Granuloma Annulare - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GRANULOMA ANNULARE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J...

Author: ICON Health Publications

33 downloads 394 Views 1MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

GRANULOMA ANNULARE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Granuloma Annulare: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00494-1 1. Granuloma Annulare-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on granuloma annulare. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRANULOMA ANNULARE ........................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Granuloma Annulare.................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRANULOMA ANNULARE ........................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 General References ....................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON GRANULOMA ANNULARE .................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patent Applications on Granuloma Annulare ............................................................................. 49 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON GRANULOMA ANNULARE ........................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapters on Granuloma Annulare............................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 55 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 57 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 61 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 65 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 65 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 71 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 72 GRANULOMA ANNULARE DICTIONARY ............................................................................ 73 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 101

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with granuloma annulare is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about granuloma annulare, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to granuloma annulare, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on granuloma annulare. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to granuloma annulare, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on granuloma annulare. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GRANULOMA ANNULARE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on granuloma annulare.

Federally Funded Research on Granuloma Annulare The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to granuloma annulare. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to granuloma annulare. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore granuloma annulare.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

4

Granuloma Annulare

Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for granuloma annulare in the PubMed Central database: •

Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with fumaric acid esters. by Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Brockmeyer NH.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101386

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with granuloma annulare, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for granuloma annulare (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of disseminated granuloma annulare treated with defibrotide: complete clinical remission and progressive hair darkening. Author(s): Rubegni P, Sbano P, Fimiani M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12932269

•

A case of generalized granuloma annulare responding to hydroxychloroquine. Author(s): Frankel DH, Medenica MM, Lorincz AL. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1988 March-April; 55(2): 117. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2968198

4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

5

•

A case of generalized granuloma annulare responding to hydroxychloroquine. Author(s): Carlin MC, Ratz JL. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 1987 May-June; 54(3): 229-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3608135

•

A case of granuloma annulare and sarcoidosis. Author(s): Kato H, Fujieda Y, Kitajima Y, Yaoita H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1985 February; 12(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2991353

•

A case of recurrent disseminated granuloma annulare. Author(s): Goon AT, Wong SS. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 August; 41(8): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11256350

•

A comparative histopathologic study of generalized and localized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Weltfriend S, Munichor M, Lichtig C. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1989 April; 11(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2712247

•

A granuloma annulare-like eruption associated with the use of amlodipine. Author(s): Lim AC, Hart K, Murrell D. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2002 February; 43(1): 24-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11869204

•

A study of HLA antigen association in localized and generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Gideoni O, Bergman R, Pollack S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1986 September; 115(3): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3463360

•

A study of joint disease in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Zaphiropoulos G, Grahame R. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1974 February; 13(1): 42-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4850320

•

About the limitation of the clinical picture granuloma annulare. Author(s): van der Lugt L. Source: Dermatologica. 1969; 139(6): 374-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5371701

6

Granuloma Annulare

•

Absence of carbohydrate intolerance in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Gannon TF, Lynch PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 April; 30(4): 662-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8157800

•

Abundance of interstitial heparan sulfate in granuloma annulare but not in other mucinous skin diseases. Author(s): Bandel C, DePrisco G, Cockerell CJ, Ehrig T. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 October; 29(9): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358809

•

Actinic granuloma is a unique and distinct entity: a comparative study with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Al-Hoqail IA, Al-Ghamdi AM, Martinka M, Crawford RI. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2002 June; 24(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12140436

•

Agranulocytosis caused by dapsone therapy for granuloma annulare. Author(s): Potter MN, Yates P, Slade R, Kennedy CT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 January; 20(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2643642

•

Amplification of DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi in urine samples of patients with granuloma annulare and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Author(s): Aberer E, Schmidt BL, Breier F, Kinaciyan T, Luger A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 February; 135(2): 210-2. Erratum In: Arch Dermatol 1999 July; 135(7): 786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052416

•

An unusual form of generalized granuloma annulare in a patient with insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Erkek E, Karaduman A, Bukulmez G, Senturk N, Ozkaya O. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11411916

•

An unusual presentation of diffuse granuloma annulare in an HIV-positive patient immunohistochemical evidence of predominant CD8 lymphocytes. Author(s): Morris SD, Cerio R, Paige DG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 May; 27(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072009

Studies

7

•

Anetoderma secondary to generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Ozkan S, Fetil E, Izler F, Pabuccuoglu U, Yalcin N, Gunes AT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 2): 335-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640927

•

Annular syphilid mimicking granuloma annulare. Author(s): Jain HC, Fisher BK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 27(5): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3391729

•

Antibodies to the Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum in patients with scleroderma, granuloma annulare and porphyria cutanea tarda. Author(s): Halkier-Sorensen L, Kragballe K, Hansen K. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(2): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2564227

•

Anti-collagen antibodies in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Evans CD, Pereira RS, Yuen CT, Holden CA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1988 July; 13(4): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3246092

•

Antimalarials for control of disseminated granuloma annulare in children. Author(s): Simon M Jr, von den Driesch P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 December; 31(6): 10645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7962763

•

Are patients with localized nodular granuloma annulare more likely to have diabetes mellitus? Author(s): Choudry K, Charles-Holmes R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 July; 25(5): 451-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012607

•

Association between zalcitabine therapy for human immunodeficiency virus and granuloma annulare? Author(s): Penas PF, Jones-Caballero M, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 July; 137(7): 964. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11453824

8

Granuloma Annulare

•

Association of generalized granuloma annulare with autoantibodies. Author(s): Tada J, Seno A, Ueda M, Arata J, Nagao Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 May; 20(5): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340534

•

Association of granuloma annulare with sarcoidosis. Author(s): Ehrich EW, McGuire JL, Kim YH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 June; 128(6): 855-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1599283

•

Asymptomatic papules on a child. Perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Jackson MD, Pratt L, Lawson P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 December; 137(12): 1647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11735720

•

Atypical granuloma annulare in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Jones SK, Harman RR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 February; 20(2 Pt 1): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2915072

•

Atypical granuloma annulare. A case report. Author(s): Selmanowitz VJ, Vandow JE, Director W. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1966 April; 93(4): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5862639

•

Atypical granuloma annulare. Transition from erythema to multiple type. Author(s): Ogino A, Tamaki E. Source: Dermatologica. 1978; 156(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=620869

•

Auricular granuloma annulare. A consequence of trauma? Author(s): Mills A, Chetty R. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1992 October; 14(5): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1415961

•

Autoimmune thyroiditis and generalized granuloma annulare: remission of the skin lesions after thyroxine therapy. Author(s): Willemsen MJ, de Coninck AL, Jonckheer MH, Roseeuw DI. Source: Dermatologica. 1987; 175(5): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3678551

Studies

9

•

Benign rheumatoid nodule versus subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a diagnostic dilemma--are they the same entity? Author(s): Yu GV, Farrer AK. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1994 March-April; 33(2): 156-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8019538

•

Biochemical and immunohistochemical comparison of collagen in granuloma annulare and skin sarcoidosis. Author(s): Oikarinen A, Kinnunen T, Kallioinen M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(4): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2568042

•

Can granuloma annulare evolve into cutaneous sarcoidosis? Author(s): Lupton JR, Figueroa P, Berberian BJ, Sulica VI. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 November; 66(5): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11107527

•

Carbohydrate metabolism in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Williamson DM, Dykes JR. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1972 June; 58(6): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5030662

•

Carbohydrate tolerance in patients with granuloma annulare. Study of fifty-two cases. Author(s): Haim S, Friedman-Birnbaum R, Haim N, Shafrir A, Ravina A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 May; 88(5): 447-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4715121

•

Chronic hepatitis C virus infection associated with a generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Granel B, Serratrice J, Rey J, Bouvier C, Weiller-Merli C, Disdier P, Pellissier JF, Weiller PJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 2): 918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044822

•

Circulating immune complexes in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Peserico A, Ossi E, Salvador L, Ruffatti A, Fornasa CV, Rondinone R, Betterle C. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1988; 280(5): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3263083

10

Granuloma Annulare

•

CO2 laser and granuloma annulare. Author(s): Rouilleault P. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 February; 14(2): 120. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3343416

•

Coexistence of allergic contact dermatitis and granuloma annulare in an HIV-1infected patient: A casual association? Author(s): Munoz-Perez MA, Garcia-Bravo B, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Camacho F. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1999 June; 10(2): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10357707

•

Coexisting morphoea and granuloma annulare-are the conditions related? Author(s): Ben-Amitai D, Hodak E, Lapidoth M, David M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 March; 24(2): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10233660

•

Collagen synthesis in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Kallioinen M, Sandberg M, Kinnunen T, Oikarinen A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1992 April; 98(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1548430

•

Colocalization of granuloma annulare and mid-dermal elastolysis. Author(s): Adams BB, Mutasim DF. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 February; 48(2 Suppl): S25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582379

•

Comparative ultrastructural study of generalized and localized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Ludatscher RM. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1986 August; 8(4): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3766919

•

Concomitant granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Crosby DL, Woodley DT, Leonard DD. Source: Dermatologica. 1991; 183(3): 225-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1743389

Studies

11

•

Contact granuloma annulare. Author(s): Morelli M, Fumagalli M, Altomare GF, Pigatto PD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 May; 18(5): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2970942

•

Contact granuloma annulare. Author(s): Stransky L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1987 February; 16(2): 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3568631

•

Cream psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy for granuloma annulare. Author(s): Grundmann-Kollmann M, Ochsendorf FR, Zollner TM, Tegeder I, Kaufmann R, Podda M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 May; 144(5): 996-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11359387

•

Cyclosporin for the treatment of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Fiallo P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 138(2): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602903

•

Cyclosporine in the treatment of generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Filotico R, Vena GA, Coviello C, Angelini G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 March; 30(3): 487-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8113463

