Grundkurs Computernetze

Jürgen Scherff

Grundkurs Computernetze

Aus dem Bereich IT erfolgreich lernen

Lexikon für IT-Berufe von Peter Fetzer und Bettina Schneider Grundkurs IT-Berufe von Andreas M. Böhm und Bettina Jungkunz Java für IT-Berufe von Wolf-Gert Matthäus Prüfungsvorbereitung für IT-Berufe von Manfred Wünsche Grundlegende Algorithmen von Volker Heun Algorithmen für Ingenieure – realisiert mit Visual Basic von Harald Nahrstedt Grundkurs Programmieren mit Delphi von Wolf-Gert Matthäus Grundkurs Visual Basic von Sabine Kämper Visual Basic für technische Anwendungen von Jürgen Radel Grundkurs Smalltalk – Objektorientierung von Anfang an von Johannes Brauer Grundkurs Software-Entwicklung mit C++ von Dietrich May Programmieren lernen mit Java von Erwin Merker und Roman Merker Grundkurs JAVA von Dietmar Abts Aufbaukurs JAVA von Dietmar Abts Grundkurs Java-Technologien von Erwin Merker Java ist eine Sprache von Ulrich Grude Middleware in Java von Steffen Heinzl und Markus Mathes Das Linux-Tutorial – Ihr Weg zum LPI-Zertifikat von Helmut Pils Rechnerarchitektur von Paul Herrmann Grundkurs Relationale Datenbanken von René Steiner Grundkurs Datenbankentwurf von Helmut Jarosch Datenbank-Engineering von Alfred Moos Grundkurs Datenbankentwicklung von Stephan Kleuker Grundlagen der Rechnerkommunikation von Bernd Schürmann Netze – Protokolle – Spezifikationen von Alfred Olbrich

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Grundkurs Verteilte Systeme von Günther Bengel Grundkurs Mobile Kommunikationssysteme von Martin Sauter Grundkurs Wirtschaftsinformatik von Dietmar Abts und Wilhelm Mülder Grundkurs Theoretische Informatik von Gottfried Vossen und Kurt-Ulrich Witt Anwendungsorientierte Wirtschaftsinformatik von Paul Alpar, Heinz Lothar Grob, Peter Weimann und Robert Winter Business Intelligence – Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen von Hans-Georg Kemper, Walid Mehanna und Carsten Unger Grundkurs Geschäftsprozess-Management von Andreas Gadatsch Prozessmodellierung mit ARIS ® von Heinrich Seidlmeier ITIL kompakt und verständlich von Alfred Olbrich BWL kompakt und verständlich von Notger Carl, Rudolf Fiedler, William Jórasz und Manfred Kiesel Masterkurs IT-Controlling von Andreas Gadatsch und Elmar Mayer Masterkurs Computergrafik und Bildverarbeitung von Alfred Nischwitz und Peter Haberäcker Grundkurs Mediengestaltung von David Starmann Grundkurs Web-Programmierung von Günter Pomaska Web-Programmierung von Oral Avcı, Ralph Trittmann und Werner Mellis Grundkurs MySQL und PHP von Martin Pollakowski Grundkurs SAP R/3® von André Maassen und Markus Schoenen SAP ®-gestütztes Rechnungswesen von Andreas Gadatsch und Detlev Frick Kostenträgerrechnung mit SAP R/3® von Franz Klenger und Ellen Falk-Kalms Masterkurs Kostenstellenrechnung mit SAP® von Franz Klenger und Ellen Falk-Kalms Controlling mit SAP ® von Gunther Friedl, Christian Hilz und Burkhard Pedell Logistikprozesse mit SAP R/3® von Jochen Benz und Markus Höflinger IT-Projekte strukturiert realisieren von Ralph Brugger Grundkurs Computernetze von Jürgen Scherff

Jürgen Scherff

Grundkurs Computernetze Eine kompakte Einführung in die Rechnerkommunikation – Anschaulich, verständlich, praxisnah Mit 184 Abbildungen

Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar.

Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne von Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürfen. Höchste inhaltliche und technische Qualität unserer Produkte ist unser Ziel. Bei der Produktion und Auslieferung unserer Bücher wollen wir die Umwelt schonen: Dieses Buch ist auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier gedruckt. Die Einschweißfolie besteht aus Polyäthylen und damit aus organischen Grundstoffen, die weder bei der Herstellung noch bei der Verbrennung Schadstoffe freisetzen.

1. Auflage März 2006 2007. Durchgesehener Nachdruck Alle Rechte vorbehalten © Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlag | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2006 Lektorat: Dr. Reinald Klockenbusch / Andrea Broßler Der Vieweg Verlag ist ein Unternehmen von Springer Science+Business Media. www.vieweg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Konzeption und Layout des Umschlags: Ulrike Weigel, www.CorporateDesignGroup.de Umschlagbild: Nina Faber de.sign, Wiesbaden Druck und buchbinderische Verarbeitung: Wilhelm & Adam, Heusenstamm Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-528-05902-6

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PKS==

pí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêìåÖëJfåëíáíìíáçåÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VP =

PKT==

fåíÉêåÉíJlêÖ~åáë~íáçåÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VS =

PKU==

qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMO =

k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNMR = QKN==

§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMR =

QKO==

jçÇìä~íáçåëíÉÅÜåáâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNP =

QKP==

§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ=iÉáíÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNU = sff

=

=== QKQ==

§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOQ =

QKR==

píêìâíìêáÉêíÉ=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPN =

QKS==

cìåâΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPR =

QKT==

qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQO =

R=

kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNQR = RKN==

jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQR =

RKO==

sÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRN =

RKP==

oçìíáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRS =

RKQ==

cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSP =

RKR==

§ÄÉêä~ëíëíÉìÉêìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSU =

RKS==

t^kJ=ìåÇ=i^kJbîçäìíáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTN =

RKT==

qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTV =

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNUP = SKN==

sÉêÄáåÇìåÖëëáÅÜÉêìåÖ=ãáí=eai` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUP =

SKO==

m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖ=ãáí=uKOR KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVM =

SKP==

aáÉåëíÉáåíÉÖê~íáçå=áã=pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVT =

SKQ==

jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=mae=ìåÇ=plkbqLpaeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMR =

SKR==

c~ëí=m~ÅâÉí=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=ãáí=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONO =

SKS==

_êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=ãáí=^qj KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONU =

SKT==

jmip=ìåÇ=çéíáëÅÜÉ=kÉíòÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOR =

SKU==

_êÉáíÄ~åÇòìÖ~åÖ=ãáí=api=ìåÇ=mmm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOV =

SKV==

jçÄáäÑìåâ=ãáí=dpjI=dmop=ìåÇ=rjqp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPR =

SKNM= qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OQS = T=

i^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKORN = TKN==

a~ë=âä~ëëáëÅÜÉ=bíÜÉêåÉí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORN =

TKO==

aÉê=âä~ëëáëÅÜÉ=qçâÉåJoáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORR =

TKP==

bîçäìíáçå=ÇÉê=i^kJpí~åÇ~êÇë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSN =

TKQ==

jçÇÉêåÉë=i^kJpïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSS =

TKR==

j^kë=ìåÇ=p^këKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTN =

TKS==

táêÉäÉëë=i^këI=m^kë=ìåÇ=j^këKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUM =

TKT==

qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OVN =

sfff= =

== U=

V=

`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOVR = UKN==

kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®íÉ=áã=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OVR =

UKO==

i~óÉêJOJ=ìåÇ=i~óÉêJPJfåíÉêåÉíïçêâáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMM =

UKP==

sáêíìÉääÉ=i^kë=ìåÇ=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMT =

UKQ==

^êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ãçÇÉêåÉê=`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNO =

UKR==

qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PNU =

fåíÉêåÉí=ìåÇ=fåíê~åÉíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPON = VKN==

aáÉ=_~ëáëéêçíçâçääÉ=fmI=q`m=ìåÇ=ram KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PON =

VKO==

aáÉ=ÉêÖ®åòÉåÇÉå=mêçíçâçääÉ=^omI=f`jmI=ae`m=ìåÇ=akp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK POU=

VKP==

aáÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëéêçíçâçääÉ=eqqmI=cqm=ìåÇ=pjqmLmlm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PPT=

VKQ==

péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ãáí=sçáÅÉ=çîÉê=fm KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQT =

VKR==

_~ëáë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=îçå=fåíê~åÉíëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PRR =

VKS==

dêìåÇâçåòÉéíÉ=òìê=kÉíòïÉêâëáÅÜÉêÜÉáíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PRV =

VKT==

qÉëíÑê~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PTM =

iáíÉê~íìêîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPTR = pÅÜä~ÖïçêíîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPTV = = =

fu =

==

Abbildungsverzeichnis = ^ÄÄK=NKNW=jçÇÉää=ÉáåÉë=éÉêëçåÉääÉå=fåÑçêã~íáçåëëóëíÉãëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O = ^ÄÄK=NKOW=j~ëÅÜáåÉå=áã=fåÑçêã~íáçåëëóëíÉãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK P = ^ÄÄK=NKPW=fåíÉÖê~íáçå=îçå=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãÉå=ìåÇ=`çãéìíÉêåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK R = ^ÄÄK=NKQW=båÇÉJòìJbåÇÉJpáÅÜí=òïÉáÉê=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëé~êíåÉêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S = ^ÄÄK=NKRW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=ã∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=åÉíòáåíÉêåÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK T = ^ÄÄK=NKSW=qçéçäçÖáÉå=îçå=äçâ~äÉå=kÉíòÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK V = ^ÄÄK=NKTW=a~ë=fåíÉêåÉí=~äë=ÉáåÉ=sáÉäò~Üä=ãáíÉáå~åÇÉê=îÉêÄìåÇÉåÉê=kÉíòÉK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NM = ^ÄÄK=NKUW=pÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜÉ=a~êëíÉääìåÖ=ÉáåÉê=kÉíòïÉêâ~êÅÜáíÉâíìêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NN = ^ÄÄK=NKVW=cìåâíáçåÉääÉê=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NP = ^ÄÄK=NKNMW=hçåëíêìâíáîÉê=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NR = ^ÄÄK=NKNNW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëÑçêãÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NV = ^ÄÄK=NKNOW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=sÉêâÉÜêë~êíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OM = ^ÄÄK=NKNPW=j∏ÖäáÅÜÉ=_ÉíêáÉÄë~êíÉå=ÇÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ON = ^ÄÄK=NKNQW=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖëçêáÉåíáÉêíÉê=ìåÇ=îÉêÄáåÇìåÖëäçëÉê=aáÉåëí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OO = ^ÄÄK=OKNW=^ìëÇÉÜåìåÖ=ìåÇ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~é~òáí®í=îçå=kÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PN = ^ÄÄK=OKOW=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâçåòÉéí=îçå=_êç~ÇÅ~ëíJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PP = ^ÄÄK=OKPW=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâçåòÉéí=îçå=mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PQ = ^ÄÄK=OKQW=§ÄäáÅÜÉ=wáÉäÉ=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=áã=ÄÉíêáÉÄäáÅÜÉå=_ÉêÉáÅÜ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PR = ^ÄÄK=OKRW=aáÉ=ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå=wáÉäÉ=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=áã=éêáî~íÉå=_ÉêÉáÅÜ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PT = ^ÄÄK=OKSW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=qÉêãáå~äJkÉíòÉë=ÑΩê=ÇÉå=eçëí=f_j=pLPSMKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QN = ^ÄÄK=OKTW=f_jÛë=pk^JkÉíòïÉêâíçéçäçÖáÉ=~äë=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÑΩê=eçëíêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíòÉ KKKKKKKKKKKK QO = ^ÄÄK=OKUW=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê=`äáÉåíJpÉêîÉêJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìêÉå=ÑΩê=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíòÉ KKKK QS = ^ÄÄK=OKVW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÑΩê=Éáå=áåíÉÖêáÉêíÉë=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåëåÉíò KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK QT = ^ÄÄK=OKNMW=tÉÄÄ~ëáÉêíÉ=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ=~ìë=ÇÉê=_ÉåìíòÉêéÉêëéÉâíáîÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RN = ^ÄÄK=OKNNW=bJ`çããÉêÅÉJ^åïÉåÇìåÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RQ = ^ÄÄK=OKNOW=aÉê=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉÄÉÇ~êÑ=áã=wÉáí~Ää~ìÑ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK RS = ^ÄÄK=PKNW=_ÉáëéáÉäÜ~ÑíÉê=sÉêÖäÉáÅÜ=òìê=hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SQ = ^ÄÄK=PKOW=dêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉ=ÇÉë=lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SS = ^ÄÄK=PKPW=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=pÅÜáÅÜíÉåëíêìâíìê=ÇÉë=lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ST = uf =

^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=PKQW=eáÉê~êÅÜáÉ=îçå=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëÇáÉåëíÉåI=fåëí~åòÉå=ìåÇ=mêçíçâçääÉå KKKKKK SU = ^ÄÄK=PKRW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉê=aáÉåëíJpéÉòáÑáâ~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK SV = ^ÄÄK=PKSW=pÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜÉ=a~êëíÉääìåÖ=ÇÉë=fåÜ~äíë=ÉáåÉë=mêçíçâçääë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TM = ^ÄÄK=PKTW=hçããìåáâ~íáçå=òïáëÅÜÉå=òïÉá=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉå=p^m KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TO = ^ÄÄK=PKUW=sÉêíÉáäìåÖ=ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=áã=kÉíò KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TP = ^ÄÄK=PKVW=cìåâíáçå~äáí®í=ÇÉê=íê~åëéçêíçêáÉåíáÉêíÉå=pÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK TR = ^ÄÄK=PKNMW=cìåâíáçå~äáí®í=ÇÉê=~åïÉåÇìåÖëçêáÉåíáÉêíÉå=pÅÜáÅÜíÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UN = ^ÄÄK=PKNNW=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÄÉâ~ååíÉ=lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UQ = ^ÄÄK=PKNOW=aáÉ=açaJhçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UT = ^ÄÄK=PKNPW=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå=ìåÇ=açaJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK UV = ^ÄÄK=PKNQW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÇÉê=hçããìåáâ~íáçå=áå=ÇÉê=açaJhçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê KKKKKK VM = ^ÄÄK=PKNRW=aáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÉ=ÇÉê=ÉáåòÉäåÉå=açaJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VN = ^ÄÄK=PKNSW=aáÉ=jáíÖäáÉÇÉêçêÖ~åáë~íáçå=ÇÉê=fpl` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VT = ^ÄÄK=PKNTW=aáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=^âíáîáí®íÉå=ìåÇ=dêÉãáÉå=ÇÉê=fpl` KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK VV = ^ÄÄK=PKNUW=aáÉ=lêÖ~åáë~íáçåëëíêìâíìê=ÇÉê=f`^kkKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMM = ^ÄÄK=QKNW=m~ê~ääÉäJpÉêáÉåJ=ìåÇ=pÉêáÉåJm~ê~ääÉäJt~åÇäìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMS = ^ÄÄK=QKOW=hçåíáåìáÉêäáÅÜÉ=ìåÇ=ÇáëâêÉíÉ=páÖå~äâ~íÉÖçêáÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMT = ^ÄÄK=QKPW=_ÉáëéáÉäÉ=ÑΩê=ÄÉâ~ååíÉ=páÖå~äÅçÇÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NMU = ^ÄÄK=QKQW=^ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=ìåÇ=ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNM = ^ÄÄK=QKRW=_~ëáëÄ~åÇJ=ìåÇ=_êÉáíÄ~åÇΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNN = ^ÄÄK=QKSW=jçÇìä~íáçåëîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=òìê=~å~äçÖÉå=a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNR = ^ÄÄK=QKTW=aáÉ=mìäëÉÅçÇÉãçÇìä~íáçå=Em`jF=òìê=ÇáÖáí~äÉå=péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖKKKKKKKKKK NNS = ^ÄÄK=QKUW=_ÉáëéáÉä=òìê=jçÇìä~íáçå=áå=ÇÉê=qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NNT = ^ÄÄK=QKVW=_~ì~êíÉå=îçå=píÉêåîáÉêÉêå=ìåÇ=qmJh~ÄÉäå=áå=nìÉêëÅÜåáííÇ~êëíÉääìåÖ KKKKKK NNV = ^ÄÄK=QKNMW=ogQRJpíÉÅâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖI=píê~áÖÜíJqÜêçìÖÜJ=ìåÇ=`êçëëçîÉêJh~ÄÉä KKKKKKKKKKKKK NON = ^ÄÄK=QKNNW=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉå=ãçÇÉêåÉê=qmJh~ÄÉä KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOO = ^ÄÄK=QKNOW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=hç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉäë=ìåÇ=_k`JpíÉÅâÉêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOP = ^ÄÄK=QKNPW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=çéíáëÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOR = ^ÄÄK=QKNQW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOS = ^ÄÄK=QKNRW=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉäå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOT = ^ÄÄK=QKNSW=a®ãéÑìåÖëÑÉåëíÉê=ÉáåÉë=itiKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOU = ^ÄÄK=QKNTW=aáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêíóéÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPM = ^ÄÄK=QKNUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê=ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉå=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPO = uff= =

^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=QKNVW=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ìåÇ=ã~ñáã~äÉ=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPQ = ^ÄÄK=QKOMW=a~ë=ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉ=péÉâíêìãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPS = ^ÄÄK=QKONW=cìåâòÉääÉå=ÉáåÉë=wÉääìä~êÑìåâåÉíòÉë=EjçÄáäÑìåâFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NPV = ^ÄÄK=QKOOW=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=p~íÉääáíÉåÑìåâë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQN = ^ÄÄK=RKNW=kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí=ìåÇ=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQS = ^ÄÄK=RKOW=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQT = ^ÄÄK=RKPW=§ÄÉêëáÅÜí=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQU = ^ÄÄK=RKQW=póåÅÜêçåÉë=ìåÇ=~ëóåÅÜêçåÉë=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NQV = ^ÄÄK=RKRW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=iÉáíìåÖëîÉêãáííäìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRO = ^ÄÄK=RKSW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåîÉêãáííäìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRP = ^ÄÄK=RKTW=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëòÉáí=ÄÉá=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåîÉêãáííäìåÖ=ìåÇ=m~âÉíîÉêãáííäìåÖ KKKKKKK NRR = ^ÄÄK=RKUW=a~ë=oçìíáåÖJmêçÄäÉãKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRT = ^ÄÄK=RKVW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=oçìíáåÖJq~ÄÉääÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRU = ^ÄÄK=RKNMW=oçìíáåÖ=ÇìêÅÜ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉ=oçìíáåÖJaçã®åÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NRV = ^ÄÄK=RKNNW=aáëí~åÅÉJsÉÅíçêJoçìíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSM = ^ÄÄK=RKNOW=iáåâJpí~íÉJoçìíáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSN = ^ÄÄK=RKNPW=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÇÉë=píçéJ~åÇJt~áíJjÉÅÜ~åáëãìë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSQ = ^ÄÄK=RKNQW=päáÇáåÖ=táåÇçï=ÑΩê=ìåãáííÉäÄ~ê=ÄÉå~ÅÜÄ~êíÉ=póëíÉãÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSR = ^ÄÄK=RKNRW=päáÇáåÖ=táåÇçï=ÑΩê=åáÅÜí=ÄÉå~ÅÜÄ~êíÉ=båÇëóëíÉãÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NST = ^ÄÄK=RKNSW=^ÄÜ®åÖáÖâÉáí=ÇÉê=kÉíòäÉáëíìåÖ=îçå=ÇÉê=kÉíòä~ëí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NSU = ^ÄÄK=RKNTW=§ÄÉêä~ëíëíÉìÉêìåÖ=ìåÇ=nì~äáíó=çÑ=pÉêîáÅÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTM = ^ÄÄK=RKNUW=t^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=EqÉáä=NF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTO = ^ÄÄK=RKNVW=t^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=EqÉáä=OF KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTP = ^ÄÄK=RKOMW=i^kJqÉÅÜåáâ=áã=ÖÉëÅÜáÅÜíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTR = ^ÄÄK=RKONW=qêÉåÇ=ÇÉê=łfmJçîÉêJléíáÅ~ä
JhçåòÉéíÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NTU = ^ÄÄK=SKNW=jìäíáéçáåíJ=ìåÇ=mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUQ = ^ÄÄK=SKOW=råÄ~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉë=îçå=eai`KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUR = ^ÄÄK=SKPW=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=_~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉ=ãáí=`çãÄáåÉÇ=pí~íáçåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUS = ^ÄÄK=SKQW=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=eai`Jcê~ãÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUT = ^ÄÄK=SKRW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NUV = ^ÄÄK=SKSW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVM = ^ÄÄK=SKTW=aáÉ=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=píêìâíìê=ÇÉê=uKORJpÅÜåáííëëíÉääÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVN = ^ÄÄK=SKUW=içÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉ=ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVO = ufff =

^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=SKVW=a~ë=a~íÉñJmJkÉíò=~äë=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=uKORJkÉíòÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVP = ^ÄÄK=SKNMW=a~ë=dêìåÇÑçêã~í=îçå=uKORJm~âÉíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVQ = ^ÄÄK=SKNNW=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ìÑÄ~ìI=a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ìåÇ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ÄÄ~ìKKKKKKKKKKKK NVS = ^ÄÄK=SKNOW=fpakJhçåòÉéí=ìåÇ=fpakJ^åëÅÜäìëë~êíÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVU = ^ÄÄK=SKNPW=fpakJ_~ëáë~åëÅÜäΩëëÉ=ìåÇ=fpakJmêáã®êãìäíáéäÉñ~åëÅÜäìëëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NVV = ^ÄÄK=SKNQW=fpakJh~å®äÉ=ÇÉê=pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=p =ìåÇ=p KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMM = ^ÄÄK=SKNRW=_Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=aJh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMN = ^ÄÄK=SKNSW=jìäíáéäÉñê~ÜãÉåI=i^maJcê~ãÉ=ìåÇ=appNJm~âÉíKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMO = ^ÄÄK=SKNTW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=fpakJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ãáí=appN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMQ = ^ÄÄK=SKNUW=sÉêãáííäìåÖëéêáåòáé=îçå=fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMR = ^ÄÄK=SKNVW=cçêã~íÉ=ÇÉë=bNJo~ÜãÉåë=ìåÇ=ÇÉë=bOJo~ÜãÉåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMS = ^ÄÄK=SKOMW=aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñJeáÉê~êÅÜáÉå=maeI=plkbq=ìåÇ=paeKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMU = ^ÄÄK=SKONW=aáÉ=plkbqLpaeJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìêKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OMV = ^ÄÄK=SKOOW=píêìâíìê=ÉáåÉë=paeJo~ÜãÉåë=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ=pqjJN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONM = ^ÄÄK=SKOPW=qçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå=plkbqLpaeJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONO = ^ÄÄK=SKOQW=sáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ÄÉá=uKOR=ìåÇ=ÄÉá=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONP = ^ÄÄK=SKORW=qçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=cê~ãÉJoÉä~óJkÉíòÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONR = ^ÄÄK=SKOSW=a~ë=cçêã~í=ÉáåÉë=i^mc=`çêÉ=cê~ãÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONS = ^ÄÄK=SKOTW=^qjJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=ìåÇ=^qjJwÉääÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ONV = ^ÄÄK=SKOUW=sáêíìÉääÉ=mÑ~ÇÉ=ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=h~å®äÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOM = ^ÄÄK=SKOVW=mêáî~íÉë=^qjJt^k=ãáí=îáêíìÉääÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=`Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKK OON = ^ÄÄK=SKPMW=a~ë=_JfpakJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOO = ^ÄÄK=SKPNW=^qjJkìíòä~ëíJqê~åëÑÉê=ìåÇ=^qjJpáÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOQ = ^ÄÄK=SKPOW=cçêï~êÇáåÖ=ÉáåÉë=fmJm~âÉíÉë=~ìÑ=ÉáåÉã=i~ÄÉä=pïáíÅÜÉÇ=m~íÜ=EipmF KKKKKKK OOS = ^ÄÄK=SKPPW=báå=_ÉáëéáÉä=òìã=jmip=ÑΩê=òïÉá=cb`ë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OOT = ^ÄÄK=SKPQW=aáÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÉáåÉë=^apiJ_êÉáíÄ~åÇòìÖ~åÖÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPM = ^ÄÄK=SKPRW=dÉåìíòíÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄ®åÇÉê=ìåÇ=wìíÉáäìåÖ=ÇÉê=ÄáíLëLeò=éêç=pìÄâ~å~ä KKKK OPO = ^ÄÄK=SKPSW=a~ë=cçêã~í=îçå=mmmJcê~ãÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPQ = ^ÄÄK=SKPTW=pÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìã=^ìÑÄ~ì=ìåÇ=^ÄÄ~ì=îçå=mmmJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåKKKKK OPR = ^ÄÄK=SKPUW=cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ÑΩê=dpj=ìåÇ=rjqp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPT = ^ÄÄK=SKPVW=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ÄÉá=dpjJkÉíòÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPU = ^ÄÄK=SKQMW=aáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=dpjJkÉíòÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OPV = ^ÄÄK=SKQNW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÉáåÉë=jçÄáäÉ=qÉêãáå~íáåÖ=`~ääë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OQN = ufs= =

