÜêçåáí®íI=ÇK=ÜK=ÉáåÉ=îÉêò∏ÖÉêìåÖëÑêÉáÉ=^ìëäáÉÑÉêìåÖ= ~ääÉê= ÖÉëÉåÇÉíÉå= a~íÉåé~âÉíÉ= çÜåÉ= aÉä~óI= ëçÇ~ëë= sÉêòÉêêìåÖÉå= ìåÇ=łoìÅâÉäå=îÉêãáÉÇÉå=ïÉêÇÉåK=
^qj=~äë=_~ëáë=ÇÉë= sçå= ÇÉê= fqrJq= ïìêÇÉ= NVUU= ^qj= E^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë= qê~åëÑÉê= jçÇÉF= ~äë= jìäíáéäÉñJ= ìåÇ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ= ÑΩê= Éáå= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáJ _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak= ÅÜÉë= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak= E_JfpakF= îçêÖÉëÅÜä~ÖÉåI= ìã= ÇáÉ= òìâΩåÑíáJ ÖÉå=h~é~òáí®íëJ=ìåÇ=nì~äáí®íë~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=ÑäÉñáÄÉä=ìåÇ=ëâ~äáÉêJ Ä~ê= ~ÄÇÉÅâÉå= òì= â∏ååÉåK= wìê= _ÉëÅÜäÉìåáÖìåÖ= ÇÉê= pí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉJ êìåÖë~êÄÉáíÉå= ÖêΩåÇÉíÉå= `áëÅçI= kçêíÉä= ìåÇ= ~åÇÉêÉå= råíÉêåÉÜJ ãÉå= NVVN= Ç~ë= ^qjJcçêìãK= bë= Éê~êÄÉáíÉíÉ= áåëÄÉëçåÇÉêÉ= ÇáÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇë=rkf=OKM=ÑΩê=ms`ë=ENVVOFI= rkf=PKMLPKN= ENVVQF=ÑΩê= ps`ë= ëçïáÉ= rkf= QKM= ÑΩê= îÉêÄÉëëÉêíÉå= pÉêîáÅÉ= ENVVSFK= aáÉ= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåJ ÇÉå=fqrJqJpí~åÇ~êÇë=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=rkfJpáÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖ=ëáåÇ=nKOVPNLOVTN= ãáí=ÇÉã=qáíÉä=łaáÖáí~ä=pìÄëÅêáÄÉê=páÖå~äáåÖ=póëíÉã=kçK=O=EappOF=Ó= rëÉê=kÉíïçêâ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=ErkfF=i~óÉê=P=péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåÒK== bÄÉåëç= ïáÉ= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= îÉêïÉåÇÉí= ^qj= òìê= ëáãìäí~åÉå= kìíJ òìåÖ=ÉáåÉë=éÜóëáëÅÜÉå=h~å~äë=^qa=E^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=qáãÉ=aáîáëáçå= jìäíáéäÉñáåÖFK=^åÇÉêë=~äë=ÄÉá=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó=ÉêÑçäÖí=~ÄÉê=Éáå=ëí~íáëíáJ ëÅÜÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=wÉääÉå=EâäÉáåÉå=m~âÉíÉå=ÑÉëíÉê=i®åÖÉF=ìåÇ= ÉáåÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ=^qaJÄ~ëáÉêíÉ=wÉääJsÉêãáííäìåÖI=ìã=fëçÅÜêçåáJ í®í= òì= ÉêêÉáÅÜÉå= E`Éää= oÉä~óFK= báåÉ= ~ìëÑΩÜêäáÅÜÉ= a~êëíÉääìåÖ= ÇÉê= ëÉÜê=âçãéäÉñÉå=^qjJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉ=áëí=áå=xOOz=òì=ÑáåÇÉåK= ^qjJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOT=òÉáÖí=áã=çÄÉêÉå=qÉáä=ÇáÉ=ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå=pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå= ÉáåÉë= ^qjJkÉíòÉëK= báå= ^qjJkÉíò= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= ãáíÉáå~åÇÉê= îÉêJ ÄìåÇÉåÉå= ^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë= ìåÇ= îÉêÄáåÇÉí= ëÉáåÉêëÉáíë= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= ^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíëK=^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíë=â∏åJ åÉå= `çãéìíÉê= Ej~áåÑê~ãÉëI= båíÉêéêáëÉ= pÉêîÉêI= tçêâëí~íáçåëI= m`ëFI=oçìíÉêI=i^kJpïáíÅÜÉë=çÇÉê=qhJ^åä~ÖÉå=ëÉáåK=báå=^qj=båÇJ mçáåí=bèìáéãÉåí=ïáêÇ=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=rkf=ErëÉê=kÉíïçêâ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉF= ãáí=ÉáåÉã=^qjJpïáíÅÜ=îÉêÄìåÇÉåK=wïÉá=^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë=âçããìJ åáòáÉêÉå=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=kkf=EkÉíïçêâ=kçÇÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉF=ãáíÉáå~åÇÉêK= kÉÄÉåÄÉá=ÄÉãÉêâíW=Éáå=rkf=â~åå=éêáî~í=çÇÉê=∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜ=ëÉáå=ìåÇ= òïÉá= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= ^qjJkÉíòÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= ΩÄÉê= Éáå= _Jf`f= E_êç~ÇÄ~åÇ= fåíÉêÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=`~êêáÉê=fåíÉêÅçååÉÅíF=~åÉáå~åÇÉê=ÖÉâçééÉäíK= ONU=
= =
SKS== _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=ãáí=^qj=
ATM-Schnittstellen UNI ATMEnd-Point Equipment
NNI
ATM-Switches
NNI
UNI
ATMEnd-Point Equipment
... Übertragungsrichtung
ATM-Zellen Nutzinfo 48 Oktette
UNI
HEC CLP PT 8 1 3
VCI 16
NNI
HEC CLP PT 8 1 3
VCI 16
VPI 8
GFC
VPI 12
4
Zellkopf 5 Oktette
= ^ÄÄK=SKOTW=^qjJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=ìåÇ=^qjJwÉääÉå= a~ë=cçêã~í=îçå= ^qjJwÉääÉå=
aÉê=ìåíÉêÉ=qÉáä=îçå=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOT=òÉáÖí=ÇáÉ=píêìâíìê=îçå=^qjJ wÉääÉå=~ã=rkfJ=ìåÇ=~ã=kkfK=aáÉ=wÉääÉåI=ÇáÉ=^qj=áã=dÉÖÉåë~íò= òì= ÇÉå= î~êá~ÄÉä= ä~åÖÉå= m~âÉíÉå= Ecê~ãÉëF= îçå= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= îÉêJ ïÉåÇÉíI= ëáåÇ= àÉïÉáäë= åìê= RP= _óíÉë= ä~åÖI= ìã= _äçÅâáÉêìåÖÉå= ÇìêÅÜ= ä~åÖÉ= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= òì= îÉêãÉáÇÉåK= gÉÇÉ= ^qjJwÉääÉ= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= ÉáåÉã= QU= _óíÉë= ä~åÖÉå= kìíòä~ëíÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉã= R= _óíÉë= ä~åÖÉå=eÉ~ÇÉêK=wÉääÉå=~ã=rkf=ìåÇ=~ã=kkf=Ü~ÄÉå=Ñ~ëí=ÇáÉëÉäÄÉ= píêìâíìêX=ÇÉê=rkfJeÉ~ÇÉê=ÉåíÜ®äí=~ÄÉê=Éáå=âΩêòÉêÉë=smfJcÉäÇ=ìåÇ= Ç~ë=òìë®íòäáÅÜÉ=cÉäÇ= dc`=EdÉåÉêáÅ=cäçï=`çåíêçäFI=Ç~ë=åìê=ÑΩê= ÇáÉ=äçâ~äÉ=píÉìÉêìåÖ=_ÉÇÉìíìåÖ=Ü~íK= aáÉ=ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå=cÉäÇÉê=ÇÉë=eÉ~ÇÉêë=ëáåÇ=ÇÉê=smf=Esáêíì~ä=m~íÜ= fÇÉåíáÑáÉêF= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= s`f= Esáêíì~ä= `Ü~ååÉä= fÇÉåíáÑáÉêFK= páÉ= ïÉêÇÉå=ÄÉáÇÉå=ÖÉãÉáåë~ã=ÄÉå∏íáÖíI=ìã=ÇáÉ=wÉääÉå=ÉáåÉê=îáêíìÉäJ äÉå= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= ~ÄëÅÜåáííëïÉáëÉ= ïÉáíÉêòìäÉáíÉåK= a~ë= cÉäÇ= mq= Em~óäç~Ç= qóéÉF= âÉååòÉáÅÜåÉí= ÇÉå= wÉääÉåíóé= E_ÉåìíòÉêÇ~íÉåI= píÉìÉêÇ~íÉåI= §ÄÉêä~ëí= ÑÉëíÖÉëíÉääíF= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= _áí= `im= E`Éää= içëë= mêáçêáíóF= ã~êâáÉêí= ÇáÉ= wÉääJmêáçêáí®í= òìã= sÉêïÉêÑÉå= ÉáåÉê= wÉääÉK= a~ë= cÉäÇ= eb`= EeÉ~ÇÉê= bêêçê= `çåíêçäF= ÉåíÜ®äí= ÉáåÉ= mêΩÑëìãJ ãÉI=ÇáÉ=~ìë=ÇÉå=ÉêëíÉå=îáÉê=_óíÉë=ÇÉë=eÉ~ÇÉêë=ÉêêÉÅÜåÉí=ïáêÇK=
sáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåJ ÇìåÖÉå=
jáí=^qj=â∏ååÉå=îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ÉåíïÉÇÉê=ÑÉëí=ÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉí= ïÉêÇÉå= Ems`I= mÉêã~åÉåí= sáêíì~ä= `áêÅìáíF= çÇÉê= ÄÉá= _ÉÇ~êÑ= íÉãéçê®ê= ~ìÑÖÉÄ~ìí= ïÉêÇÉå= Eps`I= pïáíÅÜÉÇ= sáêíì~ä= `áêÅìáíFK= cΩê= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= ^qjJkÉíòïÉêâÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= båÇëóëíÉã~ÇêÉëëÉå= ÄÉJ ONV =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= åìíòíI= ÇáÉ= Ç~ë= cçêã~í= ÑΩê= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ= qÉäÉÑçååìããÉêå= Eãáí= i~åÇÉëJ`çÇÉF= å~ÅÜ= ÇÉã= fqrJqJpí~åÇ~êÇ= bKNSQ= îÉêïÉåÇÉåX= áå= éêáî~íÉå= ^qjJkÉíòÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇêÉá= äÉáÅÜí= ~ÄïÉáÅÜÉåÇÉ= ^ÇêÉëëJ Ñçêã~íÉ= îÉêïÉåÇÉíI= ÇáÉ= îçã= ^qjJcçêìã= ëí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêí= ïìêÇÉåK= aÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ìÑÄ~ì=ÑΩê=ÉáåÉå=ps`=â~åå=ã~å=ëáÅÜ=ëí~êâ=îÉêJ ÉáåÑ~ÅÜí= ëç= ®ÜåäáÅÜ= ïáÉ= ÄÉáã= pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak= îçêëíÉääÉå= EîÖäK= ^ÄÄK=SKNTFI=åìê=ÉÄÉå=ãáí=ÇÉã=råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇI=Ç~ëë=ëí~íí=éÜóëáëÅÜÉê= îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=~ìÑÖÉÄ~ìí=ïÉêÇÉåK=
sáêíìÉääÉ=mÑ~ÇÉ= ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=h~J å®äÉ=
få= ^qjJ_~ÅâÄçåÉë= ïÉêÇÉå= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä= ~äë= éÜóëáëÅÜÉ= _êÉáíJ Ä~åÇâ~å®äÉ= îÉêïÉåÇÉíK= wìê= çéíáã~äÉå= h~é~òáí®íë~ìëåìíòìåÖ= ÉáJ åÉë= éÜóëáëÅÜÉå= _êÉáíÄ~åÇâ~å~äë= ÄÉåìíòí= ^qj= ìåáÇáêÉâíáçå~äÉ= sáêíì~ä= m~íÜë= EsmF= ìåÇ= sáêíì~ä= `Ü~ååÉäë= Es`FK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKOU=îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí=ÇÉå=wìë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ=òïáëÅÜÉå=sáêíì~ä=m~íÜë= ìåÇ=sáêíì~ä=`Ü~ååÉäë=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜK=báå=sáêíì~ä=m~íÜ=ÄΩåÇÉäí=ãÉÜJ êÉêÉ=sáêíì~ä=`Ü~ååÉäëK=gÉÇÉê=sm=ïáêÇ=ÇìêÅÜ=ÉáåÉå=sáêíì~ä=m~íÜ=fJ ÇÉåíáÑáÉê= EsmfF= ìåÇ= àÉÇÉê= s`= áååÉêÜ~äÄ= ÉáåÉë= smë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÉáåÉå= sáêíì~ä= `Ü~ååÉä= fÇÉåíáÑáÉê= Es`fF= ÉáåÇÉìíáÖ= áÇÉåíáÑáòáÉêíK= smfë= ìåÇ= s`fë= Ü~ÄÉå= åçêã~äÉêïÉáëÉ= áããÉê= åìê= ÑΩê= ÉáåÉå= píêÉÅâÉå~ÄJ ëÅÜåáíí=äçâ~äÉ=_ÉÇÉìíìåÖ=ìåÇ=ïÉêÇÉå=îçå=ÇÉå=^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë=áã= eÉ~ÇÉê=ÇÉê=^qjJwÉääÉå=àÉïÉáäë=åÉì=ÉáåÖÉíê~ÖÉåK= = Virtuelle Kanäle (Virtual Channels, VCs)
VCI = x
VCI = x VPI = m VPI = n
Physischer Breitbandkanal (Lichtwellenleiter)
VPI = m VPI = n VCI = y
VCI = y
Virtuelle Pfade (Virtual Paths, VPs) VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier
VPI: Virtual Path Identifier
= ^ÄÄK=SKOUW=sáêíìÉääÉ=mÑ~ÇÉ=ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=h~å®äÉ= `Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=áå= ^qjJkÉíòÉå=
qóéáëÅÜÉ= ^qjJ_~ÅâÄçåÉë= ëáåÇ= ~äë= oáåÖJ= çÇÉê= j~ëÅÜÉååÉíòÉ= âçåòáéáÉêí= ìåÇ= Ä~ëáÉêÉå= ãÉáëí= ~ìÑ= paeJoáåÖÉåK= páÉ= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜÉå= ÇÉå=^åëÅÜäìëë=îçå=^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíë=ãáí=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇJ äáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉåK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOV=òÉáÖí=Éáå=éêáî~íÉë=^qjJ
OOM=
= =
SKS== _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=ãáí=^qj= t^k=ÉáåÉë=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåë=ãáí=ÇÉå=^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë=^=Äáë=bI=~å=ÇáÉ= ~äë=^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíë=ìK=~K=Éáå=båíÉêéêáëÉ=pÉêîÉê=Ej~áåJ Ñê~ãÉF= u= ìåÇ= òïÉá= ÉåíÑÉêåíÉ= kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®íÉ= ãáí= ^qjJfåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= EoçìíÉê=vI=i^kJpïáíÅÜ=wF=~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉå=ëáåÇK=aáÉ=kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®J íÉ= ÄÉÇáÉåÉå= áÜêÉêëÉáíë= òïÉá= äçâ~äÉ= kÉíòÉK= sçã= båíÉêéêáëÉ= pÉêîÉê= u=ÖÉÜí=ÉáåÉ=îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=òìã=oçìíÉê=u=ìåÇ=ÉáåÉ=òïÉáíÉ= îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ìã=i^kJpïáíÅÜ=wK= = ATM End-Points
ATM Network
ATM End-Points
(Computer, Router, LANSwitches, TK-Anlagen)
(ATM-Switches)
(Computer, Router, LANSwitches, TK-Anlagen)
E
UNI
X
UNI
D 2,5 Gbit/s 43
A 7 55
90 15 38
VCI VPI
75 16
1
B4
12
1 1 …
22
622 Mbit/s
C
3 2
155 Mbit/s
Z
23 33
84 3
Tabelle von ATM-Switch B Incoming
Interface
Y 63 5
Outgoing
VPI
VCI
Interface
VPI
VCI
16 12 …
55 38 …
3 2 …
22 3 …
75 84 …
= ^ÄÄK=SKOVW=mêáî~íÉë=^qjJt^k=ãáí=îáêíìÉääÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ= `Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ= aáÉ= îçå= u= å~ÅÜ= v= íê~åëéçêíáÉêíÉå= wÉääÉå= Ü~ÄÉå= ÇáÉ= smfLs`fJ m~~êÉ=TLQP=Eîçå=u=å~ÅÜ=^FI=NSLRR=Eîçå=^=å~ÅÜ=_FI=OOLTR=Eîçå=_= å~ÅÜ=aF=ìåÇ=RLSP=Eîçå=a=å~ÅÜ=vFK=aáÉ=îçå=u=å~ÅÜ=w=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉJ åÉå= wÉääÉå= íê~ÖÉå= ÇáÉ= smfLs`fJm~~êÉ= NRLVM= Eîçå= u= å~ÅÜ= ^FI= NOLPU= Eîçå= ^= å~ÅÜ= _FI= PLUQ= Eîçå= _= å~ÅÜ= `F= ìåÇ= PPLOP= Eîçå= `= å~ÅÜ=wFK= gÉÇÉê=^qjJpïáíÅÜ=ÄÉëáíòí=ÉáåÉ=cçêï~êÇáåÖJq~ÄÉääÉI=áå=ÇÉê=òì=àÉJ ÇÉã= mçêí= ãáí= ÜÉêÉáåâçããÉåÇÉå= smfLs`fJm~~êÉå= ÇáÉ= ÉåíëéêÉJ ÅÜÉåÇÉå= mçêíë= ãáí= ÜÉê~ìëÖÉÜÉåÇÉå= smfLs`fJm~~êÉå= òìÖÉçêÇåÉí= ëáåÇK=pç=ïÉá≈=òK=_K=^qjJpïáíÅÜ=_I=Ç~ëë=Éê=ÇáÉ=~ã=mçêí=N=ÜÉêÉáåJ âçããÉåÇÉå=wÉääÉå=ãáí=ÇÉê=smfLs`fJhÉååìåÖ=NSLRR=ΩÄÉê=mçêí=P= ïÉáíÉêäÉáíÉå=ìåÇ=áå=áÜêÉå=eÉ~ÇÉê=Ç~ë=smfLs`fJm~~ê=OOLTR=Éáåíê~J ÖÉå= ãìëëK= báå= ^qjJpïáíÅÜ= â~åå= áå= ÇÉê= oÉÖÉä= ëçïçÜä= smë= ~äë= OON =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= ~ìÅÜ=s`ë=ÉáåòÉäå=îÉêãáííÉäåK=jáí=au`=EaáÖáí~ä=`êçëë=`çååÉÅíF= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉí= ã~å= Ç~ÖÉÖÉå= ÉáåÉå= pïáíÅÜI= ÇÉê= åìê= îáêíìÉääÉ= mÑ~ÇÉI= ~äëç=Ö~åòÉ=h~å~äÖêìééÉåI=~ìÑ=~åÇÉêÉ=mçêíë=ëÅÜ~äíÉå=â~ååI=ëçÇ~ëë= ëáÅÜ=åìê=ÇáÉ=smfë=®åÇÉêåK=^qj=båÇJmçáåíë=ÑΩÜêÉå=òì=áÜêÉå=mçêíë= åìê=ÉáåÑ~ÅÜÉ=q~ÄÉääÉå=ãáí=ÇÉå=àÉïÉáäáÖÉå=smfLs`fJm~~êÉåK=
a~ë=_JfpakJ oÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää=
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PHY
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... Edge Core IP Out Addr. Label 141.28.0.0 /16
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Layer 2 Label Transp. Push
Core Label Swapping In Label 7
Daten 141.28.2.19
Daten 141.28.2.19 7
Out Label 10
Label Swapping In Label
Out Label
10
3
Label Switch Path
Daten 141.28.2.19 10
Core Edge In Next Label Hop 98.53.1.1 /8
3
Label Layer 2 Pop Transp.
Daten 141.28.2.19
Daten 141.28.2.19 3
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m^m= Em~ëëïçêÇ= ^ìíÜÉåíáÅ~íáçå= mêçíçÅçäF= çÇÉê= `e^m= E`Ü~ääÉåÖÉ= e~åÇëÜ~âÉ= ^ìíÜÉåíáÅ~íáçå= mêçJ íçÅçäF= òìê= ^ìíÜÉåíáÑáòáÉêìåÖ= EfÇÉåíáÑáâ~íáçå= ìåÇ= _ÉêÉÅÜJ íáÖìåÖëéêΩÑìåÖF=ÇÉë=qÉáäåÉÜãÉêë=îçê=báåë~íò=ÉáåÉë=k`mK= OPP
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LCP-Pakete
1
1
00000011
Flag
Addr. Contr. 1
1
Data/Configuration Option
2
n Bytes
Hex C021
Protocol
Information
FCS
2
n
2-4 Bytes
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IPCP-Pakete
Length
Flag
Hex 8021
Code Intentif. 1
1
Length
Data/Configuration Option
2
n Bytes
z. B. 1: Configure-Request z. B. 3: IP Address 2: Configure-Ack 129: Primary DNS Server Address
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Zugangsnetz
Access Server
Configure-Request (Configuration Options) Configure-Ack (Configuration Options)
Internet
LCP-Verbindungsaufbau
Authenticate-Request (User-ID, Password) Authenticate-Ack Configure-Request (Configuration Options) Configure-Ack (Configuration Options)
PAP-Authentisierung IPCP-Konfiguration (NCP-Konfiguration)
PPP-Frame (IP-Paket) PPP-Frame (IP-Paket)
IP-Paket-Transfer
PPP-Frame (IP-Paket) Terminate-Request Terminate-Ack
LCP-Verbindungsabbau
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pÉáí= NVUO= ~êÄÉáíÉíÉ= ÇáÉ= Éìêçé®áëÅÜÉ= dêçìéÉ= pé¨Åá~ä= jçÄáäÉ= ~å= ÉáåÉã=ÇáÖáí~äÉå=jçÄáäÑìåâëí~åÇ~êÇ=òìê=péê~ÅÜJI=a~íÉåJ=ìåÇ=qÉñíJ ΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK=bê=ïìêÇÉ=NVVM=îçã=bqpf=EbìêçéÉ~å=qÉäÉÅçããìåáJ Å~íáçåë=pí~åÇ~êÇë=fåëíáíìíÉF=~äë=dpj=EdäçÄ~ä=póëíÉã=Ñçê=jçÄáäÉ= `çããìåáÅ~íáçåëF=ÜÉê~ìëÖÉÖÉÄÉå=ìåÇ=Öáäí=ÜÉìíÉ=ïÉäíïÉáíK= få=aÉìíëÅÜä~åÇ=ÖáÄí=Éë=ëÉáí=NVVO=ÇáÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉå=aJkÉíòÉ=aN= ìåÇ=aOK=NVVQ=ÑçäÖíÉå=ÇáÉ=bJkÉíòÉ=bN=ìåÇ=bOK=dpjJkÉíòÉ=ÄáÉíÉå= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= åìê= åçÅÜ= Ü~åÇÑä®ÅÜÉåÖêç≈Éå= jçÄáäÑìåâÖÉê®íÉ= Ee~åÇóëF= òìë®íòäáÅÜÉ= cìåâíáçåÉå= ïáÉ= pjpJqÉäÉÖê~ããÉ= EpÜçêí= jÉëë~ÖÉ= pÉêîáÅÉF=ìåÇ=ÉáåÉ=ÖêÉåòΩÄÉêëÅÜêÉáíÉåÇÉ=kìíòìåÖ=EfåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉë= oç~ãáåÖFK= OMMN= ïìêÇÉ= ÇáÉ= äÉáíìåÖëîÉêãáííÉäíÉ= a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ÇìêÅÜ=ÇáÉ=äÉáëíìåÖëÑ®ÜáÖÉêÉ=m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ=dmop=EdÉJ åÉê~ä= m~ÅâÉí= o~Çáç= póëíÉãF= ÉêÖ®åòíK= ^åÑ~åÖ= OMMR= Ö~Ä= Éë= ïÉäíïÉáí=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉ=jáääá~êÇÉ=dpjJqÉáäåÉÜãÉêK=
OPS=
= =
SKV== jçÄáäÑìåâ=ãáí=dpjI=dmop=ìåÇ=rjqp= råíÉê= ÇÉã= k~ãÉå= fjqJOMMM= EfåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= jçÄáäÉ= qÉäÉJ fåíÉÖêáÉêíÉ=ìåÇ= ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåë=~í=OMMM=jeòF=ÄÉÖ~ååÉå=NVVO=áå=ÇÉê=fqr=ÇáÉ= ãìäíáãÉÇá~Ñ®ÜáÖÉ= ÖäçÄ~äÉå=pí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêìåÖë~êÄÉáíÉå=ÑΩê=ÇÉå=jçÄáäÑìåâ=ÇÉê=PK=dÉJ ÇáÖáí~äÉ=jçÄáäJ åÉê~íáçåK= páÉ= ÑΩÜêíÉå= òì= ÉáåÉê= pÉêáÉ= îçå= fjqJOMMMJpí~åÇ~êÇëK= pç= ÑìåâåÉíòÉ= Ö~Ä=Ç~ë=bqpf=NVVU=ÇÉå=pí~åÇ~êÇ= rjqp=EråáîÉêë~ä=jçÄáäÉ=qÉJ äÉÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåë= póëíÉãF= òìê= bêïÉáíÉêìåÖ= îçå= dpj= ÜÉê~ìëK= bê= áåíÉÖêáÉêí= ÇáÉ= äÉáíìåÖëîÉêãáííÉäíÉ= ìåÇ= é~âÉíîÉêãáííÉäíÉ= a~íÉåJ ΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=îçå=cÉëíåÉíòÉå=ìåÇ=jçÄáäÑìåâåÉíòÉå=Äáë=Üáå=òìê=p~J íÉääáíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= aìêÅÜ= ÇáÉ= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= t`aj^= EtáÇÉJ Ä~åÇ= `çÇÉ= aáîáëáçå= jìäíáéäÉ= ^ÅÅÉëëF= áëí= rjqp= ãìäíáãÉÇá~Ñ®ÜáÖI= Ç~=Éë=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå=îçå=Äáë=òì=O=jÄáíLë=ÉêêÉáÅÜí=ìåÇ=ëç=òK=_K= _áäÇíÉäÉÑçåáÉ= ã∏ÖäáÅÜ= ïáêÇK= få= aÉìíëÅÜä~åÇ= áëí= rjqp= ëÉáí= OMMR= îÉêÑΩÖÄ~êI=òìå®ÅÜëí=~ääÉêÇáåÖë=åìê=áå=_~ääìåÖëÖÉÄáÉíÉåK= cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ= dêìåÇä~ÖÉ= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= ãçÄáäÉ= qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçå= áëí= ÇáÉ= kìíòìåÖ= ÇÉê=jçÄáäÑìåâåÉíJ ÇÉê= âå~ééÉå= ìåÇ= Ç~ÜÉê= ëíêÉåÖ= êÉÖìäáÉêíÉå= cìåâÑêÉèìÉåòÉåK= ^ÄJ ÄáäÇìåÖ=SKPU=òÉáÖí=áã=çÄÉêÉå=qÉáä=ÇáÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ÑΩê=dpj= òÉ= ìåÇ=áã=ìåíÉêÉå=qÉáä=ÇáÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ÑΩê=rjqpK= = GSM-900
GSM-1800
Uplink Downlink
Uplink Downlink
GSM-850 (USA)
800
GSM-1900 (USA)
900 1000
1200
1400
UTRA-FDD
UTRA-FDD
Uplink
Downlink
1 Frequenzblockpaar mit je 2 x 5 MHz
UTRA-TDD
1850
1700 1900 1600 1800 2000
1920 1980 1900 1950 2000
2200
MHz
UTRA-TDD
2050
2110 2170 2100 2150 2200
MHz
= ^ÄÄK=SKPUW=cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ÑΩê=dpj=ìåÇ=rjqp= få= bìêçé~= ïÉêÇÉå= dpjJVMM= ìåÇ= dpjJNUMM= ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK= få= aÉìíëÅÜä~åÇ= îÉêïÉåÇÉå= ÇáÉ= aJkÉíòÉ= aN= EqJjçÄáäÉF= ìåÇ= aO= EsçÇ~ÑçåÉF= dpjJVMM= ãáí= ÇÉå= cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉå= UVMJVNR= jeò= EréäáåâF=ìåÇ=VPRJVSM=jeò=EaçïåäáåâFK=dpjJNUMM=ãáí=ÇÉå=cêÉJ OPT =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= èìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉå= NTNMJNTUR= jeò= EréäáåâF= ìåÇ= NUMRJNUUM= jeò= EaçïåäáåâF=ïáêÇ=îçå=ÇÉå=bJkÉíòÉå=bN=EbJmäìëF=ìåÇ=bO=El F=ëçJ ïáÉ=áåòïáëÅÜÉå=~ìÅÜ=òìë®íòäáÅÜ=îçå=aN=ìåÇ=aO=ÄÉåìíòíK=få=ÇÉå= rp^= âçããí= dpjJNVMM= ãáí= NURMJNVNM= jeò= EréäáåâF= ìåÇ= NVPMJ NVVM=jeò=EaçïåäáåâF=òìã=báåë~íòI=áå=äÉíòíÉê=wÉáí=~ìÅÜ=dpjJURM= ãáí=UOQJUQV=jeò=EréäáåâF=ìåÇ=USVJUVQ=jeò=EaçïåäáåâFK=báå=îáÉä= êÉáëÉåÇÉê= jçÄáäÑìåâíÉáäåÉÜãÉê= ÄÉå∏íáÖí= ~äëç= åáÅÜí= åìê= Éáå= qêáJ Ä~åÇJe~åÇóI=ëçåÇÉêå=ëçÖ~ê=Éáå=nì~ÇÄ~åÇJe~åÇóK= sçå=ÇÉå=ÄÉáÇÉå=rjqpJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå=âçããí=áå=aÉìíëÅÜä~åÇ=òìJ å®ÅÜëí= rqo^Jcaa= Erjqp= qÉêêÉëíêá~ä= o~Çáç= ^ÅÅÉëë= J= cêÉèìÉåÅó= aáîáëáçå=aìéäÉñF=ìåÇ=ëé®íÉê=~ìÅÜ=rqo^Jqaa=Erjqp=qÉêêÉëíêá~ä= o~Çáç= ^ÅÅÉëë= J= qáãÉ= aáîáëáçå= aìéäÉñF= òìã= báåë~íòK= rqo^Jcaa= ìãÑ~ëëí=S=cêÉèìÉåòÄäçÅâé~~êÉ=òì=àÉ=O=G=R=jeò=áå=ÇÉå=cêÉèìÉåòJ ÄÉêÉáÅÜÉå=NVOMJNVUM=jeò=EréäáåâF=ìåÇ=ONNMJONTM=jeò=EaçïåJ äáåâFK=páÉ=ïìêÇÉå=áã=g~ÜêÉ=OMMN=îçå=S=kÉíòÄÉíêÉáÄÉêå=ÑΩê=áåëÖÉJ ë~ãí= âå~éé= N= jáääá~êÇÉ= aj= ÉêëíÉáÖÉêíK= rqo^Jqaa= îÉêïÉåÇÉí= T= ìåÖÉé~~êíÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄä∏ÅâÉ=òì=àÉ=R=jeò=EÑΩê=réJ=ìåÇ=açïåäáåâF= áå=ÇÉå=_ÉêÉáÅÜÉå=NVMMJNVOM=jeò=ìåÇ=OMNMJOMOR=jeòK=
aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñJ íÉÅÜåáâ=îçå=dpj=
^å= ÇÉê= cìåâëÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ= ÄÉåìíòÉå= dpjJkÉíòÉ= ëçïçÜä= Ç~ë= cêÉJ èìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ~äë= ~ìÅÜ= Ç~ë= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖI= ëç= ïáÉ= Éë= áå= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKPV=ÖÉòÉáÖí=ïáêÇK= = GSM FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Downlink: 124 Kanäle zu je 200 KHz Uplink: 124 Kanäle zu je 200 KHz
F 960 MHz
Kanal
124
...
Kanal
935 MHz 915 MHz
1
Kanal
124
...
Kanal
890 MHz
GSM TDMA-Rahmen mit 8 TDMA-Kanälen
0
1
1
2
3
4
5
t
6 7
Tail Bits Data Bits Flags
GSM Zeitschlitz (Burst) für 1 TDMA-Kanal
3
57
1 26 1
57
3
8,25
Training Sequence Guard Space
GSM TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
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= =
SKV== jçÄáäÑìåâ=ãáí=dpjI=dmop=ìåÇ=rjqp= cΩê= ÇÉå= réäáåâ= òìê= _qp= EjçÄáäÑìåâëí~íáçåF= ìåÇ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= açïåJ äáåâ=òì=ÇÉå=jp=Ee~åÇóëF=ïÉêÇÉå=òïÉá=ÖÉíêÉååíÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáJ ÅÜÉ= ÄÉêÉáíÖÉëíÉääíK= aáÉë= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉí= ã~å= ~äë= caa= EcêÉèìÉåÅó= aáîáëáçå= aìéäÉñFK= _ÉáÇÉ= cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= ãáí= caj^= EcêÉèìÉåÅó=aáîáëáçå=jìäíáéäÉ=^ÅÅÉëëF=áå=NOQ=cêÉèìÉåòâ~å®äÉ= òì=àÉ=OMM=heò=~ìÑÖÉíÉáäíK=^åëÅÜäáÉ≈ÉåÇ=ïáêÇ=àÉÇÉê=cêÉèìÉåòâ~å~ä= ãáí=qaj^=EqáãÉ=aáîáëáçå=jìäíáéäÉ=^ÅÅÉëëF=áå=qaj^Jo~ÜãÉå= ìåíÉêíÉáäíI=ÇÉêÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëòÉáí=QISNR=ãë=ÄÉíê®ÖíK= gÉÇÉê= qaj^Jo~ÜãÉå= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= U= wÉáíëÅÜäáíòÉå= Edpj= _ìêëíëF= ÑΩê=U=kìíòâ~å®äÉK=báå=wÉáíëÅÜäáíò=ÉåíÜ®äí=áåëÖÉë~ãí=NQU=_áíëK=wìJ ë~ããÉå=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=dì~êÇ=pé~ÅÉ=îçå=UIOR=_áíëI=ÇÉå=Éê=~ã=båÇÉ= ~äë= pÅÜìíò~Äëí~åÇ= òìã= å®ÅÜëíÉå= wÉáíëÅÜäáíò= ÑΩê= i~ìÑòÉáíëÅÜï~åJ âìåÖÉå=Ü~íI=áëí=Éê=NRSIOR=_áíë=ä~åÖK=aÉê=ÖÉë~ãíÉ=wÉáíëÅÜäáíò=ÄÉå∏J íáÖí= RTT= µë= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëòÉáí= ERQSIR= µë= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= NQU= _áíë= ìåÇ= PMIR= µë= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= dì~êÇ= pé~ÅÉFK= a~ë= _áíãìëíÉê= ÇÉê= q~áä= _áíë= ÄÉÖêÉåòí= ÉáåÉå=wÉáíëÅÜäáíòI=ÇáÉ=a~í~=_áíë=ÉåíÜ~äíÉå=ÇáÉ=kìíòä~ëíI=ÇáÉ=cä~Öë= âÉååòÉáÅÜåÉå= ÇÉå= kìíòä~ëííóé= EkìíòÇ~íÉåI= páÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖëáåÑçêJ ã~íáçåÉåF= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= _áíãìëíÉê= ÇÉê= qê~áåáåÖëëÉèìÉåò= ÇáÉåí= ÇÉê= oÉâçåëíêìâíáçå=îÉêÑ®äëÅÜíÉê=páÖå~äÉ=ÄÉáã=bãéÑ®åÖÉêK= píêìâíìê=ÉáåÉë= jçÄáäÑìåâåÉíòÉë=
aáÉ=ÄÉëÅÜêáÉÄÉåÉå=cìåâÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ëáåÇ=åìê=ÇÉê=łîçêÇÉêÉ=qÉáä=îçå= jçÄáäÑìåâåÉíòÉåK= aáÉ= póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê= ÉáåÉë= âçãéäÉííÉå= dpjJ kÉíòÉë=áëí=áå=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKQM=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK= = RSS (Radio Sub-System) Funkzellen
NSS (Network Sub-System)
BSS
HLR VLR
…
AC
Andere Mobilfunknetze
MSC BSC
EIR
BSS
MS Um
VLR
BTS BSC MS Um BTS MS
MSC
BSS
GMSC
Signaling:
A
Signaling and Traffic:
Um BTS
PSTN ISDN PDN
BSC Abis
OMC (Operations and Maintenance Center)
Interfaces:
= ^ÄÄK=SKQMW=aáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=dpjJkÉíòÉë= OPV =
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ACM
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rjqp= ÉêÜ∏Üí= ÇáÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ= ~å= ÇÉê= cìåâëÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ= ÄÉá= rqo^= caa= ~ìÑ= ã~ñK= PUQ= hÄáíLëI= ÄÉá= rqo^= qaa= ~ìÑ= Äáë= òì= O= jÄáíLëK= _ÉáÇÉ= sÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= îÉêïÉåÇÉå= t`aj^= EtáÇÉÄ~åÇ= `çÇÉ= aáîáëáçå=jìäíáéäÉ=^ÅÅÉëëFI=Ç~ë=ÇáÉ=páÖå~äÉ=òìê=oÉÇìòáÉêìåÖ=áÜJ êÉê= pí∏ê~åÑ®ääáÖâÉáí= ÇìêÅÜ= `çÇáÉêìåÖ= ~ìÑ= R= jeò= ëéêÉáòíK= ^ÄÄáäJ ÇìåÖ= SKQO= îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí= áã= çÄÉêÉå= qÉáä= ÇÉå= ÖêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜÉå= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇ=òïáëÅÜÉå=ÇÉå=jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=`aj^I=caj^=ìåÇ= qaj^=Eòìê=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=îÖäK=^ÄëÅÜåáíí=RKNFK== = Multiplextechnik für Mobilfunknetze ...
Frequenz
Code
TDMA
...
FDMA
... CDMA Zeit
UTRA FDD von UMTS Leistung
Frequenz
1 Frame
Downlink 5 MHz
Uplink 5 MHz
... Code n
Code 1
Nutzkanal n
... Nutzkanal 1 Zeit
=
^ÄÄK=SKQOW=aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=îçå=rjqp=áã=sÉêÖäÉáÅÜ=òì=dpj= ìåÇ=dmop= aÉê=ìåíÉêÉ=qÉáä=ÇÉê=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=òÉáÖí=Ç~ë=`aj^=ÄÉá= rqo^=caaK= aáÉ=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜ=ÅçÇáÉêíÉå=páÖå~äÉ=~ääÉê=kìíòâ~å®äÉ=ΩÄÉêä~ÖÉêå= ëáÅÜ= ìåÇ= ÉêÖÉÄÉå= òìë~ããÉå= Éáå= pìããëáÖå~äI= Ç~ë= éÉêã~åÉåí= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉå= îçääÉå= cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ÇÉë= réäáåâ= ÄòïK= açïåäáåâ= ΩJ ÄÉêíê~ÖÉå= ïáêÇK= aáÉ= páÖå~ääÉáëíìåÖ= E§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉF= ïáêÇ= ÜáÉêJ ÄÉá=å~ÅÜ=_ÉÇ~êÑ=ÑΩê=ÉáåòÉäåÉ=h~å®äÉ=àÉ=cê~ãÉ=ÑäÉñáÄÉä=~åÖÉé~ëëíK= OQQ=
= =
SKV== jçÄáäÑìåâ=ãáí=dpjI=dmop=ìåÇ=rjqp= aáÉ=fjqJOMMMJpí~åÇ~êÇë=ëÉÜÉå=ÉáåÉ=Éîçäìíáçå®êÉ=rãëíÉääìåÖ=~ìÑ= rjqp=îçêK=aÉëÜ~äÄ=Ä~ìí=rjqp=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=kÉíòïÉêâíçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå= dpjLdmop= ~ìÑ= ìåÇ= ïÉáëí= ÇÉå= kÉíòïÉêââçãéçåÉåíÉå= åÉìÉ= cìåâíáçåÉå= ìåÇ= qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= òìK= kÉìÉ= _ÉòÉáÅÜåìåÖÉå= ìåJ íÉêëíêÉáÅÜÉå= ÜáÉêÄÉá= ÇáÉ= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉ= òì= dpjLdmopK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKQP=ëâáòòáÉêí=ÇáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=rjqpJkÉíòÉëK= = UTRAN
CN
(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
(Core Network)
UE
RNS
Uu
RNC
MSC
VLR
Externe Netze GMSC
CS Backbone
PSTN ISDN
Node UE
Uu Node
UE
IuCS Iub
Uu IuPS
Node UE
Uu Node
RNC Iub RNS
HLR
Signaling:
AC
Signaling and Traffic:
EIR
Interfaces:
PS Backbone SGSN VLR
GGSN
PDN Internet
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6.10
Testfragen NK
hÉååòÉáÅÜåÉå=páÉ=eai`=ÄÉòΩÖäáÅÜ=ëÉáåÉê=båíëíÉÜìåÖI=ëÉáåÉê= cìåâíáçå~äáí®í= ìåÇ= ëÉáåÉê= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíJwìçêÇåìåÖ>= tÉäÅÜÉ= îÉêï~åÇíÉå=mêçíçâçääÉ=âÉååÉå=páÉI=ÇáÉ=~ìÑ=eai`=~ìÑÄ~ìÉå\=
OK
tÉäÅÜÉ= qçéçäçÖáÉå= ìåíÉêëíΩíòí= eai`= ìåÇ= ãáí= ïÉäÅÜÉå= _ÉJ íêáÉÄë~êíÉå=â~åå=Éë=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòí=ïÉêÇÉå\=
PK
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QK
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OQS=
= =
SKNM= qÉëíÑê~ÖÉå= RK
bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ= ìåÇ= cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖ= îçå= eai`>=
SK
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TK
t~ë= áëí= uKOR\= t~ë= ëáåÇ= äçÖáëÅÜÉ= h~å®äÉI= ï~ë= ëáåÇ= îáêíìÉääÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=ïÉäÅÜÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåíÉêëíΩíòí=uKOR\=
UK
bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉW= ENF=ak^bI= EOF=m^aI= EPF=ms`I= EQF=ps`I= ERF=ulq>=
VK
pâáòòáÉêÉå=páÉ=Ç~ë=dêìåÇÑçêã~í=ÉáåÉë=uKORJm~âÉíÉë>=pâáòòáÉJ êÉå=páÉ=ÇÉå=^Ää~ìÑ=ÉáåÉê=a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=å~ÅÜ=uKOR=áå=ÉáJ åÉã=pÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã>=
NMK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= wáÉäëÉíòìåÖ= ÇÉë= fpak= ìåÇ= Éêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= îáÉê=kìíòÉåÑ~âíçêÉåI=ãáí=ÇÉåÉå=ÇáÉ=báåÑΩÜêìåÖ=ÇÉë=fpak=ÄÉJ ÖêΩåÇÉí=ïìêÇÉ>= NNK pâáòòáÉêÉå= páÉ= Ç~ë= dêìåÇâçåòÉéí= îçã= fpak= ìåÇ= Éêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ=Éë>= NOK dÉÄÉå=páÉ=ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=fpakJ^ëÅÜäìëë~êíÉå=ìåÇ= ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=fpakJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=ìåÇ=Jh~å®äÉ>=t~ë=áëí= ÉáåÉ=m^_u\= NPK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê= îçã= fpak= ãáí=ÉáÖÉåÉå=tçêíÉå>= NQK tÉäÅÜÉê= wìë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ= ÄÉëíÉÜí= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÉáåÉã= appNJ m~âÉíI= ÉáåÉã= i^maJcê~ãÉ= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉã= jìäíáéäÉñê~ÜãÉå= ÄÉJ òΩÖäáÅÜ=ÇÉê=páÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖ\= NRK tÉäÅÜÉ= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉ= ÄÉëíÉÜÉå= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉã= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉê= fpakJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= ãáí= appN= ìåÇ= ÇÉã= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉê= uKORJ sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ\=
OQT =
S=
t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= NSK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñÜáÉê~êÅÜáÉå= ENF=maeI= EOF=plkbq=ìåÇ= EPF=pae= ãáí=áÜêÉå=råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉå>= NTK bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= Ç~ë= jìäíáéäÉñâçåòÉéí= ÇÉê= mae= ãáí= ÉáÖÉåÉå= tçêíÉåI=áåÇÉã=páÉ=ëáÅÜ=~ìÑ=bNJ=ìåÇ=bOJo~ÜãÉå=ÖÉã®≈=^ÄÄK= SKNV=ÄÉòáÉÜÉå>= NUK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ= ENF=ÇáÉ=qçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå=plkbqLpaeJkÉíòÉå=ìåÇ== EOF=ÇáÉ=plkbqLpaeJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìê>= kÉååÉå=páÉ=Ç~ÄÉá=ÇáÉ=ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉå=kÉíòïÉêââçãéçåÉåíÉå= ãáí=áÜêÉå=^ÄâΩêòìåÖÉå>= NVK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=Ç~ë=jìäíáéäÉñâçåòÉéí=îçå=plkbqLpaeI=áåÇÉã= páÉ= ëáÅÜ= ~ìÑ= ÉáåÉå= paeJo~ÜãÉå= ÇÉê= jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ= pqjJN= ÖÉã®≈=^ÄÄK=SKOO=ÄÉòáÉÜÉå>= OMK