•

Cyclosporine in the treatment of generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Ho VC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 February; 32(2 Pt 1): 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7829727

•

Decreased tissue fibrinolytic activity in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Misch KJ, Yuen CT, Rhodes EL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1987 November; 12(6): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3504750

•

Deep dermal granuloma annulare presenting as an eyelid tumor in a child, with review of pediatric eyelid lesions. Author(s): Cronquist SD, Stashower ME, Benson PM. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 September-October; 16(5): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10571838

12

Granuloma Annulare

•

Deep granuloma annulare (pseudorheumatoid nodule) in children: clinicopathologic study of 35 cases. Author(s): McDermott MB, Lind AC, Marley EF, Dehner LP. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 1998 July-August; 1(4): 300-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10463292

•

Deep granuloma annulare in adults. Author(s): Salomon RJ, Gardepe SF, Woodley DT. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1986 March; 25(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3699952

•

Defective neutrophil migration in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and sarcoidosis. Author(s): Gange RW, Black MM, Carrington P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 January; 115(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=367286

•

Dermacase. Granuloma annulare. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1995 October; 41: 1674, 1679. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8829577

•

Dermacase. Granuloma annulare. Author(s): Enta T, Adams SP. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2000 March; 46: 553, 562. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10751994

•

Destructive granuloma annulare of the skin and underlying soft tissues--report of two cases. Author(s): Dabski K, Winkelmann RK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1991 May; 16(3): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1934578

•

Diffuse dermal histiocytosis. A variant of generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Guitart J, Zemtsov A, Bergfeld WF, Tomecki KJ. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1991 April; 13(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2029091

Studies

13

•

Direct immunofluorescence studies in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and granulomatosis disciformis Miescher. Author(s): Nieboer C, Kalsbeek GL. Source: Dermatologica. 1979; 158(6): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=381068

•

Disseminated atypical granuloma annulare. Author(s): Husz S, Szabo E, Hunyadi J, Kohan J, Monus Z, Simon N. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1987 February; 14(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3301952

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare and intranasal calcitonin. Author(s): Goihman-Yahr M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1993 February; 32(2): 150. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8440563

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare as a presentation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Author(s): McGregor JM, McGibbon DH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 January; 17(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424265

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Jee MS, Kim ES, Chang SE, Lee MW, Koh JK. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 30(8): 631-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12928535

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare following erythema multiforme minor. Author(s): Abraham Z, Feuerman EJ, Schafer I, Feinmesser M. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 41(4): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105369

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Calista D, Landi G. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1995 March; 55(3): 158-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7634846

14

Granuloma Annulare

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare treated with low-dose chlorambucil. Author(s): Rudolph RI. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 October; 115(10): 1212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507866

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare. Author(s): Reid A, Entwisle BR. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1971 August; 12(2): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5118095

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare. Author(s): Pomerantz LM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1969 April; 99(4): 505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5769338

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare. A variant in which the lesions involve the sunexposed areas. Author(s): Leppard B, Black MM. Source: Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1972; 58(2): 186-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4665979

•

Disseminated granuloma annulare: resolution with etretinate therapy. Author(s): Botella-Estrada R, Guillen C, Sanmartin O, Aliaga A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 May; 26(5 Pt 1): 777-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1583181

•

Disseminated perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Delaney TJ, Gold SC, Leppard B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 November; 89(5): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4356718

•

Early insulin response to glucose injected intravenously in patients with localized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Blohme G, Mobacken H, Waldenstrom J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1974; 54(4): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4136648

•

Elastic tissue changes in generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Weltfriend S, Kerner H, Lichtig C. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1989 October; 11(5): 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2802105

Studies

15

•

Elevated heparin-precipitable fraction of plasma in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Dahl MV, Cherney KJ, Lindroos WE. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 September; 115(9): 1059-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=485181

•

Endothelin-1 expression is not altered in necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare. Author(s): Burrows NP, Molina FA, Terenghi G, Polak JM, Jones RR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 June; 130(6): 799. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8011514

•

Eosinophils are not a clue to the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Romero LS, Kantor GR. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1998 February; 20(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9504666

•

Eosinophils in the cellular infiltrate of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Silverman RA, Rabinowitz AD. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1985 February; 12(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3973184

•

Epidermal dendritic S100 positive cells in necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare. Author(s): Chambers B, Milligan A, Fletcher A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1990 December; 123(6): 765-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2265092

•

Epidermal Langerhans' cells in Granuloma Annulare. Author(s): Kohn S, Gilhar A, Friedman-Birnbaum R, Nir I. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1985 June; 12(3): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3908526

•

Epithelioid sarcoma masquerading as perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Lopez-Rios F, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Castano E, Gil R. Source: Histopathology. 1997 July; 31(1): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9253633

•

Eruptive xanthoma: a microscopic simulant of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Cooper PH. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1986 June; 13(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734221

16

Granuloma Annulare

•

Erythematous generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Eng AM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 October; 115(10): 1210-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=507865

•

Expression of IFNgamma, coexpression of TNFalpha and matrix metalloproteinases and apoptosis of T lymphocytes and macrophages in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Fayyazi A, Schweyer S, Eichmeyer B, Herms J, Hemmerlein B, Radzun HJ, Berger H. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 August; 292(8): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10994772

•

Expression of interstitial collagenase, 92-kDa gelatinase, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Author(s): Saarialho-Kere UK, Chang ES, Welgus HG, Parks WC. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1993 March; 100(3): 335-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8382717

•

Expression of the histiocytic marker PG-M1 in granuloma annulare and rheumatoid nodules of the skin. Author(s): Groisman GM, Schafer I, Amar M, Sabo E. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 November; 29(10): 590-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12453296

•

Facial granuloma annulare. Author(s): Coskey RJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 July; 115(7): 866-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=453898

•

Familial generalized perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Abrusci V, Weiss E, Planas G. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 March; 27(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3360556

•

Familial granuloma annulare. Author(s): Suite M, Jankey N. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 November; 31(11): 818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358835

Studies

17

•

Familial granuloma annulare. Author(s): Arner S, Aspegren N. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1968; 48(3): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4176749

•

Familial granuloma annulare. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Friedman SJ, Winkelmann RK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 March; 16(3 Pt 1): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3819101

•

Follicular pustulous granuloma annulare. Author(s): Vargas-Diez E, Feal-Cortizas C, Fraga J, Fernandez-Herrera J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1075-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747379

•

Generalised granuloma annulare successfully treated with pentoxifylline. Author(s): Rubel DM, Wood G, Rosen R, Jopp-McKay A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1993; 34(3): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8080410

•

Generalized granuloma annulare associated with Plummer's disease. Author(s): Tursen U, Pata C, Kaya TI, Dusmez D, Ikizoglu G. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 July; 16(4): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224712

•

Generalized granuloma annulare in a diabetic patient. A case report. Author(s): Hiskes BJ. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1993 May; 83(5): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8515374

•

Generalized granuloma annulare in a patient with adult onset diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Guardiano RA, Lee W, Norwood C, Darling T. Source: J Drugs Dermatol. 2003 December; 2(6): 666-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711148

•

Generalized granuloma annulare post autologous bone marrow transplantation in a Hodgkin's disease patient. Author(s): Nevo S, Drakos P, Goldenhersh MA, Zlotogorski A, Or R, Naparstek E, Nagler A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1994 October; 14(4): 631-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7858539

18

Granuloma Annulare

•

Generalized granuloma annulare sparing vaccination sites. Author(s): Huilgol SC, Liddell K, Black MM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 January; 20(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7671397

•

Generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Arroyo MP. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2003 October; 9(4): 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14594586

•

Generalized perforating granuloma annulare in an infant. Author(s): Choi JC, Bae JY, Cho S, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 20(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12657009

•

Generalized perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Samlaska CP, Sandberg GD, Maggio KL, Sakas EL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1992 August; 27(2 Pt 2): 31922. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517496

•

Giant inflammatory targetoid plaques. Granuloma annulare (GA). Author(s): Chan LS. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 July; 128(7): 979, 982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1626971

•

Granuloma annulare (forme erythematous of Gougerot). Author(s): Vandow JE, Selmanowitz VJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1965 September; 92(3): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11851270

•

Granuloma annulare and disseminated herpes zoster. Author(s): Zanolli MD, Powell BL, McCalmont T, White WL, Jorizzo JL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 January; 31(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1737692

•

Granuloma annulare and malignant neoplasms. Author(s): Abunasra H, Morgan E. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 December; 25(6): 502-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14631196

Studies

19

•

Granuloma annulare and malignant neoplasms. Author(s): Li A, Hogan DJ, Sanusi ID, Smoller BR. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 April; 25(2): 113-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652192

•

Granuloma annulare arising after herpes zoster. Author(s): Hayakawa K, Mizukawa Y, Shiohara T, Nagashima M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 October; 31(10): 745-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399211

•

Granuloma annulare associated with malignancy. Author(s): Cohen PR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1997 October; 90(10): 1056-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9347823

•

Granuloma annulare associated with metastatic adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Lo JS, Guitart J, Bergfeld WF. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 April; 30(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2050458

•

Granuloma annulare associated with prostate carcinoma. Author(s): Akyol M, Kilicarslan H, Goze F, Emre S. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 July; 17(4): 464-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12834464

•

Granuloma annulare following herpes zoster. Author(s): Wright AL. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 September; 31(9): 672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1459773

•

Granuloma annulare in a site of healed herpes zoster: Wolf's isotopic response. Author(s): Ruocco E, Baroni A, Cutri FT, Filioli FG. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2003 November; 17(6): 686-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14761138

•

Granuloma annulare in patients with malignant lymphoma: clinicopathologic study of thirteen new cases. Author(s): Barksdale SK, Perniciaro C, Halling KC, Strickler JG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 July; 31(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021370