^ÄÄáäÇìåÖëîÉêòÉáÅÜåáë= ^ÄÄK=SKQOW=aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=îçå=rjqp=áã=sÉêÖäÉáÅÜ=òì=dpj=ìåÇ=dmop KKKKKKKKK OQQ = ^ÄÄK=SKQPW=aáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=rjqpJkÉíòÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OQR = ^ÄÄK=TKNW=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíò=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=bíÜÉêåÉíJ_ìë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORO = ^ÄÄK=TKOW=cê~ãÉJcçêã~íÉ=ÑΩê=bíÜÉêåÉíJcê~ãÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORP = ^ÄÄK=TKPW=a~ë=wìÖêáÑÑëîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=`pj^L`aKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORR = ^ÄÄK=TKQW=^êÄÉáíëéä~íòêÉÅÜåÉêJkÉíò=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=f_j=qçâÉåJoáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORS = ^ÄÄK=TKRW=cçêã~íÉ=ÑΩê=a~íÉåJcê~ãÉë=ìåÇ=ÑΩê=qçâÉåJcê~ãÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORT = ^ÄÄK=TKSW=^Ää~ìÑ=ÇÉë=qçâÉåJm~ëëáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉåë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ORV = ^ÄÄK=TKTW=aáÉ=pí~åÇ~êÇëÉêáÉ=fbbb=UMO=ãáí=ÇÉå=~ÄÖÉÇÉÅâíÉå=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSN = ^ÄÄK=TKUW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=bíÜÉêåÉíJi^kë=ãáí=píÉêåJqçéçäçÖáÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSP = ^ÄÄK=TKVW=aáÉ=dáÖ~ÄáíJbíÜÉêåÉíJpí~åÇ~êÇë=fbbb=UMOKPò=ìåÇ=fbbb=UMOKP~Ä KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSR = ^ÄÄK=TKNMW=i~óÉêJOJ_êáÇÖáåÖ=òìê=pÉÖãÉåíáÉêìåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OST = ^ÄÄK=TKNNW=hçääáëáçåëÇçã®åÉå=ìåÇ=_êç~ÇÅ~ëíÇçã®åÉå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OSV = ^ÄÄK=TKNOW=bêë~íò=îçå=eìÄë=ÇìêÅÜ=jìäíáéçêíJ_êáÇÖÉë=ÄòïK=i~óÉêJOJpïáíÅÜÉëKKKKKKKKKKK OTM = ^ÄÄK=TKNPW=aáÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ÉáåÉë=caafJoáåÖÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTO = ^ÄÄK=TKNQW=aáÉ=_ìëJqçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå=ana_=ìåÇ=ana_=ãáí=oáåÖJqçéçäçÖáÉ KKKKKKKKKKKK OTR = ^ÄÄK=TKNRW=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÉáåÉë=oÉëáäáÉåí=m~ÅâÉí=oáåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTS = ^ÄÄK=TKNSW=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=p^kë=ãáí=c`=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=c~ÄêáÅ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OTU = ^ÄÄK=TKNTW=^ÄÖêÉåòìåÖ=òïáëÅÜÉå=tm^kI=ti^kI=tj^k=ìåÇ=tt^kKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUM = ^ÄÄK=TKNUW=ti^kJqçéçäçÖáÉå=ìåÇ=ti^kJpí~åÇ~êÇë=å~ÅÜ=fbbb=UMOKNN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUN = ^ÄÄK=TKNVW=jÉÇáÉåòìÖêáÑÑ=ãáí=`pj^L`^=ìåÇ=oqpL`qp KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUQ = ^ÄÄK=TKOMW=_äìÉíççíÜJkÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåÇ=_äìÉíççíÜJpí~åÇ~êÇ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUS = ^ÄÄK=TKONW=táj^uJkÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉå=ìåÇ=táj^uJpí~åÇ~êÇ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OUV = ^ÄÄK=UKNW=cìåâíáçå~äÉ=_ÉëÅÜêÉáÄìåÖ=ÇÉê=kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®íÉ=ÇìêÅÜ=pÅÜáÅÜíòìçêÇåìåÖ OVS= ^ÄÄK=UKOW=táêÉäÉëë=_êáÇÖÉë=ìåÇ=oÉãçíÉ=_êáÇÖÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OVT = ^ÄÄK=UKPW=_ÉáëéáÉäÜ~ÑíÉ=i^kJt^kJ=ìåÇ=t^kJt^kJhçééäìåÖ=ÇìêÅÜ=oçìíÉêKKKKKKKKKK OVV = ^ÄÄK=UKQW=oÉÇìåÇ~åò=ìåÇ=pÅÜäÉáÑÉåÄáäÇìåÖ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMN = ^ÄÄK=UKRW=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=ÇÉë=pé~ååáåÖJqêÉÉJ^äÖçêáíÜãìë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMO = ^ÄÄK=UKSW=§ÄÉêëáÅÜí=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=fmJ^ÇêÉëëâä~ëëÉåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMR = ^ÄÄK=UKTW=aáÉ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=kÉíïçêâ=^ÇÇêÉëë=qê~åëä~íáçåKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMS = ^ÄÄK=UKUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=îçå=éçêíJÄ~ëáÉêíÉå=si^kë=ãáí=fåíê~Jsi^kJsÉêâÉÜêKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMU = ^ÄÄK=UKVW=qêìåâ=iáåâ=ãáí=si^kJq~ÖÖÉÇ=cê~ãÉë=å~ÅÜ=fbbb=UMOKNè KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PMV = ^ÄÄK=UKNMW=fåíÉêJsi^kJsÉêâÉÜê=ãáí=oçìíÉêJçåJ~JpíáÅâ=ìåÇ=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ KKKKK PNN = us =

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Austausch von Informationen: Kommunikation

Verarbeitung/ Speicherung von Informationen

Verarbeitung/ Speicherung von Informationen

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Endeinrichtungen

Endeinrichtungen

Übertragungs- und Vermittlungseinrichtungen

Beispiel eines Computers: Der PC (Desktop Computer) Ausgabe Daten

Verarbeitung/ Speicherung

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Endeinrichtungen (Sender/Empfänger) Netzwerk

Integration Nachrichtenübertragungsfunktionen

Integration

Integration

Datenverarbeitungsfunktionen

Computer (Maschinelle Datenverarbeitung)

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(Software: Browser, Datenbankserver usw.) Virtuelle Verbindung

A2

Kommunikationsarchitektur (Software: Protokollstapel)

Netztopologie (Hardware und Übertragungsmedien)

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1.3

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Computer

DEE

Kommunikationssubsystem

Computer

Netz

DEE

DÜE

Schnittstelle

DÜE

Schnittstelle

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NP =

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Punkt-zu-Gruppe-Übertragung (Multicast) Gruppe von DEEs

1 DEE

Punkt-zu-alle-Übertragung (Broadcast) 1 DEE

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Sender

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Datenübertragungsphase

Verbindungsaufbauphase

Telefonsystem: Verbindungsorientierter Dienst

Datenübertragung Datenübertragung Datenübertragung Verbindungsauflösung Auflösungsbestätigung Zeit

Zeit

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Mietleitungen/ Telefonnetz

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Bildschirmterminals IBM 2260

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Front End Processors IBM 37xx

Host IBM S/370

Host IBM S/370

Cluster Controller IBM 3174

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Cluster Controller IBM 3174

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Clients

Server Files

Files

LINUX-Systeme

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TCP/IP (IPX/SPX)

Files

PCs mit proprietären Frontend-Programmen und lokalen Applikationen

Datenbank

UNIX-Systeme Datenbank

MS Windows-Systeme

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PC-LAN

PC-LAN

Lokale PCs

Dezentrale Computer

Minicomputer

Mainframe

Zentrale Computer

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Business to Business

Business to Consumer

(B2B-Commerce)

Lieferant

(B2C-Commerce)

Produktion

Einkauf

Verkauf

Kunde

Intranet Internet Extranet

Extranet

Unternehmen

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2.7

Testfragen NK

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RV =

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kÉíòïÉêâÉ=áã=éê~âíáëÅÜÉå=báåë~íò= PK

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QK

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RK

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TK

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UK

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O=

kÉíòïÉêâÉ=áã=éê~âíáëÅÜÉå=báåë~íò= OSK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ÇêÉá=sçêíÉáäÉI=ÇáÉ=båíÉêéêáëÉ=táÇÉ=tÉÄë=ÖÉÖÉåJ ΩÄÉê=ÇÉå=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåëåÉíòÉå=ÇÉê=VMÉê=g~ÜêÉ=Ü~ÄÉå>= OTK tÉäÅÜÉ= éä~ííÑçêãìå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖÉå= pÉêîÉêíÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= âÉååÉå= páÉ\=_ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ëáÉ=âìêò>= OUK t~ë=îÉêëíÉÜÉå=páÉ=ìåíÉê= ENF=bJ`çããÉêÅÉJ^åïÉåÇìåÖÉåI= EOF=_O_J=ìåÇ=_O`J^åïÉåÇìåÖÉåI= EPF=ÉáåÉã=bñíê~åÉíI= EQF=ÉáåÉã=îáêíìÉääÉå=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåI= ERF=ÉáåÉã=ÉäÉâíêçåáëÅÜÉå=j~êâí\= OVK kÉååÉå=páÉ=òïÉá=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉ=báÖÉåëÅÜ~ÑíÉåI=ÇáÉ=ÇáÉ=h~é~J òáí®íë~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=îçå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå>= PMK få=ïÉäÅÜÉå=dê∏≈ÉåçêÇåìåÖÉå=ÄÉïÉÖÉå=ëáÅÜ=ÇáÉ=ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáJ ÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå= ENF=ÑΩê=_áäÇëÅÜáêãíÉêãáå~äë=ãáí=~äéÜ~åìãÉêáëÅÜÉå=aáëéä~óëI= EOF=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=_áäÇΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=òì=Öê~ÑáëÅÜÉå=m`JjçåáíçêÉåI= EPF=ÑΩê=sáÇÉçΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖÉå=EjìäíáãÉÇá~~åïÉåÇìåÖÉåF\= PNK aÉÑáåáÉêÉå=páÉ=ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉ=ìåÇ=ëÉíòÉå=páÉ=ëáÉ=òìÉáå~åJ ÇÉê=áå=_ÉòáÉÜìåÖW= ENF=aáÉåëíÖΩíÉ=EnçpI=nì~äáíó=çÑ=pÉêîáÅÉFI= EOF=wìîÉêä®ëëáÖâÉáíI= EPF=fëçÅÜêçåáí®íI= EQF=sÉêäìëíê~íÉI= ERF=cÉÜäÉêê~íÉI= ESF=aÉä~óI= ETF=gáííÉê>= POK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=îáÉê=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉ=nì~äáí®íë~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉåI=ÇáÉ= ~å=ãçÇÉêåÉ=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ=ÖÉëíÉääí=ïÉêÇÉå>= =

SO= =

==

3

Kommunikationsarchitektur von Computernetzen aáÉ= hçããìåáâ~íáçå= òïáëÅÜÉå= îÉêåÉíòíÉå= `çãéìíÉêå= áëí= ~ì≈ÉêJ çêÇÉåíäáÅÜ= âçãéäÉñK= bë= ïáêÇ= ÇÉëÜ~äÄ= Éáå= ^êÅÜáíÉâíìêãçÇÉää= ÄÉJ å∏íáÖíI=Ç~ë=ÇáÉ=áå=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉå=~Ää~ìÑÉåÇÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçå=áå= ÉáåÉê=ΩÄÉêëÅÜ~ìÄ~êÉå=hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄíK= få=ÇáÉëÉã=h~éáíÉä=ïáêÇ=òìå®ÅÜëí=Ç~ë=áå=ÇÉê=c~ÅÜïÉäí=~ääëÉáíë=ÄÉJ â~ååíÉ= lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää= îçêÖÉëíÉääíI= Ç~ë= ÜÉìíÉ= ÇáÉ= ÖÉÇ~åâäáJ ÅÜÉ= _~ëáë= ÑΩê= éê~âíáëÅÜ= ~ääÉ= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ= ÄáäÇÉí= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= ÇÉëJ Ü~äÄ= ìåÄÉÇáåÖí= îÉêëí~åÇÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= ãìëëK= ^ìÑ= ëÉáåÉê= dêìåÇä~ÖÉ= ïáêÇ=ÇáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ=ÄÉëÅÜêáÉÄÉåI=ÇáÉ=ÇÉå=ÜÉìíáÖÉå= aÉJÑ~ÅíçJpí~åÇ~êÇ= ÑΩê= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉ= Ç~êëíÉääíK= wìã= pÅÜäìëë= ÇÉë= h~éáíÉäë= ÑçäÖí= Éáå= §ÄÉêÄäáÅâ= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉJ êìåÖëJfåëíáíìíáçåÉå=ìåÇ=fåíÉêåÉíJlêÖ~åáë~íáçåÉåK=

3.1

Das OSI-Referenzmodell im Überblick

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Virtuelle Verbindung

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Anwendungsschicht (Schicht 3)

Virtuelle Verbindung

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Darstellungsschicht (Schicht 2) Virtuelle Verbindung

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Endsystem (Computer)

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Empfänger (Computer)

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Sitzungsschicht

Session Layer

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Transport Layer

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Network Layer

Sicherungsschicht

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Physical Layer

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Transitsystem (Netzwerk)

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Dienstelemente des Dienstes N

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PDUs des Protokolls N

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Endsystem (Computer)

Transitsystem (Netz)

IDU Schicht N + 1

ICI

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Schicht N

ICI

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SDU PDU

IDU: Interface Data Unit ICI: Interface Control Information SDU: Service Data Unit

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Datenübertragung zwischen zwei Endsystemen

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Anwendungsschicht

Bereitstellung anwendungsspezifischer Kommunikationsdienste Daten

Darstellungsschicht

Einheitliche, standardisierte Informationsdarstellung

Sitzungsschicht

Logische Verbindung von zwei Anwendungsprozessen

bzw.

Nachrichten

Transportschicht Vermittlungsschicht Sicherungsschicht Bitübertragungsschicht

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lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉääI=

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•

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a~ë= lpfJoÉÑÉêÉåòãçÇÉää= ëÉäÄëí= áëí= ÜÉìíÉ= ÉáåÉ= ìåìãëíêáííÉåÉ= ìåÇ= åáÅÜí= ãÉÜê= ïÉÖòìÇÉåâÉåÇÉ= _ÉòìÖëÄ~ëáë= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= _ÉëÅÜêÉáJ ÄìåÖ= îçå= `çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉåK= cΩê= ÇáÉ= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíÉå= ïìêÇÉå= ò~ÜäêÉáÅÜÉ= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇë= ÄòïK= kçêãÉå= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíI= ÇáÉ= ÇáÉ= àÉïÉáäáÖÉå= ëÅÜáÅÜíëéÉòáÑáëÅÜÉå= aáÉåëíÉ= ìåÇ= mêçíçâçääÉ= ëéÉòáÑáòáÉêÉåK= aáÉëÉ= lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë= êÉáÅÜÉå= îçå= ÇÉê= éÜóëáâ~äáëÅÜÉå= pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉåÇÉÑáåáíáçå= sKOQ= ÇÉê= fqrJq= ~ìÑ= ÇÉê= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= N= Äáë= Üáå= òìã= pí~åÇ~êÇ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= cáäÉíê~åëÑÉê= cq^j= ÇÉê= fplJkçêã= URTN= ~ìÑ= ÇÉê= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí= TK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= PKNN= ÖáÄí= ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉ=^ìëï~Üä=ÄÉâ~ååíÉê=lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇëK= =

OSI-Schicht

7

Application: ISO 8571 (FTAM), 9040 (VT), ... ITU-T X.400 (MHS), X.500 (Directory Services), ...

6

Presentation: ISO 8822/23 (COPP), 8824/5 (ASN.1)

5

Session: ISO 8326/7 (COSP)

4

End-to-End: ISO 8072/3 (COTP), 8602 (CLTP)

3

Packet Switching: ISO 8208 (CONP), ISO 8473 (CLNP), ITU-T X.25 (PLP), Q.930/1 (ISDN), I.121, Q.2931 (ATM)

2

WAN: ISO 3309, 4335, ... (HDLC , LAPB, LAPD, ...), LAN: IEEE 802.X (LLC, Ethernet, Token Ring, ...)

1

WAN-Interfaces: ITU-T V.24, X.21, LAN-Verkabelung: TIA/EIA 568, ISO/IEC 11801

= ^ÄÄK=PKNNW=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÄÉâ~ååíÉ=lpfJpí~åÇ~êÇë= _Éíê~ÅÜíÉí= ã~å= fãéäÉãÉåíáÉêìåÖÉå= îçå= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= ìåÇ= lpfJmêçíçâçääáãéäÉãÉåíáÉêìåÖÉåI= ëç= ÉêÖáÄí= ëáÅÜ=Éáå=ÖÉãáëÅÜíÉë=_áäÇW= •

UQ=

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=

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3.5

Die Internet-Protokollfamilie

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US=

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PKR== aáÉ=fåíÉêåÉíJmêçíçâçääÑ~ãáäáÉ= •

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=

DoD-Schicht

Application Layer 4

FTP, HTTP, DNS, ... (zahlreiche Kommunikationsdienste der Internet-Protokollfamilie)

3

TCP, UDP (verbindungsorientierter und verbindungsloser Transportdienst)

Transport Layer

Internet Layer 2

1

IP (verbindungsloser Netzwerkdienst mit zahlreichen weiteren Routing- und Steuerungsprotokollen)

Network Access Layer Ethernet, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, ... (WAN- und LANInfrastruktur, gehört nicht zur Internet-Protokollfamilie)

= ^ÄÄK=PKNOW=aáÉ=açaJhçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê= •

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UT =

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OSI-Schichten

DoD-Schichten: Sicht eines Netzwerkadministrators

Anwendungsschicht HTTP, FTP, DNS, ...

Darstellungsschicht

Anwendung

Sitzungsschicht TCP

Transportschicht

End-to-End Internet

IP Vermittlungsschicht Netzzugang

Sicherungsschicht

Subnetz

Bitübertragungsschicht

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Daten

Anwendung

Anwendung

Nachricht Application Layer

H Daten

Application Layer

Segment Transport Layer

H Nachricht

Transport Layer

Paket Internet Layer Network Access Layer

H

Segment Frame

H

Paket

Internet Layer Network Access Layer

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VM=

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Application Telnet Layer

FTP

SMTP HTTP

Transport Layer

TCP ICMP IGMP

DNS

TFTP SNMP DHCP

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UDP

…

Internet Layer

BGP OSPF

RIP

…

IP

ARP

RARP Netzwerkprotokolle

Network Access Layer

...

Routingprotokolle

WAN- und LAN-Infrastruktur der OSI-Schichten 1 bis 3 (sie bildet die Basis für die Internet-Protokollfamilie)

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3.7

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Internet

Global Cooperation

and Coordination

ISOC Headquarters and Secretariat: Reston, Virginia (USA) Global

Members

ISOC Local Chapter Germany Local Members

ISOC Local Chapter Japan

Collaboration, Funding, Elections

Local Members

Individuals and Organizations (Companies, Government Agencies, Non-Profit-Organizations) of more than 180 Countries

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IAB today part of ICANN RFC Editor

IRSG

IESG

IRTF

IETF

Research Groups

Working Groups

INET

Internet and Network Conferences

Regional and Local Chapters

IANA IANA

Network Training Workshops

International Community of Network Designers, Operators, Vendors and Researchers

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Internet

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Headquarters: Marina del Rey, California (USA) Advisory Committees

Board of Directors

ASO • • • •

ARIN APNIC LACNIC RIPE NCC

GNSO • Commercial & Business gTLD Registries • Internet Service & Connection Providers • ...

CCNSO • ccTLD Managers • Regional Internet (IP address) Registries • Root Name Server Operators

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Flag Frame

Flag Frame

Flag Frame

Bitsynchrones Übertragungsverfahren

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Basisbandübertragung Bandbreite

Breitbandübertragung Bandbreite

10 MHz

10 MHz

Übertragungskanal 3 Übertragungskanal 2

1 Übertragungskanal

Übertragungskanal 1

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SternviererTelefonkabel

1a

Paar 1

1b

Zusätzliche Gesamtschirmung

STP-Kabel

2a

S/UTP-Kabel

S/STP-Kabel

Paar 2

2b Zusätzliche Paarschirmung

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Paar 3 Paar 4 P.1 Paar 2 87654321

RJ45-Stecker TX+ 1 TX- 2 RX+ 3 4 5 RX- 6 7 8

Paar 3 Paar 2 P.1 Paar 4 12345678

Pin-Belegung - Ethernet: Paare 2 und 3 - Token Ring: Paare 1 und 3 - ISDN: Paare 1 und 3 - ATM: Paare 2 und 4

RJ45-Buchse 1 RX+ 2 RX3 TX+ 4 5 6 TX7 8

Straight-Through-Kabel

TX+ 1 TX- 2 RX+ 3 4 5 RX- 6 7 8

1 TX+ 2 TX3 RX+ 4 5 6 RX7 8

Crossover-Kabel

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100 MHz

250 MHz 600 MHz 1200 MHz

Bandbreite

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_êÉáíÄ~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ÑáåÇÉå= áÜêÉå= báåë~íò= áã= t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= ÄÉáã=h~ÄÉäÑÉêåëÉÜÉå=ìåÇ=h~ÄÉäêìåÇÑìåâK=§ÄÉê=ÇáÉ=hç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ÇÉê= sÉêíÉáäåÉíòÉ= ÉêÑçäÖí= ÉáåÉ= ~å~äçÖÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ÇÉê= cÉêåJ ëÉÜJ= ìåÇ= oìåÇÑìåâëÉåÇìåÖÉå= áã= _êÉáíÄ~åÇîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= òì= ÇÉå= e~ìëÜ~äíÉå= ÇÉê= cÉêåëÉÜòìëÅÜ~ìÉê= ìåÇ= oìåÇÑìåâÜ∏êÉêK= _êÉáíJ Ä~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= Ü~ÄÉå= áÜêÉå= rêëéêìåÖ= áã= ãáäáí®êáëÅÜÉå= _ÉJ êÉáÅÜK=páÉ=íê~ÖÉå=ÇáÉ=EåáÅÜí=ãÉÜê=å~ÅÜîçääòáÉÜÄ~êÉF=_ÉòÉáÅÜåìåÖ= odJRV= ~ìë= ÇÉå= îáÉêòáÖÉê= g~ÜêÉåI= Ü~ÄÉå= ÉáåÉå= ÜáëíçêáëÅÜ= ÄÉÖêΩåJ ÇÉíÉå= tÉääÉåïáÇÉêëí~åÇ= îçå= TR= lÜã= ìåÇ= â∏ååÉå= cêÉèìÉåòÉå= Äáë=ãáåÇÉëíÉåë=PMM=jeò=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK=fÜêÉ=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=ïáêÇ=áå=h~J å®äÉ=îçå=ãÉáëí=S=jeò=~ìÑÖÉíÉáäíK=aáÉëÉ=h~å®äÉ=ïÉêÇÉå=ÑΩê=~å~äçJ ÖÉ=cÉêåëÉÜJ=ìåÇ=oìåÇÑìåâëÉåÇìåÖÉå=ëçïáÉ=ìåíÉê=wìÜáäÑÉå~ÜãÉ= ÇáÖáí~äÉê= jçÇìä~íáçåëíÉÅÜåáâ= òìåÉÜãÉåÇ= ~ìÅÜ= ÑΩê= ÇáÖáí~äÉ= _áíJ ëíê∏ãÉ= îÉêïÉåÇÉíI= ÄÉáëéáÉäëïÉáëÉ= ÑΩê= ÇáÖáí~äÉ= o~ÇáçJ= ìåÇ= cÉêåJ ëÉÜëÉåÇìåÖÉå=áå=`aLasaJnì~äáí®í=ìåÇ=~ìÅÜ=ëÅÜçå=ÑΩê=fåíÉêåÉíJ ~åëÅÜäΩëëÉK= a~= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ÉáåÉ= ~å~äçÖÉ= qê®ÖÉêÑêÉèìÉåò= ÄÉåìíJ òÉåI= ÄÉå∏íáÖÉå= ëáÉ= ÑΩê= ä®åÖÉêÉ= píêÉÅâÉå= ~å~äçÖÉ= sÉêëí®êâÉêK= cêΩJ ÜÉê= ïìêÇÉå= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉä= ~ìÅÜ= ~ìÑ= cÉêåëíêÉÅâÉå= áã= qÉäÉÑçååÉíò=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK=fåòïáëÅÜÉå=ëáåÇ=ëáÉ=Ççêí=àÉÇçÅÜ=Ñ~ëí=~ìëJ å~Üãëäçë=ÇìêÅÜ=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=ÉêëÉíòí=ïçêÇÉåK=

4.4

Übertragung über Lichtwellenleiter dÉÖÉåΩÄÉê= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉå= iÉáíÉêå= ÄáÉíÉå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= EitiF= åçÅÜ= îáÉä= Ü∏ÜÉêÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÄ~åÇÄêÉáíÉåK= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ïÉêÇÉå=~äë= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=EcáÄÉê=léíáÅ=`~ÄäÉF=~ìë=äìéÉåêÉáJ åÉã= nì~êòÖä~ë= ÜÉêÖÉëíÉääí= ìåÇ= â∏ååÉå= ïÉÖÉå= áÜêÉê= ÖÉêáåÖÉå= a®ãéÑìåÖ= Öêç≈É= båíÑÉêåìåÖÉå= ΩÄÉêÄêΩÅâÉåK= ^ì≈ÉêÇÉã= Ü~ÄÉå= ëáÉ= ïÉáíÉêÉ= sçêíÉáäÉ= ïáÉ= ÜçÜÉ= ^ÄÜ∏êëáÅÜÉêÜÉáí= ìåÇ= rå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖJ âÉáí= îçå= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉê= píê~ÜäìåÖ= Epí∏êÑÉëíáÖâÉáí= ìåÇ= âÉáåÉ= ëí∏êÉåÇÉ=^ìëëíê~ÜäìåÖFK= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=ïìêÇÉå=òìå®ÅÜëí=áã=_~ÅâÄçåÉJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ=îçå=qÉäÉJ âçããìåáâ~íáçåëåÉíòÉå= îÉêäÉÖíK= fåòïáëÅÜÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå= ïÉÖÉå= áÜêÉê= sçêíÉáäÉ= áå= Ñ~ëí= ~ääÉå= _ÉêÉáÅÜÉå= îçå= i^këI= j^këI= t^kë= ìåÇ= d^kë= ãáí= ^ìëå~ÜãÉ= ÇÉê= łi~ëí= jáäÉ
= ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK= kìê= ÇáÉ= bí~ÖÉåîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= áå= i^kë= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= t^kJwìÖ®åÖÉ= ÄäÉáÄÉå= ãÉáëí=ÇÉå=ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉå=iÉáíÉêå=îçêÄÉÜ~äíÉåX=ÇÉåå=ÉáåÉ=`çãéìíÉêJ ~åÄáåÇìåÖ= ΩÄÉê= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ= iÉáíÉê= áëí= áå= i^kë= áå= ÇÉê= oÉÖÉä= âçëJ

NOQ=

= =

QKQ== §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= íÉåÖΩåëíáÖÉêI= ìåÇ= áã= t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= ï®êÉ= ÉáåÉ= kÉìîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ~ääÉê=îçêÜ~åÇÉåÉå=qÉáäåÉÜãÉê~åëÅÜäìëëäÉáíìåÖÉå=òì=~ìÑïÉåÇáÖK= hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÉáJ åÉë=çéíáëÅÜÉå=§J ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëJ íÉãë=

wìê= çéíáëÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= ÇáÉ= ãáí= fåÑê~êçíJiáÅÜí= ~êÄÉáíÉíI= ïÉêJ ÇÉå=åÉÄÉå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå=åçÅÜ=ïÉáíÉêÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÄÉå∏J íáÖíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNP= ëíÉääí= ÇÉå= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉë= çéíáëÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãë=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~ê=EîÖäK=xNVzI=pK=OSS=ÑÑKFK= =

Sender

Optisches Übertragungssystem

Elektrooptischer Wandler

Empfänger

Optoelektronischer Wandler

Lichtwellenleiter DÜE Computer oder Netzwerkgerät

DÜE Fotodiode

LED/Laserdiode

Elektrisches Signal

Optisches Signal (Lichtwellen)

Computer oder Netzwerkgerät

Elektrisches Signal

= ^ÄÄK=QKNPW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=çéíáëÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãë= aáÉ= òì= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÇÉå= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉå= páÖå~äÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= îçå= ÉáåÉã= ÉäÉâíêççéíáëÅÜÉå= t~åÇäÉêI= ÇÉê= ~ìë= ÉáåÉê= iáÅÜíèìÉääÉ= ìåÇ= ÉáJ åÉã= jçÇìä~íçê= ÄÉëíÉÜíI= áå= çéíáëÅÜÉ= páÖå~äÉ= ìãÖÉï~åÇÉäíK= aáÉ= iáÅÜíèìÉääÉ= ÉêòÉìÖí= ÜáÉêòì= ÉáåÉ= qê®ÖÉêÑêÉèìÉåòI= ~ìÑ= ÇáÉ= ÇÉê= jçJ Çìä~íçê=ÇáÉ=ÇáÖáí~äÉå=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåëáÖå~äÉ=~ìÑéê®ÖíK=aáÉë=ÖÉëÅÜáÉÜí= ãÉáëí=ÇìêÅÜ=s~êá~íáçå=ÇÉê=pí®êâÉ=ÉáåÉë=iáÅÜíëíê~ÜäëK=pç=â∏ååÉå=òK= _K= ÇáÉ= kìääÉå= ìåÇ= báåëÉå= ÉáåÉë= _áíëíêçãë= ~äë= ëÅÜï~ÅÜÉê= ÄòïK= ëí~êâÉê= iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= ãáí= âäÉáåÉê= ÄòïK= Öêç≈Éê= ^ãéäáíìÇÉ= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääí= ïÉêÇÉåK=aáÉ=ÉêòÉìÖíÉ=iáÅÜíïÉääÉ=ïáêÇ=ÇìêÅÜ=ÇÉå=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáJ íÉê= òìã= bãéÑ®åÖÉê= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåI= ÇÉëëÉå= çéíçÉäÉâíêçåáëÅÜÉê= t~åÇäÉê= ~ìë= ÉáåÉã= iáÅÜíÉãéÑ®åÖÉê= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉã= aÉãçÇìä~íçê= ÄÉëíÉÜíK= aÉê= çéíçÉäÉâíêçåáëÅÜÉ= t~åÇäÉê= ÑΩÜêí= ÉáåÉ= oΩÅâï~åÇJ äìåÖ=ÇÉê=çéíáëÅÜÉå=páÖå~äÉ=áå=ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ=páÖå~äÉ=ÇìêÅÜK= ^äë= iáÅÜíèìÉääÉ= ÑΩê= Ç~ë= ìåëáÅÜíÄ~êÉ= fåÑê~êçíJiáÅÜí= ïáêÇ= ÉåíïÉÇÉê= ÉáåÉ= iba= EiáÖÜí= bãáííáåÖ= aáçÇÉF= çÇÉê= ÉáåÉ= i~ëÉêÇáçÇÉ= ÄÉJ åìíòí= Ei^pboW= iáÖÜí= ^ãéäáÑáÅ~íáçå= Äó= píáãìä~íÉÇ= bãáëëáçå= çÑ= o~J Çá~íáçåFK=^äë=iáÅÜíÉãéÑ®åÖÉê=ÇáÉåí=Ç~ÖÉÖÉå=ÉáåÉ=cçíçÇáçÇÉK= NOR =