t~ë=îÉêëíÉÜÉå=páÉ=ìåíÉê= ENF=c~ëí=m~ÅâÉí=pïáíÅÜáåÖI= EOF=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~óI= EPF=i^mc=`çêÉ=ìåÇ=i^mc=`çåíêçäI= EQF=`çåíêçä=mä~åÉ\= ONK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=i^mc=`çêÉ=cê~ãÉ=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ= ^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó>= OOK t~ë=áëí= ENF=ëí~íáëíáëÅÜÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖI= EOF=^qa=ìåÇ=mqjI= EPF=ł_ìêëíó=qê~ÑÑáÅI= EQF=`fo=ìåÇ=ÉáåÉ=^ÅÅÉëë=o~íÉ\= OPK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=òïÉá=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=^åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=~å=Éáå= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak>= t~ë= áëí= ^qj= ìåÇ= ï~ë= Ü~í= ^qj= ãáí= ÉáåÉã= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=òì=íìå\= OQK bêâä®êÉå=páÉ=ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉW= ENF=rkf=ìåÇ=kkfI= EOF=ps`=ìåÇ=ms`I= EPF=sm=ìåÇ=s`I= EQF=smf=ìåÇ=s`f>= ORK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ãáí=ÉáÖÉåÉå=tçêíÉå= ENF=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=^qjJwÉääÉI= EOF=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=q~ÄÉääÉ=áå=ÉáåÉã=^qjJpïáíÅÜI= EPF=Ç~ë=`Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=áå=ÉáåÉã=^qjJkÉíò>=
OQU=
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7
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Terminator
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Präambel
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Quelladresse
8
6
6
Typ
Daten
2 64 -1518 Bytes
FCS
46 – 1500
4
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 DSAP SSAP CTRL
IEEE 802.2 LLC Bytes:
1
1
Daten
1
43 - 1497
OSI 2b IEEE 802.2 LLC/SNAP DSAP SSAP CTRL SNAP Bytes:
S ZielOSI 2a Präambel F D adresse Bytes:
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1
6
1
1
Quelladresse 6
1
5
Daten 38 - 1492
Länge/ Typ
Daten
Pad
FCS
2
46 – 1500
0 – 46
4
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^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= TKU= îÉêÇÉìíäáÅÜí= Ç~ë= dêìåÇâçåòÉéí= ÉáåÉë= bíÜÉêåÉíJ i^kë= ãáí= píÉêåJqçéçäçÖáÉ= ~å= ÉáåÉã= _ÉáëéáÉäK= aÉê= òÉåíê~äÉ= eìÄ= â~åå= ÉåíïÉÇÉê= Éáå= é~ëëáîÉê= eìÄ= EÉáåÑ~ÅÜÉê= h~ÄÉäîÉêíÉáäÉêF= çJ ÇÉê= Éáå= ~âíáîÉê= eìÄ= EjìäíáéçêíJoÉéÉ~íÉêF= ëÉáåI= ÇÉê= ÇáÉ= páÖå~äÉ= îÉêëí®êâí=ìåÇ=ëçãáí=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí=N=~êÄÉáíÉíK=aÉê=ìêëéêΩåÖJ äáÅÜÉ=bíÜÉêåÉíJ_ìë=áëí=ÖÉïáëëÉêã~≈Éå=~ìÑ=ÇÉå=eìÄ=òìë~ããÉåÖÉJ ëÅÜêìãéÑíK=a~ë=wìÖêáÑÑëîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=ÄäÉáÄí=~ÄÉê=ìåîÉê®åÇÉêíI=ëçÇ~ëë= å~ÅÜ= ïáÉ= îçê= ~ääÉ= båÇëóëíÉãÉ= ÇáÉ= _êç~ÇÅ~ëíë= ÉêÜ~äíÉåI= ïÉåå= òïÉá=båÇëóëíÉãÉ=ãáíÉáå~åÇÉê=cê~ãÉë=~ìëí~ìëÅÜÉåK== = Hub Server
(Passiver Hub: Kabelverteiler, aktiver Hub: Multiport-Repeater)
TP-Kabel, LWL
Clients (Workstations)
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= =
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802.3z
1000Base-X PCS 1000Base-X PCS 8B/10B Auto-Negociation 8B/10B Auto-Negociation
1000Base-T 1000Base-T PCS PCS
1000Base-LX 1000Base-LX Transceiver Transceiver
1000Base-SX 1000Base-SX Transceiver Transceiver
1000Base-CX 1000Base-CX Transceiver Transceiver
1000Base-T 1000Base-T Transceiver Transceiver
Singlemode/ Multimode Fiber (= 550 m/3 km)
Multimode Fiber (= 550 m)
Twinax-/QuadCable (= 25 m)
Cat 5 UTP Cable (= 100 m)
802.3ab
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•
NMd_~ëÉJboW= páåÖäÉãçÇÉ= cáÄÉê= EλW= NPNM= åãX= ã~ñK= QM= âãF=òìê=ëÉêáÉääÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=îçå=i^kë=áã=j^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= ÄÉá=§ÄÉêÄêΩÅâìåÖ=îçå=ãÉÜê=~äë=NM=âãX=ÇáÉëÉë=sÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= Ü~í=ïÉÖÉå=ÜçÜÉê=hçëíÉå=åìê=ÖÉêáåÖÉ=_ÉÇÉìíìåÖK=
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7.4
Modernes LAN-Switching
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MAC-Adresse B D F C A E Bridge-Tabelle
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D
P1 F
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Segment 1 P4
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Segment 3
F
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Segment 4
MAC-Adresse A E F D …
Port P1 P3 P4 P3 …
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•
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BroadcastDomäne KollisionsDomäne Hub
Bridge bzw. Switch
Segment 1
KollisionsDomäne Hub
Segment 2
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Dual Attachement Stations (DAS)
Sekundärring
C
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Dual Attachement Concentrators (DAC) A1
B
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B3
Single Attachement Stations (SAS)
Single Attachement Concentrator (SAC)
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DQDB-Ring-Topologie
Zell-Generator
Station mit Zell-Generatoren und Bus-Enden
Bus-Ende
Bus B
Bus A
Stationen (Access Units)
Bus-Ende
Bus B Bus A
Stationen (Access Units)
Zell-Generator
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Outer Ring Inner Ring Data Packets
Data Packets
Control Packets Data Packets Control Packets
Control Packets MAC Control Sublayer
RPR MAC Layer
Buffer
(nach IEEE 802.17) MAC Inner Ring
Physical Media
MAC
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Physical Media Outer Ring
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p^k=Epíçê~ÖÉ=^êÉ~= báåÉ= ïÉáíÉêÉ= iÉáëíìåÖëëíÉáÖÉêìåÖ= ïìêÇÉ= áã= i^kJ= ìåÇ= j^kJ _ÉêÉáÅÜ= ÇìêÅÜ= ÇÉå= báåë~íò= îçå= p^kë= Epíçê~ÖÉ= ^êÉ~= kÉíïçêâëF= kÉíïçêâF= ÉêêÉáÅÜíK= t®ÜêÉåÇ= Éáå= k^p= EkÉíïçêâ= ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ= píçê~ÖÉF= ÉáåÉ= péÉáÅÜÉêâçãéçåÉåíÉ= Eãáí= kÉíòïÉêâ~Ç~éíÉêI= péÉáÅÜÉêëíÉìÉêìåÖ= ìåÇ= a~íÉåëéÉáÅÜÉêF= îçå= ÇÉå= pÉêîÉêå= åìê= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉå= ÖÉãÉáåë~J ãÉå=bíÜÉêåÉí=pïáíÅÜ=ÉåíâçééÉäí=ìåÇ=ëçãáí=áã=ëÉäÄÉå=i^k=ÄäÉáÄí= ïáÉ=ÇáÉ=tçêâëí~íáçåëI=áëí=Éáå=p^k=Epíçê~ÖÉ=^êÉ~=kÉíïçêâF=Éáå= ÉáÖÉåÉë=łpéÉáÅÜÉêåÉíòI=Ç~ë=ëáÅÜ=ÜáåíÉê=ÇÉå=pÉêîÉêå=ÄÉÑáåÇÉí=EîÖäK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=TKNSFK=báå=p^k=Éåíä~ëíÉí=ëç= ÇÉå=cêçåíÉåÇJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ=ÇÉê= `äáÉåíë= ìåÇ= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜí= ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖ= ÉáåÉ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= ìåÇ= ëâ~äáÉêÄ~êÉ= i∏ëìåÖ=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=péÉáÅÜÉêîÉêï~äíìåÖ=áã=_~ÅâÉåÇÄÉêÉáÅÜK= = Disk Arrays
… Storage Area FC Switches Network (FC Fabric) (SAN) Server
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Fiber Cannel
…
Local Area Network (LAN)
Workstations
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aÉêòÉáí= ÄáÉíÉí= cáÄÉê= `Ü~ååÉä= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå= EoçÜÄáíê~íÉåF= îçå=NPP=jÄáíLë=Äáë=Q=dÄáíLëK=aáÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉå=a~íÉåê~íÉå=äáÉJ ÖÉå=ãáí=NMM=jÄáíLë=ÄòïK=PIO=dÄáíLë=Ç~êìåíÉêK=a~ë=a~íÉåÑÉäÇ=ÉáåÉë= c`Jo~ÜãÉåë= â~åå=ã~ñK=ONNO=_óíÉë= ~ìÑåÉÜãÉåK=aáÉ= hçããìåáJ â~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=îçå=cáÄÉê=`Ü~ååÉä=ÄÉëíÉÜí=~ìë=R=pÅÜáÅÜíÉåW= c`JM= EmÜóëáÅ~ä= i~óÉêFI= c`JN= Eqê~åëãáëëáçå= `çåíêçäFI= c`JO= Ecê~J ãáåÖ= ~åÇ= cäçï= `çåíêçäFI= c`JP= E`çããçå= pÉêîáÅÉëF= ìåÇ= c`JQ= EmêçíçÅçä= j~ééáåÖFK= aáÉ= ÇêÉá= ìåíÉêÉå= pÅÜáÅÜíÉå= ÇÉÑáåáÉêÉå= ÇáÉ= éÜóëáëÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëé~ê~ãÉíÉêI= ÇáÉ= ÄÉáÇÉå= çÄÉêÉå= ÄáäÇÉå= ÇáÉ=pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ=òìê=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=îçå=h~å®äÉå=EòK=_K=p`pfF=ìåÇ=Ü∏J ÜÉêÉå=mêçíçâçääÉå=EòK=_K=ii`I=^qj=çÇÉê=fmF=~ìÑ=cáÄÉê=`Ü~ååÉäK= OTV =
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Funknetz-Typen
WPAN
WLAN
WMAN
WWAN
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Reichweite
Standards
UWB High-Speed PAN 802.15.3
10
ZigBee 802.15.4
1
Bluetooth 802.15.1
WiFi 802.11n WiFi 802.11a/g Wi-Fi 802.11b
4G Mobilfunk WiMAX 802.16-2004/ 802.16e
MBWA 802.20 3G (UMTS) Mobilfunk
10 m
100 m
bis 50 km
bis 30 km
IEEE 802.15 (ETSI HiperPAN)
IEEE 802.11 (ETSI HiperLAN)
IEEE 802.16 (ETSI HiperMAN)
3GPP
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Extended Service Set (ESS)
WLAN-Standards OSI-Schichten 3 bis 7 2 1
2b 2a
Höhere Schichten (TCP/IP und HTTP, FTP etc.) Logical Link Control (LLC) Distributed or Point Coordination Function (DCF/PCF) Infrarot
FHSS
DSSS
OFDM
Standards IEEE 802.11
802.11
802.11
802.11a
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802.11g
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Piconet
S
M
S
M
S P
S
SB Scatternet
P
Bluetooth-Standard
OSI-Schichten 7 bis 2b
SB
Applications Other
TCS
RFCOMM
SDP
Audio L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol) Control 2a und 1
HCI (Host Controller Interface)
LMP (Link Manager Protocol)
Baseband Bluetooth Radio
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= =
TKS== táêÉäÉëë=i^këI=m^kë=ìåÇ=j^kë=
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aáÉ= ê®ìãäáÅÜÉ= ^ìëÇÉÜåìåÖ= äçâ~äÉê= cìåâåÉíòÉ= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉå= dÉÄ®ìJ ÇÉJ=ìåÇ=dêìåÇëíΩÅâëÄÉêÉáÅÜ=Üáå~ìë=ÑΩÜêí=òì=táêÉäÉëë=jÉíêçéçäáJ í~å=^êÉ~=kÉíïçêâë=Etj^këFK=pÉáí=OMMO=ïÉêÇÉå=áå=ÇÉê=pí~åÇ~êÇJ ëÉêáÉ= fbbb= UMOKNS= ìåíÉê= ÇÉã= k~ãÉå= _t^= E_êç~ÇÄ~åÇ= táêÉJ äÉëë= ^ÅÅÉëëF= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇë= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíK= _Éâ~ååíÉê= ~äë= _t^= áëí= ÇÉê= ëóåçåóã= îÉêïÉåÇÉíÉ= _ÉÖêáÑÑ= táj^u= EtçêäÇJ ïáÇÉ= fåíÉêçéÉê~Äáäáíó= Ñçê= jáÅêçï~îÉ= ^ÅÅÉëëFI= ÇÉê= îçã= táJ j^u= cçêìã= Ó= ÉáåÉã= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉå= cáêãÉåâçåëçêíáìã= Ó= ÖÉJ ëÅÜ~ÑÑÉå=ïìêÇÉK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= TKON= òÉáÖí= ÇáÉ= ÇêÉá= ã∏ÖäáÅÜÉå= kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉå= îçå= táj^uI= ÇáÉ= ëáÅÜ= ~ìë= táj^uJpòÉå~êáÉå= ÉêÖÉÄÉåK= mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJ sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= ÄáÉíÉå= ÇáÉ= j∏ÖäáÅÜâÉáíI= Çê~ÜíäçëÉ= qê~åëéçêíïÉÖÉ= òïáëÅÜÉå=jçÄáäÑìåâëí~íáçåÉå=ìåÇ=_~ÅâÄçåÉ=E_~ÅâÜ~ìäF=òì=êÉ~äáJ ëáÉêÉå= ìåÇ= eçíëéçíë= ΩÄÉê= cìåâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= ~åòìÄáåÇÉåK= jáí= mçáåíJíçJjìäíáéçáåíJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= ä~ëëÉå= ëáÅÜ= áå= ä®åÇäáÅÜÉå= dÉJ ÄáÉíÉå= â~ÄÉääçëÉ= apiJ^åëÅÜäΩëëÉ= êÉ~äáëáÉêÉåK= råÇ= ΩÄÉê= mçáåíJíçJ ~ääJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= ÉåíëíÉÜí= ~åëíÉääÉ= îáÉäÉê= ti^kë= Éáå= ãçÄáäÉê= Çê~ÜíäçëÉê= _êÉáíòìÖ~åÖ= ÑΩê= båÇÖÉê®íÉI= ÇáÉ= ãáí= ã®≈áÖÉê= dÉJ ëÅÜïáåÇáÖâÉáí=ÑçêíÄÉïÉÖí=ïÉêÇÉå=â∏ååÉå=Ekçã~ÇáÅ=jçÄáäáíóFK= = WiMAX-Netztopologien 1.
2.
3.
WLAN WLAN
WLAN
WLAN
Point-to-Point (Backhaul, Hotspots)
Point-to-Multipoint (DSL)
Point-to-All (Nomadic Mobility)
WiMAX-Standard OSI-Schichten 2b bis 7 2a
1
Higher Layers MAC Convergence Sublayer MAC (Medium Access Control) MAC Privacy Sublayer QPSK
Physical Layer 16-QAM
64-QAM
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