20

Granuloma Annulare

•

Granuloma annulare in the hand. Author(s): Grant I, Mohammed P, Mahaffey PJ. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2002 December; 27(6): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475515

•

Granuloma annulare induced by scabies. Author(s): Wilsmann-Theis D, Wenzel J, Gerdsen R, Uerlich M, Bieber T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(4): 318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12926818

•

Granuloma annulare localized to the shaft of the penis. Author(s): Trap R, Wiebe B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1993; 27(4): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8159932

•

Granuloma annulare masquerading as molluscum contagiosum-like eruption in an HIV-positive African woman. Author(s): Kapembwa MS, Goolamali SK, Price A, Boyle S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 August; 49(2 Suppl Case Reports): S184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12894118

•

Granuloma annulare mimicking septic emboli in a child with myelodysplastic syndrome. Author(s): Jones MA, Laing VB, Files B, Park HK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 January; 38(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448215

•

Granuloma annulare of the penis. Author(s): Laird SM. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 August; 68(4): 277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1290511

•

Granuloma annulare of the penis. Author(s): Hillman RJ, Waldron S, Walker MM, Harris JR. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1992 February; 68(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1290479

Studies

21

•

Granuloma annulare of the supra-orbital region. A case report. Author(s): Cousin GC. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1991 October; 29(5): 347-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1742269

•

Granuloma annulare perforans in herpes zoster scars. Author(s): Krahl D, Hartschuh W, Tilgen W. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 November; 29(5 Pt 2): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8408827

•

Granuloma annulare possibly triggered by antitetanus vaccination. Author(s): Baykal C, Ozkaya-Bayazit E, Kaymaz R. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 September; 16(5): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428851

•

Granuloma annulare resolved with topical application of imiquimod. Author(s): Kuwahara RT, Skinner RB Jr. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220291

•

Granuloma annulare, nodular type--a subcutaneous pseudorheumatoid lesion in children. Author(s): Trobs RB, Borte M, Voppmann A, Weidenbach H, Thiele J. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1997 December; 7(6): 34952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9493987

•

Granuloma annulare: a case presentation of the typical and subcutaneous forms. Author(s): Miketa JP, Prigoff MM. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1993 January-February; 32(1): 34-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8318959

•

Granuloma annulare: a rare occipital lesion in a man. Author(s): Nogita T, Nakagawa H, Ishibashi Y. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1991 June; 30(6): 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1894418

22

Granuloma Annulare

•

Granuloma annulare: a review of 41 cases at the National Skin Centre. Author(s): Tan HH, Goh CL. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000 November; 29(6): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11269975

•

Granuloma annulare: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Mullans E, Helm KF. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1994 April; 21(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8040462

•

Granuloma annulare: another manifestation of Bartonella infection? Author(s): Smoller BR, Madhusudhan KT, Scott MA, Horn TD. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2001 December; 23(6): 510-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801791

•

Granuloma annulare: radiographic demonstration of progressive mutilating arthropathy with vanishing bones. Author(s): Bancroft LW, Perniciaro C, Berquist TH. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 April; 27(4): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9592904

•

Granuloma annulare-like infiltrates with concomitant cutaneous involvement by Bcell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of a case. Author(s): Fullen DR, Jacobson SN, Valdez R, Novice FM, Lowe L. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 February; 25(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544102

•

Histocompatibility antigens in granuloma annulare. Comparative study of the generalized and localized types. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Haim S, Gideone O, Barzilai A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 April; 98(4): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=638048

•

Histologic characteristics of granuloma multiforme (Mkar disease). Including a comparison with leprosy and granuloma annulare. Report of first case from Congo (Kinshasa). Author(s): Meyers WM, Connor DH, Shannon R. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1970 July-September; 38(3): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5533688

Studies

23

•

Histologic, ultrastructural and histochemical studies of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Umbert P, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 December; 113(12): 1681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=596898

•

HIV-associated granuloma annulare (HAGA): a report of six cases. Author(s): O'Moore EJ, Nandawni R, Uthayakumar S, Nayagam AT, Darley CR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 1054-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809877

•

HLA antigen frequency in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Middleton D, Allen GE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 January; 110(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6691918

•

HLA antigens in localized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Mobacken H, Lindholm A, Sandberg L. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1979; 59(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=84475

•

Hodgkin's disease and granuloma annulare. Author(s): Schwartz RA, Hansen RC, Lynch PJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1981 March; 117(3): 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7212733

•

Hodgkin's disease, seminoma of testicle and widespread granuloma annulare. Author(s): Harman RR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 July; 97 Suppl 15: 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=884052

•

How I treat granuloma annulare. Author(s): Ravits HG. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1970 December; 48(6): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5495556

•

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated granuloma annulare. Author(s): Cohen PR, Grossman ME, Silvers DN, DeLeo VA. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1991 May-June; 2(3): 168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1863646

24

Granuloma Annulare

•

Hypercalcaemic acute renal failure--a complication of granuloma annulare elastolyticum. Author(s): Ehehalt R, Bommer J, Andrassy K, Waldherr R, Ritz E. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1998 August; 13(8): 2125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9719181

•

Ichthyosis. Basal cell carcinoma. Granuloma annulare. Self-assessment examination of the American Academy of Dermatology. Author(s): Resnik KS, Kantor GR, Telang GH, Howe NR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 January; 30(1): 153-6; Quiz 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8277025

•

Identification of T-cell subpopulations in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Buechner SA, Winkelmann RK, Banks PM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 February; 119(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6218788

•

Immunopathologic demonstration of T lymphocyte subpopulations and interleukin 2 in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Modlin RL, Horwitz DA, Jordan RR, Gebhard JF, Taylor CR, Rea TH. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1984 July; 2(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6438616

•

Improvement of chronic generalized granuloma annulare with isotretinoin. Author(s): Adams DC, Hogan DJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 November; 138(11): 1518-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12437469

•

Increased activity of serum amine oxidases in granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and diabetes. Author(s): Yuen CT, Easton D, Misch KJ, Rhodes EL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 May; 116(5): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2885024

•

Increased factor VIII-related antigen in necrobiosis lipoidica and widespread granuloma annulare without associated diabetes. Author(s): Majewski BB, Koh MS, Barter S, Rhodes EL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 December; 107(6): 641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6816262

Studies

25

•

Increased plasma fibronectin in diabetes mellitus, necrobiosis lipoidica and widespread granuloma annulare. Author(s): Koh MS, Majewski BB, Barter S, Rhodes EL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1984 May; 9(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6733961

•

Inflammatory granuloma annulare. Author(s): Burnett JW, Wood C, Sina B, Dilaimy M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 April; 37(4): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3709220

•

Insulin production and glucose tolerance in patients with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Hammond R, Dyess K, Castro A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1972 December; 87(6): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4567641

•

Insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Gould PW, Stewart RD, Turnbull BC, Stringer HC. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1976 August; 17(2): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1022217

•

Interstitial mycosis fungoides, a variant of mycosis fungoides resembling granuloma annulare and inflammatory morphea. Author(s): Su LD, Kim YH, LeBoit PE, Swetter SM, Kohler S. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 2002 March; 29(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11972709

•

Intracellular elastin in generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Burket JM, Zelickson AS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 June; 14(6): 975-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722492

•

Is actinic granuloma really granuloma annulare? Author(s): Dahl MV. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1986 January; 122(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3942408

•

Is granuloma annulare related to intermediate uveitis with retinal vasculitis? Author(s): van Kooij B, van Dijk MC, de Boer J, Sigurdsson V, Rothova A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 87(6): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12770977

26

Granuloma Annulare

•

Isolation of adenovirus from a granuloma annulare-like lesion in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. Author(s): Coldiron BM, Freeman RG, Beaudoing DL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 May; 124(5): 654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2835014

•

Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from a skin lesion in a patient with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Strle F, Preac-Mursic V, Ruzic E, Wilske B, Cimperman J. Source: Infection. 1991 September-October; 19(5): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1800376

•

Isomorphic response after saphenectomy in a patient with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Borgia F, Cannavo SP, Guarneri F, Manfre C, Vaccaro M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 February; 50(2 Suppl): S31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726862

•

Knobbly granuloma annulare (GA) of the fingers of a milkman--a possible relationship to his work. Author(s): Beer WE, Wayte DM, Morgan GW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 January; 17(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1424266

•

Laboratory abnormalities in granuloma annulare: a case-control study. Author(s): Veraldi S, Bencini PL, Drudi E, Caputo R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9155993

•

Lack of an association between granuloma annulare and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Nebesio CL, Lewis C, Chuang TY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11841378

•

Letter: Generalized perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Jacyk WK, Birecka I. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 November; 110(5): 809. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4419942

Studies

27

•

Letter: Unusual case of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Burnett JW, Nowosiwsky T, Calton GJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1975 July; 111(7): 931. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1147649

•

Leukocyte function in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Cherney KJ, Lindroos WE, Goltz RW, Dahl MV. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 July; 101(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475984

•

Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) in granuloma annulare: a comparative study between the generalized and the localized types. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Gilhar A, Haim S, Golan DT. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1983; 63(3): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6192642

•

Linear granuloma annulare of the finger. Author(s): McDow RA, Fields JP. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1987 January; 39(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3802909

•

Linear granuloma annulare. Author(s): Harpster EF, Mauro T, Barr RJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 November; 21(5 Pt 2): 1138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2808847

•

Localized granuloma annulare (in an 88-year-old woman) Author(s): Hogan DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 June; 10(6): 1068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6736329

•

Localized granuloma annulare and autoimmune thyroid disease. Are they associated? Author(s): Moran J, Lamb J. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1995 December; 41: 2143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8680298

28

Granuloma Annulare

•

Localized granuloma annulare and autoimmune thyroiditis in adult women: a casecontrol study. Author(s): Vazquez-Lopez F, Pereiro M Jr, Manjon Haces JA, Gonzalez Lopez MA, Soler Sanchez T, Fernandez Coto T, Perez Oliva N, Toribio J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664012