Q=

k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=

táÉ= äÉáíÉí= åìå= Éáå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ÉáåÉ= iáÅÜíïÉääÉ= ïÉáíÉê\= bë= a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê= ïÉêÇÉå=ÜáÉêòì=Éáå=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇáÅÜíÉêÉë=jÉÇáìã=ãáí=ÉáåÉê=Öê∏≈ÉJ iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíìåÖ= êÉå=_êÉÅÜò~Üä=å =ìåÇ=Éáå=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇΩååÉêÉë=jÉÇáìã=ãáí=ÉáåÉê= âäÉáåÉêÉå= _êÉÅÜò~Üä= å = ÄÉå∏íáÖíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNQ= òÉáÖí= ÇÉå= wìJ ë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉã= báåÑ~ääëïáåâÉä= α= ìåÇ= ÇÉã= _êÉJ ÅÜìåÖëïáåâÉä=αÛ=EîÖäK=xNMzI=pK=OUQ=ÑÑKX=xPSzI=pK=NNP=ÑKFK= = Akzeptanzwinkel Totalreflexion Optisch dünneres Medium

Optisch dichteres Medium

n2

Brechungswinkel

Brechungswinkel

α‘

αG‘

α Einfallswinkel

Lichtstrahl Lot

α‘ α

αG

n1

Brechungswinkel

Einfallswinkel Lot

Einfallswinkel Lot

Mantelglas Kernglas Lichtstrahl

Mantelglas

= ^ÄÄK=QKNQW=a~ë=mêáåòáé=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíìåÖ= dêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜ=ïáêÇ=Éáå=iáÅÜíëíê~ÜäI=ÇÉê=îçå=ÉáåÉã=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇáÅÜíÉJ êÉå=jÉÇáìã=EòK=_K=t~ëëÉêF=~ìÑ=Éáå=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇΩååÉêÉë=jÉÇáìã=EòK= _K= iìÑíF= íêáÑÑíI= ~å= ÇÉê= jÉÇáÉåÖêÉåòÉ= îçã= içí= ïÉÖ= ÖÉÄêçÅÜÉåK= táêÇ= åìå= ÇÉê= báåÑ~ääëïáåâÉä= α= Äáë= òìã= dêÉåòïáåâÉä= α = îÉêÖê∏J ≈ÉêíI= ëç= îÉêä®ìÑí= ÇÉê= ÖÉÄêçÅÜÉåÉ= iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= Éåíä~åÖ= ÇÉê= jÉÇáÉåJ ÖêÉåòÉ=EmÜ~ëÉåÖêÉåòÉFK=aÉå=dêÉåòïáåâÉäI=~Ä=ÇÉã=Éáå=iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= åáÅÜí= ãÉÜê= áå= Ç~ë= çéíáëÅÜ= ÇΩååÉêÉ= jÉÇáìã= ÉáåíêáííI= åÉååí= ã~å= ~ìÅÜ=^âòÉéí~åòïáåâÉäK=táêÇ=ÇÉê=báåÑ~ääëïáåâÉä=åçÅÜ=Öê∏≈Éê=~äë= ÇÉê= ^âòÉéí~åòïáåâÉäI= ëç= ïáêÇ= ÇÉê= iáÅÜíëíê~Üä= íçí~ä= êÉÑäÉâíáÉêíK= få= ÇáÉëÉã=c~ää=ëéêáÅÜí=ã~å=îçå=ÉáåÉê=qçí~äêÉÑäÉñáçåK= _Éá=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå=áëí=Ç~ë=hÉêåÖä~ë=E`çêÉF=Ç~ë=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇáÅÜJ ^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå= íÉêÉ=jÉÇáìã=ìåÇ=Ç~ë=ÇÉå=hÉêå=ìãÖÉÄÉåÇÉ=j~åíÉäÖä~ë=E`ä~ÇJ ÇáåÖF=Ç~ë=çéíáëÅÜ=ÇΩååÉêÉ=jÉÇáìãK=táêÇ=åìå=Éáå=iáÅÜíëíê~Üä=ãáí= ãáåÇÉëíÉåë= ÇÉã= ^âòÉéí~åòïáåâÉä= áå= Ç~ë= hÉêåÖä~ë= ÉáåÖÉëéÉáëíI= ëç= äÉáíÉí= áÜå= Ç~ë= j~åíÉäÖä~ë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÇáÉ= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ= _êÉÅÜìåÖ= NOS=

= =

QKQ== §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ΩÄÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= ïÉáíÉêK= gÉÇÉ= dä~ëÑ~ëÉê= ÉáåÉë= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉäë= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= hÉêåJ= ìåÇ= j~åíÉäÖä~ë= ãáí= aìêÅÜãÉëëÉêå= áã= µJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ= EjáâêçãÉíÉêÄÉJ êÉáÅÜF=ëçïáÉ=ÉáåÉê=rãÜΩääìåÖ=~ìë=hìåëíëíçÑÑ=EëK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=QKNRFK= = Glasfaser mit Ummantelung (Vollader)

Mantelglas

Umhüllung aus Kunststoff

Kernglas

Glasfaser

Glasfaserkabel (Bündelader) Außenmantel Zugentlastung Stützelement Vollader Glasfaser (Mantel- und Kernglas)

= ^ÄÄK=QKNRW=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉäå= få= ÉáåÉã= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä= ëáåÇ= çÑí= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå= òì= ëçÖK= _ΩåÇÉä~ÇÉêå=áå=ÉáåÉê=eΩääÉ=òìë~ããÉåÖÉÑ~ëëíK=rã=ÇáÉ=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå= ìåÇ=ÇáÉ=eΩääÉ=îçå=ÇÉå=wìÖâê®ÑíÉå=òì=Éåíä~ëíÉåI=ÇáÉ=áåëÄÉëçåÇÉêÉ= ÇìêÅÜ= _áÉÖÉå= ìåÇ= qÉãéÉê~íìêëÅÜï~åâìåÖÉå= ÉåíëíÉÜÉåI= áëí= ÇáÉ= eΩääÉ= ãÉáëí= ãáí= ÉáåÉã= dÉä= ÖÉÑΩääíK= eáåòì= âçããÉå= åçÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= wìÖÉåíä~ëíìåÖ= EÄÉá= ^ì≈Éåâ~ÄÉäå= ãáí= k~ÖÉíáÉêëÅÜìíòF= ìåÇ= Éáå= ^ì≈Éåã~åíÉä=~ìë=hìåëíëíçÑÑI=ÇÉê=ëÅÜäáÉ≈äáÅÜ=Ç~ë=ÖÉë~ãíÉ=dä~ëÑ~J ëÉêâ~ÄÉä=ëÅÜΩíòíK== a~ë=a®ãéÑìåÖëJ îÉêÜ~äíÉå=ÉáåÉë= iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêë=

iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê= Ü~ÄÉå= ÖÉå~ì= ëç= ïáÉ= ÉäÉâíêáëÅÜÉ= iÉáíÉê= Éáå= ÄÉJ ëíáããíÉë= a®ãéÑìåÖëîÉêÜ~äíÉåK= aáÉ= a®ãéÑìåÖ= ÉáåÉë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= dä~ëÑ~ëÉê= ÖÉÑΩÜêíÉå= iáÅÜíëíê~Üäë= Ü®åÖí= îçå= ëÉáåÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= ~ÄK= råíÉê= ÇÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= îÉêëíÉÜí= ã~å= ÇÉå= ^Äëí~åÇ= òïáëÅÜÉå= òïÉá= ~ìÑÉáå~åÇÉê= ÑçäÖÉåÇÉå= pÅÜïáåÖìåÖëJj~ñáã~= EÄòïK= pÅÜïáåÖëJjáåáã~FK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNS= òÉáÖí= Ç~ë= a®ãéÑìåÖëîÉêÜ~äJ íÉå=ÉáåÉë=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêëK=aáÉ=a®ãéÑìåÖI=ÇáÉ=áå=Ç_Lâã=EaÉòáJ ÄÉäLháäçãÉíÉêF= ÖÉãÉëëÉå= ïáêÇI= ëáåâí= òìå®ÅÜëí= ãáí= òìåÉÜãÉåÇÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= ìåÇ= ëíÉáÖí= Ç~åå= ÄÉá= NSMM= k~åçãÉíÉêå= ENSMM= jáääáJ ~êÇëíÉä= jÉíÉêå>F= ïáÉÇÉê= ~åK= _Éá= ÉáåÉê= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ= îçå= URM= åãI= NOT =

Q=

k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= NPMM= åã= ìåÇ= NRRM= åã= ÖáÄí= Éë= àÉïÉáäë= ÉáåÉå= _ÉêÉáÅÜ= ãáí= ÉáåÉê= åáÉÇêáÖÉêÉå=a®ãéÑìåÖK=aáÉëÉ=ÇêÉá=łçéíáëÅÜÉå=cÉåëíÉê=ïÉêÇÉå= ÇÉëÜ~äÄ=ÄÉá=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉêå=òìê=páÖå~äΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ÖÉåìíòí=Eòì= ÇÉå=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=báÖÉåëÅÜ~ÑíÉå=îçå=iti=îÖäK=xNMzI=pK=OUT=ÑÑKFK= = Dämpfung (dB/km) Optisches Fenster: 850 nm

2,0 1,8

Optisches Fenster: 1300 nm

Optisches Fenster: 1550 nm

1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Wellenlänge (nm)

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= Sekundärbereich: Gebäudeverkabelung

Sekundärbereich: Gebäudeverkabelung

Tertiärbereich: Etagenverkabelung

Tertiärbereich: Etagenverkabelung

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

FD

CD

BD

BD

Primärbereich: Geländeverkabelung zum WAN

CD: Campus Distributor, BD: Building Distributor, FD: Floor Distributor

= ^ÄÄK=QKNUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê=ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉå=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= NPO=

= =

QKR== píêìâíìêáÉêíÉ=sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= få= ëÉáåÉê= ÉêëíÉå= sÉêëáçå= ëÅÜäìÖ= ÇÉê= pí~åÇ~êÇ= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= dÉÄ®ìÇÉJ= ìåÇ= bí~ÖÉåîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= SOIRLNORµJjìäíáãçÇÉJdê~ÇáÉåíÉåáåÇÉñJ Ñ~ëÉêåI= RMJlÜãJhç~ñá~äâ~ÄÉäI= NRMJlÜãJpqmJh~ÄÉä= ìåÇ= NMMJ lÜãJrmqJh~ÄÉä= îçêK= cΩê= ÇáÉ= ^åÄáåÇìåÖ= ÇÉê= _Ωêç~êÄÉáíëéä®íòÉ= ë~Ü=Éê=òïÉá=h~ÄÉä~åÄáåÇìåÖÉå=îçêI=ÉáåÉ=ÑΩê=Ç~ë=qÉäÉÑçå=ìåÇ=ÉáJ åÉ= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= aÉê= ïÉëÉåíäáÅÜÉ= k~ÅÜíÉáä= îçã= ìêJ ëéêΩåÖäáÅÜÉå=qf^Lbf^=RSU=áëí=Ç~êáå=òì=ëÉÜÉåI=Ç~ëë=ëáÅÜ=ÇáÉ=péÉòáJ Ñáâ~íáçåÉå= åìê= ~ìÑ= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêââçãéçåÉåíÉå= Eh~ÄÉä= ìåÇ= píÉÅâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉåF=ÄÉëÅÜê®åâÉåK= fplLfb`=NNUMN= ìåÇ=bk=RMNTP=

NVVR= ïìêÇÉ= ÇÉê= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇ= fplLfb`= NNUMN= ãáí= ÇÉã= k~ãÉå= dÉåÉêáÅ= Å~ÄäáåÖ= Ñçê= ÅìëíçãÉê= éêÉãáëÉë= E^ääÖÉãÉáåÉ= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ÑΩê= hìåÇÉåÖêìåÇëíΩÅâÉF= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíI= ÇÉê= ïÉáíÖÉJ ÜÉåÇ= ãáí= ÇÉê= Ñ~ëí= ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖ= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíÉå= òïÉáíÉå= ^ìëÖ~ÄÉ= ÇÉë= ~ãÉêáâ~åáëÅÜÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= qf^Lbf^= RSU= ΩÄÉêÉáåëíáããíK= bê= ëéÉòáÑáòáÉêí= ~ÄÉê= åáÅÜí= åìê= h~íÉÖçêáÉå= îçå= hçãéçåÉåíÉåI= ëçåJ ÇÉêå= ~ìÅÜ= kÉíò~åïÉåÇìåÖëâä~ëëÉå= ÑΩê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉJ ÅâÉå= EiáåâJhä~ëëÉåFI= ïçÄÉá= ìåíÉê= ÉáåÉê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉ= Ö~åò=~ääÖÉãÉáå=ÉáåÉ=båÇÉJòìJbåÇÉJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=îÉêëí~åÇÉå=ïáêÇK= báåÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉ= ìãÑ~ëëí= fåëí~ää~íáçåëâ~ÄÉäI= m~íÅÜÑÉäÇÉêI= píÉÅâîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=^åëÅÜäìëëÇçëÉå=Ó=ÇáÉ=dÉê®íÉ=ëÉäÄëí=ìåÇ= áÜêÉ= ^åëÅÜäìëëâ~ÄÉä= ÖÉÜ∏êÉå= àÉÇçÅÜ= åáÅÜí= ãÉÜê= òì= ÉáåÉã= iáåâ= Ç~òìK= aÉê=pí~åÇ~êÇ=fplLfb`=NNUMN=äáÉÖí=ëÉáí=OMMO=áå=ÉáåÉê=~âíì~äáëáÉêíÉå= OK=^ìëÖ~ÄÉ=îçê=ìåÇ=ÄáÉíÉí=ÇáÉ=_~ëáë=ÑΩê=ÉáåÉ=~åïÉåÇìåÖëåÉìíJ ê~äÉ= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ãáí= ÉáåÜÉáíäáÅÜÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëëóëíÉãÉå= ÑΩê= ~åïÉåÇìåÖëìå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖÉ=^åëÅÜäΩëëÉ=E`çãéìíÉêI=qÉäÉÑçåI=sáÇÉç= ìëïKFK=sçã=`bkbib`=ïìêÇÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=Ç~òì=ÇÉê=ëéêÉÅÜÉåÇ=~âíì~J äáëáÉêíÉ=Éìêçé®áëÅÜÉ=pí~åÇ~êÇ=bk=RMNTPWOMMO=ãáí=ÇÉã=k~ãÉå=fåJ Ñçêã~íáçå= qÉÅÜåçäçÖó= Ó= dÉåÉêáÅ= Å~ÄäáåÖ= ëóëíÉãë= ìåÇ= ãáí= ïÉáíÖÉÜÉåÇ= áÇÉåíáëÅÜÉã= fåÜ~äí= ÜÉê~ìëÖÉÖÉÄÉåK= bë= ÖáÄí= ~äëç= ÇÉêJ òÉáí= ÇêÉá= ÖΩäíáÖÉ= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëëí~åÇ~êÇëW= ÇÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇ= bk= RMNTP= ãáí=dΩäíáÖâÉáí=ÑΩê=bìêçé~I=ÇÉå=pí~åÇ~êÇ=qf^Lbf^=RSU=ãáí=^åïÉåJ ÇìåÖ=áå=kçêÇ~ãÉêáâ~=ìåÇ=ÇÉå=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=pí~åÇ~êÇ=fplLfb`= NNUMN=ãáí=áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉê=dΩäíáÖâÉáíK=

mêáã®êJI=pÉâìåJ Ç®êJ=ìåÇ=qÉêíá®êJ ÄÉêÉáÅÜ=

^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKNV= òÉáÖí= ÇáÉ= îçå= ÇÉå= pí~åÇ~êÇë= îçêÖÉëÉÜÉåÉå= sÉêJ â~ÄÉäìåÖëÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ=ãáí=ÇÉå=ã~ñáã~ä=òìä®ëëáÖÉå=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉåK=aÉê= mêáã®êÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ìãÑ~ëëí= ÇáÉ= dÉä®åÇÉîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉå= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= dÉÄ®ìÇÉå= ÉáåÉë= råíÉêåÉÜãÉåë= ÄòïK= ÉáåÉê= lêÖ~J åáë~íáçå= E`~ãéìë= _~ÅâÄçåÉFK= aáÉ= dÉä®åÇÉîÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ïáêÇ= ÇìêÅÜ=ÉáåÉå=òÉåíê~äÉå=pí~åÇçêíîÉêíÉáäÉê=E`aI=`~ãéìë=aáëíêáJ ÄìíçêF=ãáí=ÇÉã=t^k=îÉêÄìåÇÉåK=aáÉ=ã~ñáã~äÉ=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉ=ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉå= òì= ÇÉå= dÉÄ®ìÇÉîÉêíÉáäÉêå= ÇÉê= k~ÅÜJ NPP =

Q=

k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= Ä~êÖÉÄ®ìÇÉ=ÄÉíê®Öí=NRMM=ãK=bë=ïÉêÇÉå=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåäÉáíÉê=EjçåçJ ãçÇÉJ=çÇÉê=jìäíáãçÇÉÑ~ëÉêåF=ÉãéÑçÜäÉåI=ìã=~ääÉ=^åïÉåÇìåÖëJ ~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=ÄÉëíã∏ÖäáÅÜ=~ÄòìÇÉÅâÉåK= = Standortverteiler

Gebäudeverteiler

G

F

Anschlussdose

E

LWL (TP)

LWL

D

Etagenverteiler

TP (LWL)

1500 m

500 m

90 m

Primärbereich: Geländeverkabelung

Sekundärbereich: Gebäudeverkabelung

Tertiärbereich: Etagenverkabelung

C

B

A

A, E, F und G sind Geräteanschlusskabel. B, C und D sind Patchkabel. A + B + E <= 10 m, C <= 20 m, D <= 20 m, F <= 30 m, G <= 30 m

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aáÉ= ëçêíáÉêíÉ= ^ìÑäáëíìåÖ= ÄòïK= a~êëíÉääìåÖ= ~ääÉê= ÄáëÜÉê= ÄÉâ~ååíÉå= a~ë=ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖJ åÉíáëÅÜÉ=péÉâíêìã= ^êíÉå= îçå= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉå= tÉääÉå= ïáêÇ= ~äë= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáJ ëÅÜÉë= péÉâíêìã= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= QKOM= òÉáÖí= Ç~ë= ÉäÉâíêçJ ã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉ= péÉâíêìãI= Ç~ë= ãÉáëí= å~ÅÜ= cêÉèìÉåòÉå= ~ìÑëíÉáÖÉåÇ= ìåÇ= å~ÅÜ= tÉääÉåä®åÖÉå= ~ÄëíÉáÖÉåÇ= ëçêíáÉêí= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääí= ïáêÇK= aáÉ= ÜÉìíáÖÉ= cìåâíÉÅÜåáâ= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜí= ÉëI= òìê= páÖå~äΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= cêÉJ èìÉåòÉå=îçã=åáÉÇêáÖÉå=háäçÜÉêíòÄÉêÉáÅÜ=ÇÉê=i~åÖïÉääÉå=Äáë=Üáå= òìã=qÉê~ÜÉêíòÄÉêÉáÅÜ=ÇÉë=fåÑê~êçíJiáÅÜíÉë=òì=åìíòÉåK= = Frequenz (in Hertz) 100

102

104

Schall 107

105

106

108

Radio 103

1010

1012

Mikrow.

101

10-1

Infrarot

10-3

Wechselstrom

1014

10-5

1016

1018

UV

Röntgenstr.

10-7

10-9

1020

10-11

Sichtbares Licht

1022

1024

Gammastr.

10-13

10-15 10-17 Wellenlänge (in m)

Frequenzbereiche zur Signalübertragung Frequenz (in Hertz) 104 105 106

107

Rundfunk

108

109

1010

1011

1012

Mobilfunk, WLANs, WMANs

1013

1014

Infrarot-WLANs

Satellitenfunk Optischer Terrestr. Fernsehen Mikrowellen-Richtfunk Richtfunk

LF 103

MF 102

HF 101

VHF 100

UHF 10-1

SHF 10-2

EHF 10-3

10-4

10-5 10-6 10-7 Wellenlänge (in m)

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F2 F7

F2 F7

F1

F3 F1

F6

F6 F4

F4 F5

F5 F3

F7

F4 F5

F3 F1

F1 F6

F2 F7

F2

F2 F7

Mobilfunk-Backbone F3 2

F4

F6 F2

F7

F5

F6

F6

Vermittlungsstelle

F2 F3

Funkzelle

F4

Funkzellengruppe (Cluster)

F1 F6

F4

F4 F5

F7

F3 F1

F3 F1

F5

F5

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36.000 km 36.000 km Äquator (0°) Nullmeridian (0°)

Erdachse

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\= OTK bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= dêìåÇáÇÉÉ= ÇÉê= ëíêìâíìêáÉêíÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖ= ìåÇ= ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëÄÉêÉáJ ÅÜÉ=ãáí=ÇÉå=ã~ñáã~äÉå=h~ÄÉää®åÖÉå>= OUK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= ÇêÉá= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå= sÉêâ~ÄÉäìåÖëëí~åJ Ç~êÇë=áå=ÇÉê=oÉáÜÉåÑçäÖÉ=áÜêÉê=båíëíÉÜìåÖ=ãáí= ENF=áÜêÉê=_ÉòÉáÅÜåìåÖI= EOF=áÜêÉã=fåÜ~äíI= EPF=áÜêÉê=áåÜ~äíäáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêÉáåëíáããìåÖL^ÄïÉáÅÜìåÖI= EQF=áÜêÉã=àÉïÉáäáÖÉå=ÖÉçÖê~éÜáëÅÜÉå=^åïÉåÇìåÖëÄÉêÉáÅÜ>= OVK tÉäÅÜÉ= iáåâJhä~ëëÉå= ìåÇ= hçãéçåÉåíÉåJh~íÉÖçêáÉå= ïìêÇÉå= ÑΩê= qmJh~ÄÉä= ëí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêí\= kÉååÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= ã~ñáã~äÉå= cêÉJ èìÉåòÉå= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêâ~åïÉåÇìåÖÉå= ÇÉê= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= iáåâJhä~ëëÉå>=tÉäÅÜÉ=hä~ëëÉå=ïìêÇÉå=ÑΩê=dä~ëÑ~ëÉêå=ëéÉòáÑáJ òáÉêí\= PMK t~ë= îÉêëíÉÜí= ã~å= ìåíÉê= cìåâ\= tÉäÅÜÉê= wìë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ= ÄÉJ ëíÉÜí= ÄÉá= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉå= tÉääÉå= òïáëÅÜÉå= áÜêÉê= cêÉJ èìÉåòI=áÜêÉê=tÉääÉåä®åÖÉ=ìåÇ=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíÖÉëÅÜïáåÇáÖâÉáí\= PNK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= Ç~ë= ÉäÉâíêçã~ÖåÉíáëÅÜÉ= péÉâíêìã= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= tÉääÉå~êíÉåI=ÇáÉ=òìê=páÖå~äΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ÖÉåìíòí=ïÉêÇÉå>= POK hÉååòÉáÅÜåÉå=páÉ=báÖÉåëÅÜ~ÑíÉå=ìåÇ=^åïÉåÇìåÖÉå= ENF=ÇÉê=o~ÇáçΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= EOF=ÇÉê=jáâêçïÉääÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= EPF=ÇÉê=fåÑê~êçíΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖI= EQF=ÇÉê=iáÅÜíïÉääÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ>= PPK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=cìåâ~êíÉåI=ÇáÉ=ÄÉáã=íÉêêÉëíêáëÅÜÉå=cìåâ= ÖÉåìíòí=ïÉêÇÉå>= PQK bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= Ç~ë= hçåòÉéí= ÇÉë= p~íÉääáíÉåÑìåâë>= kÉååÉå= páÉ= òïÉá= ÄÉÇÉìíÉåÇÉ= p~íÉääáíÉåÄÉíêÉáÄÉê>= tÉäÅÜÉ= ^êíÉå= îçå= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåë~íÉääáíÉå= ÖáÄí= Éë= ìåÇ= ïçêáå= ìåíÉêëÅÜÉáÇÉå= ëáÉ= ëáÅÜ\=

NQQ=

= =

==

5

Netzwerkmechanismen få=ÇáÉëÉã=h~éáíÉä=ÄÉíê~ÅÜíÉå=ïáê=ÇáÉ=kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉåI=ÇáÉ= òìê=lêÖ~åáë~íáçå=ÇÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòí=ïÉêÇÉåI= ìã= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáííÉ= ÉáåÉë=t^kë=ÜáåïÉÖ=îçã=pÉåÇÉê=òìã=bãéÑ®åÖÉê=òì=ΩÄÉêãáííÉäåK= wìå®ÅÜëí= ïáêÇ= ÇáÉ= jìäíáéäÉñJ= ìåÇ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ= ÄÉëÅÜêáÉJ ÄÉåI=ÇáÉ=òìê=oÉ~äáëáÉêìåÖ=é~ê~ääÉäÉê=äçÖáëÅÜÉê=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~å®äÉ= ΩÄÉê=éÜóëáëÅÜÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáÉå=ÄÉå∏íáÖí=ïáêÇK=pçÇ~åå=ïáêÇ= Éáå=báåÄäáÅâ=áå=ÇáÉ=oçìíáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=òìê=_ÉëíáããìåÖ=ÇÉë=ÄÉëíÉå= tÉÖÉë=ÖÉÖÉÄÉå=ìåÇ=Éë=ïÉêÇÉå=cäìëëJ=ìåÇ=§ÄÉêä~ëíëíÉìÉêìåÖ=ÉêJ ä®ìíÉêíI= ÇáÉ= ÉáåÉ= §ÄÉêä~ëí= ÄÉáã= bãéÑ®åÖÉê= ìåÇ= áã= kÉíò= îÉêÜáåJ ÇÉêåK= ^ÄëÅÜäáÉ≈ÉåÇ= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉ= ÇÉê= t^kJ= ìåÇ= i^kJbîçäìíáçå=ÜÉê~ìëÖÉëíÉääíK=