•

Localized granuloma annulare and autoimmune thyroiditis: a new case report. Author(s): Vazquez-Lopez F, Gonzalez-Lopez MA, Raya-Aguado C, Perez-Oliva N. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 November; 43(5 Pt 2): 943-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11044830

•

Localized granuloma annulare associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in a patient with a positive family history for autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II. Author(s): Kappeler D, Troendle A, Mueller B. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2001 July; 145(1): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11415858

•

Localized granuloma annulare in children: a review of 42 cases. Author(s): Martinon-Torres F, Martinon-Sanchez JM, Martinon-Sanchez F. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 October; 158(10): 866. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10486097

•

Localized granuloma annulare involving the feet. Author(s): Robertozzi C, Aronberg L, Schwartz RA. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1982 February; 72(2): 94-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7069119

•

Localized granuloma annulare is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Muhlemann MF, Williams DR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 September; 111(3): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6477828

•

Localized granuloma annulare. Histopathological and direct immunofluorescence study of early lesions, and the adjacent normal-looking skin of actively spreading lesions. Author(s): Bergman R, Pam Z, Lichtig C, Reiter I, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1993 December; 15(6): 544-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8311184

Studies

29

•

Low-dose chlorambucil in the treatment of generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Kossard S, Winkelmann RK. Source: Dermatologica. 1979; 158(6): 443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=467763

•

Lymphoepithelioid cell lymphoma (Lennert's lymphoma) presenting as atypical granuloma annulare. Author(s): Bhushan M, Craven NM, Armstrong GR, Chalmers RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 776-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10792231

•

Lymphokines (MIF) in the serum of patients with sarcoidosis and cutaneous granuloma annulare. Author(s): Umbert P, Belcher RW, Winkelmann RK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 November; 95(5): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=791335

•

Malassezia (Pityrosporum) folliculitis occurring with granuloma annulare and alopecia areata. Author(s): Hanna JM, Johnson WT, Wyre HW Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 October; 119(10): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6614954

•

Microangiopathy in cases of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Haim S, Shafrir A, Haim N, Lichtig C. Source: Dermatologica. 1973; 147(4): 261-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4131092

•

Mid-dermal elastolysis in an adolescent subsequent to lesions resembling granuloma annulare. Author(s): Yen A, Tschen J, Raimer SS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 November; 37(5 Pt 2): 870-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9366855

•

Mitotic granuloma annulare: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Author(s): Trotter MJ, Crawford RI, O'Connell JX, Tron VA. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1996 December; 23(6): 537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001984

30

Granuloma Annulare

•

Monocyte-modulating activities in the sera of patients with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Baba T, Yamaguchi K, Hoshino M, Uyeno K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 15(3): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3053834

•

Morphoea, sclerotic panatrophy and disseminated granuloma annulare. Author(s): Holmes RC, Meara RH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1983 March; 8(2): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6851242

•

Multiple lesions of granuloma annulare following BCG vaccination: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Kakurai M, Kiyosawa T, Ohtsuki M, Nakagawa H. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 September; 40(9): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737453

•

Mycobacterium marinum infection simulating interstitial granuloma annulare: a report of two cases. Author(s): Barr KL, Lowe L, Su LD. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 2003 April; 25(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652197

•

Mycosis fungoides mimicking granuloma annulare. Author(s): Jouary T, Beylot-Barry M, Vergier B, Paroissien J, Doutre MS, Beylot C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 146(6): 1102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072089

•

Necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare. Author(s): Cohen IJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 January; 10(1): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6693593

•

Necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare. Simultaneous occurrence in a patient. Author(s): Schwartz ME. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 March; 118(3): 192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065670

•

Necrobiotic granulomas localised to the penis: a possible variant of subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Author(s): Kossard S, Collins AG, Wegman A, Hughes MR. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1990 April; 17(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338455

Studies

31

•

Neutrophil migration in granuloma annulare: comparative study between localized and generalized types and between active and regressive states. Author(s): Friedman-Birnbaum R, Bergman R, Obedeanu N, Meshulam T, Merzbach D. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1985 October; 12(5): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3914498

•

Neutrophil mobility in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Majewski BB, Rhodes EL, Watson B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1981 November; 6(6): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7341011

•

Nodular tertiary syphilis mimicking granuloma annulare. Author(s): Wu SJ, Nguyen EQ, Nielsen TA, Pellegrini AE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 February; 42(2 Pt 2): 378-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640938

•

Octopus bite resulting in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Fulghum DD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 November; 79(11): 1434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3775473

•

Paediatric periocular granuloma annulare. Author(s): Goldstein SM, Douglas RS, Binenbaum G, Katowitz JA. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 81(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12631034

•

Papular elastolytic giant cell granuloma: a clinical variant of annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma or generalized granuloma annulare? Author(s): Morita K, Okamoto H, Miyachi Y. Source: European Journal of Dermatology : Ejd. 1999 December; 9(8): 647-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10586135

•

Papular granuloma annulare and diabetes mellitus. Report of cases. Author(s): Romaine R, Rudner EJ, Altman J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 August; 98(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5673880

32

Granuloma Annulare

•

Papular umbilicated granuloma annulare in association with Alagille syndrome. Author(s): Kibarian MA, Mallory SB, Keating J, Shitabata P. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 March; 36(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9159006

•

Papular umbilicated granuloma annulare. A report of four pediatric cases. Author(s): Lucky AW, Prose NS, Bove K, White WL, Jorizzo JL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 October; 128(10): 1375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417027

•

Papules on the hands. Granuloma annulare. Author(s): Fang KS, Lawry M, Haas A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 December; 137(12): 1647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11735719

•

Patch granuloma annulare: clinicopathologic study of 6 patients. Author(s): Mutasim DF, Bridges AG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 March; 42(3): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688710

•

Penile granuloma annulare. Author(s): Narouz N, Allan PS, Wade AH. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 June; 75(3): 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448398

•

Perforating granuloma annulare and diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Jelinek JE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 July-August; 29(6): 458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397977

•

Perforating granuloma annulare and HIV. Author(s): Nunez M, Miralles ES, del Olmo N, Ledo A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 September; 75(5): 407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615067

•

Perforating granuloma annulare and vitamin D. Author(s): Aliaga A, Serrano G, de la Cuadra J, Fortea JM. Source: Dermatologica. 1982 January; 164(1): 62-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7067882

Studies

33

•

Perforating granuloma annulare complicating tattoos. Author(s): Gradwell E, Evans S. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 February; 138(2): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602895

•

Perforating granuloma annulare in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Immunohistologic evaluation of the cellular infiltrate. Author(s): Huerter CJ, Bass J, Bergfeld WF, Tubbs RR. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 September; 123(9): 1217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3498442

•

Perforating granuloma annulare presenting on the ears. Author(s): Farrar CW, Bell HK, Dobson CM, Sharpe GR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 147(5): 1026-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410726

•

Perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Tan R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 July; 97 Suppl 15: 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=884053

•

Perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Owens DW, Freeman RG. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 January; 103(1): 64-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5539506

•

Perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Wright AL, Buxton PK, McLaren KM. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1989 September; 28(7): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2777448

•

Perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Penas PF, Jones-Caballero M, Fraga J, Sanchez-Perez J, Garcia-Diez A. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 May; 36(5): 340-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9199980

•

Perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Shimizu H, Harada T, Baba E, Kuramochi M. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 November; 24(9): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4066100

34

Granuloma Annulare

•

Perforating granuloma annulare: report of three cases from Scandinavia. Author(s): Agren-Jonsson S, Holst R, Dahlquist I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1977; 57(6): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=73332

•

Perforating granuloma annulare: response to treatment with isotretinoin. Author(s): Ratnavel RC, Norris PG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 January; 32(1): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822503

•

Periocular granuloma annulare, nodular type. Occurrence in late middle age. Author(s): Burnstine MA, Headington JT, Reifler DM, Oestreicher JH, Elner VM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 December; 112(12): 1590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7993215

•

Periocular granuloma annulare. Author(s): Lawton AW, Karesh JW. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1987 January-February; 31(4): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3576444

•

Periorbital granuloma annulare. Author(s): McFarland JP, Kauh YC, Luscombe HA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 March; 118(3): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7065669

•

Photochemotherapy of generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Kerker BJ, Huang CP, Morison WL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 March; 126(3): 359-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2310208

•

Phototherapy with UV-A-I for generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Muchenberger S, Schopf E, Simon JC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 December; 133(12): 1605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9420554

•

Polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocyte function in necrobiosis lipoidica and granuloma annulare. Author(s): Koh MS, Majewski BB, Barter S, Rhodes EL. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1983; 275(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6847243

Studies

35

•

Potassium iodide in the treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare. Author(s): Smith JB, Hansen CD, Zone JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1994 May; 30(5 Pt 1): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8176023

•

Precipitating factors and associated diseases in 84 patients with granuloma annulare: a retrospective study. Author(s): Studer EM, Calza AM, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(4): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8993973

•

Pruritic, pink, papular eruption. Generalized granuloma annulare (GA). Author(s): Birnbaum PS, Tan OT. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 August; 123(8): 1071-2, 1074-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631986

•

Pseudorheumatoid nodule (deep granuloma annulare) of childhood: clinicopathologic features of twenty patients. Author(s): Evans MJ, Blessing K, Gray ES. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1994 March; 11(1): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8170852

•

Pseudorheumatoid nodule versus granuloma annulare. A case report. Author(s): Kaloogian H, Havens R, Thul JR, Hoffman S. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1985 August; 75(8): 4347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4020670

•

Pseudorheumatoid nodules preceding granuloma annulare. Author(s): Mukamel M, Metzker A. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 February; 33(2): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6697773

•

Psoriasis, necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, vitiligo and skin infections in the same diabetic patient. Author(s): Abraham Z, Lahat N, Kinarty A, Feuerman EJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1990 July; 17(7): 440-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229646

36

Granuloma Annulare

•

Pustular generalized perforating granuloma annulare. Author(s): Gamo Villegas R, Sopena Barona J, Guerra Tapia A, Vergara Sanchez A, Rodriguez Peralto JL, Iglesias DIez L. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 October; 149(4): 866-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616383

•

PUVA therapy of diffuse granuloma annulare. Author(s): Hindson TC, Spiro JG, Cochrane H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1988 January; 13(1): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3208437

•

PUVA therapy of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Schmutz JL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 July; 25(5): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11012606

•

Quantification of Pro alpha 1(I) collagen mRNA in skin biopsy specimens: levels of transcription in normal skin and in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Tasanen K, Hamalainen ER, Palatsi R, Oikarinen A. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 September; 107(3): 314-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8751962

•

Remission of human immunodeficiency virus-associated generalized granuloma annulare under zidovudine therapy. Author(s): Leenutaphong V, Holzle E, Erckenbrecht J, Zuleger S, Plewig G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 December; 19(6): 11267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3204184

•

Resolution of cutaneous lesions of granuloma annulare by intralesional injection of human fibroblast interferon. Author(s): Baba T, Hoshino M, Uyeno K. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1988 July; 124(7): 1015-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3389846

•

Resolution of disseminated granuloma annulare following isotretinoin therapy. Author(s): Schleicher SM, Milstein HJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 August; 36(2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3861298

Studies

37

•

Resolution of disseminated granuloma annulare with isotretinoin. Author(s): Schleicher SM, Milstein HJ, Lim SJ, Stanton CD. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 May; 31(5): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1587674

•

Resolution of generalized granuloma annulare with isotretinoin therapy. Author(s): Tang WY, Chong LY, Lo KK. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 June; 35(6): 455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8737887

•

Resolution of patch-type granuloma annulare lesions after biopsy. Author(s): Levin NA, Patterson JW, Yao LL, Wilson BB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 March; 46(3): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862181

•

Response of generalized granuloma annulare to alkylating agents. Author(s): Kossard S, Winkelmann RK. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1978 February; 114(2): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=629548

•

Response to cyclosporine in a patient with disseminated granuloma annulare associated with CD4+/CD8+(dim)/CD56+ large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Granjo E, Lima M, Lopes JM, Fernandes JC, Antunes I, Candeias J, Matutes E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 February; 138(2): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11843663

•

Rheumatoid nodule and subcutaneous granuloma annulare. A comparative histologic study. Author(s): Patterson JW. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1988 February; 10(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2459983

•

Rod-shaped bodies resembling birbeck granule-like structures in endothelial cells of dermal capillaries in generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Kohn S, Friedman-Birnbaum R. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 28(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11280466

•

Scarification treatment of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Wilkin JK, DuComb D, Castrow FF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1982 January; 118(1): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059206

38

Granuloma Annulare

•

Seasonally recurrent granuloma annulare of the elbows. Author(s): McLelland J, Young S, Marks JM, Lawrence CM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1991 March; 16(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2032375

•

Seasonally recurrent granuloma annulare on sun-exposed areas. Author(s): Uenotsuchi T, Imayama S, Furue M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 August; 141(2): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468828

•

Serum alpha 2 globulin levels in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Majewski BB, Barter S, Rhodes EL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1981 November; 105(5): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6170304

•

Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Rohrbach MS, Kossard S, Winkelmann RK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 March; 90(3): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=218483

•

Serum beta-glucuronidase activity in human diabetes mellitus, granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Koh MS, Majewski BB, Barter S, Chilvers C, Rhodes EL. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1983 May; 8(3): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6883796

•

Serum lysozyme in patients with localized and generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Padilla RS, Holguin T, Burgdorf WH, Dahl MV. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1985 May; 121(5): 624-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3994408

•

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: presentation as giant granuloma annulare and detection of human herpesvirus 6. Author(s): Scheel MM, Rady PL, Tyring SK, Pandya AG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 October; 37(4): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9344207

•

Speculations on the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Dahl MV. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1985 August; 26(2): 49-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3910014

Studies

39

•

Stump the experts: granuloma annulare disseminatum. Author(s): Kouskoukis CE. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 March; 13(3): 233, 295. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3819158

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare in an adult. Author(s): Miljkovic J, Krajnc I. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2003 May 15; 115(9): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12793032

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare in childhood: clinicopathologic features in 34 cases. Author(s): Grogg KL, Nascimento AG. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 March; 107(3): E42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11230623

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare in identical twins. Author(s): Bowen JR. Source: Del Med J. 1982 September; 54(9): 509-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890480

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the extremities in children. Author(s): Letts M, Carpenter B, Soucy P, Davidson D. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2000 December; 43(6): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129830

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the finger. Author(s): Wilkes JA, Hill JJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1986 May; 11(3): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3711620

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the foot. An atypical case report. Author(s): Politz MJ, Miller ML. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1983 March; 73(3): 147-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6841885

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the scalp in a diabetic child. Author(s): Wong GA, Verbov JL. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 May-June; 19(3): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047654

40

Granuloma Annulare

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare("pseudorheumatoid nodule") of the eyebrow. Author(s): Ferry AP. Source: J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1977 May-June; 14(3): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=915644

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Author(s): Basler RS, Taylor WB. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 June; 132(6): 637. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=655152

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a review of 47 cases. Author(s): Felner EI, Steinberg JB, Weinberg AG. Source: Pediatrics. 1997 December; 100(6): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9374565

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: four cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Argent JD, Fairhurst JJ, Clarke NM. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1994; 24(7): 527-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7885793

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: MR imaging features in six children and literature review. Author(s): Chung S, Frush DP, Prose NS, Shea CR, Laor T, Bisset GS. Source: Radiology. 1999 March; 210(3): 845-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10207490

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: MR imaging findings. Author(s): De Maeseneer M, Vande Walle H, Lenchik L, Machiels F, Desprechins B. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 April; 27(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9592905

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: radiologic appearance. Author(s): Kransdorf MJ, Murphey MD, Temple HT. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1998 May; 27(5): 266-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9638837

•

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: recognition and treatment. Author(s): Davids JR, Kolman BH, Billman GF, Krous HF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1993 September-October; 13(5): 582-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8376556

Studies

41

•

Successful outcome of cryosurgery in patients with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Blume-Peytavi U, Zouboulis CC, Jacobi H, Scholz A, Bisson S, Orfanos CE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 April; 130(4): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8186116

•

Successful treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with topical tacrolimus. Author(s): Jain S, Stephens CJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 May; 150(5): 1042-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15149532

•

Successful treatment response of granuloma annulare and carpal tunnel syndrome to chlorambucil. Author(s): Winkelmann RK, Stevens JC. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1994 December; 69(12): 1163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7967778

•

Sulfone treatment of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Steiner A, Pehamberger H, Wolff K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 December; 13(6): 10048. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3908511

•

Sweat gland disturbances in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Hatzis J, Varelzidis A, Tosca A, Stratigos J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1983 June; 108(6): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6860561

•

Sweet's syndrome in association with generalized granuloma annulare in a patient with previous breast carcinoma. Author(s): Antony F, Holden CA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 November; 26(8): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11722452

•

T-cell receptor repertoire and cytokine pattern in granuloma annulare: defining a particular type of cutaneous granulomatous inflammation. Author(s): Mempel M, Musette P, Flageul B, Schnopp C, Remling R, Gachelin G, Kourilsky P, Ring J, Abeck D. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 June; 118(6): 957-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12060389

42

Granuloma Annulare

•

The fine structure of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Charles CR, Cooper PH, Helwig EB. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1977 April; 36(4): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=846192

•

The granuloma annulare phenotype and tuberculosis. Author(s): Winkelmann RK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 June; 46(6): 948-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063498

•

The oligosaccharidic component of the glycoconjugates in lichen planus, granuloma annulare, seborrheic keratosis and plamoplantar keratoderma: lectin histochemical study. Author(s): Gheri G, Russo G, Cappugi P, Sgambati E, Bryk SG. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 1999 July; 14(3): 697-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10425537

•

The response of generalized granuloma annulare to dapsone. Author(s): Czarnecki DB, Gin D. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1986; 66(1): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2424227

•

The ultrastructure of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Wolff HH, Maciejewski W. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1977 September 27; 259(3): 225-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=911190

•

Topical tacrolimus in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica. Author(s): Harth W, Linse R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2004 April; 150(4): 792-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15099394

•

Topical vitamin E in granuloma annulare. Author(s): Ashamalla L, Maurice M, Sidhom K. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 27(5): 348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3391733

Studies

43

•

Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and vitamin E. Author(s): Smith KJ, Norwood C, Skelton H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 667-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11966702

•

Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with fumaric acid esters. Author(s): Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Brockmeyer NH. Source: Bmc Dermatology [electronic Resource]. 2002 March 19; 2(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11914154

•

Treatment of disseminated granuloma annulare with potassium iodide. Author(s): Giessel M, Graves K, Kalivas J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 May; 115(5): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=375842

•

Treatment of generalized granuloma annulare with dapsone. Author(s): Saied N, Schwartz RA, Estes SA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1980 December; 116(12): 1345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7458358

•

Treatment of granuloma annulare by local injections with low-dose recombinant human interferon gamma. Author(s): Weiss JM, Muchenberger S, Schopf E, Simon JC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 July; 39(1): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674407

•

Treatment of granuloma annulare with potassium iodide. Author(s): Caserio RJ, Eaglstein WH, Allen CM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 February; 10(2 Pt 1): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6715601

•

Treatment of granuloma annulare with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Author(s): Kuwahara RT, Naylor MF, Skinner RB. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2003 January-February; 20(1): 90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558858