5.1

Multiplextechnik

kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí=ÇÉë= aáÉ= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= ïìêÇÉ= òìå®ÅÜëí= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~J íáçå= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíI= ìã= ÇáÉ= âçëíÉåáåíÉåëáîÉ= kÉíòïÉêâáåÑê~ëíêìâíìê= jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ÇÉê=qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçåë~åÄáÉíÉê=ëç=Öìí=ïáÉ=ã∏ÖäáÅÜ=~ìëòìä~ëíÉåK= £ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= tÉáíîÉêâÉÜêëåÉíòÉ= Ü~ÄÉå= ÇáÉ= qçéçäçÖáÉ= ÉáåÉë= j~J ëÅÜÉååÉíòÉë= ìåÇ= ~êÄÉáíÉå= ~äë= mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíòÉ= EqÉáäëíêÉÅâÉåJ åÉíòÉFK=báå=ÇÉê~êíáÖÉë=mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíò=ÄÉëíÉÜí=~ìë=kÉíòâåçíÉå= E§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëJ= ìåÇ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉåF= ìåÇ= §ÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖëãÉÇáÉå= ãáí= ÜçÜÉê= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉ= EsÉêÄáåÇìåÖëâ~ÄÉäI= cìåâJ ëíêÉÅâÉåF=òìê=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ÇÉê=kÉíòâåçíÉåK= jÉÜêÉêÉ=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ÑΩê=àÉïÉáäë=òïÉá=båÇëóëJ íÉãÉ= â∏ååÉå= áå= ÉáåÉã= mçáåíJíçJmçáåíJkÉíò= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉëÉäÄÉå= §J ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáííÉ= ä~ìÑÉåK= pÅÜçå= ÉáåÉ= ÉáåòáÖÉ= hçããìåáJ â~íáçåëîÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ïΩêÇÉ=~ÄÉê=çÜåÉ=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=ÄÉëíáããíÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáííÉ= ÄäçÅâáÉêÉåI= ïÉåå= ã~å= îçå= ÉáåÉã= ÉáåòáJ ÖÉå= éÜóëáëÅÜÉå= jÉÇáìã= ~ìëÖÉÜíK= jáí= eáäÑÉ= ÇÉê= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= ïáêÇ=ÇáÉ=ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖÉ=jÉÜêÑ~ÅÜåìíòìåÖ=ÉáåÉë=kÉíòÉë=ÇìêÅÜ=ãÉÜJ êÉêÉ=båÇëóëíÉãÉ=ã∏ÖäáÅÜK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=RKN=ëíÉääí=ÇáÉ=kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí= ìåÇ=Ç~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~êK= hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäJ íáéäÉñáåÖ=

jáí= jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= páÖå~äÉ= ãÉÜêÉêÉê= äçÖáëÅÜÉê= h~å®äÉ=ÖÉêáåÖÉê=ł_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ
=ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖ=ΩÄÉê= Éáå=éÜóëáëÅÜÉë= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáìã=ÜçÜÉê=ł_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ
=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK=jÉÜêÉêÉ= NQR =

R=

kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå= îçåÉáå~åÇÉê= ìå~ÄÜ®åÖáÖÉ= ëÉêáÉääÉ= _áíëíê∏ãÉ= â∏ååÉå= ëç= é~ê~ääÉä= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉåëÉäÄÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖë~ÄëÅÜåáíí= ÑäáÉ≈ÉåK= báå= jìäíáéäÉñÉê= ÑΩÜêí=ÇáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=_áíëíê∏ãÉI=ÇáÉ=ãáí=ÉáåÉê=åáÉÇêáÖÉå=§ÄÉêJ íê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ= ÄÉá= áÜã= ~åâçããÉåI= òìë~ããÉå= ìåÇ= ΩÄÉêíê®Öí= ÇÉå= ëç=Éåíëí~åÇÉåÉå=_áíëíêçã=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=éÜóëáëÅÜÉë=jÉÇáìã=ãáí=ÜçÜÉê= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~é~òáí®íK= ^ã= ~åÇÉêÉå= båÇÉ= ÇÉë= jÉÇáìãë= íêÉååí= Éáå= aÉãìäíáéäÉñÉê= ÇÉå= ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÉå= _áíëíêçã= ïáÉÇÉê= áå= ÇáÉ= ÉáåòÉäåÉå= _áíëíê∏ãÉ= ~ìÑ= ìåÇ= äÉáíÉí= ëáÉ= ãáí= áÜêÉê= ìêëéêΩåÖäáÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ=òì=ÇÉå=bãéÑ®åÖÉêå=ïÉáíÉê=EîÖäK=òK=_K=xRzI=pK=RO= ÑÑKX=xORzI=pK=OOVX=xPQzI=pK=SV=ÑÑKX=xPSzI=pK=NSN=ÑÑKFK= = Eine einzige Kommunikationsverbindung ohne Multiplexing

X X

Physischer Kanal Logischer Kanal

Kabelverzweiger

Kabelverzweiger

X X

Mehrere gleichzeitige Kommunikationsverbindungen mit Multiplexing Physischer Kanal

Logische Kanäle

Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer

Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer

= ^ÄÄK=RKNW=kçíïÉåÇáÖâÉáí=ìåÇ=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= cêÉèìÉåòãìäJ íáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=

aáÉ= ~ã= ïÉáíÉëíÉå= îÉêÄêÉáíÉíÉå= jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= ëáåÇ= Ç~ë= cêÉJ èìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖK= få= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= RKO= ëáåÇ=ÄÉáÇÉ=jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK= a~ë= cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= EcajI= cêÉèìÉåÅó= aáîáëáçå= jìäJ íáéäÉñáåÖF= íÉáäí= ÇáÉ= Öêç≈É= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉ= ÉáåÉë= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáJ ìãë=áå=ãÉÜêÉêÉ=âäÉáåÉêÉ=cêÉèìÉåòÄ®åÇÉê=~ìÑI=ëçÇ~ëë=ëáÅÜ=ãÉÜêÉJ êÉ=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉ=ãáí=âäÉáåÉê=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=ÉêÖÉÄÉåK=báå=jìäíáéäÉJ ñÉê= ÑΩÜêí= ÜáÉêòì= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= ÖÉíêÉååíÉ= páÖå~äÉ= ëç= òìë~ããÉåI= Ç~ëë= ëáÉ= ~äë=Éáå= páÖå~ä=ΩÄÉê=ÉáåÉå=éÜóëáëÅÜÉå=h~å~ä= ãáí=ÜçÜÉê=_~åÇJ ÄêÉáíÉ= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= â∏ååÉåK= cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ïáêÇ= ëÉáí=ÇÉå=ÇêÉá≈áÖÉê=g~ÜêÉå=áå=~å~äçÖÉå=qÉäÉÑçååÉíòÉå=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK=

NQS=

= =

RKN== jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ= aáÉ=òì=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÇÉå=~å~äçÖÉå=péê~ÅÜëáÖå~äÉ=ÇÉê=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= qÉäÉÑçåâ~å®äÉ=ïÉêÇÉå=áã=qÉäÉÑçååÉíò=ÇìêÅÜ=~å~äçÖÉ=jçÇìä~íáçå= ~ìÑ= ~å~äçÖÉ= qê®ÖÉêëáÖå~äÉ= ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜÉê= cêÉèìÉåò= ~ìÑãçÇìJ äáÉêíK=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ÉáÖåÉí=ëáÅÜ=Öìí=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖI= Ç~= ÑΩê= qÉäÉÑçåÖÉëéê®ÅÜÉ= éÉêã~åÉåí= ÉáåÉ= ÖÉêáåÖÉ= _~åÇJ ÄêÉáíÉ=ÄÉå∏íáÖí=ïáêÇK= = Frequenzmultiplexing Bandbreite

Gesamte Bandbreite des physischen Kanals Bandbreite logischer Kanal 4 Bandbreite logischer Kanal 3 Bandbreite logischer Kanal 2 Bandbreite logischer Kanal 1 Zeit

Zeitmultiplexing Bandbreite

Gesamte Bandbreite des physischen Kanals

Time Slot Log. Kanal 1

Time Slot Log. Kanal 2

Time Slot Log. Kanal 3

Time Slot Log. Kanal 4

Time Slot Log. Kanal 1

Time Slot ... Log. Kanal 2 Zeit

=

^ÄÄK=RKOW=cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ìåÇ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= fã= dÉÖÉåë~íò= òìã= cêÉèìÉåòãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= íÉáäí= Ç~ë= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉJ ñáåÖ= EqajI= qáãÉ= aáîáëáçå= jìäíáéäÉñáåÖF= ÇáÉ= h~å~äâ~é~òáí®í= ÉáåÉë= ÄêÉáíÄ~åÇáÖÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáìãë= áå= wÉáíëÅÜäáíòÉ= EqáãÉ=päçíëF=~ìÑK=^ääÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~å®äÉ=ÉêÜ~äíÉå=òóâäáëÅÜ=ÉåíJ ëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ=wÉáíëÅÜäáíòÉI=ÇáÉ=áÜåÉå=ÉåíïÉÇÉê=ÇÉê=oÉáÜÉ=å~ÅÜ=çÇÉê= àÉ=å~ÅÜ=sÉêâÉÜêëä~ëí=ãÉÜê=çÇÉê=ïÉåáÖÉê=çÑí=òìÖÉíÉáäí=ïÉêÇÉåK=gÉJ ÇÉã= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëâ~å~ä= ëíÉÜí= ëçãáí= àÉïÉáäë= ÑΩê= ÉáåÉå= âìêòÉå= jçãÉåí=ÇáÉ=ÖÉë~ãíÉ=_~åÇÄêÉáíÉ=òìê=sÉêÑΩÖìåÖK=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ÉáÖåÉí=ëáÅÜ=Öìí=ÑΩê=`çãéìíÉêåÉíòÉI=ÇáÉ=áã=aá~äçÖÄÉíêáÉÄ=ÖÉåìíòí= ïÉêÇÉåK=aÉê=k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉåîÉêâÉÜê=Ñ®ääí=ÜáÉêÄÉá=åáÅÜí=âçåíáåìáÉêäáÅÜI= ëçåÇÉêå=áå=âìêòÉå=Éñéäçëáçåë~êíáÖÉå=a~íÉåëí∏≈Éå=E_ìêëíëF=~åK= aáÉ=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= aÉê= ΩÄÉêïáÉÖÉåÇÉ= qÉáä= ÇÉê= kÉíòä~ëíI= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêâÉ= ÜÉìíÉ= òì= ÄÉï®äíáÖÉå= Ü~ÄÉåI= áëí= a~íÉåîÉêâÉÜêX= ÇÉëÜ~äÄ= ïìêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= wÉáíJ jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜJ êÉå=áã=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ= ãìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=áã=i~ìÑÉ=ÇÉê=g~ÜêòÉÜåíÉ=áããÉê=ïÉáíÉê=îÉêÑÉáJ åÉêíK= ^ì≈ÉêÇÉã= ïìêÇÉå= åÉìÉ= jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= ïáÉ= Ç~ë= tÉäJ NQT =

R=

kÉíòïÉêâãÉÅÜ~åáëãÉå= äÉåä®åÖÉåãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= `çÇÉãìäíáéäÉñáåÖ= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= RKP= ÖáÄí= ÉáåÉ= §ÄÉêëáÅÜí= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå= jìäJ íáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=EîÖäK=®ÜåäáÅÜ=ÄÉá=xONzI=pK=PVNFK= =

Multiplexverfahren Multiplexverfahren

FrequenzFrequenzmultiplexing multiplexing

WellenlängenWellenlängenmultiplexing multiplexing

Synchrones Synchrones Zeitmultiplexing Zeitmultiplexing

PDH PDH

SDH/ SDH/ SONET SONET

ZeitZeitmultiplexing multiplexing

CodeCodemultiplexing multiplexing

Asynchrones Asynchrones Zeitmultiplexing Zeitmultiplexing

Frame Relay Frame Relay

(Packet Switching) (Packet Switching)

ATM ATM

(Cell Switching) (Cell Switching)

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A

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Leere, nicht verfügbare Time Slots

Asynchrones Zeitmultiplexing A

Time Slots nach Bedarf

A

A

A

A

B

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B

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A

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Endsysteme

Telekommunikationsnetz

Vermittlungseinrichtung

Endsysteme

Physische Wählverbindung

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Endsysteme

Telekommunikationsnetz

Vermittlungsrechner mit Adresstabelle und Nachrichtenspeicher

Endsysteme

Nachricht

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A

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Paketvermittlung

ES

ES

A P1 P2 P3 P4

N

B

P1 P2 P3 P4

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C

P1 P2 P3 P4

ES

P1 P2 P3 P4

N

N Zeit ES: Endsysteme

A, B, C: Netzknoten

N: Nachricht

P1 – P4: Pakete

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5.3

Routing-Verfahren

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Verhalten bei Überlaststeuerung Maximale Netzkapazität

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Theoretisch optimales Verhalten

Überlastverhalten

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Bandbreite

Maximale Bandbreite Einfacher Service

Differenzierter Service

Garantierter Service

Niedrige Priorität Mittlere Priorität

Hohe Priorität

Zeit

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= Multiplextechnik

Vermittlungstechnik

Dienst

Jahr

Circuit Switching (Manual Systems)

Telefonie/ Telegrafie

1880

Circuit Switching (Electromechanical Systems)

1910

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

1940 Circuit Switching (Digital Computer-controlled Systems)

1965

(Synchronous) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

1972

Packet Switching (X.25)

X.25 (Datex-P)

1976 (1980)

S-ISDN

1990

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= =

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Multiplextechnik

Vermittlungstechnik

Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing (ATD)

Packet Transfer Mode (PTM) (ATD-basierte Paket-Vermittlung) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (ATD-basierte Zell-Vermittlung)

Dienst

Frame Relay 1991

B-ISDN

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

1994

1995

1997

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing (OADM)

Jahr

Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) (Optisches Switching)

Optische Netze

2001

UMTS

2005

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LAN

LAN HS-LAN/ MAN

Shared Medium

1983/85

LAN

Bridge/ Router

1987/95/2004

1. Shared Media LANs

3. MANs und High-Speed LANs Access Point

Switches

1995

2. LAN Switching

1997/99/2004

4. Wireless LANs, PANs, MANs

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Kommunikationsarchitekturen für IP over Optical

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IP

IP

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IP

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LWL/WDM

LWL/WDM

LWL/WDM

LWL/WDM

IP over Ethernet

IP over WDM

IP over ATM IP over IP over over SONET/ SONET/SDH DPT/SRP SDH (B-ISDN)

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NUN =

==

6

WAN-Technologien aáÉ= t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉåI= ÇáÉ= ÇáÉ= ïÉëÉåíäáÅÜÉå= båíïáÅâäìåÖëëíìJ ÑÉå=ÇÉê=qÉäÉâçããìåáâ~íáçå=ã~êâáÉêÉåI=ïÉêÇÉå=áã=îçêäáÉÖÉåÇÉå= h~éáíÉä= ÄÉëÅÜêáÉÄÉåK= páÉ= Ä~ìÉå= Öêç≈ÉåíÉáäë= ~ìÑÉáå~åÇÉê= ~ìÑI= âçJ ÉñáëíáÉêÉå= ~åÇÉêÉêëÉáíë= ~ÄÉê= ~ìÅÜ= áå= ÇÉå= îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå= qÉäÉJ âçããìåáâ~íáçåëåÉíòÉå=åÉÄÉåÉáå~åÇÉêK= a~ë= eai`JmêçíçâçääI= Ç~ë= jáííÉ= ÇÉê= ëáÉÄòáÖÉê= g~ÜêÉ= Éåíëí~åÇI= ÄáäJ ÇÉí=ÇÉå=^ìëÖ~åÖëéìåâí=ÇÉê=båíïáÅâäìåÖK=fÜã=ÑçäÖíÉå=ÇáÉ=m~âÉíJ îÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ= uKOR= ìåÇ= ÇáÉ= aáÉåëíáåíÉÖê~íáçå= áã= pÅÜã~äJ Ä~åÇJfpakK=m~ê~ääÉä=Ç~òì=Éåíëí~åÇÉå=å~ÅÜÉáå~åÇÉê=ÇáÉ=mae=ìåÇ= plkbqLpaeK= aáÉ= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉ= bêÜ∏ÜìåÖ= ÇÉê= _~åÇÄêÉáíÉ= ÑΩÜêíÉ= òìã= c~ëí= m~ÅâÉí= pïáíÅÜáåÖ= òìå®ÅÜëí= ãáí= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= ìåÇ= Ç~åå= ãáí=^qjI=Ç~ë=~äë=_~ëáë=ÇÉë=_êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=îçêÖÉëÉÜÉå=ïìêÇÉK= jçÇÉêåÉ= fåíÉêåÉíJ_~ÅâÄçåÉë= îÉêïÉåÇÉå= åÉìÉ= t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçJ ÖáÉåI=áåëÄÉëçåÇÉêÉ=jmip=ëçïáÉ=Ç~ë=òìâìåÑíëíê®ÅÜíáÖÉ=l^aj=ìåÇ= lu`I= ÇáÉ= òìë~ããÉå= êÉáå= çéíáëÅÜÉ= kÉíòÉ= EmÜçíçåáëÅÜÉ= kÉíòÉF= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜÉåK= aÉê= kÉíòòìÖ~åÖ= òì= _êÉáíÄ~åÇåÉíòÉå= ÉêÑçäÖí= ÜÉìíÉ= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉ= ñapiJqÉÅÜåáâ= ãáí= ÇÉã= mmmJmêçíçâçääK= råÇ= ëÉáí= ÇÉå= åÉìåòáÖÉê=g~ÜêÉå=ÉêäÉÄÉå=jçÄáäÑìåâåÉíòÉ=ÉáåÉå=ï~ÜêÉå=_ççãK=

6.1

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Secondary Stations (Terminals)

Primary Station (Mainframe)

Secondary Station (Cluster Controller)

MultipointVerbindung

Point-to-PointVerbindungen

Combined Stations (Mainframes, Router)

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Primary Station sendet Information Frames

Information/ Poll Command

P

Acknowledgement

S

Poll Command Secondary Station wird aufgefordert, Information Frames zu senden

P

Information Response

S

Acknowledgement

Asynchronous Response Mode Secondary Station sendet unaufgefordert Information Frames

Information Response

P

Acknowledgement

S =

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Combined Station

Combined Station Commands, Responses

CS

Primary Station Secondary Station

CS A

Commands, Responses

Command für CS B Response von CS B Command für CS A Response von CS A

CS

Secondary Station Primary Station

CS B

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Flag

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Information

Information Frame

0

Supervisory Frame

1

0

S

P/F

Unnumbered Frame

1

1

U

P/F

FCS

SendeEmpfangsP/F Folgenummer Folgenummer

Frame Type

Flag

Frame Check Sequence

S Commands/Responses: EmpfangsFolgenummer RR, RNR, REJ, SREJ

U

U Commands/Responses: SNRM, SABM, DISC, UA etc.

Poll Bit/Final Bit

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Asynchronous Balanced Mode

(Halbduplex-Betrieb) A

U (B, SNRM, P) U (B, UA, F)

(Halbduplex-Betrieb) B

A Verbindungsaufbau

I (B, S=0, R=0)

U (B, SABM, P) U (B, UA, F) I (B, S=0, R=0)

I (B, S=1, R=0)

I (B, S=1, R=0)

I (B, S=2, R=0, P)

I (B, S=2, R=0, P)

I (B, S=0, R=3, F) S (B, RR, R=1, P)

Datenübertragung

I (B, S=1, R=3, F)

S (B, RR, R=3, F) Pause: B hat nichts zu senden I (A, S=0, R=3)

S (B, RR, R=2, P)

I (A, S=1, R=3, P)

S (B, RR, R=3, F)

S (A, RR, R=2, F)

U (B, DISC, P) U (B, UA, F)

B

Verbindungsabbau

U (A, DISC, P) U (A, UA, F)

t t t t I, S, U: Frametyp; A, B: Adresse; S/R: Sende-/Empfangs-Nr.; P/F: Poll Bit/Final Bit

=

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S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= èìÉåÅÉFK= _Éáã= bãéÑ®åÖÉê= ÑΩÜêí= eai`= ÇáÉ= _ÉêÉÅÜåìåÖ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÉå= cê~ãÉ= ÉêåÉìí= ÇìêÅÜ= ìåÇ= îÉêÖäÉáÅÜí= Ç~ë= bêÖÉÄåáë= ãáí=ÇÉã=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÉå=c`pJcÉäÇK=fã=c~ääÉ=ÉáåÉê=^ÄïÉáÅÜìåÖ=ëÉåJ ÇÉí=ÇÉê=bãéÑ®åÖÉê=ÉáåÉ=åÉÖ~íáîÉ=nìáííìåÖ=òì=ÇÉã=ÑÉÜäÉêÜ~ÑíÉå= cê~ãÉI= áåÇÉã= Éê= ÇÉå= cê~ãÉ= åçÅÜã~äë= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉëëÉå= pÉèìÉåòJ kìããÉê=~åÑçêÇÉêíK=aÉê=pÉåÇÉê=ÉêâÉååí=ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÑÉÜäÉê= ~å= ÇÉê= pÉèìÉåòJkìããÉê= ÇÉê= åÉÖ~íáîÉå= nìáííìåÖK= aáÉ= łmçääáåÖ= pí~íáçå
= îÉêïÉåÇÉí= òìë®íòäáÅÜ= Éáå= qáãÉçìíW= c~ääë= ëáÉ= îçã= bãéJ Ñ®åÖÉê= åáÅÜí= áååÉêÜ~äÄ= ÉáåÉê= îçêÖÉÖÉÄÉåÉå= wÉáíëé~ååÉ= ÉáåÉå= oÉëéçåëÉJcê~ãÉ=ÉêÜ®äíI=ïáÉÇÉêÜçäí=ëáÉ=áÜêÉ=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= få= ÇÉê= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKS= ëáåÇ= ÑΩê= ÇÉå= kçêã~ä= oÉëéçåëÉ= jçÇÉ= ìåÇ= ÑΩê=ÇÉå=^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=_~ä~åÅÉÇ=jçÇÉ=àÉïÉáäë=òïÉá=ÄÉáëéáÉäÜ~ÑíÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëÑÉÜäÉê=òì=ëÉÜÉåK=aÉê=ÉêëíÉ=cÉÜäÉê=áëí=Éáå=c`pJcÉÜäÉê= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= òïÉáíÉ= Éáå= qáãÉçìíJcÉÜäÉêK= _ÉáÇÉ= cÉÜäÉê= ÑΩÜêÉå= àÉïÉáäë= òì=ÉáåÉê=ÉêåÉìíÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖK= = Normal Response Mode

Asynchronous Balanced Mode

(Halbduplex-Betrieb)

(Halbduplex-Betrieb)

A

. . .

B

A

I (B, S=6, R=3)

. . . I (B, S=7, R=3)

I (B, S=7, R=3)

I (B, S=0, R=3, P)

I (B, S=0, R=3, P)

S (B, RR, R=7, F)

I (B, S=3, R=7, F)

I (B, S=7, R=3)

I (B, S=7, R=4) I (B, S=0, R=4, P) S (B, RR, R=1, F) I (B, S=1, R=4, P) Timeout I (B, S=1, R=4, P)

B

I (B, S=0, R=3, P) S (B, RR, R=1, F) Pause: B hat nichts zu senden I (A, S=3, R=1, P)

S (A, RR, R=4, F) Timeout S (B, RR, R=2, F) I (A, S=3, R=1, P) . . . . t t t t . . I, S: Frametyp; A, B: Adresse; S/R: Sende-/Empfangs-Nr.; P/F: Poll Bit/Final Bit

=

^ÄÄK=SKSW=eai`JpÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã=òìê=cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖ=

6.2

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= =

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DTE/DCE-Interface DCE (DÜE)

local

Application Processes Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

X.25-Netz

local Virtuelle Verbindungen zu entfernten Anwendungsprozessen

PLP-Schnittstelle (Logische Kanäle)

PSE

LAPB-Schnittstelle (Physischer Kanal)

PSE

X.20/X.21-Schnittstelle (Bitübertragung)

Physical Layer

PSE

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DTE/DCE-Interface

X.25-Netzwerk

DTE B

DTE/DCE-Interface

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1

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. . .