•

Treatment of granuloma annulare with tranilast. Author(s): Yamada H, Ide A, Sugiura M, Kurihara S, Tajima S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 22(5): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7545709

44

Granuloma Annulare

•

Ulcerated necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in a patient with a history of generalized granuloma annulare. Author(s): Berkson MH, Bondi EE, Margolis DJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1994 February; 53(2): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7851128

•

Uveitis associated with granuloma annulare. Author(s): Oz O, Tursen U, Yildirim O, Kaya TI, Ikizoglu G. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635683

•

Vasculitis in granuloma annulare: histopathology and direct immunofluorescence. Author(s): Dahl MV, Ullman S, Goltz RW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 April; 113(4): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322621

•

Visceral and skin granuloma annulare, diabetes, and polyendocrine disease. Author(s): Thomas DJ, Rademaker M, Munro DD, Levison DA, Besser GM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 October 18; 293(6553): 9778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3094761

•

Widespread granuloma annulare and cervical adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Vassileva S, Krasteva M, Marina S, Tsankov N. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1992 November; 31(11): 819. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1296612

45

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GRANULOMA ANNULARE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to granuloma annulare. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to granuloma annulare and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to granuloma annulare: •

Granuloma annulare associated with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Setoyama M, Kerdel FA, Byrnes JJ, Kanzaki T. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 36(6): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9248891

•

Granuloma annulare in a patient with malignant lymphoma. Author(s): Ono H, Yokozeki H, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(1): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267737

•

Isotretinoin in the treatment of granuloma annulare. Author(s): Looney M, Smith KM.

46

Granuloma Annulare

Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2004 March; 38(3): 494-7. Epub 2004 January 23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970372 •

Response of generalized granuloma annulare to high-dose niacinamide. Author(s): Ma A, Medenica M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 October; 119(10): 836-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6225398

•

Successful treatment of generalized granuloma annulare with polyethylene sheet bath PUVA. Author(s): Szegedi A, Begany A, Hunyadi J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 January; 79(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086870

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the

Alternative Medicine 47

MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

49

CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON GRANULOMA ANNULARE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “granuloma annulare” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on granuloma annulare, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Granuloma Annulare As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to granuloma annulare:

7Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 8 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

50

•

Granuloma Annulare

Therapeutic film forming composition and treatment system therefor Inventor(s): Dvoretzky, Israel; (Hamden, CT), Kuleza, John E; (Berlin, CT) Correspondence: Melvin I Stoltz; 51 Cherry Street; Milford; CT; 06460; US Patent Application Number: 20040071760 Date filed: November 5, 2003 Abstract: By providing a film forming composition incorporationg one or more therapeutic substances for application to nails and/or skin surfaces which can be employed independently or, if desired, in combination with an easily employed holding or support member for delivering heat directly to the application site an easily employed, convenient, consumer-oriented treatment system is achieved for treating nails and/or skin surfaces for a wide variety of medical problems. The treatment system of the present invention possesses broad applicability for a wide range of medical conditions, including the mumerous diseases, disorders, and medical problems, all of which are capable of being treated using the present invention. In particular, diseases, disorders, and medical conditionss which include, but are not limited to, psoriasis, skin cancers, warts, leishmaniasis, mycobacteria, and granuloma annulare can be specifically treated or improved due to the efficacy of the present invention and, when employed, the efficacy of heat penetration in treating these disorders. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to diseases found in and beneath fingernails, toe-nails and on skin surfaces and, more particularly, to a fully integrated treatment system for delivering drug therapy to diseases affecting nails and skin surfaces. Diseases which affect the skin surfaces and/or the fingernails and/or toenails of individuals are extremely common and often create substantial difficulties for the individuals who are effected. As detailed herein, a wide variety of the diseases have been found to afflict individuals in this manner, with no realistically effective remedy being available. In order to recognize the difficulties encountered in this area, it is important to understand the unique structure of nails. As is well known, the nail is a unique keratinous appendage that is produced by the germinative epithelium of the matrix. The construction of a typical nail is similar to the construction of the skin surface in which the basal epidermal cells produce the stratum corneum. However, the nail has a harder keratin than the skin because of the higher concentration of sulfur matrix protein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with granuloma annulare, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on granuloma annulare. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning granuloma annulare. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

51

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON GRANULOMA ANNULARE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to granuloma annulare. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on granuloma annulare include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Granuloma Annulare In order to find chapters that specifically relate to granuloma annulare, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and granuloma annulare using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on granuloma annulare: •

Skin Changes with Diabetes Source: in Leahy, J.L.; Clark, N.G.; Cefalu, W.T. Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Monticello, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000. p. 539-557. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (845) 796-1919 or (800) 228-1160. Fax (845) 796-1772. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.dekker.com. PRICE: $99.75. ISBN: 824788575. Summary: There are no skin changes that are absolutely diagnostic of diabetes or that invariably accompany it, but there are many skin changes that may be seen in diabetes. Insulin affects the utilization of glucose in the skin, and levels of insulin and glucose are reflected in the skin as they are in other tissues. This chapter on the skin changes associated with diabetes is from a textbook for practicing providers and for physicians in training that offers a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of diabetes mellitus. The text outlines the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to clinical

52

Granuloma Annulare

problems, rather than try to be encyclopedic in coverage. In this chapter, the author covers diabetic skin changes of unknown cause, including necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, acanthosis nigricans, and vitiligo; skin changes of chronic degenerative disease, including diabetic dermopathy, skin atrophy and ulceration, thick skin, and bullous lesions; skin changes from severe metabolic abnormalities, including xanthomas and infections; and reactions to diabetes therapy. For each condition, the author considers etiology, pathology, diagnosis, and therapy. 12 figures. 10 references. •

Solving Skin Problems Source: in Touchette, N. Diabetes Problem Solver. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 295-311. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $19.95 for members; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1570400091. Summary: This chapter deals with solving skin problems in people who have diabetes. People who have diabetes may experience many skin problems, including digital sclerosis, Dupuytren's contracture, yellow skin, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, scleredema, bullosis diabeticorum, xanthomas, acanthus nigricans, vitiligo, pruritus, and necrolytic migratory erythema. Other skin problems include yeast infections; fungal infections; and bacterial infections such as impetigo, erythrasma, erysipelas, carbuncles and furuncles, cellulitis, necrotizing fascitis and cellulitis, and abscesses. In addition, skin problems may occur as a result of reactions to diabetes medications such as insulin and sulfonylureas. The chapter presents the symptoms of these skin conditions and explains what action people should take if they experience any of the symptoms of these conditions.

•

Cutaneous Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Source: in Sperling, M.A. Type 1 Diabetes: Etiology and Treatment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc. 2003. p. 485-499. Contact: Available from Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512. (973) 256-1699. Fax (973) 256-8341. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.humanapress.com. PRICE: $165.00; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 896039315. Summary: This chapter on cutaneous complications of type 1 diabetes is from a book in which well-recognized physicians and researchers review the latest thinking about the causes of type 1 diabetes and the best approaches to treating both its acute and chronic complications. The authors of this chapter include a broach range of clinical entities. Topics include sclerederma, waxy skin and stiff joints (cheiroarthopathy), diabetic dermopathy, ulcerations of the lower extremities, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, disseminated granuloma annulare, xanthomas, acanthosis nigricans, bullous diabeticorum, acquired perforating dermatosis, infections, and drug reactions to insulin. 8 figures. 1 table. 61 references.

53

APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

56

Granuloma Annulare

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

57

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

58

Granuloma Annulare

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway12

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 724 3 35 0 23 785

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 16 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 12 13

Physician Resources

59

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 17

18

61

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on granuloma annulare can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to granuloma annulare. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to granuloma annulare. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “granuloma annulare”:

62

Granuloma Annulare

Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Piercing and Tattoos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/piercingandtattoos.html Skin Pigmentation Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinpigmentationdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on granuloma annulare. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Skin Care and Common Skin Problems Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 199x. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association, Inc. Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. PRICE: $9.95 (members), $11.95 (nonmembers) for 50 copies; single copy free. Order number CDBD32. Summary: This fact sheet, which is one in a series of 42 fact sheets about daily living and coping with diabetes, provides information on skin care and common skin problems. The fact sheet notes that as many as a third of people with diabetes will have a skin disorder caused or affected by diabetes at some point. Most skin conditions can be prevented or easily treated if caught early. The fact sheet suggests keeping diabetes well controlled; keeping skin clean and dry; avoiding hot baths and showers; preventing dry skin; treating cuts immediately; maintaining a more humid atmosphere during colder, drier months; using mild shampoos and unscented soaps; consulting a dermatologist if necessary; and maintaining good foot care. Topics include bacterial infections, fungal infections, itching, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, atherosclerosis, allergic reactions, diabetic blisters (bullosis diabeticorum), eruptive xanthomatosis, digital sclerosis, disseminated granuloma annulare, acanthosis nigricans, and good skin care. (AA-M).

Patient Resources

63

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to granuloma annulare. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to granuloma annulare. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with granuloma annulare. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about granuloma annulare. For more

64

Granuloma Annulare

information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “granuloma annulare” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “granuloma annulare”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “granuloma annulare” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “granuloma annulare” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

65

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

66

Granuloma Annulare

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

67

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

68

Granuloma Annulare

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

69

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

70

Granuloma Annulare

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

71

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on granuloma annulare: •

Basic Guidelines for Granuloma Annulare RA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000431.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Granuloma Annulare Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Papule Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003233.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Granuloma Annulare ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm

72

Granuloma Annulare

Factor I Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003650.htm KOH test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003736.htm Rheumatoid factor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

73

GRANULOMA ANNULARE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the

74

Granuloma Annulare

alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble

Dictionary 75

substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed

76

Granuloma Annulare

from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal

Dictionary 77

functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorambucil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

78

Granuloma Annulare

Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

Dictionary 79

Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH]

80

Granuloma Annulare

Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defibrotide: A drug under study for the prevention of veno-occlusive disease, a rare complication of high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in which small veins in the liver become blocked. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy;

Dictionary 81

superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH]

82

Granuloma Annulare

Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrasma: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH]

Dictionary 83

Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state

84

Granuloma Annulare

before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histiocytosis: General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nonLangerhans cell histiocytosis, and malignant histiocytic disorders. [NIH]

Dictionary 85

Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,

86

Granuloma Annulare

subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Interstitial Collagenase: A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving fibrillar collagen. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III. EC 3.4.24.7. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH]

Dictionary 87

Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells

88

Granuloma Annulare

that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH]

Dictionary 89

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycosis Fungoides: A chronic malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages the lymph nodes and viscera are affected. [NIH] Myelodysplastic syndrome: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or smoldering leukemia. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrobiosis Lipoidica: A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional

90

Granuloma Annulare

deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third

Dictionary 91

compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

92

Granuloma Annulare

Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preleukemia: Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to

Dictionary 93

recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH]

94

Granuloma Annulare

Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rheumatoid Nodule: Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily

Dictionary 95

the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminoma: A type of cancer of the testicles. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Smoldering leukemia: Disease in which the bone marrow does not function normally. Also called preleukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH]

96

Granuloma Annulare

Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH]

Dictionary 97

Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]

98

Granuloma Annulare

Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 99

Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xanthoma: A tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma. [EU] Xanthomatosis: A condition of morphologic change in which there is accumulation of lipids in the large foam cells of tissues. It is the cutaneous manifestation of lipidosis in which plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins are quantitatively changed. The xanthomatous eruptions have several different distinct morphologies dependent upon the specific form taken by the disease. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH]

101

INDEX A Acanthosis Nigricans, 52, 62, 73 Acne Vulgaris, 73, 86 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 8, 13, 26, 33, 73 Acute renal, 24, 73, 84 Adenocarcinoma, 19, 44, 73 Adenovirus, 26, 73 Adverse Effect, 73, 86, 95 Age of Onset, 73, 98 Algorithms, 73, 76 Alkylating Agents, 37, 73, 77 Allylamine, 73, 74 Alopecia, 29, 73 Alpha-helix, 73, 86 Alternative medicine, 73 Amber, 73, 85 Amine, 24, 74 Amino acid, 74, 80, 85, 88, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98 Amino Acid Sequence, 74 Amlodipine, 5, 74 Ammonia, 74 Anaplasia, 74 Anatomical, 74, 81, 95 Anemia, 74, 99 Angina, 74 Angina Pectoris, 74 Angiogenesis, 74, 88 Antibodies, 7, 74, 75, 88, 91 Antibody, 74, 78, 85 Antigen, 5, 23, 24, 74, 78, 83, 85 Anti-infective, 75, 95 Antineoplastic, 73, 75 Antineoplastic Agents, 73, 75 Apoptosis, 16, 75 Applicability, 50, 75 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 75, 87 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 75, 87 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 75, 87 Arteries, 75, 76, 79, 88 Artery, 75, 79, 81, 90 Arthropathy, 22, 75 Atrophy, 52, 75 Atypical, 8, 13, 29, 39, 75 Autoantibodies, 8, 75 Autoantigens, 75 Autologous, 17, 75

Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 17, 75 Axonal, 76, 99 B Bacteria, 75, 76, 81, 82, 88, 96, 97, 98 Bacterial Infections, 52, 62, 76 Baths, 62, 76 Benign, 9, 62, 76, 89 Biochemical, 9, 76, 86 Biopsy, 36, 37, 71, 72, 76 Biopsy specimen, 36, 76 Biotechnology, 3, 4, 57, 76 Bladder, 76, 92, 98 Blood Glucose, 76, 86 Blood vessel, 74, 76, 77, 81, 84, 86, 88, 95, 98 Bone Marrow, 17, 75, 76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 99 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 17, 76 Bullous, 52, 76 C Calcitonin, 13, 76 Calcium, 74, 76, 77, 78, 88 Calcium channel blocker, 74, 77 Callus, 77, 86 Carbohydrate, 6, 9, 77, 83, 92 Carcinogenic, 73, 77 Carcinoma, 19, 24, 41, 77 Carotene, 77, 94 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 41, 77 Case report, 8, 13, 17, 21, 28, 30, 35, 39, 77 Caustic, 77, 95 Cell, 22, 24, 29, 31, 41, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 99 Cell Death, 75, 77, 83, 89 Cell Transplantation, 77, 80 Cellulitis, 52, 77 Cervical, 44, 77, 88 Cervix, 77 Character, 74, 77, 80 Chemotherapy, 77, 80 Chlorambucil, 14, 29, 41, 77 Chromatin, 75, 77, 96 Chronic, 9, 13, 24, 52, 73, 78, 82, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 96 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 78 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 13, 78 CIS, 78, 94

102

Granuloma Annulare

Clinical trial, 3, 57, 78, 79, 93 Cloning, 76, 78 Coenzyme, 78, 89 Collagen, 7, 9, 10, 36, 74, 78, 82, 86, 88, 91, 92 Complement, 78, 79 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 46, 79 Complementary medicine, 45, 79 Computational Biology, 57, 79 Concomitant, 10, 22, 79 Cones, 79, 94 Congestion, 79, 82 Connective Tissue, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 87, 89, 91, 94 Contact dermatitis, 10, 79 Contracture, 52, 79 Contraindications, ii, 79 Cornea, 79, 95, 98 Corneum, 50, 79, 81 Coronary, 74, 79, 88 Coronary Thrombosis, 79, 88 Corpus, 79, 90 Cryosurgery, 41, 79 Cutaneous, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 41, 44, 52, 79, 87, 91, 94, 99 Cyclosporine, 11, 37, 79 Cysteine, 80, 96 Cytokine, 41, 80, 91 Cytoplasm, 75, 80, 84 D Decubitus, 80, 95 Decubitus Ulcer, 80, 95 Defibrotide, 4, 80 Degenerative, 52, 80, 84, 89 Deletion, 75, 80 Dementia, 73, 80 Dendrites, 80 Dendritic, 15, 80 Density, 80, 91 Depigmentation, 80, 99 Dermal, 10, 11, 12, 29, 37, 80, 87, 89 Dermatitis, 10, 11, 80 Dermatologist, 62, 80 Dermatosis, 52, 80 Detergents, 80, 95 Diabetes Mellitus, 7, 17, 25, 31, 32, 38, 51, 80, 83 Diagnostic procedure, 49, 80 Direct, iii, 13, 28, 44, 80, 93 Discrete, 80, 87 Dorsal, 80, 82

Dose-dependent, 81, 99 Drug Tolerance, 81, 97 E Edema, 79, 81 Efficacy, 50, 81 Elastin, 25, 78, 81, 82 Electrolyte, 81, 92 Emaciation, 73, 81 Emboli, 20, 81 Enamel, 81, 86 Endothelial cell, 37, 81 Environmental Health, 56, 58, 81 Enzymatic, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 94 Enzyme, 38, 75, 78, 81, 83, 87, 91, 97, 99 Epidermal, 15, 50, 81, 87 Epidermis, 79, 81, 86, 87, 93 Epithelial, 73, 81, 82, 84 Epithelial Cells, 81, 84 Epithelium, 50, 81 Erectile, 81, 90 Erysipelas, 52, 81 Erythema, 8, 13, 52, 79, 82 Erythema Multiforme, 13, 82 Erythrasma, 52, 82 Etretinate, 14, 82 Exogenous, 82, 98 Extensor, 82, 93, 99 Extracellular, 79, 82, 88 Extracellular Matrix, 79, 82, 88 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 82, 88 Eye Infections, 73, 82 F Family Planning, 57, 82 Fat, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 87, 94, 95 Fibrinolytic, 11, 82 Fibroblasts, 82, 94 Fibronectin, 25, 82 Fibrosis, 73, 79, 82, 94, 95 Flagellum, 7, 82 Flexor, 82, 87 Foam Cells, 82, 99 Follicles, 82, 83 Folliculitis, 29, 83 Foot Care, 62, 83 Fungus, 83, 89 G Gene, 73, 76, 83 Gene Therapy, 73, 83 Genotype, 83, 91 Giant Cells, 83, 94 Gland, 41, 83, 87, 90, 92, 95, 97 Glucose, 14, 25, 51, 76, 80, 83, 86

103

Glucose Intolerance, 80, 83 Glucose tolerance, 25, 83 Glucose Tolerance Test, 83 Glucuronic Acid, 84 Glycoprotein, 82, 83, 84 Gonad, 84, 97 Governing Board, 84, 92 Graft, 84, 93 Graft-versus-host disease, 84, 93 Granule, 37, 84 Granulocytes, 84, 87, 99 H Hair follicles, 83, 84, 96 Heme, 84, 92, 98 Hemolytic, 84, 85 Heparin, 15, 84 Hepatic, 83, 84, 92 Hepatitis, 9, 84 Hepatocytes, 84 Herpes, 18, 19, 21, 84 Herpes Zoster, 18, 19, 21, 84 Histiocytosis, 12, 38, 84 Hormonal, 75, 85 Hormone, 76, 85, 86, 94, 97 Hydrogen, 74, 77, 82, 85, 89, 99 Hydroxylysine, 78, 85 Hydroxyproline, 74, 78, 85 Hygienic, 85, 95 Hyperplasia, 85, 87 Hypertension, 74, 85 I Idiopathic, 85, 94 Immersion, 76, 85 Immune response, 74, 75, 85, 96, 98 Immune system, 85, 88, 99 Immunodeficiency, 7, 23, 36, 73, 85 Immunofluorescence, 13, 28, 44, 85 Immunologic, 85, 91, 99 Immunosuppressant, 73, 85 Immunosuppressive, 85, 97 Impetigo, 52, 85 In vitro, 83, 85, 97 In vivo, 83, 84, 85, 97 Infarction, 79, 85, 88 Infection, 9, 22, 26, 30, 73, 77, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 90, 94, 96, 99 Inflammation, 41, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91, 94, 97, 98 Ingestion, 83, 86 Insulin, 6, 14, 25, 28, 51, 52, 83, 86, 98 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 6, 28, 86