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Anschluss mit mehreren logischen Kanälen

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Anschluss mit mehreren logischen Kanälen

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Header

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Packet Type Identifier

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ISDN

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Endeinrichtung A

ISDN-Netz

Endeinrichtung B

(Telefon, Fax, Computer)

(Vermittlungsstellen)

(Telefon, Fax, Computer)

B1

B2

B1

B2

7

7

6

6

5

D

D 4

5 4

3

Q.930/1

Q.930/1

3

2

Q.920/1

Q.920/1

2

1

I.430/1 I.430/1 I.430/1

I.430/1 I.430/1 I.430/1

1

D-KanalProtokoll

SS7

D-KanalProtokoll

= ^ÄÄK=SKNRW=_Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=aJh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= OMN =

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•

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Header

Call Reference (2 oder 3 Bytes)

ProtokollDiskriminator

NachrichtenTyp

LAPD-Frame Flag 0 C R

Address SAPI (6 Bits)

Control

1

TEI (7 Bits)

FCS

Flag

C/R: Command/Response SAPI: Service Access Point Identifier TEI: Terminal Endpoint Identifier Je 1 Bit für D-Kanal

Multiplexrahmen 8 Bits für B1

Information

8 Bits für B2

8 Bits für B1

8 Bits für B2

Steuer- und Füll-Bits für Rahmenaufbau

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aÉã= eÉ~ÇÉê= ÑçäÖÉå= çÄäáÖ~íçêáëÅÜÉ= çÇÉê= çéíáçå~äÉ= fåÑçêã~íáçåëJ ÉäÉãÉåíÉK= páÉ= ÉåíÜ~äíÉå= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉ= m~ê~ãÉíÉê= ïáÉ= òK= _K= ïáÉ= oìÑåìããÉê=ÇÉê=êìÑÉåÇÉå=ìåÇ=ÇÉê=ÖÉêìÑÉåÉå=båÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖK= aÉê= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉê= _Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= òì= ÉáåÉã= ~åÇÉêÉå= qÉáäJ ^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=_J h~å~äîÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= åÉÜãÉê= áëí= áå= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKNT= ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜ= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK= wìå®ÅÜëí= ÄÉïáêâí= Ç~ë= ^ÄåÉÜãÉå= ÇÉë= e∏êÉêë= îçå= båÇÖÉê®í= ^= Ç~ë= pÉåJ ãáí=appN= ÇÉå=ÉáåÉê=pbqrmJk~ÅÜêáÅÜí=òìê=sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ=^K=aáÉ=sÉêãáííJ äìåÖëëíÉääÉ=^=íÉáäí=ÇÉã=êìÑÉåÇÉå=båÇÖÉê®í=ãáí=pbqrm=^`h=ÉáåÉå= _Jh~å~ä= òì= ìåÇ= ΩÄÉêãáííÉäí= áã= ÇìêÅÜÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉíÉå= _Jh~å~ä= ÇÉå= t®ÜäíçåK= aìêÅÜ= Ç~ë= t®ÜäÉå= ïáêÇ= Ç~ë= båÇÖÉê®í= ^= îÉê~åä~ëëíI= ÇÉê= sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ= _= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ= ^= fkclJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ãáí= ÇÉå= t~ÜäòáÑÑÉêå= òì= ëÉåÇÉåI= ïçê~ìÑÜáå= sÉêãáííJ äìåÖëëíÉääÉ= ^= ÇÉå= t®Üäíçå= ïáÉÇÉê= ~ÄëÅÜ~äíÉíK= _Éáã= t®ÜäÉå= ãáí= ~ìÑÖÉäÉÖíÉã= e∏êÉê= ÉåíÑ~ääÉå= ÇáÉ= fkclJk~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= t®ÜäíçåI=Ç~=ÇáÉ=t~ÜäòáÑÑÉêå=Ç~åå=ÄÉêÉáíë=áå=ÇÉê=pbqrmJk~ÅÜêáÅÜí= ÉåíÜ~äíÉå=ëáåÇK= OMP =

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= aáÉ= fkclJk~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ÄÉïáêâÉåI= Ç~ëë= ÇáÉ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ= _= ~ääÉå= ~å= ÇÉå= pMJ_ìë= ~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉåÉå= båÇÖÉê®íÉå= ÉáåÉ= pbqrmJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜí= ëÉåÇÉíI= ÇáÉ= òìã= häáåÖÉäå= ÑΩÜêíK= aáÉ= båÇÖÉê®íÉI= ÇáÉ= ÇÉå= ÖÉÑçêÇÉêíÉå= aáÉåëí= äÉáëíÉå= â∏ååÉåI= ~åíïçêíÉå= ÇÉê= sÉêãáííJ äìåÖëëíÉääÉ=_=ãáí=ÉáåÉê=^iboqJk~ÅÜêáÅÜíI=ïçê~ìÑÜáå=sÉêãáííäìåÖëJ ëíÉääÉ=^=ÉáåÉå=cêÉáíçå=~å=båÇÖÉê®í=^=ëÉåÇÉíK=a~ë=^ÄÜÉÄÉå=ÇÉë= e∏êÉêë= îçå= båÇÖÉê®í= u= ÄÉïáêâí= Ç~ë= ^ÄëÉåÇÉå= ÉáåÉê= `lkkJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜí= òìã= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ìÑÄ~ìK= páÉ= ÑΩÜêí= ÄÉáã= båÇÖÉê®í= ^= òìã= cêÉáíçåÉåÇÉ= ìåÇ= òìê= nìáííáÉêìåÖ= ãáí= `lkk= ^`hK= ^ì≈ÉêJ ÇÉã=íÉáäí=ÇáÉ=sÉêãáííäìåÖëëíÉääÉ=_=ÇÉã=ÖÉêìÑÉåÉå=båÇÖÉê®í=u=ãáí= `lkk= ^`h= ÉáåÉå= _Jh~å~ä= òì= ìåÇ= ëÅÜáÅâí= ÉáåÉ= obib^pbJ k~ÅÜêáÅÜí= ~å= ÇáÉ= ΩÄêáÖÉå= ÖÉêìÑÉåÉå= båÇÖÉê®íÉI= ï~ë= òìã= häáåJ ÖÉäÉåÇÉ= ÑΩÜêíK= aáÉ= båÇÖÉê®íÉ= ~åíïçêíÉå= ãáí= ÉáåÉã= obib^pb= ^`hK=a~ãáí=łëíÉÜí
=ÇáÉ=_Jh~å~äJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖK= = Endgerät Vermittlungs- Vermittlungs- Endgerät Endgerät A stelle A stelle B X Y Hörer A abnehmen Wählton Wählen

*

Freiton Freitonende

SETUP SETUP ACK

*

INFO INFO

SETUP

SETUP

ALERT

ALERT

ALERT Hörer X abnehmen

CONN

CONN

*

CONN ACK

CONN ACK

*

REL

REL ACK

Verbindung mit X t

Klingeln

B-Kanal-Verbindung t

*

t

t

t

Klingelende Endgerät Y Verbindung mit A

Symbol für „B-Kanal durchschalten“

=

^ÄÄK=SKNTW=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=fpakJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ãáí=appN= pçääÉå=îáÉäÉ=båÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉå=ãáí=ÇÉã=fpak=îÉêÄìåÇÉå=ïÉêÇÉåI= fpakJ kÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~J ëç= áëí= ÇÉê= báåë~íò= ÉáåÉê= fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉ= EfpakJqhJ ^åä~ÖÉI= m^_uF= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜK= báåÉ= fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉ= áëí= ÖÉå= ÉáåÉ= éêáî~íÉ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖI= ÇáÉ= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉå= fpakJ mêáã®êãìäíáéäÉñ~åëÅÜäìëë= ãáí= ÇÉã= fpak= îÉêÄìåÇÉå= áëí= ìåÇ= ~å= ÇáÉ= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= qÉáäåÉÜãÉêJbåÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉå= EkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉåF= ΩÄÉê= kÉÄÉåëíÉääÉåJ^åëÅÜäìëëäÉáíìåÖÉå= ~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉå= ëáåÇK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKNU=òÉáÖí=Ç~ë=sÉêãáííäìåÖëéêáåòáé=ÉáåÉê=kÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉK= OMQ=

= =

SKQ== jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=mae=ìåÇ=plkbqLpae=

ISDN-Nebenstellenanlage

ISDN

Unternehmensinternes Netz

Öffentliches Netz

= ^ÄÄK=SKNUW=sÉêãáííäìåÖëéêáåòáé=îçå=fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉå= báåÉ= fpakJkÉÄÉåëíÉääÉå~åä~ÖÉ= îÉêãáííÉäí= ÉáåÉêëÉáíë= båÇÉáåêáÅÜJ íìåÖÉå= áã= ìåíÉêåÉÜãÉåëáåíÉêåÉå= kÉíò= ãáíÉáå~åÇÉêI= ~åÇÉêÉêëÉáíë= Ä~ìí= ëáÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= òì= ÉñíÉêåÉå= båÇÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉå= ΩÄÉê= Ç~ë= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= fpakJkÉíò= ~ìÑK= eáÉêòì= ÄÉëáíòí= ëáÉ= ~äë= hÉêåëíΩÅâ= ÉáåÉ= aìêÅÜëÅÜ~äíÉáåÜÉáí=EpïáíÅÜáåÖ=råáíF=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=ÄäçÅâáÉêìåÖëÑêÉáÉå= o~ìãJwÉáíJhçééÉäÑÉäÇK= §ÄÉê= Ç~ë= o~ìãJwÉáíJhçééÉäÑÉäÇ= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ=_Jh~å®äÉ=éÜóëáëÅÜ=ÇìêÅÜÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉí=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ=_áíëíê∏ãÉ=áã=wÉáíJ ãìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=_~ëáë=ÇÉë=m`jPMJpóëíÉãë=ïÉáíÉêÖÉäÉáJ íÉí=Eòì=báåòÉäÜÉáíÉå=îÖäK=ìK=~K=xNUzI=pK=NUQ=ÑÑKFK=

6.4

Multiplexing mit PDH und SONET/SDH

aÉê=maeJ pí~åÇ~êÇ=

wìê= aáÖáí~äáëáÉêìåÖ= ÇÉê= qÉäÉÑçååÉíòÉ= ìåÇ= òìê= báåÑΩÜêìåÖ= ÇÉë= pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak= ïìêÇÉ= ÇáÉ= mäÉëáçÅÜêçåÉ= aáÖáí~äÉ= eáÉê~êJ ÅÜáÉ= EmaeI= mäÉëáçÅÜêçåçìë= aáÖáí~ä= eáÉê~êÅÜóF= ÉåíïáÅâÉäíI= ÇáÉ= ëáÅÜ= ÖêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜ= ÑΩê= ~ääÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëãÉÇáÉå= ÉáÖåÉíK= aáÉ= mae=áëí=ÉáåÉ=ëóåÅÜêçåÉ=wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=ãáí=ÜáÉê~êÅÜáëÅÜ= ÖÉÖäáÉÇÉêíÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå= òìê= oÉ~äáëáÉêìåÖ= äÉáíìåÖëîÉêãáíJ íÉäíÉê= ìåÇLçÇÉê= é~âÉíîÉêãáííÉäíÉê= båÇëóëíÉãîÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå= ΩÄÉê= t^kJ_~ÅâÄçåÉëK= NVTO= îÉê∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜíÉ= Ç~ë= ``fqq= EÇÉê= sçêä®ìÑÉê= ÇÉê=fqrJqF=ÑΩê=kçêÇ~ãÉêáâ~I=bìêçé~=ìåÇ=g~é~å=ÇáÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåJ ÇÉå= maeJpí~åÇ~êÇë= dKTMO= E§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉåFI= dKTMP= E§ÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖëëÅÜåáííëíÉääÉåF= ìåÇ= dKTMQ= Eo~ÜãÉåëíêìâíìêÉåFI= ÇáÉ= òïáJ ëÅÜÉåòÉáíäáÅÜ=ãÉÜêÑ~ÅÜ=ΩÄÉê~êÄÉáíÉí=ïìêÇÉåK= OMR =

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= a~ë= tçêí= éäÉëáçÅÜêçå= EÖêáÉÅÜáëÅÜW= Ñ~ëí= ëóåÅÜêçåF= ïÉáëí= Ç~ê~ìÑ= ÜáåI= Ç~ëë= ÇáÉ= _áíê~íÉå= ÇÉê= ÖÉãìäíáéäÉñíÉå= âäÉáåÉêÉå= h~å®äÉ= òìJ ë~ããÉå=åáÅÜí=ÖÉå~ì=ÇáÉ=_áíê~íÉ=ÇÉê=å®ÅÜëíÜ∏ÜÉêÉå=jìäíáéäÉñëíìJ ÑÉ=ÉêÖÉÄÉåK=^ÄïÉáÅÜìåÖÉå=ÉåíëíÉÜÉå=Ç~ÇìêÅÜI=Ç~ëë=aìããóJ_áíë= EpíçéÑÄáíëF=ÉáåÖÉÑΩÖí=ïÉêÇÉå=ãΩëëÉåI=ìã=äÉáÅÜí=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜÉ= q~âíê~íÉå=ÇÉê=îÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉåÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëóëíÉãÉ=~ìëòìÖäÉáÅÜÉå= E_áíJpíçéÑÉåI=_áí=píìÑÑáåÖFK==

a~ë=hçåòÉéí=ÇÉê= mae=

aáÉ= mae= ãìäíáéäÉñí= ÇáÉ= mêáã®êãìäíáéäÉñê~íÉ= Ó= OIMQU= jÄáíLë= ÇÉê=p JfpakJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ=ÇÉë=m`jPMJpóëíÉãë=áå=bìêçé~=ÓI=áåÇÉã= ëáÉ= ÇÉêÉå= âäÉáåÉêÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~ÜãÉå= EbNJo~ÜãÉå= áå= bìêçé~F= áå= Öê∏≈ÉêÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~ÜãÉå= ÉáåÉë= ëÅÜåÉääÉêÉå= äçÖáëÅÜÉå= h~J å~äë= EbOI= bPI= bQ= áå= bìêçé~F= ÉáåÑΩÖíK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKNV= òÉáÖí= Ç~ë= cçêã~í= ÉáåÉë= bNJo~ÜãÉåë= ÇÉê= jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ= m`jPM= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉë= bOJo~ÜãÉåë=ÇÉê=å®ÅÜëíÜ∏ÜÉêÉå=jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ=m`jNOM=EîÖäK=ìK=~K= xONzI= pK= PVN= ÑKX= xPQzI= pK= OST= ÑÑKFK= rã= ÉáåÉ= sÉêïÉÅÜëÉäìåÖ= ãáí= ÇÉå= łcê~ãÉë
=ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí=O=òì=îÉêãÉáÇÉåI=ïÉêÇÉå=ÜáÉê=ÇáÉ=marë= ÇÉê=lpfJpÅÜáÅÜí=N=ãáí=ÇÉã=ÇÉìíëÅÜÉå=tçêí=ło~ÜãÉå
=ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉíK= = E1-Rahmen (PCM30) 256 Bits K0 K1 K2 K3

…

X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

K13 K14 K15 K16 K17 K18 K19

Rahmenkennungswort in ungeraden Rahmen

…

K29 K30 K31

Signalisierungskanal mit 8 Bits, K1 bis K15, K17 bis K31: Datenkanäle à 8 Bits

Rahmenmeldewort in geraden Rahmen: X 1 D N Y Y Y Y D: Dringender Alarm, N: Normaler Alarm, X: Nationale Verbindung, Y: Internationale Verbindung

E2-Rahmen (PCM120) 10

2

RKW M

200

4

Nutzbits

St

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 D N Rahmenkennungswort

848 Bits 208 4 Nutzbits

St

208

4 4

204

Nutzbits

St St B

Nutzbits

Stopfinformationsbits

Stopfbits

Rahmenmeldewort: D: Dringender Alarm, N: Normaler Alarm

=

^ÄÄK=SKNVW=cçêã~íÉ=ÇÉë=bNJo~ÜãÉåë=ìåÇ=ÇÉë=bOJo~ÜãÉåë= báå= bNJo~ÜãÉå= ÇÉê= eáÉê~êÅÜáÉëíìÑÉ= N= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= PO= _óíÉë= ÑΩê= PO=äçÖáëÅÜÉ=h~å®äÉK=a~ë=ÉêëíÉ=_óíÉ=ÑΩê=h~å~ä=M=ÉåíÜ®äí=ÄÉá=łìåÖÉJ ê~ÇÉå
= o~ÜãÉå= ENKI= PKI= RK= o~ÜãÉå= ìëïKF= Éáå= o~ÜãÉåâÉååìåÖëJ ïçêí=ãáí=póåÅÜêçåáëáÉêìåÖëÄáíëI=ÄÉá=łÖÉê~ÇÉå
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= =

SKQ== jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=mae=ìåÇ=plkbqLpae= o~ÜãÉå=ìëïKF=Éáå=o~ÜãÉåãÉäÇÉïçêí=ãáí=páÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖëáåÑçêã~J íáçåÉå=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñÉáåêáÅÜíìåÖÉåK=a~ë=NSK=_óíÉ=ÑΩê=h~å~ä=NS= ÉåíÜ®äí= ÇáÉ= páÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖëÄáíë= ÇÉë= fpakJaJh~å~äëI= ÇáÉ= ΩÄêáÖÉå= _óíÉë= ÇÉê= h~å®äÉ= N= Äáë= NR= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= h~å®äÉ= NT= Äáë= PN= ÉåíÜ~äíÉå= å~ÅÜÉáå~åÇÉê= àÉïÉáäë= ~ÅÜí= a~íÉåÄáíë= ÇÉê= PM= fpakJ_Jh~å®äÉK= a~= UMMM= o~ÜãÉå= éêç= pÉâìåÇÉ= ÖÉëÉåÇÉí= ïÉêÇÉå= Eo~ÜãÉåÑêÉèìÉåò= îçå= U= heòFI= ÉêÖáÄí= ëáÅÜ= ÉáåÉ= o~ÜãÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëòÉáí= îçå= NOR= ”ëI= ëç= Ç~ëë= áå= ÇáÉëÉê= wÉáí= éêç= _Jh~å~ä= N= _óíÉ= kìíòáåÑçêã~íáçå= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉå=ïáêÇK= báå= bOJo~ÜãÉå= ÇÉê= eáÉê~êÅÜáÉëíìÑÉ= O= íê~åëéçêíáÉêí= îáÉê= bNJ o~ÜãÉå= ÇÉê= eáÉê~êÅÜáÉëíìÑÉ= NK= bê= ÉåíÜ®äí= UQU= _áíë= EQ= G= ONO= _áíëF= ìåÇ=ÄÉÖáååí=ÉÄÉåÑ~ääë=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=o~ÜãÉåâÉååìåÖëïçêí=ENM=_áíëFI= ÇÉã= Éáå= o~ÜãÉåãÉäÇÉïçêí= EO= _áíëF= ÑçäÖíK= aáÉ= îáÉê= kìíòÄáíÄÉêÉáJ ÅÜÉ= ÉåíÜ~äíÉå= ÇÉê= oÉáÜÉ= å~ÅÜ= àÉïÉáäë= Éáå= _áí= ÇÉê= îáÉê= m`jPMJ _áíëíê∏ãÉI=ÇKÜK=_áí=NP=ÉåíÜ®äí=Éáå=_áí=ÇÉë=ÉêëíÉå=m`jPMJ_áíëíêçãÉë= ìåÇ= _áí= NS= ëÅÜäáÉ≈äáÅÜ= Éáå= _áí= ÇÉë= îáÉêíÉå= m`jPMJ_áíëíêçãÉëK= a~åå=ÑçäÖí=áå=_áí=NT=ïáÉÇÉê=Éáå=_áí=ÇÉë=ÉêëíÉå=m`jPMJ_áíëíêçãÉë= ìëïK=få=ÉáåÉã=bOJh~å~ä=ãáí=UKQQU=jÄáíLë=ä~ëëÉå=ëáÅÜ=ëç=îáÉê=bNJ h~å®äÉ=¶=OIMQU=jÄáíLë=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåI=ïçÄÉá=ëáÅÜ=ÉáåÉ=o~ÜãÉåΩÄÉêJ íê~ÖìåÖëòÉáí=îçå=NMMIPTUT=”ë=ÉêÖáÄí=EUQU=Äáí=L=UQQU=hÄáíLëFK= aáÉ= îáÉê= kìíòÄáíÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ= ëáåÇ= ÇìêÅÜ= àÉïÉáäë= îáÉê= píçéÑáåÑçêã~J íáçåëÄáíë=îçåÉáå~åÇÉê=ÖÉíêÉååíK=páÉ=ÉåíÜ~äíÉå=òìê=páÅÜÉêÜÉáí=ÇêÉáJ Ñ~ÅÜ= êÉÇìåÇ~åíÉ= fåÑçêã~íáçåÉåK= cΩê= àÉÇÉå= m`jPMJ_áíëíêçã= òÉáÖí= Éáå= píçéÑáåÑçêã~íáçåëÄáí= ~åI= çÄ= ÇÉê= äÉíòíÉ= kìíòÄáíÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ÉáåÉë= bOJo~ÜãÉåë=åìê=kìíòJ_áíë=ÉåíÜ®äí=çÇÉê=çÄ=Éáå=píçéÑÄáí=ÉáåÖÉÑΩÖí= ïÉêÇÉå=ãìëëíÉI=ìã=ÉáåÉ=äÉáÅÜí=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜÉ=q~âíê~íÉ=ÇÉë=_áíJ ëíêçãÉë= ~ìëòìÖäÉáÅÜÉåK= få= àÉÇÉã= bOJo~ÜãÉå= â∏ååÉå= ëçãáí= éêç= m`jPMJ_áíëíêçã=OMR=çÇÉê=OMS=kìíòÄáíë=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉå=ïÉêÇÉå=ERM=H= RO=H=RO=H=RN=_áíë=çÇÉê=RM=H=RO=H=RO=H=RO=_áíëFK= aáÉ= jìäíáéäÉñÜáÉê~êÅÜáÉ= ÉêÖáÄí= ëáÅÜ= ÇìêÅÜ= ãÉÜêÑ~ÅÜÉë= łsÉêJ ëÅÜ~ÅÜíÉäå
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Europa

Japan

SONET

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

USA

weltweit

0,064 (DS0)

0,064 (E0)

0,064 (J0)

-

1,544 (DS1)

2,048 (E1)

1,544 (J1)

-

-

6,312 (DS2)

8,448 (E2)

6,312 (J2)

-

-

44,736 (DS3) 34,368 (E3) 32,064 (J3) 274,176 (DS4) 139,264 (E4) 97,728 (J4)

51,840

(OC1)

-

155,520 (OC-3)

155,520

(STM-1)

622,080

(STM-4)

-

-

-

622,080 (OC-12)

-

-

-

2.488,320 (OC-48)

2.488,320 (STM-16)

9.953,280 (OC-192)

9.953,280 (STM-64)

39.813,120 (OC-768) 39.813,120 (STM-256)

=

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Leitungsvermittelte und/oder paketvermittelte Verbindungen Path

Path

Multiplex Section

Multiplex Section

Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section

Regenerator Section

Regenerator Section

Regenerator Section

Physical Media

Physical Media

Physical Media

Physical Media

Terminal Add Drop Multiplexer/ Regenerator Multiplexer Digital Cross Connect

Terminal Multiplexer

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STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module 1) 270 Bytes 9 Bytes

261 Bytes

1 RSOH 3 4 AU-Pointer AU-4 9 Zeilen 5 MSOH

VC-4 POH

9

1 B.

Container C-4 im VC4 mit Data Payload: • PDH-Rahmen • VC3/VC11/VC12 • ATM-Zellen • HDLC-Frames • IP-Pakete •… 260 Bytes

VC-4 (Virtual Container mit POH und C4)

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TM

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ADM

ADM

ADM

DXC

STM-1

ADM STM-1

TM

ADM

STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 …

ADM

PCM30-PCM1920

TM

STM-1

STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 …

STM-1

PCM30-PCM1920

STM-1

STM: Synchronous Transport Module PCM: Pulse Code Modulation

TM PCM30-PCM1920

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6.5

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3 PLP 2 LAPB

X.25

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DTE

OSI-Schichten

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Frame Relay Switch

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DTE

DCE

DCE

DTE

Q.922 G.703/4 1 Physical Layer I.430/1 X.21 OSI-Schichten Standards

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DTE

DCE

(Router, Bridge, FRAD)

Frame Relay Network

DCE

(Frame Relay Switches) Interface: Q.922

Interface: Q.922

E

D A

X 19

1

138

LAN

23

Y

116

55 77

DTE (Router, Bridge, FRAD)

B4

2

Z

C

3

84

10

Tabelle von Switch B Incoming Logical Channel

Outgoing Logical Channel

Interface

DLCI

Interface

DLCI

1 1 …

55 138 …

3 2 …

116 84 …

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Flag

Address

Information

FCS

Oktett 1 8

7

6

5

4

DLCI (High Order)

Flag

Oktett 2 3

2

1

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

FE BE C/R EA DLCI (Low Order) CN CN DE EA

DLCI: Data Link Connection Identifier

C/R: EA: FECN: BECN: DE: FCS:

Command/Response Bit Extended Address Forward Explicit Congestion Notification Backward Explicit Congestion Notification Discard Eligibility Frame Check Sequence

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^qj=~äë=_~ëáë=ÇÉë= sçå= ÇÉê= fqrJq= ïìêÇÉ= NVUU= ^qj= E^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë= qê~åëÑÉê= jçÇÉF= ~äë= jìäíáéäÉñJ= ìåÇ= sÉêãáííäìåÖëíÉÅÜåáâ= ÑΩê= Éáå= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáJ _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak= ÅÜÉë= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak= E_JfpakF= îçêÖÉëÅÜä~ÖÉåI= ìã= ÇáÉ= òìâΩåÑíáJ ÖÉå=h~é~òáí®íëJ=ìåÇ=nì~äáí®íë~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=ÑäÉñáÄÉä=ìåÇ=ëâ~äáÉêJ Ä~ê= ~ÄÇÉÅâÉå= òì= â∏ååÉåK= wìê= _ÉëÅÜäÉìåáÖìåÖ= ÇÉê= pí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉJ êìåÖë~êÄÉáíÉå= ÖêΩåÇÉíÉå= `áëÅçI= kçêíÉä= ìåÇ= ~åÇÉêÉå= råíÉêåÉÜJ ãÉå= NVVN= Ç~ë= ^qjJcçêìãK= bë= Éê~êÄÉáíÉíÉ= áåëÄÉëçåÇÉêÉ= ÇáÉ= pí~åÇ~êÇë=rkf=OKM=ÑΩê=ms`ë=ENVVOFI= rkf=PKMLPKN= ENVVQF=ÑΩê= ps`ë= ëçïáÉ= rkf= QKM= ÑΩê= îÉêÄÉëëÉêíÉå= pÉêîáÅÉ= ENVVSFK= aáÉ= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåJ ÇÉå=fqrJqJpí~åÇ~êÇë=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=rkfJpáÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖ=ëáåÇ=nKOVPNLOVTN= ãáí=ÇÉã=qáíÉä=łaáÖáí~ä=pìÄëÅêáÄÉê=páÖå~äáåÖ=póëíÉã=kçK=O=EappOF=Ó= rëÉê=kÉíïçêâ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ=ErkfF=i~óÉê=P=péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåÒK== bÄÉåëç= ïáÉ= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= îÉêïÉåÇÉí= ^qj= òìê= ëáãìäí~åÉå= kìíJ òìåÖ=ÉáåÉë=éÜóëáëÅÜÉå=h~å~äë=^qa=E^ëóåÅÜêçåçìë=qáãÉ=aáîáëáçå= jìäíáéäÉñáåÖFK=^åÇÉêë=~äë=ÄÉá=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó=ÉêÑçäÖí=~ÄÉê=Éáå=ëí~íáëíáJ ëÅÜÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖ=ãáí=wÉääÉå=EâäÉáåÉå=m~âÉíÉå=ÑÉëíÉê=i®åÖÉF=ìåÇ= ÉáåÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ=^qaJÄ~ëáÉêíÉ=wÉääJsÉêãáííäìåÖI=ìã=fëçÅÜêçåáJ í®í= òì= ÉêêÉáÅÜÉå= E`Éää= oÉä~óFK= báåÉ= ~ìëÑΩÜêäáÅÜÉ= a~êëíÉääìåÖ= ÇÉê= ëÉÜê=âçãéäÉñÉå=^qjJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉ=áëí=áå=xOOz=òì=ÑáåÇÉåK= ^qjJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOT=òÉáÖí=áã=çÄÉêÉå=qÉáä=ÇáÉ=ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå=pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå= ÉáåÉë= ^qjJkÉíòÉëK= báå= ^qjJkÉíò= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= ãáíÉáå~åÇÉê= îÉêJ ÄìåÇÉåÉå= ^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë= ìåÇ= îÉêÄáåÇÉí= ëÉáåÉêëÉáíë= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= ^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíëK=^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíë=â∏åJ åÉå= `çãéìíÉê= Ej~áåÑê~ãÉëI= båíÉêéêáëÉ= pÉêîÉêI= tçêâëí~íáçåëI= m`ëFI=oçìíÉêI=i^kJpïáíÅÜÉë=çÇÉê=qhJ^åä~ÖÉå=ëÉáåK=báå=^qj=båÇJ mçáåí=bèìáéãÉåí=ïáêÇ=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=rkf=ErëÉê=kÉíïçêâ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉF= ãáí=ÉáåÉã=^qjJpïáíÅÜ=îÉêÄìåÇÉåK=wïÉá=^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë=âçããìJ åáòáÉêÉå=ΩÄÉê=Éáå=kkf=EkÉíïçêâ=kçÇÉ=fåíÉêÑ~ÅÉF=ãáíÉáå~åÇÉêK= kÉÄÉåÄÉá=ÄÉãÉêâíW=Éáå=rkf=â~åå=éêáî~í=çÇÉê=∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜ=ëÉáå=ìåÇ= òïÉá= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= ^qjJkÉíòÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= ΩÄÉê= Éáå= _Jf`f= E_êç~ÇÄ~åÇ= fåíÉêÉñÅÜ~åÖÉ=`~êêáÉê=fåíÉêÅçååÉÅíF=~åÉáå~åÇÉê=ÖÉâçééÉäíK= ONU=

= =

SKS== _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=ãáí=^qj=

ATM-Schnittstellen UNI ATMEnd-Point Equipment

NNI

ATM-Switches

NNI

UNI

ATMEnd-Point Equipment

... Übertragungsrichtung

ATM-Zellen Nutzinfo 48 Oktette

UNI

HEC CLP PT 8 1 3

VCI 16

NNI

HEC CLP PT 8 1 3

VCI 16

VPI 8

GFC

VPI 12

4

Zellkopf 5 Oktette

= ^ÄÄK=SKOTW=^qjJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=ìåÇ=^qjJwÉääÉå= a~ë=cçêã~í=îçå= ^qjJwÉääÉå=

aÉê=ìåíÉêÉ=qÉáä=îçå=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOT=òÉáÖí=ÇáÉ=píêìâíìê=îçå=^qjJ wÉääÉå=~ã=rkfJ=ìåÇ=~ã=kkfK=aáÉ=wÉääÉåI=ÇáÉ=^qj=áã=dÉÖÉåë~íò= òì= ÇÉå= î~êá~ÄÉä= ä~åÖÉå= m~âÉíÉå= Ecê~ãÉëF= îçå= cê~ãÉ= oÉä~ó= îÉêJ ïÉåÇÉíI= ëáåÇ= àÉïÉáäë= åìê= RP= _óíÉë= ä~åÖI= ìã= _äçÅâáÉêìåÖÉå= ÇìêÅÜ= ä~åÖÉ= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= òì= îÉêãÉáÇÉåK= gÉÇÉ= ^qjJwÉääÉ= ÄÉëíÉÜí= ~ìë= ÉáåÉã= QU= _óíÉë= ä~åÖÉå= kìíòä~ëíÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉã= R= _óíÉë= ä~åÖÉå=eÉ~ÇÉêK=wÉääÉå=~ã=rkf=ìåÇ=~ã=kkf=Ü~ÄÉå=Ñ~ëí=ÇáÉëÉäÄÉ= píêìâíìêX=ÇÉê=rkfJeÉ~ÇÉê=ÉåíÜ®äí=~ÄÉê=Éáå=âΩêòÉêÉë=smfJcÉäÇ=ìåÇ= Ç~ë=òìë®íòäáÅÜÉ=cÉäÇ= dc`=EdÉåÉêáÅ=cäçï=`çåíêçäFI=Ç~ë=åìê=ÑΩê= ÇáÉ=äçâ~äÉ=píÉìÉêìåÖ=_ÉÇÉìíìåÖ=Ü~íK= aáÉ=ïáÅÜíáÖëíÉå=cÉäÇÉê=ÇÉë=eÉ~ÇÉêë=ëáåÇ=ÇÉê=smf=Esáêíì~ä=m~íÜ= fÇÉåíáÑáÉêF= ìåÇ= ÇÉê= s`f= Esáêíì~ä= `Ü~ååÉä= fÇÉåíáÑáÉêFK= páÉ= ïÉêÇÉå=ÄÉáÇÉå=ÖÉãÉáåë~ã=ÄÉå∏íáÖíI=ìã=ÇáÉ=wÉääÉå=ÉáåÉê=îáêíìÉäJ äÉå= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= ~ÄëÅÜåáííëïÉáëÉ= ïÉáíÉêòìäÉáíÉåK= a~ë= cÉäÇ= mq= Em~óäç~Ç= qóéÉF= âÉååòÉáÅÜåÉí= ÇÉå= wÉääÉåíóé= E_ÉåìíòÉêÇ~íÉåI= píÉìÉêÇ~íÉåI= §ÄÉêä~ëí= ÑÉëíÖÉëíÉääíF= ìåÇ= Ç~ë= _áí= `im= E`Éää= içëë= mêáçêáíóF= ã~êâáÉêí= ÇáÉ= wÉääJmêáçêáí®í= òìã= sÉêïÉêÑÉå= ÉáåÉê= wÉääÉK= a~ë= cÉäÇ= eb`= EeÉ~ÇÉê= bêêçê= `çåíêçäF= ÉåíÜ®äí= ÉáåÉ= mêΩÑëìãJ ãÉI=ÇáÉ=~ìë=ÇÉå=ÉêëíÉå=îáÉê=_óíÉë=ÇÉë=eÉ~ÇÉêë=ÉêêÉÅÜåÉí=ïáêÇK=

sáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåJ ÇìåÖÉå=

jáí=^qj=â∏ååÉå=îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ÉåíïÉÇÉê=ÑÉëí=ÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉí= ïÉêÇÉå= Ems`I= mÉêã~åÉåí= sáêíì~ä= `áêÅìáíF= çÇÉê= ÄÉá= _ÉÇ~êÑ= íÉãéçê®ê= ~ìÑÖÉÄ~ìí= ïÉêÇÉå= Eps`I= pïáíÅÜÉÇ= sáêíì~ä= `áêÅìáíFK= cΩê= ∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ= ^qjJkÉíòïÉêâÉ= ïÉêÇÉå= båÇëóëíÉã~ÇêÉëëÉå= ÄÉJ ONV =

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= åìíòíI= ÇáÉ= Ç~ë= cçêã~í= ÑΩê= áåíÉêå~íáçå~äÉ= qÉäÉÑçååìããÉêå= Eãáí= i~åÇÉëJ`çÇÉF= å~ÅÜ= ÇÉã= fqrJqJpí~åÇ~êÇ= bKNSQ= îÉêïÉåÇÉåX= áå= éêáî~íÉå= ^qjJkÉíòÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇêÉá= äÉáÅÜí= ~ÄïÉáÅÜÉåÇÉ= ^ÇêÉëëJ Ñçêã~íÉ= îÉêïÉåÇÉíI= ÇáÉ= îçã= ^qjJcçêìã= ëí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêí= ïìêÇÉåK= aÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖë~ìÑÄ~ì=ÑΩê=ÉáåÉå=ps`=â~åå=ã~å=ëáÅÜ=ëí~êâ=îÉêJ ÉáåÑ~ÅÜí= ëç= ®ÜåäáÅÜ= ïáÉ= ÄÉáã= pÅÜã~äÄ~åÇJfpak= îçêëíÉääÉå= EîÖäK= ^ÄÄK=SKNTFI=åìê=ÉÄÉå=ãáí=ÇÉã=råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇI=Ç~ëë=ëí~íí=éÜóëáëÅÜÉê= îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=~ìÑÖÉÄ~ìí=ïÉêÇÉåK=

sáêíìÉääÉ=mÑ~ÇÉ= ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=h~J å®äÉ=

få= ^qjJ_~ÅâÄçåÉë= ïÉêÇÉå= dä~ëÑ~ëÉêâ~ÄÉä= ~äë= éÜóëáëÅÜÉ= _êÉáíJ Ä~åÇâ~å®äÉ= îÉêïÉåÇÉíK= wìê= çéíáã~äÉå= h~é~òáí®íë~ìëåìíòìåÖ= ÉáJ åÉë= éÜóëáëÅÜÉå= _êÉáíÄ~åÇâ~å~äë= ÄÉåìíòí= ^qj= ìåáÇáêÉâíáçå~äÉ= sáêíì~ä= m~íÜë= EsmF= ìåÇ= sáêíì~ä= `Ü~ååÉäë= Es`FK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKOU=îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí=ÇÉå=wìë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ=òïáëÅÜÉå=sáêíì~ä=m~íÜë= ìåÇ=sáêíì~ä=`Ü~ååÉäë=ëÅÜÉã~íáëÅÜK=báå=sáêíì~ä=m~íÜ=ÄΩåÇÉäí=ãÉÜJ êÉêÉ=sáêíì~ä=`Ü~ååÉäëK=gÉÇÉê=sm=ïáêÇ=ÇìêÅÜ=ÉáåÉå=sáêíì~ä=m~íÜ=fJ ÇÉåíáÑáÉê= EsmfF= ìåÇ= àÉÇÉê= s`= áååÉêÜ~äÄ= ÉáåÉë= smë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÉáåÉå= sáêíì~ä= `Ü~ååÉä= fÇÉåíáÑáÉê= Es`fF= ÉáåÇÉìíáÖ= áÇÉåíáÑáòáÉêíK= smfë= ìåÇ= s`fë= Ü~ÄÉå= åçêã~äÉêïÉáëÉ= áããÉê= åìê= ÑΩê= ÉáåÉå= píêÉÅâÉå~ÄJ ëÅÜåáíí=äçâ~äÉ=_ÉÇÉìíìåÖ=ìåÇ=ïÉêÇÉå=îçå=ÇÉå=^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë=áã= eÉ~ÇÉê=ÇÉê=^qjJwÉääÉå=àÉïÉáäë=åÉì=ÉáåÖÉíê~ÖÉåK= = Virtuelle Kanäle (Virtual Channels, VCs)

VCI = x

VCI = x VPI = m VPI = n

Physischer Breitbandkanal (Lichtwellenleiter)

VPI = m VPI = n VCI = y

VCI = y

Virtuelle Pfade (Virtual Paths, VPs) VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier

VPI: Virtual Path Identifier

= ^ÄÄK=SKOUW=sáêíìÉääÉ=mÑ~ÇÉ=ìåÇ=îáêíìÉääÉ=h~å®äÉ= `Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=áå= ^qjJkÉíòÉå=

qóéáëÅÜÉ= ^qjJ_~ÅâÄçåÉë= ëáåÇ= ~äë= oáåÖJ= çÇÉê= j~ëÅÜÉååÉíòÉ= âçåòáéáÉêí= ìåÇ= Ä~ëáÉêÉå= ãÉáëí= ~ìÑ= paeJoáåÖÉåK= páÉ= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜÉå= ÇÉå=^åëÅÜäìëë=îçå=^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíë=ãáí=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇJ äáÅÜÉå=§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉåK=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=SKOV=òÉáÖí=Éáå=éêáî~íÉë=^qjJ

OOM=

= =

SKS== _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=ãáí=^qj= t^k=ÉáåÉë=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåë=ãáí=ÇÉå=^qjJpïáíÅÜÉë=^=Äáë=bI=~å=ÇáÉ= ~äë=^qj=båÇJmçáåí=bèìáéãÉåíë=ìK=~K=Éáå=båíÉêéêáëÉ=pÉêîÉê=Ej~áåJ Ñê~ãÉF= u= ìåÇ= òïÉá= ÉåíÑÉêåíÉ= kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®íÉ= ãáí= ^qjJfåíÉêÑ~ÅÉ= EoçìíÉê=vI=i^kJpïáíÅÜ=wF=~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉå=ëáåÇK=aáÉ=kÉíòïÉêâÖÉê®J íÉ= ÄÉÇáÉåÉå= áÜêÉêëÉáíë= òïÉá= äçâ~äÉ= kÉíòÉK= sçã= båíÉêéêáëÉ= pÉêîÉê= u=ÖÉÜí=ÉáåÉ=îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=òìã=oçìíÉê=u=ìåÇ=ÉáåÉ=òïÉáíÉ= îáêíìÉääÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ìã=i^kJpïáíÅÜ=wK= = ATM End-Points

ATM Network

ATM End-Points

(Computer, Router, LANSwitches, TK-Anlagen)

(ATM-Switches)

(Computer, Router, LANSwitches, TK-Anlagen)

E

UNI

X

UNI

D 2,5 Gbit/s 43

A 7 55

90 15 38

VCI VPI

75 16

1

B4

12

1 1 …

22

622 Mbit/s

C

3 2

155 Mbit/s

Z

23 33

84 3

Tabelle von ATM-Switch B Incoming

Interface

Y 63 5

Outgoing

VPI

VCI

Interface

VPI

VCI

16 12 …

55 38 …

3 2 …

22 3 …

75 84 …

= ^ÄÄK=SKOVW=mêáî~íÉë=^qjJt^k=ãáí=îáêíìÉääÉå=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ= `Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ= aáÉ= îçå= u= å~ÅÜ= v= íê~åëéçêíáÉêíÉå= wÉääÉå= Ü~ÄÉå= ÇáÉ= smfLs`fJ m~~êÉ=TLQP=Eîçå=u=å~ÅÜ=^FI=NSLRR=Eîçå=^=å~ÅÜ=_FI=OOLTR=Eîçå=_= å~ÅÜ=aF=ìåÇ=RLSP=Eîçå=a=å~ÅÜ=vFK=aáÉ=îçå=u=å~ÅÜ=w=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉJ åÉå= wÉääÉå= íê~ÖÉå= ÇáÉ= smfLs`fJm~~êÉ= NRLVM= Eîçå= u= å~ÅÜ= ^FI= NOLPU= Eîçå= ^= å~ÅÜ= _FI= PLUQ= Eîçå= _= å~ÅÜ= `F= ìåÇ= PPLOP= Eîçå= `= å~ÅÜ=wFK= gÉÇÉê=^qjJpïáíÅÜ=ÄÉëáíòí=ÉáåÉ=cçêï~êÇáåÖJq~ÄÉääÉI=áå=ÇÉê=òì=àÉJ ÇÉã= mçêí= ãáí= ÜÉêÉáåâçããÉåÇÉå= smfLs`fJm~~êÉå= ÇáÉ= ÉåíëéêÉJ ÅÜÉåÇÉå= mçêíë= ãáí= ÜÉê~ìëÖÉÜÉåÇÉå= smfLs`fJm~~êÉå= òìÖÉçêÇåÉí= ëáåÇK=pç=ïÉá≈=òK=_K=^qjJpïáíÅÜ=_I=Ç~ëë=Éê=ÇáÉ=~ã=mçêí=N=ÜÉêÉáåJ âçããÉåÇÉå=wÉääÉå=ãáí=ÇÉê=smfLs`fJhÉååìåÖ=NSLRR=ΩÄÉê=mçêí=P= ïÉáíÉêäÉáíÉå=ìåÇ=áå=áÜêÉå=eÉ~ÇÉê=Ç~ë=smfLs`fJm~~ê=OOLTR=Éáåíê~J ÖÉå= ãìëëK= báå= ^qjJpïáíÅÜ= â~åå= áå= ÇÉê= oÉÖÉä= ëçïçÜä= smë= ~äë= OON =

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= ~ìÅÜ=s`ë=ÉáåòÉäå=îÉêãáííÉäåK=jáí=au`=EaáÖáí~ä=`êçëë=`çååÉÅíF= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉí= ã~å= Ç~ÖÉÖÉå= ÉáåÉå= pïáíÅÜI= ÇÉê= åìê= îáêíìÉääÉ= mÑ~ÇÉI= ~äëç=Ö~åòÉ=h~å~äÖêìééÉåI=~ìÑ=~åÇÉêÉ=mçêíë=ëÅÜ~äíÉå=â~ååI=ëçÇ~ëë= ëáÅÜ=åìê=ÇáÉ=smfë=®åÇÉêåK=^qj=båÇJmçáåíë=ÑΩÜêÉå=òì=áÜêÉå=mçêíë= åìê=ÉáåÑ~ÅÜÉ=q~ÄÉääÉå=ãáí=ÇÉå=àÉïÉáäáÖÉå=smfLs`fJm~~êÉåK=

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2a

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SIG

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PHY

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Internet

LCP-Verbindungsaufbau

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PAP-Authentisierung IPCP-Konfiguration (NCP-Konfiguration)

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LCP-Verbindungsabbau

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GSM-1800

Uplink Downlink

Uplink Downlink

GSM-850 (USA)

800

GSM-1900 (USA)

900 1000

1200

1400

UTRA-FDD

UTRA-FDD

Uplink

Downlink

1 Frequenzblockpaar mit je 2 x 5 MHz

UTRA-TDD

1850

1700 1900 1600 1800 2000

1920 1980 1900 1950 2000

2200

MHz

UTRA-TDD

2050

2110 2170 2100 2150 2200

MHz

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F 960 MHz

Kanal

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Kanal

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1

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124

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890 MHz

GSM TDMA-Rahmen mit 8 TDMA-Kanälen

0

1

1

2

3

4

5

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Tail Bits Data Bits Flags

GSM Zeitschlitz (Burst) für 1 TDMA-Kanal

3

57

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57

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GSM TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

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NSS (Network Sub-System)

BSS

HLR VLR

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AC

Andere Mobilfunknetze

MSC BSC

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BSS

MS Um

VLR

BTS BSC MS Um BTS MS

MSC

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GMSC

Signaling:

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Signaling and Traffic:

Um BTS

PSTN ISDN PDN

BSC Abis

OMC (Operations and Maintenance Center)

Interfaces:

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Authentication/Ciphering

Cipher Mode Complete Response Setup Call Call Confirm Assignment Request (TCH)

Radio Channel Setup

Assignment Complete Alerting

ACM

ACM

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ANM

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rjqp= ÉêÜ∏Üí= ÇáÉ= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉ= ~å= ÇÉê= cìåâëÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ= ÄÉá= rqo^= caa= ~ìÑ= ã~ñK= PUQ= hÄáíLëI= ÄÉá= rqo^= qaa= ~ìÑ= Äáë= òì= O= jÄáíLëK= _ÉáÇÉ= sÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= îÉêïÉåÇÉå= t`aj^= EtáÇÉÄ~åÇ= `çÇÉ= aáîáëáçå=jìäíáéäÉ=^ÅÅÉëëFI=Ç~ë=ÇáÉ=páÖå~äÉ=òìê=oÉÇìòáÉêìåÖ=áÜJ êÉê= pí∏ê~åÑ®ääáÖâÉáí= ÇìêÅÜ= `çÇáÉêìåÖ= ~ìÑ= R= jeò= ëéêÉáòíK= ^ÄÄáäJ ÇìåÖ= SKQO= îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí= áã= çÄÉêÉå= qÉáä= ÇÉå= ÖêìåÇë®íòäáÅÜÉå= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇ=òïáëÅÜÉå=ÇÉå=jìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå=`aj^I=caj^=ìåÇ= qaj^=Eòìê=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=îÖäK=^ÄëÅÜåáíí=RKNFK== = Multiplextechnik für Mobilfunknetze ...

Frequenz

Code

TDMA

...

FDMA

... CDMA Zeit

UTRA FDD von UMTS Leistung

Frequenz

1 Frame

Downlink 5 MHz

Uplink 5 MHz

... Code n

Code 1

Nutzkanal n

... Nutzkanal 1 Zeit

=

^ÄÄK=SKQOW=aáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñíÉÅÜåáâ=îçå=rjqp=áã=sÉêÖäÉáÅÜ=òì=dpj= ìåÇ=dmop= aÉê=ìåíÉêÉ=qÉáä=ÇÉê=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=òÉáÖí=Ç~ë=`aj^=ÄÉá= rqo^=caaK= aáÉ=ìåíÉêëÅÜáÉÇäáÅÜ=ÅçÇáÉêíÉå=páÖå~äÉ=~ääÉê=kìíòâ~å®äÉ=ΩÄÉêä~ÖÉêå= ëáÅÜ= ìåÇ= ÉêÖÉÄÉå= òìë~ããÉå= Éáå= pìããëáÖå~äI= Ç~ë= éÉêã~åÉåí= ΩÄÉê= ÇÉå= îçääÉå= cêÉèìÉåòÄÉêÉáÅÜ= ÇÉë= réäáåâ= ÄòïK= açïåäáåâ= ΩJ ÄÉêíê~ÖÉå= ïáêÇK= aáÉ= páÖå~ääÉáëíìåÖ= E§ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉF= ïáêÇ= ÜáÉêJ ÄÉá=å~ÅÜ=_ÉÇ~êÑ=ÑΩê=ÉáåòÉäåÉ=h~å®äÉ=àÉ=cê~ãÉ=ÑäÉñáÄÉä=~åÖÉé~ëëíK= OQQ=

= =

SKV== jçÄáäÑìåâ=ãáí=dpjI=dmop=ìåÇ=rjqp= aáÉ=fjqJOMMMJpí~åÇ~êÇë=ëÉÜÉå=ÉáåÉ=Éîçäìíáçå®êÉ=rãëíÉääìåÖ=~ìÑ= rjqp=îçêK=aÉëÜ~äÄ=Ä~ìí=rjqp=~ìÑ=ÇÉê=kÉíòïÉêâíçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå= dpjLdmop= ~ìÑ= ìåÇ= ïÉáëí= ÇÉå= kÉíòïÉêââçãéçåÉåíÉå= åÉìÉ= cìåâíáçåÉå= ìåÇ= qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= òìK= kÉìÉ= _ÉòÉáÅÜåìåÖÉå= ìåJ íÉêëíêÉáÅÜÉå= ÜáÉêÄÉá= ÇáÉ= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉ= òì= dpjLdmopK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= SKQP=ëâáòòáÉêí=ÇáÉ=póëíÉã~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ÉáåÉë=rjqpJkÉíòÉëK= = UTRAN

CN

(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)

(Core Network)

UE

RNS

Uu

RNC

MSC

VLR

Externe Netze GMSC

CS Backbone

PSTN ISDN

Node UE

Uu Node

UE

IuCS Iub

Uu IuPS

Node UE

Uu Node

RNC Iub RNS

HLR

Signaling:

AC

Signaling and Traffic:

EIR

Interfaces:

PS Backbone SGSN VLR

GGSN

PDN Internet

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•

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=

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= •

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6.10

Testfragen NK

hÉååòÉáÅÜåÉå=páÉ=eai`=ÄÉòΩÖäáÅÜ=ëÉáåÉê=båíëíÉÜìåÖI=ëÉáåÉê= cìåâíáçå~äáí®í= ìåÇ= ëÉáåÉê= lpfJpÅÜáÅÜíJwìçêÇåìåÖ>= tÉäÅÜÉ= îÉêï~åÇíÉå=mêçíçâçääÉ=âÉååÉå=páÉI=ÇáÉ=~ìÑ=eai`=~ìÑÄ~ìÉå\=

OK

tÉäÅÜÉ= qçéçäçÖáÉå= ìåíÉêëíΩíòí= eai`= ìåÇ= ãáí= ïÉäÅÜÉå= _ÉJ íêáÉÄë~êíÉå=â~åå=Éë=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòí=ïÉêÇÉå\=

PK

t~ë=îÉêëíÉÜÉå=páÉ=ìåíÉê= ENF=ÉáåÉã=cê~ãÉI= EOF=ÉáåÉã=cä~ÖI= EPF=c`pI= EQF=^_j\=

QK

_ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇÉå=éêáåòáéáÉääÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=îçå=eai`Jcê~ãÉë>= tÉäÅÜÉ= ^êíÉå= îçå= eai`Jcê~ãÉë= âÉååí= eai`= ìåÇ= ïçòì= ÇáÉåÉå=ëáÉ\=

OQS=

= =

SKNM= qÉëíÑê~ÖÉå= RK

bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= cäìëëëíÉìÉêìåÖ= ìåÇ= cÉÜäÉê~ÄëáÅÜÉêìåÖ= îçå= eai`>=

SK

bêëíÉääÉå= páÉ= Éáå= pÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇ= ^ÄÄK= SKS= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ÇÉê= å~ÅÜÑçäÖÉåÇ= ~ìÑÖÉÑΩÜêíÉå= cê~ãÉë=òïáëÅÜÉå=ÇÉå=a~íÉåëí~íáçåÉå=^=ìåÇ=_I=ïÉåå=eai`= áã= kçêã~ä= oÉëéçåëÉ= jçÇÉ= ãáí= e~äÄÇìéäÉñJ_ÉíêáÉÄ= ä~ìÑÉå= ëçääW= J=^=ëÉåÇÉí=îáÉê=cê~ãÉëI=îçå=ÇÉåÉå=ÇáÉ=ãáííäÉêÉå=wïÉá=àÉÇçÅÜ= ==ÑÉÜäÉêÜ~Ñí=~åâçããÉåI= J=_=~åíïçêíÉí=òìå®ÅÜëí=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=âçêêÉâíÉå=cê~ãÉ=ìåÇ=å~ÅÜ= ==ÇÉê=å®ÅÜëíÉå=^åíïçêí=îçå=^=ãáí=ÉáåÉã=ÑÉÜäÉêÜ~ÑíÉå=cê~ãÉK=

TK

t~ë= áëí= uKOR\= t~ë= ëáåÇ= äçÖáëÅÜÉ= h~å®äÉI= ï~ë= ëáåÇ= îáêíìÉääÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖÉå=ìåÇ=ïÉäÅÜÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=ìåíÉêëíΩíòí=uKOR\=

UK

bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉW= ENF=ak^bI= EOF=m^aI= EPF=ms`I= EQF=ps`I= ERF=ulq>=

VK

pâáòòáÉêÉå=páÉ=Ç~ë=dêìåÇÑçêã~í=ÉáåÉë=uKORJm~âÉíÉë>=pâáòòáÉJ êÉå=páÉ=ÇÉå=^Ää~ìÑ=ÉáåÉê=a~íÉåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=å~ÅÜ=uKOR=áå=ÉáJ åÉã=pÉèìÉåòÇá~Öê~ãã>=

NMK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= wáÉäëÉíòìåÖ= ÇÉë= fpak= ìåÇ= Éêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= îáÉê=kìíòÉåÑ~âíçêÉåI=ãáí=ÇÉåÉå=ÇáÉ=báåÑΩÜêìåÖ=ÇÉë=fpak=ÄÉJ ÖêΩåÇÉí=ïìêÇÉ>= NNK pâáòòáÉêÉå= páÉ= Ç~ë= dêìåÇâçåòÉéí= îçã= fpak= ìåÇ= Éêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ=Éë>= NOK dÉÄÉå=páÉ=ÉáåÉå=§ÄÉêÄäáÅâ=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=fpakJ^ëÅÜäìëë~êíÉå=ìåÇ= ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=fpakJpÅÜåáííëíÉääÉå=ìåÇ=Jh~å®äÉ>=t~ë=áëí= ÉáåÉ=m^_u\= NPK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= ÇáÉ= hçããìåáâ~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê= îçã= fpak= ãáí=ÉáÖÉåÉå=tçêíÉå>= NQK tÉäÅÜÉê= wìë~ããÉåÜ~åÖ= ÄÉëíÉÜí= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÉáåÉã= appNJ m~âÉíI= ÉáåÉã= i^maJcê~ãÉ= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉã= jìäíáéäÉñê~ÜãÉå= ÄÉJ òΩÖäáÅÜ=ÇÉê=páÖå~äáëáÉêìåÖ\= NRK tÉäÅÜÉ= råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉ= ÄÉëíÉÜÉå= òïáëÅÜÉå= ÇÉã= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉê= fpakJsÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= ãáí= appN= ìåÇ= ÇÉã= ^ìÑÄ~ì= ÉáåÉê= uKORJ sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ\=

OQT =

S=

t^kJqÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉå= NSK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=jìäíáéäÉñÜáÉê~êÅÜáÉå= ENF=maeI= EOF=plkbq=ìåÇ= EPF=pae= ãáí=áÜêÉå=råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇÉå>= NTK bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= Ç~ë= jìäíáéäÉñâçåòÉéí= ÇÉê= mae= ãáí= ÉáÖÉåÉå= tçêíÉåI=áåÇÉã=páÉ=ëáÅÜ=~ìÑ=bNJ=ìåÇ=bOJo~ÜãÉå=ÖÉã®≈=^ÄÄK= SKNV=ÄÉòáÉÜÉå>= NUK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ= ENF=ÇáÉ=qçéçäçÖáÉ=îçå=plkbqLpaeJkÉíòÉå=ìåÇ== EOF=ÇáÉ=plkbqLpaeJ^êÅÜáíÉâíìê>= kÉååÉå=páÉ=Ç~ÄÉá=ÇáÉ=ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉå=kÉíòïÉêââçãéçåÉåíÉå= ãáí=áÜêÉå=^ÄâΩêòìåÖÉå>= NVK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=Ç~ë=jìäíáéäÉñâçåòÉéí=îçå=plkbqLpaeI=áåÇÉã= páÉ= ëáÅÜ= ~ìÑ= ÉáåÉå= paeJo~ÜãÉå= ÇÉê= jìäíáéäÉñëíìÑÉ= pqjJN= ÖÉã®≈=^ÄÄK=SKOO=ÄÉòáÉÜÉå>= OMK t~ë=îÉêëíÉÜÉå=páÉ=ìåíÉê= ENF=c~ëí=m~ÅâÉí=pïáíÅÜáåÖI= EOF=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~óI= EPF=i^mc=`çêÉ=ìåÇ=i^mc=`çåíêçäI= EQF=`çåíêçä=mä~åÉ\= ONK _ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå=páÉ=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉë=i^mc=`çêÉ=cê~ãÉ=ìåÇ=ÇáÉ= ^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=cê~ãÉ=oÉä~ó>= OOK t~ë=áëí= ENF=ëí~íáëíáëÅÜÉë=jìäíáéäÉñáåÖI= EOF=^qa=ìåÇ=mqjI= EPF=ł_ìêëíó
=qê~ÑÑáÅI= EQF=`fo=ìåÇ=ÉáåÉ=^ÅÅÉëë=o~íÉ\= OPK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ÇáÉ=òïÉá=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=^åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=~å=Éáå= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak>= t~ë= áëí= ^qj= ìåÇ= ï~ë= Ü~í= ^qj= ãáí= ÉáåÉã= _êÉáíÄ~åÇJfpak=òì=íìå\= OQK bêâä®êÉå=páÉ=ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ=_ÉÖêáÑÑÉW= ENF=rkf=ìåÇ=kkfI= EOF=ps`=ìåÇ=ms`I= EPF=sm=ìåÇ=s`I= EQF=smf=ìåÇ=s`f>= ORK bêä®ìíÉêå=páÉ=ãáí=ÉáÖÉåÉå=tçêíÉå= ENF=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=^qjJwÉääÉI= EOF=ÇÉå=^ìÑÄ~ì=ÉáåÉê=q~ÄÉääÉ=áå=ÉáåÉã=^qjJpïáíÅÜI= EPF=Ç~ë=`Éää=pïáíÅÜáåÖ=áå=ÉáåÉã=^qjJkÉíò>=

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Ethernet IEEE 802.3 DSAP SSAP CTRL

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(Passiver Hub: Kabelverteiler, aktiver Hub: Multiport-Repeater)

TP-Kabel, LWL

Clients (Workstations)

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802.3z

1000Base-X PCS 1000Base-X PCS 8B/10B Auto-Negociation 8B/10B Auto-Negociation

1000Base-T 1000Base-T PCS PCS

1000Base-LX 1000Base-LX Transceiver Transceiver

1000Base-SX 1000Base-SX Transceiver Transceiver

1000Base-CX 1000Base-CX Transceiver Transceiver

1000Base-T 1000Base-T Transceiver Transceiver

Singlemode/ Multimode Fiber (= 550 m/3 km)

Multimode Fiber (= 550 m)

Twinax-/QuadCable (= 25 m)

Cat 5 UTP Cable (= 100 m)

802.3ab

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7.4

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D

Dual Attachement Stations (DAS)

Sekundärring

C

A

Dual Attachement Concentrators (DAC) A1

B

B1

B2

B3

Single Attachement Stations (SAS)

Single Attachement Concentrator (SAC)

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Stationen (Access Units)

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Stationen (Access Units)

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Outer Ring Inner Ring Data Packets

Data Packets

Control Packets Data Packets Control Packets

Control Packets MAC Control Sublayer

RPR MAC Layer

Buffer

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Physical Media

MAC

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p^k=Epíçê~ÖÉ=^êÉ~= báåÉ= ïÉáíÉêÉ= iÉáëíìåÖëëíÉáÖÉêìåÖ= ïìêÇÉ= áã= i^kJ= ìåÇ= j^kJ _ÉêÉáÅÜ= ÇìêÅÜ= ÇÉå= báåë~íò= îçå= p^kë= Epíçê~ÖÉ= ^êÉ~= kÉíïçêâëF= kÉíïçêâF= ÉêêÉáÅÜíK= t®ÜêÉåÇ= Éáå= k^p= EkÉíïçêâ= ^íí~ÅÜÉÇ= píçê~ÖÉF= ÉáåÉ= péÉáÅÜÉêâçãéçåÉåíÉ= Eãáí= kÉíòïÉêâ~Ç~éíÉêI= péÉáÅÜÉêëíÉìÉêìåÖ= ìåÇ= a~íÉåëéÉáÅÜÉêF= îçå= ÇÉå= pÉêîÉêå= åìê= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉå= ÖÉãÉáåë~J ãÉå=bíÜÉêåÉí=pïáíÅÜ=ÉåíâçééÉäí=ìåÇ=ëçãáí=áã=ëÉäÄÉå=i^k=ÄäÉáÄí= ïáÉ=ÇáÉ=tçêâëí~íáçåëI=áëí=Éáå=p^k=Epíçê~ÖÉ=^êÉ~=kÉíïçêâF=Éáå= ÉáÖÉåÉë=łpéÉáÅÜÉêåÉíò
I=Ç~ë=ëáÅÜ=ÜáåíÉê=ÇÉå=pÉêîÉêå=ÄÉÑáåÇÉí=EîÖäK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=TKNSFK=báå=p^k=Éåíä~ëíÉí=ëç= ÇÉå=cêçåíÉåÇJ_ÉêÉáÅÜ=ÇÉê= `äáÉåíë= ìåÇ= Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜí= ÖäÉáÅÜòÉáíáÖ= ÉáåÉ= ÑäÉñáÄäÉ= ìåÇ= ëâ~äáÉêÄ~êÉ= i∏ëìåÖ=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=péÉáÅÜÉêîÉêï~äíìåÖ=áã=_~ÅâÉåÇÄÉêÉáÅÜK= = Disk Arrays

… Storage Area FC Switches Network (FC Fabric) (SAN) Server

…

Fiber Cannel

…

Local Area Network (LAN)

Workstations

… =

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aÉêòÉáí= ÄáÉíÉí= cáÄÉê= `Ü~ååÉä= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëê~íÉå= EoçÜÄáíê~íÉåF= îçå=NPP=jÄáíLë=Äáë=Q=dÄáíLëK=aáÉ=ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉå=a~íÉåê~íÉå=äáÉJ ÖÉå=ãáí=NMM=jÄáíLë=ÄòïK=PIO=dÄáíLë=Ç~êìåíÉêK=a~ë=a~íÉåÑÉäÇ=ÉáåÉë= c`Jo~ÜãÉåë= â~åå=ã~ñK=ONNO=_óíÉë= ~ìÑåÉÜãÉåK=aáÉ= hçããìåáJ â~íáçåë~êÅÜáíÉâíìê=îçå=cáÄÉê=`Ü~ååÉä=ÄÉëíÉÜí=~ìë=R=pÅÜáÅÜíÉåW= c`JM= EmÜóëáÅ~ä= i~óÉêFI= c`JN= Eqê~åëãáëëáçå= `çåíêçäFI= c`JO= Ecê~J ãáåÖ= ~åÇ= cäçï= `çåíêçäFI= c`JP= E`çããçå= pÉêîáÅÉëF= ìåÇ= c`JQ= EmêçíçÅçä= j~ééáåÖFK= aáÉ= ÇêÉá= ìåíÉêÉå= pÅÜáÅÜíÉå= ÇÉÑáåáÉêÉå= ÇáÉ= éÜóëáëÅÜÉå= §ÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëé~ê~ãÉíÉêI= ÇáÉ= ÄÉáÇÉå= çÄÉêÉå= ÄáäÇÉå= ÇáÉ=pÅÜåáííëíÉääÉ=òìê=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=îçå=h~å®äÉå=EòK=_K=p`pfF=ìåÇ=Ü∏J ÜÉêÉå=mêçíçâçääÉå=EòK=_K=ii`I=^qj=çÇÉê=fmF=~ìÑ=cáÄÉê=`Ü~ååÉäK= OTV =

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Funknetz-Typen

WPAN

WLAN

WMAN

WWAN

Mbit/s 1000 100 Übertragungskapazität

Reichweite

Standards

UWB High-Speed PAN 802.15.3

10

ZigBee 802.15.4

1

Bluetooth 802.15.1

WiFi 802.11n WiFi 802.11a/g Wi-Fi 802.11b

4G Mobilfunk WiMAX 802.16-2004/ 802.16e

MBWA 802.20 3G (UMTS) Mobilfunk

10 m

100 m

bis 50 km

bis 30 km

IEEE 802.15 (ETSI HiperPAN)

IEEE 802.11 (ETSI HiperLAN)

IEEE 802.16 (ETSI HiperMAN)

3GPP

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AP

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Ethernet, DSL etc.

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Extended Service Set (ESS)

WLAN-Standards OSI-Schichten 3 bis 7 2 1

2b 2a

Höhere Schichten (TCP/IP und HTTP, FTP etc.) Logical Link Control (LLC) Distributed or Point Coordination Function (DCF/PCF) Infrarot

FHSS

DSSS

OFDM

Standards IEEE 802.11

802.11

802.11

802.11a

HR-DSSS OFDM 802.11b

802.11g

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Piconet

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SB Scatternet

P

Bluetooth-Standard

OSI-Schichten 7 bis 2b

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Applications Other

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SDP

Audio L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol) Control 2a und 1

HCI (Host Controller Interface)

LMP (Link Manager Protocol)

Baseband Bluetooth Radio

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2.

3.

WLAN WLAN

WLAN

WLAN

Point-to-Point (Backhaul, Hotspots)

Point-to-Multipoint (DSL)

Point-to-All (Nomadic Mobility)

WiMAX-Standard OSI-Schichten 2b bis 7 2a

1

Higher Layers MAC Convergence Sublayer MAC (Medium Access Control) MAC Privacy Sublayer QPSK

Physical Layer 16-QAM

64-QAM

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OSI- TCP/IPSchich- Protokollten Stack 5-7

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Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Access Layer

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Wireless Bridge

LAN in Gebäude 1

LAN in Gebäude 2

Remote Bridges (Serial Bridges)

ISDN Remote Bridge LAN in einer Filiale

Remote Bridge WAN

LAN in der Zentrale

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LAN

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Subnetzadresse: 12.1.1.0

84.159.1.2

12.1.1.1

84.159.1.1

Router WAN

(Cisco)

Subnetzadresse: 198.133.219.0

Subnetzadresse: 84.159.1.0 141.28.1.1

LAN

IP-Adressen

(HFU)

198.133.219.1 12.1.1.2

Router

(Deutsche Telekom)

Router WAN (AT&T)

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PMQ=

= =

UKO== i~óÉêJOJ=ìåÇ=i~óÉêJPJfåíÉêåÉíïçêâáåÖ= •

ÇÉå=kÉíïçêâ=fÇÉåíáÑáÉê=EkÉíòJfa=ÇÉë=kÉíòÉëF=ìåÇ=

•

ÇÉå=eçëí=fÇÉåíáÑáÉê=EeçëíJfa=ÇÉë=dÉê®íÉëFK=

aáÉ=wìçêÇåìåÖ=ÇÉê=fmJ^ÇêÉëëÉå=òì=^ÇêÉëëâä~ëëÉå=ïáêÇ=~äë=`ä~ëëJ Ñìä= ^ÇÇêÉëëáåÖ= Eâä~ëëÉåÄ~ëáÉêíÉ= fmJ^ÇêÉëëáÉêìåÖF= ÄÉòÉáÅÜåÉíK= cΩê=Ç~ë=fåíÉêåÉí=ïìêÇÉå=ÑΩåÑ=fmJ^ÇêÉëëâä~ëëÉå=ÉáåÖÉÑΩÜêíI=ÇÉêÉå= ^ÇêÉëëÑçêã~íÉ=ìåÇ=^ÇêÉëëê®ìãÉ=áå=ÇÉê=^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ=UKS=Ç~êÖÉëíÉääí= ëáåÇ=EîÖäK=òK=_K=xSzI=pK=RQU=ÑÑKX=xPQzI=pK=PRN=ÑÑKX=xPSzI=pK=QTV=ÑÑKFK= = IP-Adressformate 8 Bits

Klasse

A

0

Netz

8 Bits

8 Bits

8 Bits

Host

Host

Host

Netz

Host

Host

Netz

Netz

Host

B

10

C

110

D

1110

Multicast-Gruppe

E

1111

Experimentell

Netz Netz

IP-Adressräume Klasse A

Adressbereiche 1.0.0.0 – 126.0.0.0

Anzahl Netze 126

Anzahl Hosts 16777214

B

128.1.0.0 – 191.254.0.0

16384

65534

C

192.0.0.0 – 223.255.254.0

2097152

254

D

224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255

-

-

E

240.0.0.0 – 254.255.255.255

-

-

= ^ÄÄK=UKSW=§ÄÉêëáÅÜí=ΩÄÉê=ÇáÉ=fmJ^ÇêÉëëâä~ëëÉå= pìÄåÉíòã~ëâÉå=

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U=

`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ= kìääÉåI= òK= _K= łNNNNNNNN= NNNNNNNN= NNNNNNNN= MMMMMMMM
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fmJ^ÇêÉëëÉW==

pìÄåÉíòã~ëâÉW=NNNNNNNN=NNNNNNNN=NNNNNNNN=MMMMMMMM=======Z= =

wáÉäåÉíòW== k^q=EkÉíïçêâ= ^ÇÇêÉëë=qê~åëä~J íáçåF=

NMMMNNMN=MMMNNNMM=MMMMMMNM=MMMMMMMM=

tÉÖÉå= ÇÉê= ^ÇêÉëëâå~ééÜÉáí= ëçää= ÇáÉ= POJ_áíJ^ÇêÉëëÉ= îçå= fmîQ= EsÉêëáçå= QF= ÇìêÅÜ= ÇáÉ= NOUJ_áíJ^ÇêÉëëÉ= îçå= fmîS= ÉêëÉíòí= ïÉêÇÉåK= ^äë=§ÄÉêÖ~åÖëä∏ëìåÖ=ïìêÇÉ=k^q=EkÉíïçêâ=^ÇÇêÉëë=qê~åëä~íáçåF= ÖÉëÅÜ~ÑÑÉåI=Ç~ë=äçâ~äÉ=éêáî~íÉ=^ÇêÉëëÉå=áå=∏ÑÑÉåíäáÅÜÉ=ÖäçÄ~J äÉ= ^ÇêÉëëÉå= ìãëÉíòíK= eáÉêòì= ïìêÇÉå= ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ= ^ÇêÉëëÄÉêÉáÅÜÉ= êÉëÉêîáÉêíW= ÑΩê= hä~ëëÉ= ^= îçå= NMKMKMKM= Äáë= NMKORRKORRKORRLUI= ÑΩê= hä~ëëÉ=_=îçå=NTOKNSKMKMKM=Äáë=NTOKPNKORRKORRLNO=ìåÇ=ÑΩê=hä~ëëÉ=`= îçå= NVOKNSUKMKM= Äáë= NVOKNSUKORRKORRLNSK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= UKT= îÉêÇÉìíJ äáÅÜí=ÇáÉ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=k^q=~å=ÉáåÉã=ÉáåÑ~ÅÜÉå=_ÉáëéáÉäK= =

Daten 172.17.4.10 84.159.8.15 SA

172.17.4.10 84.159.8.15 Daten

DA

Daten 141.28.2.10 84.159.8.15

DA

SA

DA

141.28.2.10 84.159.8.15 Daten

SA

DA

SA

Private Network

Public Network

(Campus Network/LAN)

(Internet/WAN)

172.17.4.1

172.17.4.254 141.28.2.254

172.17.4.10

84.159.8.15

Router mit NAT Lokale Adresse

Globale Adresse

172.17.4.1 … 172.17.4.10

141.28.2.1 … 141.28.2.10

DA: Destination Address SA: Source Address

= ^ÄÄK=UKTW=aáÉ=^êÄÉáíëïÉáëÉ=îçå=kÉíïçêâ=^ÇÇêÉëë=qê~åëä~íáçå= PMS=

= =

UKP== sáêíìÉääÉ=i^kë=ìåÇ=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ=

8.3

Virtuelle LANs und Multilayer-Switching cêΩÜÉê= ïìêÇÉå= `~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ= ÄÉÇ~êÑëçêáÉåíáÉêí= Ó= ìåÇ= Ç~ãáí= ãÉÜê=çÇÉê=ïÉåáÖÉê=ìåëóëíÉã~íáëÅÜ=Ó=ÇìêÅÜ=i^kJhçééäìåÖ=ΩÄÉê= oÉéÉ~íÉêI=_êáÇÖÉëI=oçìíÉê=ìåÇ=d~íÉï~óë=píΩÅâ=ÑΩê= píΩÅâ=òìë~ãJ ãÉåÖÉëÅÜ~äíÉíK=a~ÄÉá=ïìêÇÉ=ÇáÉ=éÜóëáëÅÜÉ=kÉíòíçéçäçÖáÉ=~å=ÇÉê= dÉÄ®ìÇÉëíêìâíìê= ÉáåÉë= råíÉêåÉÜãÉåë= ~ìëÖÉêáÅÜíÉíK= eÉìíÉ= ÉêÑçêJ ÇÉêå= ãçÇÉêåÉ= ìåÇ= áããÉê= âçãéäÉñÉêÉ= `~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ= ÉáåÉ= Ö~åòÜÉáíäáÅÜÉI= áåíÉÖê~íáîÉ= páÅÜí= Ó= ìåÇ= Ç~ãáí= ÉáåÉ= ëóëíÉã~íáëÅÜÉ= kÉíòëíêìâíìêáÉêìåÖX=ÇÉåå=ëáÉ=ãΩëëÉå=ëáÅÜ=áããÉê=Ü∏ÜÉêÉå=h~é~òáJ í®íëJ=ìåÇ=nì~äáí®íë~åÑçêÇÉêìåÖÉå=ëíÉääÉåK=wïÉá=ïÉëÉåíäáÅÜÉ=i^kJ qÉÅÜåáâÉåI= ÇáÉ= Éáå= `~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâ= ł~ìë= ÉáåÉã= dìëë
= Éêã∏ÖäáJ ÅÜÉåI= ëáåÇ= îáêíìÉääÉ= i^kë= ìåÇ= jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ= Eòì= ÇáÉëÉå= qÉÅÜåáâÉå=îÖäK=áã=ÉáåòÉäåÉå=xQzI=pK=SQU=ÑÑKX=xNVzI=pK=TTT=ÑÑKFK=

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kìê=éçêíJÄ~ëáÉêíÉ=si^kë=Ü~ÄÉå=ëáÅÜ=ÄáëÜÉê=áå=ÇÉê=kÉíòïÉêâéê~ñáë= ÇìêÅÜÖÉëÉíòíK= páÉ= Ä~ëáÉêÉå= ~ìÑ= si^kJÑ®ÜáÖÉå= i~óÉêJOJpïáíÅÜÉëI= ÄÉá=ÇÉåÉå=ÑΩê=ÇáÉ=ÉáåòÉäåÉå=mçêíë=ÇáÉ=si^kJwìÖÉÜ∏êáÖâÉáí=âçåÑáJ ÖìêáÉêí= ïáêÇK= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= UKU= òÉáÖí= äáåâë= Ç~ë= hçåòÉéí= ÉáåÉë= éçêíJ Ä~ëáÉêíÉå= si^kë= ìåÇ= êÉÅÜíë= òïÉá= si^kë= ãáí= fåíê~Jsi^kJ sÉêâÉÜêK=báå=cê~ãÉ=ïáêÇ=îçå=ÉáåÉã=pïáíÅÜ=åìê=áååÉêÜ~äÄ=ÉáåÉë= si^kë=ïÉáíÉêÖÉäÉáíÉíK=báå=pïáíÅÜ=îÉêïÉåÇÉí=ÜáÉêòì=ÉáåÉ=ÉåíëéêÉJ ÅÜÉåÇÉ=q~ÄÉääÉ=ãáí=ÇÉå=wìçêÇåìåÖÉå=ÇÉê=si^kë=òì=ÇÉå=mçêíëK= = VLAN als Broadcastdomäne

2 VLANs mit Intra-VLAN-Verkehr Port 1 2 3 4

Anmerkungen: - Standardmäßig gehören alle Interfaces eines Switches zum VLAN 1. - Alle Geräte desselben VLANs ordnet man auch demselben Subnetz zu.

VLAN 1 (= LAN) Port

1 2

A

B

VLAN 10 Port

3 4

C

VLAN 10 10 20 20

D

A

VLAN 20 1 2

B

3 4

C

D

Broadcastdomäne 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2

10.1.1.3 10.1.1.4

Subnetz 10.1.1.0

10.1.10.1 10.1.10.2 10.1.20.1 10.1.20.2 Subnetz 10.1.10.0

Subnetz 10.1.20.0

= ^ÄÄK=UKUW=a~ë=hçåòÉéí=îçå=éçêíJÄ~ëáÉêíÉå=si^kë=ãáí=fåíê~Jsi^kJ sÉêâÉÜê=

PMU=

= =

UKP== sáêíìÉääÉ=i^kë=ìåÇ=jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ=

qêìåâ=iáåâë=ìåÇ= si^kJq~ÖÖÉÇ= cê~ãÉë=

få= `~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉå= ÄÉòáÉÜÉå= ëáÅÜ= si^kë= áå= ÇÉê= oÉÖÉä= åáÅÜí= åìê= ~ìÑ= ÉáåÉåI= ëçåÇÉêå= ~ìÑ= ãÉÜêÉêÉ= ãáíÉáå~åÇÉê= îÉêÄìåÇÉåÉ= pïáíÅÜÉëK=báå=pïáíÅÜI=ÇÉê=îçå=ÉáåÉã=~åÇÉêÉå=pïáíÅÜ=ÉáåÉå=cê~ãÉ= ÉãéÑ®åÖíI= ãìëë= Ç~åå= ïáëëÉåI= òì= ïÉäÅÜÉã= si^k= ÇÉê= cê~ãÉ= ÖÉJ Ü∏êíK=aáÉëÉ=páíì~íáçå=ÇÉÅâí=ÇÉê=pí~åÇ~êÇ=fbbb=UMOKNè=ãáí=ÇÉã= qáíÉä=łsáêíì~ä=_êáÇÖÉÇ=içÅ~ä=^êÉ~=kÉíïçêâë
=~ÄI=ÇÉê=áå=ÇÉê=~âíìÉäJ äÉå=sÉêëáçå=îçå=OMMP=îçêäáÉÖíK== ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= UKV= îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí= Ç~ë= hçåòÉéí= ÇÉë= pí~åÇ~êÇëI= ÇÉê= ÑΩê=ÉáåÉå=si^kJÑ®ÜáÖÉå=pïáíÅÜ=^ÅÅÉëë=iáåâë=ìåÇ=qêìåâ=iáåâë= ãáí= si^kJq~ÖÖÉÇ= cê~ãÉë= Esi^kJã~êâáÉêíÉå= cê~ãÉëF= ëéÉòáÑáJ òáÉêíK= wì= ÇÉå= båÇÖÉê®íÉå= ïÉêÇÉå= åçêã~äÉ= bíÜÉêåÉíJcê~ãÉë= ΩÄÉê= ÇáÉ=^ÅÅÉëë=iáåâë=ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK=wïáëÅÜÉå=òïÉá=pïáíÅÜÉë=ïÉêÇÉå=ÇáÉ= òìîçê= si^kJã~êâáÉêíÉå= cê~ãÉë= ~ääÉê= îçêÜ~åÇÉåÉå= si^kë= áå= ÉáJ åÉã= qêìåâ= Epí~ããF= ÖÉÄΩåÇÉäí= ìåÇ= áã= wÉáíãìäíáéäÉñîÉêÑ~ÜêÉå= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåK= `áëÅç= ÄáÉíÉí= ÉåíëéêÉÅÜÉåÇÉ= éêçéêáÉí®êÉ= fpi= EfåíÉê= pïáíÅÜ= iáåâF= qêìåâë= ãáí= cê~ãÉJh~éëÉäìåÖK= aÉê= _ÉÖêáÑÑ= łqêìåâ
= ëí~ããí= ΩÄêáÖÉåë= ~ìë= ÇÉã= t^kJ_ÉêÉáÅÜI= ïç= Éê= ÑΩê= ÇáÉ= ÇáÅâÉå= h~ÄÉäÄΩåÇÉä=îçå=cÉêåΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖëëíêÉÅâÉå=îÉêïÉåÇÉí=ïáêÇK= = 16

VLAN-Tag Felder eines Ethernet-Frames

3

Zieladresse

Quelladresse

1

12

User- C Prio. FI VLAN Identifier (VID)

Tag Protocol Identifier (TPID)

Länge/ Typ

Daten

FCS

Frame

Trunk Link VLAN 10

VLAN 20 1

2

VLAN 10

3 4

Access Links A

B

C

VLAN 20 1

2

3 4

Access Links D

A

B

C

D

10.1.10.1 10.1.10.2 10.1.20.1 10.1.20.2 10.1.10.3 10.1.10.4 10.1.20.3 10.1.20.4 Subnetz 10.1.10.0

Subnetz 10.1.20.0

Subnetz 10.1.10.0

Subnetz 10.1.20.0

=

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PNM=

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Router-on-a-Stick

Anmerkungen: - Layer-2-Switching: Intra-VLAN-Verkehr - Layer-3-Switching: Inter-VLAN-Verkehr

Router/purer Layer-3-Switch

Trunk Link VLAN 10

VLAN 20 1 2

A

B

Intra-VLANVerkehr

Inter-VLAN-Verkehr

Inter-VLANVerkehr VLAN 10

C

VLAN 20 1 2

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Intra-VLANVerkehr

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Intra-VLANVerkehr

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D

Intra-VLANVerkehr

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Building Block Additions

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Layers

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Internet

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Core Block

Distribution Layer

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Building 2

Building 3

Building Blocks

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Ausfallszenario für einen Building Block

Core Block

Core Block

STP Root STP Root VLAN 10 VLAN 11

DS1

STP Root VLANs 10/11

DS2

DS1 Trunk Links

Trunk Links FW 10 BL 11

AS1

FW 10 FW 11

BL 10 FW 11

AS4 VLAN 10

DS2

VLAN 11

AS1

AS4 VLAN 10

VLAN 11

AS: Access Switch, DS: Distribution Switch, FW: Forward VLAN, BL: Block VLAN

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PNS=

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UKQ== ^êÅÜáíÉâíìê=ãçÇÉêåÉê=`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ= Voll betriebsfähiger Building Block

Ausfallszenario für einen Building Block

Virtueller Router 10.1.10.3/10.1.11.3

Virtueller Router 10.1.10.3/10.1.11.3

HSRPa 10 HSRPs 11

RS1

HSRPs 10 HSRPa 11

10.1.10.1/ 10.1.10.2/ 10.1.11.1 10.1.11.2 Trunk Links

AS1

HSRPa 10 HSRPa 11

RS2

AS4 10.1.10.0

Standard Gateway 10.1.10.3

10.1.11.0

Standard Gateway 10.1.11.3

RS1

10.1.10.1/ 10.1.10.2/ 10.1.11.1 10.1.11.2 Trunk Links

AS1

RS2

AS4 10.1.10.0

Standard Gateway 10.1.10.3

10.1.11.0

Standard Gateway 10.1.11.3

AS: Access Switch, RS: Routing Switch, HSRPa: aktiv, HSRPs: standby

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`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ= NMKNKNNKN= ÑΩê= Ç~ë= pìÄåÉíò= NMKNKNNKMK= a~= opN= ÄÉá= ÉáåÉã= dÉê®íÉJ= çÇÉê=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖëë~ìëÑ~ää=åáÅÜíë=ãÉÜê=ëÉåÇÉíI=ïáêÇ=opO=~ìÅÜ=ÑΩê= Ç~ë= pìÄåÉíò= NMKNKNMKM= òìã= epom= mêáã~êó= d~íÉï~ó= ìåÇ= ëÅÜ~äíÉí= áå= ÇÉå= ~âíáîÉå= jçÇìë= Eepom~= NMFK= aáÉ= båÇÖÉê®íÉ= îçã= pìÄåÉíò= NMKNKNMKM=ÉêêÉáÅÜÉå=áÜê=åÉìÉë=pí~åÇ~êÇJd~íÉï~ó=opO=ìåîÉê®åÇÉêí= ΩÄÉê= áÜê= ãáí= ÇÉê= îáêíìÉääÉå= fmJ^ÇêÉëëÉ= NMKNKNMKP= âçåÑáÖìêáÉêíÉë= pí~åÇ~êÇJd~íÉï~óK= aáÉ= a~íÉåé~âÉíÉ= ÄÉáÇÉê= pìÄåÉíòÉ= ÑäáÉ≈Éå= Ç~åå=îçã=^pQ=ΩÄÉê=opO=òìã=`çêÉ=_äçÅâK=pçÄ~äÇ=ÇÉê=aÉÑÉâí=ÄÉJ ëÉáíáÖí= áëíI= ÉêÑçäÖí= ïáÉÇÉê= ÇáÉ= ~äíÉ= i~ëíîÉêíÉáäìåÖI= Ç~= opN= ïÉÖÉå= ëÉáåÉê=Ü∏ÜÉêÉå=mêáçêáí®í=áå=ÇÉå=~âíáîÉå=jçÇìë=òìêΩÅâÖÉëÉíòí=ïáêÇ= ìåÇ= Ç~ãáí= ïáÉÇÉê= ~äë= pí~åÇ~êÇJd~íÉï~ó= ÑΩê= Ç~ë= pìÄåÉíò= NMKNKNMKM=òìê=sÉêÑΩÖìåÖ=ëíÉÜíK= ^ÄëÅÜäáÉ≈ÉåÇ= áëí= ÑÉëíòìÜ~äíÉåI= Ç~ëë= epom= ~ìÅÜ= ÄÉá= ÇÉê= îçêÜÉê= Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíÉå= i~óÉêJOJoÉÇìåÇ~åò= òìë®íòäáÅÜ= òìã= pqm= ÄÉå∏íáÖí= ïáêÇI= ìã= eáÖÜ= ^î~áä~Äáäáíó= ìåÇ= iç~Ç= _~ä~åÅáåÖ= òì= ÉêêÉáÅÜÉåX= ÇÉåå= áå= ãçÇÉêåÉå= `~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉå= ãáí= jìäíáä~óÉêJpïáíÅÜáåÖ= ÉåÇÉå=ÇáÉ=pìÄåÉíòÉ=ÇÉê=_ìáäÇáåÖ=ìåÇ=pÉêîÉê=_äçÅâë=ÄÉá=ÇÉå=aáëíJ êáÄìíáçå=pïáíÅÜÉëK=råÇ=Ç~=pìÄåÉíòÉ=ìåÇ=si^kë=âçåÖêìÉåí=ëáåÇI= ïÉêÇÉå=ÜÉìíÉ=åáÅÜí=ãÉÜê=Å~ãéìëïÉáíÉ=si^këI=ëçåÇÉêå=äçâ~äÉ= si^kë= îÉêïÉåÇÉíI= ÇáÉ= ëáÅÜ= ã~ñáã~ä= ΩÄÉê= Éáå= píçÅâïÉêâ= çÇÉê= Éáå=dÉÄ®ìÇÉ=ÉêëíêÉÅâÉåK=

8.5

Testfragen NK

t~ë= îÉêëíÉÜÉå= páÉ= ìåíÉê= ÉáåÉã= `~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâ= ìåÇ= ïç= ëáåÇ=`~ãéìëåÉíòïÉêâÉ=òìå®ÅÜëí=Éåíëí~åÇÉå\=

OK

bêâä®êÉå=páÉ=ÇÉå=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=råíÉêëÅÜáÉÇ=òïáëÅÜÉå=hçéJ éÉäÉäÉãÉåíÉå=ìåÇ=kÉíòâåçíÉå>=kÉååÉå=páÉ=ÑΩê=ÄÉáÇÉ=dÉê®íÉJ ÖêìééÉå=àÉïÉáäë=ÇêÉá=_ÉáëéáÉäÉ>=

PK

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QK

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PNU=

= =

UKR== qÉëíÑê~ÖÉå= RK

t~ë= îÉêëíÉÜí= ã~å= ìåíÉê= ÇÉã= _ÉÖêáÑÑ= łfåíÉêåÉíïçêâáåÖ
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SK

_ÉëÅÜêÉáÄÉå= páÉ= òïÉá= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉ= fåíÉêåÉíïçêâáåÖJsÉêÑ~ÜJ êÉå>=

TK

bêä®ìíÉêå= páÉ= ~åÜ~åÇ= ÉáåÉê= ëÉäÄëí= ÖÉÑÉêíáÖíÉå= pâáòòÉ= òïÉá= mêçÄäÉãÉI=ÇáÉ=ÇìêÅÜ=_êáÇÖáåÖ=iççéë=ÉåíëíÉÜÉå>=

UK

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VK

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POM=

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==

9

Internet und Intranets få= ÇáÉëÉã= h~éáíÉä= ïÉêÇÉå= ÇáÉ= mêçíçâçääÉ= ìåÇ= hçåòÉéíÉ= ïÉáíÉê= îÉêíáÉÑíI= ÇáÉ= ÇáÉ= dêìåÇä~ÖÉå= ÑΩê= Ç~ë= fåíÉêåÉí= ìåÇ= ÑΩê= fåíê~åÉíë= EëçïáÉ= bñíê~åÉíëF= ÄáäÇÉåK= wìå®ÅÜëí= ïÉêÇÉå= ïÉëÉåíäáÅÜÉ= aÉí~áäë= ÇÉê= _~ëáëéêçíçâçääÉ= fmI= q`m= ìåÇ= ram= ÄÉëÅÜêáÉÄÉåI= ìåÇ= Éë= ïÉêJ ÇÉå=ÇáÉ=ÉêÖ®åòÉåÇÉå=kÉíòïÉêâéêçíçâçääÉ=^omI=f`jmI=ae`m=ìåÇ= akp=Ç~êÖÉëíÉääíK=pçÇ~åå=ÑçäÖí=ÇáÉ=_ÉëÅÜêÉáÄìåÖ=ÇÉê=hçããìåáâ~J íáçåëéêçíçâçääÉ= eqqmI= cqm= ìåÇ= pjqmLmlmI= ÇáÉ= ãáííÉäë= `äáÉåíJ pÉêîÉêJhçããìåáâ~íáçå= wìÖêáÑÑÉ= ~ìÑ= Ç~ë= tttI= cáäÉíê~åëÑÉêë= ëçJ ïáÉ=ÇÉå=sÉêë~åÇ=ìåÇ=bãéÑ~åÖ=îçå=bJj~áäë=Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜÉåK= k~ÅÜ=ÇáÉëÉå=ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå=mêçíçâçääÉå=ÖÉÜí=Éë=ìã=ÇáÉ=kìíòìåÖ= îçå= fm= ÑΩê= åÉìÉ= aáÉåëíÉ= ìåÇ= hçåòÉéíÉK= wìã= ÉáåÉå= ïáêÇ= ÇáÉ= péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ= ãáí= sçáÅÉ= çîÉê= fm= îçêÖÉëíÉääíI= ÇáÉ= Ç~ë= âä~ëëáJ ëÅÜÉ=qÉäÉÑçååÉíò=~Ää∏ëÉå=ëçääK=wìã=~åÇÉêÉå=ïáêÇ=ÇáÉ=_~ëáë~êÅÜáJ íÉâíìê=îçå=fåíê~åÉíë=ëâáòòáÉêíI=ÇáÉ=ÇáÉ=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåëåÉíòÉ=êÉîçäìJ íáçåáÉêÉå= ìåÇ= åÉÄÉå= ÇÉã= tçêäÇ= táÇÉ= tÉÄ= òì= båíÉêéêáëÉ= táÇÉ= tÉÄë= ÑΩÜêÉåK= dêìåÇâçåòÉéíÉ= òìê= áããÉê= ïáÅÜíáÖÉê= ïÉêÇÉåÇÉå= kÉíòïÉêâëáÅÜÉêÜÉáí=ëÅÜäáÉ≈Éå=Ç~ë=h~éáíÉä=~ÄK=

9.1

Die Basisprotokolle IP, TCP und UDP

fåíÉêåÉí=mêçíçÅçä= EfmF=

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ÇáÉ= ^ÇêÉëëáÉêìåÖ= îçå= wïáëÅÜÉåJ= ìåÇ= båÇëóëíÉãÉå= ~åÜ~åÇ= ÇÉê= áã= fmJeÉ~ÇÉê= ΩÄÉêíê~ÖÉåÉå= fmJ^ÇêÉëëÉå= EëáÉÜÉ=^ÄëÅÜåáíí=UKOF=ìåÇ= PON

=

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fåíÉêåÉí=ìåÇ=fåíê~åÉíë= •

ÇáÉ= cê~ÖãÉåíáÉêìåÖ= ìåÇ= oÉ~ëëÉãÄäáÉêìåÖ= ä~åÖÉê= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ãáí= eáäÑÉ= ÇÉê= áã= fmJeÉ~ÇÉê= ÉåíÜ~äíÉåÉå= cê~ÖãÉåíáÉêìåÖëáåÑçêã~íáçåÉåK=

táÉ= ÇáÉ= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= VKN= áã= çÄÉêÉå= qÉáä= òÉáÖíI= ÄÉëáíòí= àÉÇÉë= fmîQJ m~âÉí=Ea~í~Öê~ãF=ÉáåÉå=ãáåÇÉëíÉåë=OM=_óíÉë=ä~åÖÉå=eÉ~ÇÉêK= = Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Datagram Format 32 Bits

Version

IHL

Type of Service

IP-Header

Time to Live

Total Length M 0 D FF

Identification Protocol

Fragment Offset Header Checksum

Source Address Destination Address Options

Padding

Data

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Datagram Header 32 Bits Version 32 Bits

Traffic Class Payload Length

Flow Label Next Header

128 Bits

Source Address

128 Bits

Destination Address

Hop Limit

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Zustand ES1 Three-Way Handshake SEQ=100; CTL=SYN

0. Closed 1. SYN-Sent

SEQ=300; ACK=101; CTL=SYN,ACK

2. Established 3.

ES2

SEQ=101; ACK=301; CTL=ACK

“

Zustand

0. Listen 1. SYN-Received 2.

“

3. Established

SEQ=101; ACK=301; CTL=ACK; DATA Data Transfer Phase

SEQ=599; ACK=400; CTL=ACK; DATA Normal Close Sequence SEQ=400; ACK=600; CTL=FIN,ACK

0. Established 1. FIN-Wait-1

SEQ=600; ACK=401; CTL=ACK

2. FIN-Wait-2

SEQ=600; ACK=401; CTL=FIN,ACK

3. TIME-Wait 4. “ 5. Closed

SEQ=401; ACK=601; CTL=ACK t

0. Established 1. CLOSE-Wait 2.

“

3. Close Last-ACK 4. Closed t

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1. ARP-Request

141.28.49.11

Wie heißt die MACAdresse zur IP-Adresse 141.28.49.1? 141.28.49.1

1. ARP-Reply

1b 141.28.49.11

Die MAC-Adresse zur IP-Adresse 141.28.49.1 heißt 00-a0-c5-2d-23-52 141.28.49.1

Ethernet-LAN 1

2a

2. ARP-Request

Wie heißt die MACAdresse zur IP-Adresse 141.28.20.15?

141.28.20.15

141.28.20.1

2b

2. ARP-Reply

Die MAC-Adresse zur IP-Adresse 141.28.20.15 heißt 00-03-2f-6d-5d-f0

141.28.20.15

141.28.20.1

Ethernet-LAN 2

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Internet

Endsystem/ Router

ICMP Reply

Endsystem/ Router

ICMP-Fehlermeldung (Error Report) IP Datagram

Internet

Endsystem/ Router

ICMP Error Message

Endsystem/ Router

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DHCP Server

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DHCP Client

00AA.0062.C609

141.28.2.19

Anfrage

MAC-Zieladresse IP-Zieladresse

DHCP Relay

DHCP-Anfrage: Broadcast

DHCP Server

DHCP-Anfrage: Unicast

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9.3

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World Wide Web

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HTTP-Connect und HTTP-Request HTTPClient TCP IP

PC/ Workstation

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Internet

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mçëí=lÑÑáÅÉ=mêçíçJ Åçä=EmlmF=

fã=dÉÖÉåë~íò=òìê=ÑêΩÜÉêÉå=páíì~íáçå=ãìëë=Éáå=bJj~áäJbãéÑ®åÖÉê= ÜÉìíÉ=òìã=wÉáíéìåâí=ÇÉë=j~áäJbãéÑ~åÖë=åáÅÜí=ãÉÜê=çåäáåÉ=ëÉáåK= báå= òìë®íòäáÅÜÉë= mêçÖê~ããI= ÇÉê= jÉëë~ÖÉ= oÉíêáÉî~ä= ^ÖÉåí= Ejo^FI=Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜí=Éë=ÉáåÉã=_ÉåìíòÉêI=ëÉáåÉ=bJj~áäë=ëé®íÉê=îçå= ÇÉê=òÉåíê~äÉå=j~áäJ_çñ=~ìÑ=ëÉáåÉå=ÇÉòÉåíê~äÉå=j~áäJ`äáÉåí=ÜÉêìåJ íÉêòìä~ÇÉåK= eáÉêòì= ïáêÇ= ÜÉìíÉ= ãÉáëí= Ç~ë= mçëí= lÑÑáÅÉ= mêçíçÅçä= EmlmF=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíI=Ç~ë=áå=ÇÉê=~âíìÉääÉå=sÉêëáçå=P=ÇìêÅÜ=ÇÉå=oc`= NVPV=îçå=NVVS=ëí~åÇ~êÇáëáÉêí=áëí=EmlmPFK= a~ë= _ÉáëéáÉä= ÇÉê= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= VKNM= òÉáÖí= ~ìÑ= ÇÉê= êÉÅÜíÉå= pÉáíÉ= ÇáÉ= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉå=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=òìê=_ÉêÉáíëíÉääìåÖ=ÉáåÉê=áå=ÇáÉ=j~áäJ _çñ=òìÖÉëíÉääíÉå=bJj~áäW=ÉáåÉå=mlmJpÉêîÉê=ìåÇ=ÉáåÉå=mlmJ`äáÉåíK= aÉê= mlmJpÉêîÉê= áëí= åÉÄÉå= ÉáåÉã= pjqmJpÉêîÉê= ~ìÑ= ÇÉã= j~áäJ pÉêîÉê=ÇÉë=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåë=áåëí~ääáÉêíI=ìåÇ=ÇÉê=mlmJ`äáÉåí=ÄÉÑáåÇÉí= ëáÅÜ= áã= j~áäJ`äáÉåí= ÇÉë= ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÇÉå= p~ÅÜÄÉ~êÄÉáíÉêëK= _Éáã= pí~êí=ÇÉë=j~áäJ`äáÉåíë=Ä~ìí=ÇÉê=mlmJ`äáÉåí=ÉáåÉ=sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ=ΩÄÉê= ÇÉå=q`mJmçêí=NNM=òìã=mlmJpÉêîÉê=~ìÑK=k~ÅÜ=ÇÉê=~åëÅÜäáÉ≈ÉåÇÉå= ^ìíÜÉåíáÑáòáÉêìåÖ= ÖêÉáÑí= ÇÉê= j~áäJpÉêîÉê= ~ìÑ= ÇáÉ= j~áäJ_çñ= òì= ìåÇ= ΩÄÉêíê®Öí=ÇáÉ=ÉãéÑ~åÖÉåÉå=j~áäë=òìã=j~áäJ`äáÉåíK= kÉÄÉå= mlmP= âçããí= òìåÉÜãÉåÇ= ~ìÅÜ= Ç~ë= fåíÉêåÉí= jÉëë~ÖÉ= ^ÅÅÉëë=mêçíçÅçä=Efj^mF=áå=ÇÉê=sÉêëáçå=Q=å~ÅÜ=ÇÉã=oc`=PRMN= îçå= OMMP= òìã= báåë~íòK= aáÉ= dêìåÇÑìåâíáçå~äáí®í= îçå= fj^mQ= ÉåíJ ëéêáÅÜí= ÇÉê= îçå= mlmPI= ïçÄÉá= ÇáÉ= sÉêÄáåÇìåÖ= òìã= j~áäJpÉêîÉê= ΩÄÉê=ÇÉëëÉå=q`mJmçêí=NQP=~ìÑÖÉÄ~ìí=ïáêÇK=fj^mQ=ÄÉä®ëëí=~ÄÉê=áã= dÉÖÉåë~íò= òì= mlmP= ÇáÉ= k~ÅÜêáÅÜíÉå= ~ìÑ= ÇÉã= j~áäJpÉêîÉêI= ÄáÉíÉí= Ççêí=ìãÑ~åÖêÉáÅÜÉ=sÉêï~äíìåÖëã∏ÖäáÅÜâÉáíÉå=ãáí=ãÉÜêÉêÉå=j~áäJ _çñÉå= ìåÇ= ìåíÉêëíΩíòí= ëç= ÇáÉ= _ÉåìíòÉêãçÄáäáí®íK= ^äë= ïÉáíÉêÉ= ^äJ íÉêå~íáîÉ=ïáêÇ=îçå=îáÉäÉå=j~áäJ_çñJ_ÉíêÉáÄÉêå=tÉÄã~áä=~åÖÉÄçJ íÉåK=tÉÄã~áä=Éêã∏ÖäáÅÜí=Ç~ë=sÉêëÉåÇÉåI=^ÄêìÑÉå=ìåÇ=sÉêï~äíÉå= îçå= bJj~áäë= ÇìêÅÜ= ÉáåÉå= tÉÄÄêçïëÉê= ΩÄÉê= ÉáåÉ= tÉÄëÉáíÉK= báå= _ÉåìíòÉê= â~åå= å~ÅÜ= ÉêÑçäÖíÉê= ^ìíÜÉåíáÑáòáÉêìåÖ= ãáííÉäë= eqqmp= ïÉäíïÉáí=~ìÑ=ëÉáåÉå=j~áäJpÉêîÉê=òìÖêÉáÑÉåI=ïçÄÉá=ÇÉê=j~áäJpÉêîÉê= ëÉäÄëí=bJj~áäë=ïÉáíÉêÜáå=ΩÄÉê=pjqm=îÉêëÉåÇÉí=ìåÇ=ÉãéÑ®åÖíK= pÅÜäáÉ≈äáÅÜ=ëáåÇ=åçÅÜ=iáëíëÉêîÉê=ìåÇ=j~áäJd~íÉï~óë=òì=Éêï®ÜåÉåK= iáëíëÉêîÉê= ÑΩÜêÉå= ~ìíçã~íáëáÉêíÉ= çÇÉê= ~ìÅÜ= ã~åìÉää= îÉêï~äíÉíÉ= j~áäáåÖJiáëíÉå= ìåÇ= îÉêíÉáäÉå= bJj~áäë= ~å= ~ääÉ= áå= ÉáåÉê= iáëíÉ= ÉáåÖÉJ íê~ÖÉåÉå= bJj~áäJ^ÇêÉëëÉåK= j~áäJd~íÉï~óë= ïÉêÇÉå= òìê= mêçíçJ âçääìãëÉíòìåÖ= Eîçê= ~ääÉã= òìã= uKQMMJjepF= ëçïáÉ= îÉêÄêÉáíÉí= òìê= cáäíÉêìåÖ=îçå=pé~ãë=EìåÉêïΩåëÅÜíÉå=bJj~áäëF=ÉáåÖÉëÉíòíK= aÉê= iÉëÉê= ÑáåÇÉí= ïÉáíÉêÉ= aÉí~áäë= òì= fåíÉêåÉíJaáÉåëíÉå= ìåÇ= fåíÉêJ åÉíJaáÉåëíéêçíçâçääÉå=áå=ÇÉå=~åÖÉÖÉÄÉåÉå=oc`ë=ìåÇ=áå=ïÉáíÉêÉå= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉå= iáíÉê~íìêèìÉääÉå= EîÖäK= ìK= ~K= xUzI= pK= QRR= ÑÑKX= xOPzI= pK= NNT=ÑÑKX=xPQzI=pK=QOP=ÑÑKX=xPSzI=pK=SQM=ÑÑKFK=

PQS= =

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9.4

Sprachübertragung mit Voice over IP

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báåëé~êìåÖëéçíÉåòá~äW= mêáî~íÉ= råíÉêåÉÜãÉå= ìåÇ= qÉJ äÉâçããìåáâ~íáçåë~åÄáÉíÉê=ãΩëëÉå=~åëíÉääÉ=îçå=òïÉá=é~J ê~ääÉäÉå=hçããìåáâ~íáçåëåÉíòÉå=åìê=åçÅÜ=áÜê=fmJkÉíò=ìåJ íÉêÜ~äíÉå= ìåÇ= îÉêï~äíÉåI= ëçÇ~ëë= ÉêÜÉÄäáÅÜÉ= hçëíÉåëÉåJ âìåÖÉå=Éêï~êíÉí=ïÉêÇÉå=â∏ååÉåK=

•

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aáÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉå= _ÉêÉáíë= NVVS= ïìêÇÉ= îçå= ÇÉê= fqrJq= ÇÉê= ÖêìåÇäÉÖÉåÇÉ= o~ÜãÉåJ ëí~åÇ~êÇ=eKPOP=òìê=péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~ÖìåÖ=ãáí=sçáÅÉ=çîÉê=fm=ÜÉê~ìëJ ÑΩê=sçfm=å~ÅÜ= ÖÉÖÉÄÉåK=pÉáåÉ=~âíìÉääÉ=sÉêëáçå=îçå=OMMP=íê®Öí=ÇÉå=qáíÉä=łm~ÅâÉíJ fqrJq=eKPOP= Ä~ëÉÇ= jìäíáãÉÇá~= `çããìåáÅ~íáçåë= póëíÉãë
K= eKPOP= ÄÉëÅÜêÉáÄí= ÇáÉ= kÉíòïÉêâ~êÅÜáíÉâíìê= îçå= fmJkÉíòÉå= òìê= péê~ÅÜΩÄÉêíê~J ÖìåÖ=ãáí=sçáÅÉ=çîÉê=fmK= wìã=ÉáåÉå=ïÉêÇÉå=ÇáÉ= cìåâíáçåÉå=ÇÉê= ÄÉå∏íáÖíÉå=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÄÉëÅÜêáÉÄÉåI=òìã=~åÇÉêÉå=ïÉêÇÉå=ÇáÉ= ÉêÑçêÇÉêäáÅÜÉå=mêçíçâçääJpí~Åâë=ëéÉòáÑáòáÉêíK= PQT =

V=

fåíÉêåÉí=ìåÇ=fåíê~åÉíë= ^ÄÄáäÇìåÖ= VKNN= îÉê~åëÅÜ~ìäáÅÜí= ÇáÉ= hçãéçåÉåíÉå= ÑΩê= sçfm= å~ÅÜ=fqrJq=eKPOP=~ã=_ÉáëéáÉä=ÉáåÉë=råíÉêåÉÜãÉåëåÉíòÉë=ãáí=ÉáJ åÉê= wÉåíê~äÉ= ìåÇ= ÉáåÉê= cáäá~äÉI= ÇáÉ= ÄÉáÇÉ= ~å= Ç~ë= mpqk= EmìÄäáÅ= pïáíÅÜÉÇ= qÉäÉéÜçåÉ= kÉíïçêâF= ÄòïK= fpak= EfåíÉÖê~íÉÇ= pÉêîáÅÉë= aáÖáí~ä=kÉíïçêâF=ìåÇ=~å=Ç~ë=fåíÉêåÉí=~åÖÉëÅÜäçëëÉå=ëáåÇK=bë=ïáêÇ= ~åÖÉåçããÉåI= Ç~ëë= ÇáÉ= ìåíÉêåÉÜãÉåëáåíÉêåÉ= hçããìåáâ~íáçå= ΩÄÉê= Ç~ë= fåíÉêåÉí= ä®ìÑíI= ï®ÜêÉåÇ= ÇáÉ= hìåÇÉå= ëçïçÜä= ΩÄÉê= Ç~ë= mpqkLfpak= ~äë= ~ìÅÜ=ΩÄÉê=Ç~ë=fåíÉêåÉí=íÉäÉÑçåáÉêÉå=â∏ååÉå=Eòìê= kÉíòïÉêâëáÅÜÉêÜÉáí=ëáÉÜÉ=^ÄëÅÜåáíí=VKSFK= = Unternehmenszentrale

Kunden

Filiale

PSTN/ISDN ISDN-Nebenstellenanlage ISDN-Nebenstellenanlage

Gatekeeper MCU

Gateway

V

V

Gateway Gatekeeper

Campusnetz (IP-Netz)

Campusnetz (IP-Netz)

Internet Router

Router IP-Telefone

IP-Telefone (Terminals)

IP-Telefone

H.323-Zone

H.323-Zone

= ^ÄÄK=VKNNW=hçãéçåÉåíÉå=ÑΩê=sçfm=å~ÅÜ=fqrJq=eKPOP= sçáÅÉ=çîÉê=fm=ÄÉå∏íáÖí=å~ÅÜ=eKPOP=ÑçäÖÉåÇÉ=hçãéçåÉåíÉåW=

PQU= =

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•

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Data Appl.

Audio/VideoApplications

Terminal and Call Management

SIP (statt H.323-Signalisierung) Fax T.38

Control Signaling H.245

Call Signaling H.225

RAS Signaling H.225

(Media/ Channel Control)

(Call Control/ Setup)

(Gatekeeper Interface)

Data

H.323 Confe-

rencing T.120

RTCP

TCP

Audio Codecs G.711 G.723 G.726 G.729

Video Codecs H.261 H.263

RTP

UDP

IP

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User Agent (UAC und UAS) INVITE sip:[email protected]

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EIS Tier

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Webbrowser

Webserver und Applikationsserver HTTP-Request

Servlet Engine Servlet

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9.6

Grundkonzepte zur Netzwerksicherheit

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L7

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URL-Filter

(Demilitarisierte Zone) mit Sacrificial Hosts (z. B. WWW-Server)

L6 L5 L4

Port-Filter

L3

IP-Filter

L2

MAC-Filter

Abgeschirmtes Intranet

L1 OSI Layers

ACLs

X

Internet

ACLs: Access Control Lists

Campusnetzwerk eines Unternehmens

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VKS== dêìåÇâçåòÉéíÉ=òìê=kÉíòïÉêâëáÅÜÉêÜÉáí= Symmetrische Verschlüsselung Secret Key Sender

Empfänger

Schlüsseltext

Verschlüsseln mit Secret Key

Vertraulichkeit

Entschlüsseln mit Secret Key

Asymmetrische Verschlüsselung Verschlüsseln mit dem Public Key des Empfängers Sender

Verschlüsseln mit dem Private Key des Senders

Entschlüsseln mit dem Private Key des Empfängers

Vertraulichkeit Public Key Schlüsseltext

Empfänger

Public Key Authentizität

Entschlüsseln mit dem Public Key des Senders

Hash-Verfahren Hash-Funktion Sender

MD Erzeugen des Message Digest (MD)

Nachricht & MD Integrität

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Empfänger MD Erzeugen des Message Digest (MD) und Vergleich

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1. Anforderung

3. Anforderung

Authentizität

Integrität

Vertraulichkeit

Nachricht

Sender

Lösung

Lösung

Verschlüsselung

Hash-Verfahren

Asymmetrische Verschlüsselung des Message Digest der Nachricht mit dem eigenen Private Key

Erzeugung eines Message Digest aus der Nachricht (Verdichtung der Nachricht zu einer Zahl fester Länge)

Digitale Signatur

Empfänger

Lösung

Verschlüsselung Symmetrische bzw. asymmetrische Verschlüsselung der Nachricht und der Signatur mit dem Key des Empfängers

Schlüsseltext

Entschlüsselung von Nachricht und Signatur sowie Signaturprüfung durch Empfänger

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Internet

Unternehmenszentrale

VPN-Tunnel

VPN Gateway

VPN Gateway

Remote Access VPN Telearbeiter/ Mobiler Benutzer

Internet

Unternehmen/ Institution

VPN-Tunnel ISP Access Server

VPN Client

VPN Gateway

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AAA-Server

RADIUS

Gesichertes Campusnetzwerk des Intranets

Network Access Devices

Access Router

(Authenticators)

WAN

VPN Server

Internet

Access Server PSTN

Access Switch

Access Point EAP

LAN

WLAN

Access Clients (Supplicants)

RADIUS: Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service EAP: Extensible Authentication Protocol

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