Interferon, 36, 43, 86 Interferon-alpha, 86 Interstitial, 6, 16, 25, 30, 86 Interstitial Collagenase, 16, 86 Intestinal, 77, 83, 86 Intracellular, 25, 85, 86, 92 Ischemia, 74, 75, 80, 86 Isotretinoin, 24, 34, 36, 37, 45, 86 K Kb, 56, 86 Keratin, 50, 86 Keratosis, 42, 86 L Lectin, 42, 86 Leishmaniasis, 50, 87 Leprosy, 22, 87 Lesion, 21, 26, 84, 87, 98 Leucocyte, 34, 87 Leukemia, 37, 78, 83, 87, 92 Leukopenia, 87, 99 Lichen Planus, 42, 82, 87 Ligament, 87, 92 Linkages, 87, 99 Lipid, 82, 86, 87, 99 Lipoxygenase, 43, 75, 87 Liver, 80, 83, 84, 87, 92, 94 Localized, 5, 7, 10, 14, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 31, 38, 85, 87, 91, 95, 98 Locomotion, 82, 87, 91 Lymph, 38, 77, 81, 87, 88, 89, 94 Lymph node, 77, 87, 88, 89, 94 Lymphadenopathy, 38, 87 Lymphatic, 86, 87, 96 Lymphatic system, 87, 96 Lymphocyte, 24, 73, 75, 88 Lymphocyte Count, 73, 88 Lymphocytic, 37, 88 Lymphoid, 74, 87, 88 Lymphoma, 19, 22, 29, 45, 88, 89 M Malignancy, 19, 73, 88 Malignant, 18, 19, 45, 73, 75, 84, 88, 89, 94 Malnutrition, 75, 88 Matrix metalloproteinase, 16, 88 Median Nerve, 77, 88 Medical Records, 88, 94 MEDLINE, 57, 88 Melanosis, 73, 88 Membrane, 78, 82, 88, 89, 94 Metastasis, 88 Metastatic, 19, 88 Methionine, 88, 96

104

Granuloma Annulare

MI, 72, 88 Microbiology, 75, 88 Migration, 12, 31, 89 Mitosis, 75, 89 Mobility, 31, 89 Modification, 74, 89, 99 Molecular, 57, 59, 74, 76, 79, 84, 89, 97 Molecule, 75, 78, 86, 89, 93, 97 Mononuclear, 34, 84, 89 Mucinous, 6, 89 Mucocutaneous, 87, 89 Mucus, 89 Mutagenic, 73, 89 Mycosis, 25, 30, 89 Mycosis Fungoides, 25, 89 Myelodysplastic syndrome, 20, 89, 95 Myelogenous, 89 Myocardium, 74, 88, 89 N Necrobiosis Lipoidica, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 25, 31, 34, 35, 38, 41, 42, 44, 52, 62, 89 Necrosis, 75, 85, 88, 89, 94 Neoplasia, 82, 89 Neoplasm, 89, 94, 98 Neoplastic, 74, 88, 89 Nerve, 76, 80, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95 Neutrophil, 12, 31, 89 Niacinamide, 46, 89 Nitrogen, 74, 82, 90, 98 Nucleic acid, 90, 99 Nucleus, 75, 77, 80, 89, 90 O Ointments, 90, 95 Opportunistic Infections, 73, 90 Opsin, 90, 94 Orbit, 90 Orbital, 21, 90 Osteoclasts, 76, 90 P Pancreas, 86, 90 Parotid, 90, 94 Partial remission, 90, 93 Patch, 32, 37, 90 Pathogenesis, 15, 38, 90 Pathologic, 75, 76, 79, 90, 93 Pathologic Processes, 75, 90 Patient Education, 62, 66, 68, 72, 90 Pelvic, 90, 92 Penis, 20, 30, 90 Pentoxifylline, 17, 91 Peptide, 74, 76, 86, 91, 92, 93 Peripheral Nerves, 87, 91

Peripheral Neuropathy, 91, 99 Pharmacologic, 91, 97 Phenotype, 42, 91 Phosphodiesterase, 91 Photosensitivity, 91, 92 Physiologic, 91, 93 Pigments, 77, 91, 94 Plants, 83, 86, 91, 97 Plasma, 15, 25, 74, 76, 82, 83, 91, 95, 99 Plasma cells, 74, 91 Platelet Aggregation, 91 Pleated, 86, 91 Pneumonia, 79, 91 Polyethylene, 46, 91 Polypeptide, 74, 78, 92 Polysaccharide, 75, 92 Porphyria, 7, 92 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 7, 92 Porphyria, Hepatic, 92 Porphyrins, 92 Potassium, 35, 43, 92, 95 Practice Guidelines, 58, 92 Preleukemia, 89, 92, 95 Progressive, 4, 22, 80, 81, 89, 92, 98 Proline, 78, 85, 92 Prophylaxis, 82, 92, 98 Prostate, 19, 92 Protein S, 76, 92 Proteins, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 98 Protozoa, 87, 93, 98 Pruritic, 35, 87, 93, 94 Pruritus, 52, 93 Psoralen, 11, 93 Psoriasis, 35, 50, 82, 93 Public Policy, 57, 93 Publishing, 4, 93 Pustular, 36, 73, 85, 93 Q Quiescent, 93, 99 R Race, 89, 93 Randomized, 81, 93 Receptor, 41, 75, 93 Recombinant, 43, 93 Rectum, 92, 93 Red blood cells, 84, 92, 93 Refer, 1, 78, 84, 87, 93, 97 Regimen, 81, 93 Remission, 4, 8, 36, 93 Retina, 79, 94, 98 Retinal, 25, 94

105

Retinoid, 82, 94 Retinol, 94 Retrospective, 35, 94 Retrospective study, 35, 94 Rheology, 91, 94 Rheumatism, 94 Rheumatoid, 9, 16, 37, 72, 94 Rheumatoid arthritis, 94 Rheumatoid Nodule, 9, 16, 94 Rhodopsin, 90, 94 Rods, 94 S Sarcoidosis, 5, 8, 9, 12, 29, 94 Sarcoma, 15, 94 Scabies, 20, 94 Sclera, 95, 98 Scleroderma, 7, 95 Scleroproteins, 86, 95 Sclerosis, 52, 62, 95 Sclerotic, 30, 95 Screening, 78, 95 Secretion, 25, 73, 86, 89, 95 Semen, 92, 95 Seminoma, 23, 95 Septic, 20, 95 Serum, 24, 29, 38, 78, 95 Shock, 95, 98 Side effect, 73, 95, 97, 99 Signs and Symptoms, 93, 95 Skin Care, 62, 95 Smoldering leukemia, 89, 95 Soaps, 62, 95 Soft tissue, 12, 76, 95 Specialist, 64, 96 Species, 73, 77, 81, 87, 89, 93, 96, 98 Spermatozoa, 95, 96, 97 Spirochete, 96, 97 Spleen, 87, 88, 94, 96 Sporadic, 92, 96 Staphylococcus, 85, 96 Staphylococcus aureus, 85, 96 Stomach, 83, 85, 96 Streptococci, 85, 96 Streptococcus, 81, 96 Subacute, 86, 96 Subclinical, 86, 96 Subcutaneous, 9, 21, 30, 37, 39, 40, 77, 81, 94, 96 Substance P, 95, 96 Sulfur, 50, 82, 88, 96 Suppression, 96, 99 Suppurative, 77, 97

Symphysis, 92, 97 Symptomatic, 8, 97 Syphilis, 31, 97 Systemic, 86, 94, 95, 97 T Tacrolimus, 41, 42, 97 Teratogenic, 73, 82, 86, 97 Testicle, 23, 84, 97 Testis, 97 Thyroid, 27, 28, 76, 97 Thyroid Gland, 97 Thyroiditis, 8, 28, 97 Thyroxine, 8, 97 Tolerance, 9, 83, 97 Topical, 21, 41, 42, 43, 86, 95, 97 Toxic, iv, 73, 97, 99 Toxicology, 58, 97 Toxin, 97 Trachea, 97 Transcriptase, 97, 99 Transfection, 76, 83, 97 Trauma, 8, 89, 98 Tryptophan, 78, 98 Tuberculosis, 42, 98 Tumour, 98, 99 Type 2 diabetes, 26, 98 U Ulcer, 77, 80, 98 Ulceration, 52, 80, 98 Urethra, 91, 92, 98 Urine, 6, 76, 98 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 92, 98 Uterus, 77, 79, 98 Uvea, 98 Uveitis, 25, 44, 98 V Vaccination, 18, 21, 30, 98 Vaccines, 98 Vascular, 73, 85, 86, 97, 98 Vasculitis, 25, 44, 98 Veins, 76, 80, 98 Venereal, 97, 98 Vesicular, 84, 98 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 98 Viral, 83, 98, 99 Virus, 7, 9, 23, 36, 73, 83, 86, 98 Viscera, 89, 99 Visceral, 44, 87, 99 Vitiligo, 35, 52, 93, 99 Vitro, 84, 99 W Wart, 86, 99

106

Granuloma Annulare

White blood cell, 74, 78, 87, 88, 89, 91, 99 Windpipe, 97, 99 Wound Healing, 88, 99 X Xanthoma, 15, 99 Xanthomatosis, 62, 99

Y Yeasts, 83, 91, 99 Z Zalcitabine, 7, 99 Zidovudine, 36, 99

107

108

Granuloma Annulare

Granuloma Annulare - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Granuloma Annulare - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents