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aTos )oifrs ir&pos-rT of heavycoarsepot. Graffitoon underside. The writer did not finish the inscription, Late Hellenistic IXTA[ probably because he had come almost full PIAX[ circle and there seemedto be no room for the Perhapsan imperativeof !o-rrill? object of the verb. Lettersare not orientedin any consistent direction; generally the work L 22 (P 20839).P1.57. Neck fragmentof amphora. looks incompetentenough to suggestthat the Blackdipintoat base of neck. be so too. a Perhaps message syntax might Late Hellenistic Eu6upa&vou[s hoping that the addresseemight restore the (illegible) fragmentsof the pot as before! of Name or producer seller? L 15 (P 18420). P1.56. Base of black-glazed skyphos.Graffitoon underside. L23 (P 20657). PI. 57. Upper part of amphora with rolled rim and vertical handles. Dipinto IV cent. B.C. (see drawing) in red on neck (a) and upper shoulder (b). Perhapsto be read as Tro( ) and the sign Context:last quarter1st centuryB.C. to early for two drachmswrittentwice. The sherdmay have been used as a tag or label on a shipment. 1st century(R 13:2). Late I cent. B.c.-earlyI cent. (a) tp' L 16 (P 19124). P1.56. Rim fragmentof blackpla' glazedkantharos.Graffitoon outside. IV cent. B.C. ]VXuo[ (b) TEI is uncertain. eoils K 6 &wvrTypcx[e d&vrypa&co: AN F 103 &rrm() I12
Second quarter V cent. B.C. ]os NIK[ KcOA6[s
]PE6VT[o
Cf. Acropolisgraffito(Graef-Langlotz,Vasen
Nachtrage") takes as equivalent to pivErat. Cf. also Hillervon Gaertringen,Inschriftenvon Priene,Berlin,1906,no. 317. C 9 (P 15379).P1.4. Wall fragmentof large pot C 15 (P 27698). P1.4. Half of hemispherical of non-Atticfabric. Graffitoon outside. Conblack-glazedstand. Incised before glazing and text: pottery rangingfrom Geometricto early firing.Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, p. 180, note 2. For the pictureon this piece see M 9. This piece is included here because it was C16 (P5128). P1.4. Black-glazedkylix base. found about 15 metersfrom C 8 and may be a Graffitoon underside.Context:secondquarter similarreferenceto the sameman. 5th century B.C. (H6:5). Hesperia, V, 1936, no. 436. p. 347. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, C 10 (P 14710). P1.4. Base fragment of small Koi6S black-glazedkylix. Graffito on upper surface. Second quarterV cent. B.C. Tui6XCEvos Context:late 6th-early5th centuriesB.C. A long line separatesthe end of the writing from the beginning. Early V cent. B.C. AuxK6Ia)C[oS KC1a6s] From this same well (H 6:5) came the next six 'cavSf8[ [8]oKeT "Lykomachosappearsbeautiful to Ianthi..."
pieces (C 17-22). All share the second quarter 5th-century B.C. context and all were first published in Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 347ff. See also Robinsonand Fluck.
The spacingis just about rightfor the lengthof the supplement.Lykomachosis not knownbut appears to be an acceptablecompound.The name Ianthe (not Ianthis which might be the C 17 (P 5144).P1.5. Fragmentary base of skyphos feminine patronymic from the following) is of Corinthiantype. Graffitoon underside.Cf. known in Athens (I.G., II2, 3799) and Ianthos Sparkes-Talcott,no. 314. elsewhere(Pape). Second quarter V cent. B.C. o-rTTIEUS Ka[A6S C 11 (P 14943). P1.4. Fragmentof black-glazed C 18 (P 5157). P1.5. Small lekane (= SparkesB.c. type. Graffito Talcott, no. 1794).Graffitoon underside.Heskylixfoot of early5th-century on underside. peria, XXII, 1953, p. 218; Beazley, Potter and Early V cent. B.C. 'Aypo]SiroaKca[] Cf. Beazley, A.R.V., p. 944 for two other
instancesof the love nameAphrodisia.
C 12 (P 410). P1.4. Wall fragment of blackglazedcup. Graffitoon outside. Early V cent. B.C.
]EsTuy[aIoS
C 13 (P 27848). P1.4. Rim fragmentfrom blackglazed mug. Graffito on outside below lip. Context: early 5th century B.C.(H 13:5). Early V cent. B.C. K]aX6S [
C 14 (P9482). PI. 5. Wall fragment of lekane with dull red glaze inside. Graffitoon outside, verticalto pot. Context: pottery down to ca.
Painter in Ancient Athens, London, 1946, p. 20; Richter, Attic Red Figure Vases, New
Haven, 1958,p. 57.
Second quarterV cent. B.C. locriaS KcrraTryov
h6osprlcvho ypacpras Althoughit has been suggestedthat a name was obliteratedbefore rcnoiv, it seemsunlikely, since both paint and surface are preserved. "Thus says the writer" (cs 91rnav)seems right.
Note open eta for both long voweland aspirate. C 19 (P 5160). P1.5. Lekane(= Sparkes-Talcott, no. 1792).Graffitoinside,upsidedownto pot (a), on the underside(b), and outside,upsidedown to pot (c).
14
C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES
Second quarterV cent. B.C.
Second quarterV cent. B.C.
KaX6[s (a) TTuS68opos KaCOS (b) 'AX<X>Ka1os
Note the Ionic letters.
TO SOK1EMAr1T
EAi[qi] S KTaTro "ycpv
(c) PhOpE C 25 (P 10779). P1.6. Base fragmentof lekane. Graffitoon underside.Context:secondquarter (b) 2: T6 seems to be TcO;for the form see LSJ, s.v. -rT. (c): the third letter was originally 5th century B.C. read as theta, but compare other theta-like Second quarter V cent. B.C.
phi's: D 15, F43. For the name Melis, cf.
Mv[
S.E.G., XXII, 237.
C 20 (P 5167). P1.5. Base of lekane (= SparkesTalcott,no. 1795).Graffitoon underside. Second quarter V cent. B.C.
KaTa]TrOyo[v]
C26 (P 5449). P1.6. Base fragment of blackglazedskyphos.Graffitoon underside.Context: ca. 470-425 B.C.(E 13:1). Hesperia, XXII, 1953,
p. 220, no. 6, fig. 2, left.
'AXKai(ov)
Third quarterV cent. B.C. Ka]TaTr.y[cov This may well be an owner's name but is includedhere as being undoubtedlythe same 'ApIlaolp[vES is in as C 19 and C 22. praised person C 27 (P 17123).P1.6. Baseand lowerpartof body of black-glazedskyphoswith rays above foot. C 21 (P 5164). P1.5. Large lekane. Graffito on on underside.Context: third quarter Graffito underside,which was marked off in squares. B.C. Hesperia, XXII, 1953, p. 220, 5th century Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, no. 1797. no. 7, fig. 2, right,pl. 66, b. Second quarter V cent. B.C. $Eoi GEpltKE
Third quarterV cent. B.C.
Ssoi lViroXovos QEoT 1n6).XCTOVOS TV'.ao0vos KaXos
XappliSES KcO6Ao
iKuAaKacaTnuy(alva)
The writerfirstwroteKarrv,then correctedit
to KacTaTry(
) but finally left the word un-
finished,perhapsfrom lack of space, perhaps in doubtas to the feminineform(see the discussion thereofin Hesperia,XXII, 1953, pp. 216217).
The name in line 3, whichshouldperhapsbe read as np(
For the restorednamesee C 19, C 20. C 23 (P 18499).P1.5. Rim fragmentfrom lekane. Graffito on inside. Context: second quarter 5th century B.C.(C 18:7).
Second quarter V cent. B.C.
[Ka]A6s
Considerationsof spacesuggesta shortname suchas Sostratos. C 29 (P 10618).P1.6. Fragmentof convex cover tile with flakybrownglaze on outside.Graffito on glazed side. Context:potteryrangingfrom late 5th centuryto 3rdcenturyB.C. Late V cent. B.C. ]XhrKahi1
ETArXl AawKKO6p[o]cros
C 30 (L 2450). P1.6. Nozzles and parts of rim of black-glazedlamp (= Howland,no. 176, Type First line mostly erased.Whetherthe verb is 21C). Graffito on top of nozzle. Context: activeor passivein senseis uncertain.The name potteryto near end of 4th centuryB.C.(E 6:3). is unknown. Late V-early IV cent. B.C. KOK KiA(oi) C 24 (P 15225).P1.5. Fragmentsof roof tile with of (drawing phallus)(See M 13) black glaze on top surface.Graffitoon glazed ho Eubp6oiaXos
side. Context: ca. 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). Hes-
peria,XXII, 1953,pp. 219-220.
like K6mOKo, could be Presumably KOKKC6Ao,
used for testicles, but it is also possible that
C. LOVE NAMES AND HATE NAMES this is an abbreviationof the name Kokkaline (Demosth.,LIX, 35, 120, 124). C 31 (P 23837). P1.6. Rim fragmentof unglazed lid. Graffitoon either side, obviously written on the sherd.Context:ca. 420-390B.C.(Q 15:2). Ca. 400-390 B.c.
KoAXin (inside) TTpoorooca rTavrTaAcov KlJaA6 KaXo TTav-rTcacov | (outside) ocria Kac[if Tnpo lro
15
presumablyput on at the samefestival:Euboulos' Prosousia and Theopompos' Pantaleon. If
it did (andthe possibilityseemsno moreremote than the unprecedentedpairing of male and female names with Kcxs6and Ka?i), it would provide a definitecross referencebetweentwo comic poets and a far closerabsolutedate than the scantyfragmentsof the playsallow.
C 32 (L 5298).PI. 6. Black-glazedlamp, similarto Howland,no. 267, Type 25A. Graffitoon top Note the way in whichthe two omittedletters in the lastlinewereaddedbelow.BothPantaleon of nozzle and rim. Context: 4th centuryB.C. Hesperia,XXVII, 1958,p. 159,pl. 46. and Prosousiaare known as personalnames, Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'AVTriKAEISr but the peculiarincidenceof Prosousiashould -patias be consideredin combinationwith the fact 'ApKEaicaS that both namesare also titles of comediesand 'AAKfcas that the well in which this sherd was found 'Av-rTIPnrSl also produced several coarse pitchers with (iA65rl6lpos comicscenes(Hesperia,XXIV, 1955,pp. 76-84). That is, Prosousiaseems to be limitedto midThe names are written backwards, not 4th-century B.C. tombstones (.G., II2, 8769, retrograde.Since some magic seems to be 12533-5), suggesting that something at the involved, the piece is included here under "hate names." Of the six names all but one beginningof the centurygave rise to this rash of an otherwiseunattestedname. Could Eu(Antimedes)were borne by two or more 4thboulos' play Prosousia (or The Swan), which centuryB.C. Athenians,so that identificationof presumablytook its first name from a "Pres- this particulargroup is unlikely.The fact that ence" (whetherfemalecharacterorabstraction), three mid-4th-centuryB.C. men bearingthree have been responsible?The play is tentatively of these names (Antikleides,Arkesilas,Philodated by Edmonds (The Fragments of Attic demos) have naval connectionsand belong to the Erechtheidphyle is more likely to be a Comedy, II, p. 641) to 385-380 B.C., but a case function of the nature of our sources than a might well be made for a date closer to the context date of this sherd: Edmondsassumed clue to the identityof this group. that the two titles may refer to Diogenes Laertius'story (3,5) that Socrates,after dream- C33 (P6153). P1.6. Fragmentaryblack-glazed skyphos. Graffito on outside, just below lip, ing of a cygnet in his lap which later flew startingnear one handle and runningaround awaywitha pleasantcry,identifiedthe birdwith under the other (a), and on opposite side (b). Plato, who came to him (prosousia)as a pupil Context: mid-4th century B.C. (D 15:3). Hesthe next day; Edmondsfurtherassumedthat peria,XXII, 1953,p. 221, note 5a. the play wouldnot have been relevanttill Plato Mid-IV cent. B.C. (a) OEIoSocrlaCatiKa'E[] 6Ei beganteachingin the Academyin 386 B.C., but it is hardto imaginethat this was the firsttime (b) A(aiKaorrpra) his voice had been heard. The last letters of the verb, and hence its Theopompos' play Pantaleon presumably exact form, are doubtful, but the root and had as its chief characterthe pranksterof the thereforethe meaningare certain.For another same name (Athen.,XIV, 616a).4If this Pantainstanceof delta used insteadof zeta in a 4thleon is the older brother of the speaker of century B.C. graffito see B 13. Theodosia's Lysias X and the defendant in Lysias KcrTaTTav- namehas been crossedout. For the supplement rcaXsovToS(frags. 210, 211; Prosop. Att., no. in (b), cf. C 34. 11599),he could have been about 27 years old in 400 B.C.and full of the kind of deviousness C 34 (MC483). P1.6. Black-glazedspindlewhorl of a type found in 5th-4th centuriesB.C.,like that might lend itself to comic treatment.Even if that identificationis uncertain,Theopompos' Hesperia, Suppl. VII, pp. 94-96, no. 9. The graffitoruns all the way around the whorl at productivelife (415-362 B.C.)allows the possithe lowerpart of the side. bility that our sherd representsapplause or favorable critical judgment of two plays, IV cent. B.C. KoaiXatKc-rptia 4 See Edmonds' note (op. cit., I, p. 864,d): "It is thought possible that this man, by giving his name to his profession,originated the stock characterof mediaevalItalian comedyfrom whose dresscomes our word pantaloon,now in its shortenedform 'pants'... "
16
D. NAMES ON SHERDS D. NAMES ON SHERDS
The criterionfor admissionto this categoryis that the nameor namesshallhave been writtenon the sherd,not on the completevase.Althoughobviouslyit is not alwayspossibleto be absolutelycertainon this point,it maybe saidthatthe writingwasdefinitelydone on the sherdwhenit eitherturnsto follow the edge of the sherd or continues in the next line on reaching the edge, or when it was done on the
insideof a fragmentfroma closedpot. It maybe saidprobablyif not certainlyto havebeendoneon the sherdwhenit is alignedwith one edge of the sherdor neatlycenteredon it. Sherdswith a nameincisedon themhavebeenfoundin considerablenumbersat the Agoraand elsewherein Athens.The greatmajorityof them can be datedin the 5th centuryB.C., and the namesthey bear are frequentlythose of personswell known in Athenianhistory.These sherdsare ostraka,the ballots used by the Atheniansin votingat an ostrakophoria.The law on ostracismmay well havebeen partof Kleisthenes'constitutionandprobablydatesfromthe last decadeof the 6th centuryB.C.although it was not applieduntil488/7B.c.1 It was invokedat intervalsfor the next seventyyearsuntil418/7B.C. whenHyperboloswas ostracizedundersuch scandalouscircumstances that the institutionwas thrown the never had recourse it. to Therefore,any sherdwith an incised into disrepute,and Athenians again namethat can be datedin the 5th centuryB.C.has an a prioriclaimto be consideredan ostrakon.There are now about 6500 sherdswhichhave been identifiedas ostraka,2and the identificationmay be consideredcertainin all but a veryfew cases. But how shallwe interpreta sherdwith a nameon it whichmustbe datedeitherearlieror laterthan the periodwhenostracismwas practiced?Thereis quitea groupof them,mostlyof the 6th centuryB.C., witha few as earlyas the 7th or late 8th centuriesB.C. In Hesperia,Suppl.VIII,pp. 405-408a sherdwith the name Peisistratos(D 1 below) was publishedand along with it four sherdsfrom 6th-centuryB.C. contexts(D 6, D 8, D 14, D 22), eachwith a nameincisedon it. In the case of the Peisistratossherdand one of the othermes which bears the name Aristion the suggestion was tentatively put forward that they may have been used by the Council of the Areopagos as ballots on the occasion of Peisistratos'first exile.
For the otherpiecesno definiteinterpretationwas offeredother than the generalsuggestionthat they may have been the work of school childrenor of idlerswritingtheir own namesor the name of some friend, acquaintanceor lover. It is also possible that the sherds may have served in some way as tags to
accompanygoods or parcels,or to identifyindividualbelongings.It is likely that no single interpretation will suit all these early sherds, especially as some of them have women's names, others have two
namestogether,and still otherswereinscribedon both sides,sometimeswithdifferentnames.Theywere no doubtwrittenon variousoccasionsand for variousreasons. Parallels may be quoted from elsewhere in Greece: Amyklai, Lakonia (A.J.A., LXI, 1957, p. 168); Phaistos, Crete (Annuario,XIV-XVI, 1952-1954, pp. 167-173); see also Jeffery,L.S.A.G., p. 314.
Generallyin D 1-39 (late8th centurythroughthe secondquarterof the 5th centuryB.C.), we see pretty or X). The exceptions consistentuse of a standardold Attic alphabet(ABAAEIH IKL-MNOPP$TV0+ are:Ioniclambdain D 27, D 39; closedeta in D 6; tailedrho in D 6, D 25, D 37, D 39; xi in D 35, D 39; sigmain phi with horizontalcrossbarin D 15; four-barredsigmain D 25-27 and reversedthree-barred D 1, D 3, D 7, D 10, D 12, D 14, D 18, D 23, D 24. Theuse of thesetwo aberrantsigmasis suchthatthey fromregularsigmathe sigmathat comesat wordalmostcertainlyrepresenttwo effortsto differentiate endsor combineswithchi to makexi. Thatis, all threeuses of four-barredsigmacomeat word-ends;of the nineoccurrencesof the reversedsigmasevencome eitherat word-endsor with chi; only one of the 1 For the
argumentsconcerningthe dateof the origin of ostracismsee K.J. Dover, Cl.Rev.,XIII, 1963,pp. 256-257withbibliography and J. T. Keaney, Historia, XIX, 1970, pp. 1-11. For a general account see E. Vanderpool, "Ostracismat Athens," Lecturesin Memoryof Louise Taft Semple,second series, no. 4, Cincinnati,1970. 2 The previouscount of ca. 1500 (see Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, pp. 408-411) has recentlybeen greatly augmentedby an estimated 4000 found in the Kerameikos(cf. B.C.H., XCII, 1968, pp. 732-733;AE-r., XXIII, 1968,XpovIKa,pp. 24-32; S.E.G., XXIV, 1969, no. 74, pp. 29f.).
D. NAMES ON SHERDS
17
two reversedsigmasin D 1 and that in D 23 are not in thesespecialpositions.This samepatternmay be seenin the use of four-barredand reversedsigmasin the earlyexamplesof Owners'Marks.Butwhether the effortto differentiatewas motivatedby a "heard"differenceor by a desirefor visualaid is unclear, as is the reasonwhy the effortwas so comparativelyshort-lived.3 Spellingpracticein thesesameitems(D 1-39) is as follows:epsilonfor eta exceptin D 35 (andin D 36 whereepsilon-iotaseemsto substitutefor eta); epsilon-iotaspelledout exceptfor D 1 (only iota), D 9 (only epsilon)andD 25 (only iota in two cases,but the diphthongonce); eta for the aspirateexceptin D 13 (but this name is attested elsewherewithout the aspirate),and perhapsD 16; omicronfor all o-sounds;koppainsteadof kappabeforeo- and u-sounds;properlydoubledconsonantsare regularly singleexceptin D 37; thenasalsoundin D 34 is represented by nu-kappa.As faras mistakesareconcerned all that can be detectedin the fragmentarystateand natureof the materialare threeomissionsof single letters(D 1, D 10, D 32). Sevenof the namesare writtenretrograde(D 1, D 6, D 13, D 15, D 23, D 31, D 36); five are in some formof boustrophedon(D 11, D 14, D 16, D 24, D 32). Thereis no indicationof punctuation. In the five pieces which date from after the middleof the 5th centuryB.C. the generalrule is Ionic letters,four-barredsigmas,eta andomegaas long vowels;D 42 exceptionallysubstituteseta for iota. Identificationof the personbearinga particularnamecan be attemptedonly rarely.Nameswhichare attestedelsewherein Atheniansourcesare in the majorityand are not so noted. Whena nameis not knownin Attica, note is made. D 1 (P 3629). P1.7. Fragmentfrom foot of large glaze outside. Graffito on outside, probably late Geometric vase, decorated outside with writtenon the sherd.Context:7th centuryB.C. tooth pattern.Graffitoon inside, upside down (F-G 12:1). Hesperia,Suppl.II, pp. 126, 226; to pot; certainlywritten on the sherd. For a B 56. full discussion of this graffito, see Hesperia, Second half VII cent. B.C. TprrriS Suppl.VIII, pp. 405-408 (Vanderpool).See also 9iJo[s Jeffery,L.S.A.G.,p. 70, pl. 2, no. 9e. The convivial sense of the inscriptionsugLate VIII-early VII cent. B.C. Tnla<paTos gested in the originalpublicationseems to us (dateof vesselonly) (retrograde) unlikely.We suggestinstead two names, both D 2 (P 6578). PI.7. Fragmentfrom wall of very attestedelsewhere,the first in the nominative, largelate Geometricvase, decoratedwith a row the second probably in the nominative but of hatchedtrianglesbetweenbands.Graffitoon possiblyin the genitive. outside, obviously written on the sherd. Context: well of early 6th centuryB.C. with much D 5 (P 3534). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large potteryof the 7th centuryB.C. (F 12:5). plain amphora.Graffitoon outside, diagonal with respect to the pot; probably but not Late VIII-earlyVII cent. B.C. ME]vEsSoi written on the sherd. Context: late certainly Perhaps a tag accompanyinga parcel ad6th centuries B.C. 7th-early dressedto a woman named MevsoScb (assumed feminineform of Menestheus). Late VII-early VI cent. B.C. ]e8tS9o D 3 (P 13655).P1.7. Fragmentfromwall of coarse We may restoresome name such as Archedikos. pot, preservingthe stub of a handle on the outside.Graffitoon inside,verticalwith respect to the pot; obviously written on the sherd. D 6 (P 2030). P1.7. Fragmentof light roof tile with dull reddishglaze on concave side. GrafContext:firsthalf 7th centuryB.C.(T 19:3). fito on the glazedside, obviouslywrittenon the First half VII cent. B.C. 'AvEprros sherd.Context:early6th centuryB.C.Hesperia, On the rarenameAneritossee Bechtel,p. 195. Suppl.VIII, p. 407, pl. 60, d. D 4 (P 4664). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large Early VI cent. B.C. 7th-centuryB.C. amphora, with streaky red ropyiasho .ucpelos (retrograde) 3 It is unlikely that this differentiationis in any way related to the later developmentof two sigmas, one initial or medial and the other final; that is almost certainlya result of cursivewriting.Comparableusage in the early period may be seen on the Dipylon Jug and in the Nikandrainscription(cf. Jeffery,L.S.A.G., pp. 68, 291).
D. NAMES ON SHERDS
18
This reading of the mother's name seems given in the preferableto the reading flp3aKio originalpublication. D7 (P 27741). P1.7. Base fragmentfrom large amphoraof early6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on inside of base ring, upside down. Context: first half 6th century B.C. (I 10:1). Early VI cent. B.C. ETrrpaXais
D 8 (P 4794). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large coarse pithos. Graffito on outside, obviously writtenon the sherd.Context:early6th century (F 12:5). Hesperia, Suppl. VIII, p. 406. Early VI cent. B.C. AEtvLceia ATlileveiawould be the Attic feminine form of
B.C.
of uncertainprovenience(Diod., XIV, Aai'invrls, 53,5).
D9 (P 13333). P1.7. Fragment from neck of coarse unglazedwaterjar. Graffitoon outside, verticalwith respectto the pot; certainlywritten on the sherd. Context: early 6th centuryB.C. Early VI cent. B.C.
The interpretationis uncertain. Read as a a single word, it would be nTvpoSovptiSris, name otherwiseunattested.Sir John Beazley i.e., patronymic Oovupia&qs, suggested rTOppou and name. Anotherpossibilitymightbe Huppcb i.e., two names, a woman's and a OoupiaBrlS, man's.Thouriadesis not attested,but Thourios is knownoutsideof Attica. D 12 (P 14693). P1.7. Fragment from wall of large unglazedpot. Graffitiinside and outside, obviouslywrittenon the sherd. Context: first quarter 6th century B.C.(S 21:2).
FirstquarterVI cent. B.C. (outside).E.vSuivss (inside)
9uv68paX[os
On the outside severalheavy strokesin the upper left corner have partiallyobscuredthe first two letters, but the reading seems fairly sure. On the inside much of the surfacebelow the namehas flakedaway,and the endingof the name is not preserved.It might equally well have been genitive,as a patronymic,or dative, as an addressee.
TTEpalab[
This sherdmay have been a tag accompany- D 13 (P 18271).P1.7. Part of flat handleof large Protoatticpot, with wavy lines downthe outer ing a parcelbeing sent to Peiraieus:TTFipaiaBE.face. Incised on the inner face, verticallywith It is also possible that the name T1EipaiaSrln the to handle,and almost certainlyon respect (unattested)was written. the sherd.Context:secondquarter6th century D 10 (P 18342). P1.7. Fragment from wall of B.C.(A 17:1). Cf. Hesperia, XXX, 1961, p. 323, F2. large amphorawith streakyglaze on outside, of 7th- to 6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on First half VI cent. B.C. 'E6opT[1o (retrograde) outside,verticalwith respectto the pot, almost Note the absenceof the aspirate,as in the certainlywritten on the sherd. Context: first name in .G., I2, 579. The surfaceafter same quarter 6th century B.C.(B 18:10). the tau is almostcompletelydestroyed. First quarter VI cent. B.C. (a) Eu.pUTr (b) TTpaXcrv D 14 (P 6067).P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large pot with dull brown glaze outside. Graffitoon The first graffito,which was writtenalong one inside,obviouslywrittenon the sherd.Context: edge of the sherd, seems to have been delibmid-6th century B.C. (19:1). Hesperia, Suppl. erately trimmed off, so that only the lower 406. VIII, p. parts of the lettersremain.The sherdwas then turned around, and the second graffito was First half VI cent. B.C.AEPt6pi?XOS (boustrophedon) written.Euryteis a mythologicalname;Praxine would be the Attic feminineform of Prexinos, D 15 (P 12212). P1.7. Fragment from wall of large amphora,with dull streakyglaze outside, knownoutsideAttica. of 7th-or early 6th-centuryB.C.fabric.Graffito D 11 (P 14687).P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of a on inside, written vertically to the pot and Protogeometricpot. Graffito on inside, obskipping over a wheelmade groove. Context: on first written the Context: sherd. down to mid-6th century B.C. viously quarter 6th century B.C. (S 21:2). FirstquarterVI cent. B.C.
THYPOGOPIAAEE(boustrophedon) Since the potteryfrom this well is consistently early 6th centuryB.C. in date, we assumethat the writingon the sherd dates from the same with the sherd. period,and is not contemporary
First half VI cent. B.C. E(<9>po[ (retrograde)
The originalsherdis brokenat the left and chippedat upperright. The third letter, which
is perfectly clearly preserved, consists of an
oval with a horizontalline across it. This is perhapsan incompletetheta, whichwould give a namelike Euthronor Euthronios.Sinceboth
19
D. NAMES ON SHERDS
of these are rare (for the latter cf. F 43), it D 20 (P 24745).PI. 8. Fragmentof verylargevase with thin black glaze on outside, of 7th- or seems preferableto read the third letter as phi and restore some more common name like early6th-centuryB.C.fabric.Graffitoon outside, written on the sherd. Context: third Phi's of this form or are certainly Euphronios. Euphron to be found on certain early 5th-centuryB.C. quarter 6th century B.C.(with D 21). ostraka, e.g., one of ThemistoklesPhrearrios Mid-VI cent. B.C. Aucias I Mup-r6 (Agora inv. no. P 17682 - unpublished);see Thefinalsigmaof Lysiaswassqueezedaround also below,F 50. It occursoccasionallyeven on the corneronto the secondline. stone, e.g., the Kallimachosepigram(I.G., I2, D21 (P 24746). P1.8. Fragment from wall of 609); see also I.G., I2, 487. unglazed pot. Graffito on outside, probably D 16 (P 13). P1.7. Fragmentfrom wall of large writtenon the sherd,of which the upperright closed pot with thin streakyglaze outside, of cornerhas been broken.Context:thirdquarter 7th- and early 6th-centuryB.C. fabric.Graffito 6th century B.C.(with D 20). on the outside,obviouslywrittenon the sherd, Mid-VI cent. B.C. riupoS which has been broken on the left. Context: mid-6th century B.C. D22 (P 10159). P1.8. Fragment from wall of large amphorawith streakyglaze on outside, First half VI cent. B.C. ]papErT of 7th-to B.C.type.Graffitoon 'I9poTjyE (boustrophedon) outside, early6th-century certainlywritten on the sherd, which Probablytwo women'snames.Thefirstmaybe appearsto have been trimmedto a moreor less circularshape.Context: 7th-6th centuriesB.C. Timarete,Demareteor the like. In the second line the letters, which are perfectlyclear, read Hesperia,Suppl.VIII, p. 406. Ipholuge. This strange name is not attested. Mid-VI cent. B.C. 'AplICTrov
Perhaps the writer intended 'ITrTroAuyr(also
not attested,but less strange),writingphi for pi D 23 (P 26539). P1.8. Wall fragmentfrom large closed pot, with thin, flaky, rather metallic as was done in the name hlpoXp&Tos on an ostrakon (Hesperia,Suppl. VIII, p. 403), and glaze on the outside, perhaps Geometric. Graffito on inside, obviously written on the the inadvertentlyomitting rough breathing(or which is chippedbelow. Context:midsherd, it with the exchanging aspiratedpi). D 17 (P 26618). P1.8. Fragment from wall of coarse unglazed pot. Graffito on outside, obviously written on the sherd, which has a small fragmentmissing at the right. Context:
6th century B.C.(T 18:3).
Mid-VI cent. B.C.
'Apti7Ts-r(ES)
(retrograde)
The inscription was left unfinished. The fillingin whichthis sherdwas foundis too early for it to be consideredan ostrakonof Aristeides. first half 6th century B.C. D 24 (P2041). P1.8. Fragment from neck of Firsthalf VI cent. B.C. Ka&ovi i.e., K&.XcovL unglazed water jar. Graffiti inside and out, Perhaps a tag accompanyinga parcel to obviouslywrittenon the sherd,whichwas then Kallon. brokenat one end.Context:mid-6thcenturyB.C. Mid-VI cent. B.C. D 18 (P 13360).PI. 8. Fragmentfrom wall of an (outside) ]EISES water Graffito on (boustrophedon) unglazedporous jar. outside, (inside) ]Ev almost certainlywrittenon the sherd.Context: mid-6th century B.C. (H 10:2). Like D 23 this may have readAristeides.The circumstances of finding, however, make the Mid-VI cent. B.C. of this sherd as an ostrakon interpretation K]?XrisA69po i.e., iKAjfls A6Kpou impossible. Perhapsan invitationor summonsof a man D 25 (P 15664). P1.8. Fragment from wall of namedLokros. largeopenbowlwithbandof dullredglazeboth D 19 (P 1993).PI. 8. Fragmentfrombase of blackinside and out. Graffition both sides, certainly writtenon the sherd,of whicha pieceis missing glazedskyphos,of a type commonin the second 6th B.C. Graffito on one side. on floor quarter century inside, almost certainly written on the sherd VI cent. B.C. (outside) 'ApyEi[8es becausethe cup was small and deep. Context: 'Ap]yi(8
(inside)
'O]v.Eoip[os
'ApyiSEs
]. oCTOV
20
D. NAMES ON SHERDS
Each name is writtenalong one edge of the D 32 (P 4627). P1.9. Fragmentof pan tile, glazed on uppersurface.Graffitoon the undersurface, sherd; also various scratchings. Three are of the same which name, Argeides, repetitions obviouslywrittenon the sherd.Context: 6thseems not to have been reportedhithertobut early 5th centuries B.C. Hesperia, Suppl. II, derive from which is known in may Argeios, pp. 121-122,226, no. B 47; Suppl.VIII, p. 400, Attica.Thefourthnamewill havebeenMneson, note 20. Tlesonor the like. Late VI-early V cent. B.C. D 26 (P 13248). P1.8. Fragment from wall of NEoKEo(S) (boustrophedon) MEAaviSs largepot with tracesof dull black glaze on the outside, probablyGeometric.Graffition both Althoughit is possible that the sherd is an sides, obviouslywrittenon the sherd.Context: abortiveostrakon,as suggestedin Supplement second half 6th century B.C. VIII,it seemspreferableto readtwo names,one of a man in the genitiveand one of a womanin VI cent. B.C. (inside) TJauvias the TIPAI nominative. The man's name (probably (outside) Neokles)wasleft incomplete;thewoman'sname Note the two formsof the lettersigmain the is not attested. name Pausias. An incompletename or word appearson the outside. D 33 (P 14130). P1.9. Fragmentfrom base of lekane,preservingpart of foot and lower wall, D 27 (P 13251). P1.8. Fragment from wall of of late 6th-to early5th-centurytype. Graffitoon of dull with two bands glaze outside, largepot, wall outsideand upsidedown to pot, probably on the Geometric. Graffito inside, probably written on the sherd. on the sherd. Context: late written obviously 6th century B.C. VI cent. B.C.
Late VI-early V cent. B.C. Alia-rEhE
A]iocx(av
The reasonfor the accusativecase is obscure. The nameis not known. D 34 (P 10717). P1.9. Fragment from rim of D 28 (P 16812).P1.8. Fragmentfrom wall of very lekane, of late 6th- to early 5th-centuryB.C. a Graffito large unglazedpot, probably pithos. type. Graffitoon outside, probablywrittenon on inside,obviouslywrittenon the sherd.Conthe sherd, which seems to be broken at the text: end of 6th centuryB.C.(G 15:1). lowerright. VI cent. B.C. Late VI-early V cent. B.C. OpOvov Avv[ of from wall 8. P1. D 29 (P 15693). from Larisa(LG.,IX2,568,18). Cf. A[O]vKos large Fragment heavy pot or pithos, probably prehistoric, D 35 (P 4696).P1.9. Fragmentfrom wall of large roughlycut into a rounddisc. Graffitoon outclosed pot, glazed on outside. Graffitoon inside, centeredon disc. side, obviouslywrittenon the sherd,whichhas BA6avU VI cent. B.C. been brokenat left. Context:early 5th century The only evidencefor the date is the archaic B.C. letterforms.The nameis not known. ]E NO[ Early V cent. B.C. D 30 (P 15694). P1.8. Fragment from wall of ]AKInO[ large closed pot. Graffitoon inside, obviously Ionic letters. No likely names suggestthemwrittenon the sherd, which is broken on the selves unlesserrorsare assumed,e.g., -Evocov, right.Context:6th centuryB.C. "AXKiTrrroS. VI cent. B.C. i.e., Kiaclos D 36 Kiaco[s (P 19287). P1.9. Fragment from rim of The nameis knownonly as an ethnic. lekaneof late 6th-to early5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon inside,upsidedown and then vertiD 31 (A 2498).P1.8. Fragmentfrom light roofing to the pot, obviouslywrittenon the sherd. cally tile of Laconiantype. Inscribedthroughglaze Context: 5th century B.C. written on the on uppersurface;probably sherd, which was later chippedon the left. Context: Early V cent. B.C. thirdquarter4th centuryB.C. ]K6io5[ (drawingupsidedown) VI cent. B.C. Aaleja[s (retrograde) D37 (P 10809). P1.9. Fragment from rim of Becauseof the directionof writingwe assume black-glazedkylix of early 5th-centuryB.C. that the sherd is considerablyolder than the type. Graffitioutsideand in, obviouslywritten on the sherd,whichhas beenbrokenat one end. found. it was which in deposit
E. NUMERICALNOTATIONSON SHERDS Early V cent. B.C. (outside) MeAa[
nupp[ ]6Es
(inside)
Assumingthat the same pair of names was writtenboth insideand out, we may restore,for example,Melanippidesand Pyrronides;neither of these has been reportedfrom Attica.
21
date.Graffitoon inside,upsidedownto the pot; obviously written on the sherd, of which the upperrightcorer has brokenoff. LateV cent. B.C. Ki],iov O]caTIs
Presumablya list of three names which we
have restored exempli gratia.
D38 (P 27844). P1.9. Wall fragment of large unglazedvessel. Graffitoon outside, certainly D 42 (P 16865). P1.9. Fragment from base of black-glazedbowl of late 5th-centuryB.C.type. writtenafterthe sherdwasmuchworn.Context: Graffitoon inside, almost certainlywrittenon early 5th century B.C.(H 13:5). the sherd, which is broken above and at the Early V cent. B.C. 'ETrTmyVES right. D 39 (P 15209). P1.9. Fragment from wall of Late V cent. B.C. ]..X unglazed amphora. Graffito on outside, ob'AprloroT[AXrs viously written on the sherd. Context: ca. 490For possibleconfusionbetweeneta and iota, 450 B.C. (F 19:4). compare the inscriptions found in Plato's Second quarter V cent. B.C. MEVESEo5S Academy(Epyov, 1958,pp. 12ff.;A.J.A.,LXIII, cxapfat Xapias 1959,p. 279). -avSeS
D 43 (P 6799). P1.9. Fragmentof cover tile with dull red glaze on the convex surface.Graffito on the glazed side, obviously written on the sherd. Context: second half 4th century B.C. KcAio-TpaT' (D-E 8-9:1). Note the mixture of Attic and Ionic letter forms. Xanthes and Amphibouloshave not Second half IV cent. B.C. rTp&'rcov been reportedfrom Attica; for Pentaristesee D44 (P 10775). P1.9. Fragment from wall of A.J.A., LI, 1947,p. 368. unglazed amphora. Graffito on outside, obD40 (P 21583). P1.9. Fragment from wall of viously writtenon the sherd. Context:Roman large unglazedpot. Graffitoon outside, prob(G 11:2 dump). ably written on the sherd, which is certainly II cent. KuSoaSTvaiEvs5 'EvriyovosIlh7tXiovos broken at the left. Context: second half 5th Two of this name are recorded, persons century B.C. a and a The apparently grandfather grandson. Late V cent. B.C. ]. lAIA formerappearsas an ephebe in the year A.D. ]AIEE 118/9(I.G.,II2, 2030,10),the latteras an ephebe D 41 (P 4791). P1.9. Fragmentfrom wall of large in about A.D. 180 (I.G., II2, 2107, 10). Whichof open red-figuredpot of early 5th-centuryB.C. these two is named on our sherdis uncertain. 'AIpgipoXos
TTpoTapXos VTEVTapio'TE
E. NUMERICAL NOTATIONS ON SHERDS The criterionfor admissionto this categoryis that the notationshallhave beenwrittenon the sherd, not on the complete vase. Although obviously it is not always possible to be absolutely certain on this
point, in the case of numberswhichcould have borneno relation(of price,capacityor weight)to the pot of which the sherdwas originallya part, it may be said probablyif not certainlythat they were writtenon the sherd. The sherds here presented are only representativepieces, several of which were published in "Numeri-
cal Notations on GreekVases," Hesperia,XXV, 1956,pp. 19-24. For other examplessee that publication.
22
E. NUMERICAL NOTATIONS ON SHERDS
The numbersused on these sherds,which except for one later and uncertainexample(E 16) date from the 5th and 4th centuriesB.C., are acrophonicwith one exception(mu as the numberof weight drachmason E 15).Theyincludemu for myriad,pi-chifor 5000,chi for 1000,pi-etafor 500,eta for 100, pi-deltafor 50, deltafor 10, pi for 5 (alsopi-sigmafor 5 staters),andeitherthe drachmasignor a simple uprightstrokefor the unit. For fractionsof the drachmaa simplestrokeservesfor the obol (ordinarily uprightbut once apparentlyhorizontalon E 4), a C-formfor the half-oboland a tau for the quarterobol. The only oddityin letter-shapesis the dotteddeltaof E 8. The namesor words,mostlyabbreviated,whichon some sherdsaccompanythe numbers,presentno unusualfeaturesin letter-shapesor spelling.Sincetheir significanceand interpretationare so various, they can best be treatedindividuallyin the cataloguedescriptions. E 1 (P 12214). P1.10. Fragment fron1 wall of Probably a tag indicating the number of on inside. Graffito inside, pots or tiles ratherthan the price; the handle large krater,glazed makesit particularlyconvenientto attach. 6thwritten on the sherd. Con [text: obviously KAp. 5th centuries B.C. Hesperia, XXV, 1' JVu,
no. 86.
Early V cent. B.C.
!PXXXX
')
'V,
i.e., 9975
PHHHH
r^AAP
E 6 (P 12317). P1. 10. Fragment of roofing tile
with glaze on concave surface. Graffito, on glazed surface,probablywrittenon the sherd, which was brokenat the left. Context:fourth quarter 5th century B.C. (O 19:4). Hesperia,
zed kylix. E 2 (P 5133). P1.10. Foot of black-gla Graffitoon underside,probablywrittten on the sherd.Context:secondquarter5th centuryB.C. (H 6:5). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, p. 88, noite2.
XXV, 1956,p. 19, no. 79. Late V cent. B.C.
P FIC T
Partof an informalabacus,with the symbols servingas headingsfor theplacementof pebbles: 5 (drachmas),1 (drachma),1 (obol), ? (obol), Second quarter V cent. B.C. MXH (retrograde) 4 (obol). I.e., (uiplioi)X(ito1) h(EKacTrv) E 7 (P 4909). P1.10. Fragment from foot of E 3 (P 226). PI. 10. Foot of a Corinthian-type black-glazedbowl of late 5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffito on underside,inside foot, probably skyphosof the secondquarter5th centuryB.C. written on the sherd. Graffitoon bottom,probablywrittenon sherd. Second quarter V cent. B.C.
AiaXea
mr
Late V cent. B.C.
AAHtF[
~p ~ Perhaps a price tag, since the units are drachmas. Perhapsa tag accompanyinga colnsignment (weighingfive staters), belonging to Aischeas E 8 (P 9177). P1.10. Fragmentfrom lower part and perhaps certifiedby Nikanor. It is also of black-glazedskyphos of Attic type of late 5th centuryB.C. Graffitoon underside,within possible that only one person is involved, the foot. Hesperia,XXV, 1956, p. 16, no. 69. namelyNikanor,son of Aischeas. Late V cent. B.C. E 4 (P 27694).P1.10. Wall fragmentfroim lekane. AA111[ Graffito on inside, obviously written on the Since the units are simple strokes, the resherd,whichwas later brokenat the left. Con- ferenceis to somethingotherthandrachmas. text: second quarter 5th century B.C. (P 14:3). E 9 (P 25886). PI. 10. Fragment from wall of Second quarter V cent. B.C. plain storagejar. Graffitoon outside,obviously i.e., 4 dr., 1 3/4 ob.
F. OWNERS' MARKS
23
Thejug seemsto havebeen usedas a tag on a E 10 (P 23873).PI. 10. Baseof lekane(= SparkesTalcott,no. 1810).Graffitoin centeron undershipmentof 60 pieces;the singledrachmaseems to be price, whetherof the whole shipmentor side, probablywritten on the sherd. Context: some part. Perhapsthe shipmentwas pots of ca. 420-390B.C. (Q 15:2). which the tag was the visiblesample. EarlyIV cent. B.C..P The graffitois repeatedin smallerformat one E 14 (P 6876). PI. 10. Fragmentfrom floor of black-glazed bowl or plate, with stamped edge. on the floor, of the 4th centuryB.C. palmettes E 11 (P 14622).PI. 10. Fragmentfrom lower part Graffitoon floor, almost certainlywritten on of black-glazedskyphos of early 4th-century the sherd. Hesperia,XXV, 1956,p. 19, no. 81. B.C. type. Graffito on underside,within ring IV cent. B.C. APFFF foot; probablywrittenon the sherd. Niy( ) HHA[ E15 (P25983). P1.10. Lower part of blackEarlyIV cent. B.C. glazed kantharosof late 4th-centuryB.C. type. Perhapsa tag?or an I O U? Graffito on underside,within foot, probably E 12 (P 18610).P1.10. Fragmentfrom lower part writtenon the sherd.Context:3rd centuryB.C. of small black-glazedolpe. Graffitoon under(Q 19:2). side, probablywritten on the sherd. Context: first half 4th century B.C. (C 19:5). Mi ( ) AA Firsthalf IV cent. B.C.
Late IV cent. B.C. Aio ( ) 6xK(at) i'
i.e., 40 dr. (weight) It is likely that the first three letters are an abbreviatedname ratherthan a commodity.
E 13 (P 3512). P1.10. Small black-glazedringhandledjug. Graffito on underside.Context: secondhalf 4th centuryB.C.(F 11:2). Hesperia, E 16 (P 6349). P1.10. Lower part of Pergamene XXV, 1956, p. 16, no. 68, pl. 3. Cf. Sparkes- bowl of the late 1st centuryB.C. Graffitoon underside,perhapswrittenon the sherd. ConTalcott,no. 1192. 1st century B.C. (E 14:1). text: FPA Third quarter IV cent. B.C. k Late I cent. B.C. 6p (aXlpat) AAAAA
F. OWNERS' MARKS The large numberof what seem almost certainlyto be marksof ownershipinscribedon complete vessels makes possible some useful statistics1of various sorts: changesin letter-shapesand spelling throughoutthe rangefromearly7th centuryB.C. to the 6th centuryof our era; natureof identification, rangingfrom simpleinitialof the nameto a completesentenceassertingownership(withconsideration of the numberand kinds of abbreviations);locationof the markson varioustypes of vessels;andthe natureof the writing,whethergraffitoor dipinto. A more or less standardold Attic alphabet2(A or ABAASlIH?IK.MNOPPJTVO+or X) is used with only a few exceptionsandvariantformsthroughthe secondquarterof the 5thcenturyB.C.: Ioniclambda or gammaappearsonly in F 56, F 59 andF 74; variantsfor thetaincludethreedotted(F 12, F 13, F 26) and one square(F 31); variantsfor rho includefive apparentlystemless(F 20, F 23, F 24, F 39, F 41) and writerswere probably responsiblefor the one four with tails (F43, F 61-63). "Foreign-educated" the two of a examplesof psi-shapedchi (F 25, F 65), one combination B-shapedepsilon(F 14), example of closed eta as a vowel with Ionic xi (F 53), and four cases (F 56, F 72 cursive,F 75, F 78) in which omegais used. Othervariantsare most likelyto be due to the difficultyof incisingand lack of skill of the writer: misformed phi's (F 43, F 50 with almost horizontal crossbar,F 66 square), square omicron 1 Although the numbermay be sufficientfor statistical purposes, it is still true that the extremebrevity of the texts and relative rarity of some letters and forms decreasedthe value of the results. 2 Digamma is not used alphabeticallybut only numerically;no opportunityfor psi arisesin these texts; xi is indicatedby a combination of chi and sigma.
24
F. OWNERS' MARKS
(F 64), and curveddelta (F 50). Most interestingis the variationin sigmas;althoughthe four-barred form is mostly the resultof sporadicforeigninfluence(F 16, F 44 with stemmedupsilon,F 56 with omega and Ionic lambda,F 75 with omega,F 77 in a Cretanname),the role of the earliestexample (F 1) is perhapsbest explainedas an alternateto the reversedsigmawhich seemsmost often to have been used as a specialform markingthe end of the word (see above in introductionto Names on Sherds,pp. 16-17).So herethe four-barredsigmaat theends of F 1 and thefive-barredsigmaat the end of F 2 combinewith the reversedthree-barred sigmasat the endsof F 12, F 13,F 18 andF 23 to suggesta gropingfor a significantvariantfor this specialpurpose;the only otherreversedsigmadoes occurin the middle of a name (F 6) and may indicateeitherindividualidiosyncracyor the still fluid state of experimentation. With the middleof the centurythe balanceshifts so that the rule is a more or less standardIonic with a graduallydiminishingnumber of exceptions. alphabet(ABFAEIHOIKAMNEOnlP(TY(DXYQ)3 Attic lambdaor gammaoccursin no singleexample;thereare threetailedrho's (F 81, F 84, F 105)and one that is more likely influencedby the Latin form (F 219). The most persistentof the older lettershapesis the three-barredsigma(F 84, F 118, F 119, F 125) whichoccurseven with omegaand eta as long vowels.Exceptfor triangularand otherodd phi's (F 126,F 151,F 152,F 161,F 211) and a unique broken-barred alphain F 157,thereis littlechangeafterthe 5th centuryB.C. untilthe gradualinfiltration of cursiveformsbeginningin the late 4th-early3rdcenturiesB.C.:cursivezeta in F 178; lunatesigmain F 182 and F 209; lunate epsilon in F 210; cursive omega in F 212, F 213.4From the end of the 3rd century
the non-cursiveforms(at least of certainletters)areexceptional:alphacontinuesuncial,showinga brokenbar or otherodditiesin F 254, F 271,F 280,F 299, F 302, and is cursiveonly in F 292, F 295 and B.C.
mostly thereafter,particularlyin dipinti; square epsilon occurs only in F 220, F 221, F 228, F 231, F 247,
F 249,F 277, F 333,F 334; pi continuesto be uncialfor the most part,with the developedcursiveform only in F 318; the four-barredsigmaoccursonly in F 222 andF 225, but thereis an angularlunateform in F 301 and a rectangularform in F 319; omega is uncial only in F 220 and F 231. Cursiveligatures also
in F 330. The Latinletters,whichoccuron F 228, beginto occur:epsilon-iotain F 276, omicron-upsilon F 251,F 277,F 283,F 288,F 298,F 313 andF 328, aretoo few to showanynotabledevelopment. As mightbe expected,if we makeallowancefor the informalityof thesenotationsand the largeand variednumberof theirwriterscomparedto the formalstoneinscriptionsandtheirfew inscribers(selected in the earlyperiodis remarkably presumablyfor theirskill),the changeanddevelopmentof letter-shapes similar. For the later period such a comparison is not possible since stone-cuttingis much less conducive to cursive forms even than scratchingin fired clay and a completely differentworld from that of dipinti. Here a comparison may be made with texts written in ink on papyri; and again there is a remarkable similarityin letter-shapesbetween pots and paper, without so great a differencebetween our casual owner-
scribesandthewritersof casuallettersandaccountsas betweenthe formerandprofessionalstone-cutters. As far as spelling is concerned, the first point to be considered, because of its close association with letter-shapesand the Ionic alphabet, is the use of eta as "h" and of both eta and omega as long vowels. No eta appearsas "h" afterthe secondquarterof the 5th centuryB.C., and even beforethat time it is
omittedonce(F 54).Theearliestuse of eta as a vowelis late 6th centuryB.C. (F 15);in the firsthalf of the 5th centuryB.C. it appears sporadicallyand in texts which show other foreign influences(F 53, where it is combined with an Ionic xi, F 55, where it is misused for epsilon or the diphthong). After the middle of the centuryepsilonas eta is the exception(F 84, wherethe likelygenitivesingularin -es shouldnot be the
Attic form after a rho, F 116, wherethe initial vowel of Hegesanderis writtenas eta but the second is not certain).Theoppositemistake, vowelis writtenepsilon,andpossiblyF 123wherethe interpretation for which reflect eta a confused and effortto use the "new" vowel, over-zealous epsilon, may writing 8 Xi with or without the centeruprightoccurs indifferently;the tailed upsilon is not immediatelygeneraland can not always be certainlydistinguishedin carelesswriting; 4 The hourglasssigma, if such it is, of F 183 must be foreign or idiosyncratic?
F. OWNERS' MARKS
25
occursin F 127. A comparableconfusionbetweenthe o-soundsis seenin F 160 wherean omegais used for an omicron.Generally,in the earlierperiodomegaappearsfor the long vowel only in F 56, F 72, F 78 and for eithershortor long in F 75. Afterthe middleof the 5th centuryB.C. the long vowelis consistentlywrittenas omegaexceptin F 85, F 132,F 145 andpossiblyF 123.Lessconsistencyis apparentin the treatmentof the diphthongsepsilon-iotaand omicron-upsilon.Einmiis writtenwith epsilon-iota except twice (F 63, F 65); in the latter case the confusionis confoundedby the writingof Aischeas' epsilonas a diphthong,but this is probablya Boiotian hand. The use of simpleomicronfor omicronupsilon(ordinarilyin the masculinegenitivesingular)continuesfrom earliesttimes(F 3, F 5, F 9, F 58, F 63-65, F 77, F 92, F 94, F 104, F 107, F 115, F 125, F 127, F 131, F 132, F 136, F 143, F 146) to well beyondthe 5th centuryB.C. with only two exceptions(F 23, F 144); only from the late 4th centuryB.C. does the diphthongomicron-upsiloncome to be generallywritten(F 177, F 180, F 198, F 201, F 203, F 209, F 212, etc.). Single letters standing for doubled consonants are standardin the early period (F 3, F 58, F 62, F 103) and even occur sporadicallyin the 4th century B.C.(F 138, F 168) when the usual practice is to write both consonants (F 124, F 131, F 146, F 198, F 201, F 205, F 214, F 217, etc.). The reverse situation, where a single letter is doubled, occurs only in the case of sigma precedinga dental (F 26, F 77) and so may reflect a felt differenceof pronunciationmore than uncertaintyor confusion. Another reflectionof pronunciation and F 84 (itoCu< > ppEs).One may be seen in the cases where letters are omitted: F 46 (MeAa
insertionof an originallyomittedletter also exists:Gogias correctedto Gorgias(F 64). Metathesisof for MrXTIXTI), perhapsas a reflectionof pronunaspirationalmostcertainlyoccursonce (F 184 Mr1.9fKn if in F 11 (SaSi for TraTi)is an interwe assume the substitution of theta for tau and ciation, only may pretationof that owner'smarkpossible. With regardto the way in whichthe lettersof the namesare arrangedwe shouldnote both how the directionof writingis relatedto the chronologyandhowandwhenlettersarejoinedtogetherin ligatures or monograms.The retrogradeinscriptions(F 1, F 4, F 5, F 18, F 35) continueinto the early5th century B.C. and the only later example (second quarterof the 5thcentury B.C.)is also unique in every other way, being writtenin the Cypriotesyllabary(F 67). No true boustrophedonarrangementappears,but the crampedconditionsof a small circularbase sometimesproducea kind of false boustrophedon,as in F 76, F 91. Ligaturesandmonogramsrepresenta morefrequentdeparturefromthe normallinearwriting fromleft to right;moreover,theypersistsporadicallyfromthe 6th centuryB.C.to the 6th centuryof our era. A ligature,for our presentpurposes,may be definedas the joining(often by a commonstrokeor strokes)of two or moreletters,whethersideby sideor aboveandbelow,thusleavingthe termmonogram for those cases in whichall the lettersof a name(abbreviatedor in full) are interlacedand combined. The earliestcases are mostlymonogramsof three-letterabbreviations (F 14,F 15, F 19, F 27, F 45, F 48, F 52, F 69)or of two letters(F 73, F 89). Onlyone case survivesfromthis periodof a two-letterligature as part of a whole name (F 46). Later examplesare more various:a probablyfour-lettermonogram (F 129); four cases of two joined letters in a longer text (F 162, F 193, F 224, F 314) ;5 two monograms of three-letterabbreviations(F 190, F 221); one monogram of a five-letter abbreviation (F 241) and one of a complete name of seven letters (F 214). Punctuation is rare in these short texts: two or three dots vertically arrangedoccur between words on two early pieces (F 18, F 24); a long line marking off the end from the beginning of inscriptions that circle around on themselves appears on two later examples (F 83, F 92). Mention has already been made in passing of the non-Greek scripts which are included in this collection: one Greek name written in the Cypriote syllabary(F 67); and several Latin names written in Latin letters (F 228, F 251, F 283, F 288, F 298, F 313, F 328) as well as one which is apparently given in both Latin and Greek letters. Two other pieces seem to be non-Greek (F 99, F 100). 6 Not includedhere are the cursivejoints, as for example betweenthe letters of the diphthongsepsilon-iota(F 276) and omicronupsilon (F 330).
26
F. OWNERS' MARKS
The variouswaysin whichownersexpresstheirclaimmay be categorizedas follows,startingwiththe shortestand simplestand workingup to the most elaborate: Name abbreviated(rangingfrom 1 to 8 letters) 148 Name in nominativecase 51 72 Name in genitivecase 4 Name in dativecase 21 Moreelaboratestatementof ownership 46 Incompleteor obscure 3426
The abbreviationsare especiallyto be noted sincewe have from no othersourcesuch abundantevidencefor abbreviationsin the earlyperiod.Of the 152 abbreviationsoccurringon 148 pots (fourhave morethanone abbreviation)the lengthsandchronologicalrangesareas follows: Numberof letters Number7 Dates
1
Late4th-early3rdcenturiesB.C.
6
4
From mid-5th into 4th century B.C.
5
13
From secondquarter5th centuryB.C.into Late Romanperiod
4
47
From 6th century B.C. into Late Roman period
3 2
70 13
Fromfourthquarter6th centuryB.C. to 5th-6thcenturies Fromfourthquarter6th centuryB.C. to mid-3rdcentury
1
4
8
From early 5th century B.C.to 1st century B.C.
152 The comparative scarcity of one and-two-letter abbreviations results from our criteria of selection (see Introduction, p. 1) and is not at all a reflection of the actual state of affairs.There are vast numbers of
is so wide they pots or fragmentswith only one or two letters,but becausethe scopefor interpretation can give us little or no information.Of the four one-letterabbreviationswhichare includedthreehave not only the initialbut also the full name(F 163,F 185,F 245) and the other(F 40), althoughit has only the initial,is one of a groupof pots all apparentlymarkedby the sameownerin variousways. Of the one (F 39) belongsto this samegroup,another(F 213) was also foundin the 13two-letterabbreviations, samecontextwith a completename,six occurtogetherin pairson threepots (F 89, F 112,F 228), one (F 28) representsfive differentjars all markedin the sameway, one (F 73) is a uniquemonogram,one (F 127) shows the full name as well as the abbreviation,and the last two (F 242,F 296) seemedsufficientlyunlikeany otherinscribedpots of the periodto be interesting.8 6 This total exceeds the number of catalogueditems by eight because so many both have abbreviationsand belong to another category:F 91, F 127, F 152, F 163, F 180, F 185, F 245, F 323. 7 Eight letters: F 181 Six letters:F 80, F 145, F 167, F 308 Five letters:F 59, F 79, F 97, F 108, F 119, F 147, F 153, F 193, F 237, F 241, F 320, F 326, F 331 Four letters: F 20, F 49, F 51, F 54, F 66, F 68, F 71, F 81, F 88, F 90, F 91, F 95, F98, F 110, F 114, F 121, F 129, F 137, F 148, F 151, F 152, F 162, F 163, F 166,F 180, F 186,F 189, F 195, F 200, F 206, F 211, F 217, F 222, F 227, F 229, F 236, F 240, F 244, F 254, F 255, F 261, F 271, F 278, F 299, F 317, F 327, F 334 Three letters: F 14, F 15, F 17, F 19, F 21, F 22, F 25, F 27, F 2931, F 33-37, F 41, F 42, F 45, F 47, F 48, F , F 53, F 57, F 60, 133, F 155,F 156, F 159, F 173-175, F 178, F 190, F 61, F 69, F 70, F 74, F 87, F 102, F 105, F 106, F 109, F 111, F 120, F F2 F 194, F 196, F 197, F 207, F 208, F 210, F 219, F 221, F 235, F 239, F 247, F 248, F 260 F 265, ,
F 293, F 294, F 303, F 314, F 323 Two letters:F 28, F 39, F 73, F 89 (2), F 112 (2), F 127, F 213, F 228 (2), F 242, F 296 One letter: F 40, F 163, F 185, F 245.
F277,F
F 281,
F 283,
8 Actually this two-letter abbreviation could as well refer to contents or give a date or other number and so serves as an example of
these abbreviations'elusiveness.
F. OWNERS' MARKS
27
With the 71 three-letterabbreviationswe are on somewhatfirmerground,sincethe majorityof them could not be numbers and all can be more easily interpretedas names than as common nouns. This is
not to saythatmostof themcanbe identifiedwithone particularname,sinceit is obviousfromthemakeup of personalGreeknamesthat initialcombinationslike Eur-,Kri-,Men-,Nik-, and Phil- may easily standfor a greatvarietyof names.How abbreviationsso potentiallyambiguousservedany purposeat all is obviouslythe next question.The most likely answeris one whichsuggeststhat this collectionof owners'marksmay have sociologicalas well as epigraphicand alphabeticimplications:the groupsin whichabbreviationsof one, two, three,four and evenfive lettersmightbe usefulmustnecessarilyhave beensmall,andwiththe tendencyfor the sameor similarnamesto be usedrepeatedlywithina particular family,it is unlikelythat the groupsin questionwerefamilies.Clubssuggestthemselvesas a possibility, with the membersmarkingtheirown vessels,whetherfor drinkingor pouring;anotherpossibilityis a groupof customersof one smallshop who left vesselsto be filled.Perhapsothersuchgroupsmightbe thoughtof, dependingon the kindof vesselsmarked.Thatthe make-upof the groupsometimesrequired moreexplicitor longerabbreviationsis obviousfromthe varietyof lengthswhichwe actuallyfind,e.g., Ar (F 112), A (F (( 21,
Aris
81), Arist (F 153),
risti (F F 80). These pieces did not, obviously, belong to
one group,but the varietysuggeststhat therewas a tendencyto cut one's nameto fit the circumstances. If, for instance, Aristogeiton was the founder of his club he might well have marked his drinkingcup Ar, while subsequent joiners named Aristotle, Aristeides, Ariston and Aristippos would have arrogated to themselves respectivelythe abbreviations Ari, Aris, Arist and Aristi.
The four-letterabbreviationsare not for the most part much more particularizing than those with but the of those made of five or more letters almost certain identification with a three, majority up give particularname. As wasnotedabove,six of the abbreviatednamesareaccompaniedby whatmustbe the samenamesin full: Dexio and De (F 127); Diphilou and Diphi (F 152); Menonos, Meno and M (F 163); Theon and Th (F 185); Nikolaou and N (F 245); Eukarpos and Euk (F 323). This range of one, two, three and fourletter abbreviations alongside full names confirms us in our interpretation of the abbreviations as
owners'namesbut still leavesus puzzledas to why these six ownerssaw fit to identifytheirproperty by both forms. Whatever may be imagined as the intended grammaticalcase of the abbreviations,the variety among the names that are complete allows considerable choice: nominative 40%; genitive 57 %; dative 3 %.9 Since the nominative may always be considered as the subject of an understood verb of owning with the object inscribed as the understood object, and since both genitive and dative can express possession, the usage may depend on individual preference. The choice of case seems not to have been dictated by
changingfashion,sinceit is apparentthat nominativeand genitive,at any rate, wereboth used pretty consistentlyfrom the beginningto the end of our period. A few of the owners'namesin the nominativeand genitiveare accompaniedby additionalidentification:the father'sname appearscertainin F 231, F 304 (also grandfather),F 316, and possiblyin F 117 and F 118; tradename, title or epithet appearsin F 262, F 304 and F 316. Whethertwo names apparentlyin the samecasesuggestjoint ownershipor somekindof relationshipperhapsvariesaccording to the situation(F 150, F 165, F 180, F 332). More uncertainor incompleteare the additionsin F 103, F 183,F 284,285.Most frequentis the presenceof one or two (or three)lettersapparentlyusedas numer9 Nominative:F 1, F 6-8, F 11, F 16, F 24, F 44, F 46, F 62, F 72, F 76, F 78, F 83, F 85, F 93, F 117,F 135,F 138,F 150, F 164,F 168, F 170, F 176, F 183-185, F 187, F 188, F 204, F 214, F 224, F 225, F 231, F 238, F 250, F 252, F 257, F 274, F 282, F 285, F 287, F 290, F 291, F 309-311, F 316, F 318, F 322, F 323, F 329. Genitive: F 2, F 4, F 9, F 23, F 64, F 67, F 77, F 84, F 86, F 92, F 104, F 113, F 118, F 125, F 127, F 136, F 140-143, F 146, F 152, F 157, F 158, F 163, F 165, F 179, F 180, F 182, F 198, F 201-203, F 212, F 216, F 223, F 230, F 233, F 234, F 243, F 245, F 246, F 251, F 256, F 258, F 259, F 262-264, F 267-270, F 273, F 275, F 276, F 279, F 286, F 292, F 295, F 297, F 301, F 304, F 306-308, F 312, F 321, F 325, F 330, F 332. Dative: F 50, F 284, F 288, F 298.
28
F. OWNERS' MARKS
als: alpha(1) in F 87, F 170; gamma(3) in F 317; delta (4) in F 162,F 282; epsilon(5) in F 98; stigmazeta (6-7) i 04; kappa(2 in F 73; kappa-alpha(21) in F 297; nu (50) or pi-delta(50) or both in F 130,F 206,F 252; andepsilon-iota-rho (115)in F 315 andkappa-theta-tau (329)in F 250. The numbers need not all be used similarlyand could not be expectedto be so over so greata lapse of time and on such differenttypes of vessels.It is possiblethat the smallernumbersmight referto qualityor age of contents,that any of the numbersmightindicatethe particularvessel'splacein a series,or giveeithera date or taahe capacityon he basis of some era or unit taken for granted.Finally,one vessel(F 198) on whichthe capacityis spelledout is cataloguedhere ratherthan underHa (Capacity)becausethe first item in the inscriptionis the owner'sname. In additionto a few unexplainedmarksthat are not evencertainlylettersor numberson severalpots, the chi-rhosymbolor the namesaccompaniedby thereis one smallclassof someinterest,that is,either, cross:F 322, F 323 (on whichthe additionaliota-epsilonmightbe eithera numberor the abbreviation for "priest"or "sacred"),F 324. The most frequentformulaamong the more elaboratestatementsof ownershipmakes the vessel ." This simpleform occurs 13 times (althoughsome assert,"I am (the property)of texts are incomplete and so may have included more): F 5, F 12, F 13, F 18, F 32, F 56, F58, F 63, F 65, F 107, F 115, F 144, F 177. One variant adds a predicate (F 3); another uses the adverb dikaios (F 94, F 131, F 132, F 139, F 154). F 103 may name itself as the property of Philippe; F 199 appears to record a
conversation:"(Thisis the property)of Agathonthe thief." "Cheapat a chalkous!"Two of these inscriptionsalso haveadditionalinformation:F 65 maygivethe owner'sethnic;F 131 may add a prohibition to the assertionof ownership- "I am really(the property)of Andriskos;[let not] anyoneelse [touch]."F 63 may indicatejoint ownership. The 46 incompleteor obscuretexts can not profitablybe treatedas a group,since the uncertainties involvedare so various.Most are nameslackingcase-endings(or more);10thereare a few wherethe names themselves are uncertain, if indeed they are names;u and two texts are literally illegible because
they employnon-Greekletters(F 99, F 100). Sincethe kind of vesselsand the locationof the inscriptionsthereonaremost often related,it will be convenient to consider these two matters together. For our purposes the vessels do not need to (and often can not because of theirfragmentarystate) be separatedinto many individual categories of shape. It is sufficient (and often only possible) to distinguish open vessels (like cups, bowls, basins, plates) from closed (like amphoras, pitchers,jugs). In addition there are lamps and lids and one disc-stand, as well as three unexplained objects of clay. The vast majority (73 %) of open vessels12are inscribed underneath,on the base; on 19% the inscription appears on the side wall; the locations of the other 8% are various, with only a few examples of each: inside (often on floor), top of rim (of basins), top of foot or stem (kylix), handle. Two of the sidewall inscriptions are upside down to the vessel (F 6, F 25), and one runs vertically (F 203). For the great number of inscriptions underneaththe orientation is obviously a matter of indifference. 10F 10, F 26, F F,1 38, F 43, F 55, F 75, F 10, F 116 F
F F 134, F 149,F 160, F 161,F 169,F 172, F 205, F 215, F 218, 1230, F 128, F 220, F 226, F 232, F249, F253, F266 F 289, F 300, F 302, F 305,F 315, F 319, F 324, F 328, F 333. " F 82, F 91, F 96, F 122, F 123, F 171, F 191, F 192, F 209.
12 Thereare 183 examples,of which threeare inscribedin two places,so the percentagesare basedon 186inscriptions.Underbase: F 8, F50, F 51, F 53, F 54, 10O, F 11, F14,F15,F17,F18,F21-23,F26,F27,F30,F31,F33,F34,F36,F37,F39,F41,F43,, F 56, F 59, F 62-64, F 66, F 67, F 69, F 74-77, F 79, F 80, F 82-86 (also foot-top of F 86), F 87, F 89, F 90, F 91 (also inside), F 92, F 94-96, F 98, F 104, F 105, F107, F108, F 110, F112, F 117, F 119, F 120, F 122, F 123, F 125, F 126, F 128, F 133-135, F 137, F 159162 F 164 F 167, F 168, F F 173 F 174 F 176, F179 F 139, F 40, F 143-14716 F 149-151, F 15170, 180, F 182, F 184, F 186-195, F 200, F 206 (also outside wall), F 208, F 210, F 213, F 215, F 221, F 222, F 226, F 227, F 229, F 230 (also inside), F 234F 236, F 237, F 24, FF245 (also inside), F 246-249, F 254-256, F 264, F 265, F 301, F 302, F 334. Outside wall: F 1-6, F 25, F 32, F 169, F 172 F 181, F 201,2F326 F 45, F 46, F 57 F 68, F 78, F 99-101, F 109, F 115, F 118, F 124 F 154, (F206 also underneath),F 207, F 209, F 223, F 225, F 231 (also inside), F 232, F 330. Inside:F 70, F 91 (also underneath),F 116, F 138,F 1, F 156, F 220, F 230 (also underneath),F 231 (also outside), F 245 (also underneath).Stem or top of foot: F 24, F86 (also underneath), F 158. Tip of rim: F 88, F 106, F 132. Handle: F 219.
F. OWNERS' MARKS
29
Inscriptionson closed vessels13occur most often on the shoulderor side (67%) or neck to mouth (17%), less often underneath,on the base (9+ %), and on the handle (6+ %). Only one inscription (F 97) is upsidedown to the vessel,but three(F 9, F 65, F 298) run vertically.Handleinscriptionsseem to readindifferentlyup or down. If thereis anychronologicalconclusionto be drawnfromthesefigures,it is onlythe sameone thatmay be derivedfrom a generalsurveyof the potteryof the Agora: that there are more examplesof open shapesin the Greekperiodthan in the Romanperiod. The inscribedlamps number15; four are inscribedon the nozzle (F 113, F 152, F 178, F 185); four underneath,on the base(F 42, F 93, F 197,F 214);threeon top or aroundthe rim(F 103,F 183,F 212); threeon the side-wall(F 129,F 177,F 211); oneis inscribedon top, on the nozzleandon one side(F 163). All lids (F 49, F 58, F 121,F 157,F 216) and one disc-stand(F 8) are inscribedon the top surface.The miscellaneousclay objects(F 165,F 166,F 240) are inscribedon any convenientsurface. Becausethere are more fine waresinscribedin the Greekperiodand more coarse ones in Roman times,graffitipreponderategreatlyin the centuriesbeforeChristand are not even quitematchedin frequencyby dipintiin our era. Thatis, glazedwarecan be most visiblymarkedby scratchingthroughthe glaze;unglazedwarenot only lendsitselfmoreto paintbut makespaintmorevisible.Theseproportions applyonly to this category,sinceit is obviousthatthe graffitois a morehome-mademethodof marking and that variouscommercialnotationswill have been made14less laboriouslyand moreprofessionally with a brush.Of our 334 owners'marks289 (86%) are graffitiand only 45 (14%) are dipinti.l5Six of the graffitiwere incisedin the clay while it was still soft (F 216, F 259, F 261,F 288,F 306,F 318). One dipintoowner'smark(F 252) was supplemented with a graffitonumber. We come finallyto the namesthemselvesand a considerationof the prosopographical value,if any, of these inscriptions.Actual identificationof individualownerswith knownpersonsis not, exceptin very specialcircumstances,possible;nor would it be usefulto know, for example,that a man whose only "claimto fame" was servicein the Boule in a particularyear had scratchedhis name on a pot. Onlywherethereis moreinformationthanthe name,or wherethe nameis veryrareindeedmay identificationbe possible.For the restourchiefconcernwillbe the nameratherthanthe person,thatis, whether it is known(1) fromAthens,or (2) elsewhere,either(3) roughlycontemporaneously with its appearance on the pot, or (4) some othertime. Sincemost of the completenamesbelongto the firstcategory (known at Athens) and also to the third (roughlycontemporary)it will save space in the catalogue descriptionsif this is assumedto be the case unlessthe contraryis noted.Thatis, a nameis noticedonly if a roughlycontemporaryAthenianis not knownfromProsop.Att., I. G., or S. E. G. For the abbreviated names,it will be most often sufficientto indicateexamplesof possibleAtheniannamesin the few caseswherethesearenot obvious;onlywherenonesuchexistwillfurtherdiscussionbe required. Of the completeGreeknames(and the sufficientlycompleteabbreviations)only 19 are not attested anywhereat all as names:two of these (F 150, F 325) are known in somewhatdifferentforms; eight (F 11, F 84, F 93, F 104, F 169, F 230, F 301, F 330) are knownas commonnouns and seem hereto be usedas nicknamesor titles;only nine(F 1, F 4, F 76, F 155,F 171,F 178,F 271,F 273,F 276)arewithout parallel.A fairnumberof namesareattestednot for Athensbut elsewhere;16 a few areattestedat Athens 18 There are 127 examples.Shoulderor side: F 7, F 9, F 12, F 13, F 16, F 19, F 29, F 52, F 55, F 60, F 61, F 65, F 97, F 127, F 130, F 131 (also handle), F 171, F 196, F 198, F 217, F 224, F 233, F 235, F 241, F 243, F 244, F 251-253, F 257, F 258, F 260-262, F 266279, F 282-285, F 287-289, F 291-296, F 298-300, F 303-309, F 311-313, F 315-319, F 321-323, F 325-327, F 331. Neck to mouth: F 28, F , FF 38, F 142, F 218, F 228, F 239, F 250, F 263, F 280, F 281, F 286, F 290, F 297, F 310, F 314, F 320, F 324, F 328, F 329, F 332, F 333. Under base: F 40, F 44, F 47, F 71-73, F 81, F 136,F 155, F 175, F 202, F 259. Handle:F 20, F 102, F 111, F 114,F 131 (also side), F 148, F 199, F 238. 14 Just as the somewhatdifferentcommercialnotations of the Greek period were made by stampsimpressedin the soft clay, as on amphorahandles. 15 For brevity'ssake only the dipinti numbersare herelisted: F 198, F 211, F 217, F 218, F 228, F 233, F 235, F 241, F 250, F 252, F 257, F 258, F 263, F 266, F 267, F 276, F 277, F 280-282, F 284-287, F 290, F 292-298, F 304, F 305, F 308, F 310-312, F 316, F 317, F 322, F 324, F 328, F 331, F 332. 16F 12, F 13, F 24, F 43, F 46, F 67, F 88, F 108, F 117, F 118, F 123, F 166, F 176, F 184, F 206, F 224, F 239, F 240, F 284, 285, F 297, F 306, F 310, F 326.
30
F. OWNERS' MARKS
for a differentperiodfromthe one hererepresented (F 10,F 49, F 87,F 235,F 262).Therearealso several ethnics(F 44,F 62,F 63,F 77,F 170,F 203,F 257),someof whichhavenot previouslyappearedin Attica; some of thesemay be slavenames.17 As far as sex is concerned,the predominanceof the male, whetherin termsof possessionor in the expressionthereof(literacy),is clear:127namesareprettyclearlymasculine;only 19 arefairlycertainly areobviouslyuncertain. feminine,withan additionalsix thatcouldbe eithersex;18mostabbreviations PRIVATEOWNERSHIP(F) F 1 (P 10151). Pl. 11. Fragmentaryone-handled cupwithplainrim,concavesidesandflatbottom (= Brann, no. 194). Dull streakyblack glaze inside and out; bottom reserved.Graffitoon the side. Context: first half 7th century B.C. (T 19:3).
F6 (P 17380). P1.11. Skyphos with offset lip, reservedhandlezone and small spreadingfoot. Graffitoon lowerpart of body, upsidedown to pot. Context: second half 7th century B.C. (M 11:3). Hesperia,XXX, 1961, p. 366, H25, pls. 78, 89. Second half VII cent. B.C.
O6oov
F 7 (P 14691).PI. 11. Upper part of amphoraof (retrograde) 7th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on shoulder. Context:firstquarter6th centuryB.C.(S 21:2). PerhapsElatichos(not known),but possibly Cf. Brann,p. 33. third declension genitive rather than second Late VII cent. B.C. declensionnominative.If the chi is writtenfor ATrp]616Tr[o] more numerous. become the kappa, possibilities F 8 (P989). PI. 11. Black-glazed disc stand. Graffitoon upper surface. Context: first half F2 (P26420). PI. 11. One-handled cup with 6th centuryB.C. (116:4). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, on Graffito flat bottom. and upper flaringlip wall. Context:second quarter7th centuryB.C. no. 1323. (R 17:5). Hesperia,XXX, 1961, p. 377, S 17, (Oav*Ae Firsthalf VI cent. B.C. pl. 87. F 9 (P 195).P1.11. Fragmentfrom upperbody of Second quarter VII cent. B.C. Ot(Iovos black-figuredolpe or small amphora, of the first half 6th century B.C. On reservedpanel F 3 (P 4663). P1.11. Skyphoswith offset lip and outlinedby a single glazed line, the tail of an low ring foot. Graffitoon the side, just below level of handle. Context: 7th-6th centuries animal. Graffito beside panel vertical with B.C.(F-G 12:1). Hesperia,Suppl. II, pp. 124respectto the pot. 125,figs. 89, 90. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, p. 7. First half VI cent. B.C. Av]cainlo First quarter VII cent. B.C. ]X. &nXOS
Mid-VII cent. B.C.
Eapio sljil -roTfplov
The restorationis one of severalpossibilities, probablythe most likely for 6th-centuryB.C. F 4 (P 22709).P1.11. One-handledcup with offset Athens. lip (= Brann,no. 184).Graffitoon upperwall. Context:thirdquarter7thcenturyB.C.(0 12:1). F 10 (P 2029). P1.11. Fragmentfrom base of Third quarter VII cent. B.C. open bowl, glazedinsideand out, exceptunder foot. Graffitoon bottom. Context:6th century 'ATxoraTas (retrograde) B.C. The name is not known;compareTataieon First half VI cent. B.C. a lekythosfrom Cumaein the BritishMuseum EOTr[ no. 3, pl. 47). (Jeffery,L.S.A.G.,p. 240, No such name is attested till the Roman period. F 5 (P 23452).Pl. 11. Fragmentfromwall of cup. Graffito on outside. Context: third quarter F 11 (P 24727). P1.11. Fragmentfrom base of 7th centuryB.C. (R 8:2). Hesperia,XXX, 1961, skyphos,of a type commonin second quarter p. 353, G 33, pls. 81, 89. 6th century B.C., with red band above foot. Graffito on bottom. Context: fourth quarter Third quarter VII cent. B.C. (retrograde) 6th century B.C.(R 12:3). ]MAoE[IPt 17Strabo VII, 304 I tj
&Aov TOS-r otK'ra, cs AvS6v Katl2Opov, q TOTS v y&p Ko4?iLro, tl 'oTs BVEatv KEivois6pOvitovs ous bmrroA&Louvav thi 6v61saoi rpocry6pvov, &S M6vnv A^Ti6av T6v Oprya, Tiplov 8 Trv naorXay6va. Crtainy fem ne: F 4, F 8, F 11, F 24, F 79, F 84, F 103, F 117, F 158, F 165, F 176, F 184, 230, F 257, F 255, F 306, F 311, F 322, F329. Eithersex: F46, F 113, F 182, F 183, F 188, F224.
31
F. OWNERS' MARKS
Second quarter VI cent. B.C. Oa0{ i.e. TaTf? F 19 (P 24882). P1.11. Glaze-bandedamphora
Perhapsthe "mistress'cup", inscribedby a servant of the house. An abbreviationis less likely, since names beginningthus are much later.
of 6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon shoulder. Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. (Q 12:3). Cf. Sparkes-
Talcott,no. 1502. VI cent. B.C. ZUI ( ) (monogram) ThemostlikelyAtheniannameis Symmachos.
F 12 (P 17825). P1.11. Small black-glazedolpe with high-swunghandle and large spreading F20 (P 25922). P1.11. Handle from unglazed foot (=Sparkes-Talcott,no. 251). Graffitoon amphora.Graffitoon outsideof handle,written side. Context: mid-6th century B.C. (J 18:4). from bottom up. Context:6th centuryB.C. Mid-VI cent. B.C. Oaluv?o5?ei.i VI cent. B.C. 'Aypu( ) Name attested for Carian from Ialysos A demotic('AypvXAss) or a name(unattested) (Ath., VI, 262). derivedfrom &ypuTrv4co? F 13 (P 17826). P1.11. Unglazed oinochoe with trefoil mouth. Graffito on side. Context: F 21 (P 16585). P. 11. Black-glazedkylix base. mid-6th century B.C. (J 18:4). Cf. Sparkes- Graffito on underside.Context: 6th-5th centuries B.C. Talcott,no. 1637. Early V cent. B.C. 'Aya( ) Mid-VIcent. B.C. eOavEos Eil.i F 14 (P 8813). P1.12. Black-glazedstemmeddish F22 (P 16869). PI. 11. Black-glazedkylix foot. Graffito on underside.Context: 6th-5th cenno. 966).Graffitoon under(= Sparkes-Talcott, turies B.C. side. Context: ca. 520-490 B.C.(E 14:5). Ca. 525 B.C. (a) At ( ) (monogram)
Early V cent. B.C.
'Eop( )
(b) N (fragmentary letter) F23 (P2610). P1.11. Base of small skyphos. Since At3( ) gives no reasonable Greek Graffitoon underside.Context:early 5th cenname, we assume the alphabetto be a nontury B.C. (G 6:3). Hesperia, XV, 1946, p. 277, Attic one in which t equals E or H, such as no. 19. Megarianor Corinthian. EarlyV cent. B.C. 21iKpivov F 15 (P 8826). P1.12. Black-glazedkylix. Graffito Too earlyfor Sophocles'contemporary (Ath., on underside of foot. Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. XIII, 592b)? (E 14:5). F24 P1.11. Black-glazedkylix stem, Late VI cent. B.C. Kpr( ) (monogram) with(P2759). raised slightly ring at lower end, marked F 16 (P 1206).PI. 11.Shoulderfragmentfromlarge off above and belowby an incisedline. Graffito non-Atticamphora.Light buff clay, micaceous carefully spaced around stem on this band, and hardbaked,with red bandat base of neck, with punctuationbetweenlast and first letters. turningdownwardat its right end. Graffitoon Context: early 5th century B.C. (G 6:3). Hesshoulder. Context: late 6th centuryB.C.(G 15: 1). peria,XV, 1946,p. 277, no. 18. Late VI cent. B.C. 'Apaiorov Early V cent. B.C. i Xapia[v]0e
F 17 (P 5206). P1.11. Base of kylix with short The nearest attested name is from Thasos: thick stem; raised ring with added red; of Xa]piav0EOrs (.G. XII, 8, 285, 6). late 6th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on inner F 25 (P 4232). P1.12. Lower body of skyphos. face of foot. Graffitooutside,upsidedown to pot. Context: Late VI cent. B.C. BM( ) late 6th to early5th centuriesB.C. F 18 (P 9055). P1.11. Base fragment of blackEarly V cent. B.C. Xoi( ) e.g., Xot(pf?ou) glazed bowl with torus ring foot. Graffitoon Note the use of the non-Atticchi. underside. F 26 (P 4666). P1.12. Fragmentfrom bottom of Late VI cent. B.C. ]oros: E[I1t (retrograde) black-glazed cup kotyle of late 6th- to early Thereare not many nameswith genitivesin 5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon underside. -coroS;amongthem are TTrlaSpcos, an Athenian Early V cent. B.C. 'A]lKi(c)[voS vase-painter of mid-6th century B.C. (Hesperia, IX, 1940, pp. 225-226), and 'Apapcbs(Prosop. F 27 (P 6173).P1.12. Kylixfoot, reservedbeneath. Att., no. 1575). Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th
32
F. OWNERS' MARKS
century B.C. (E 15:6). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, F 34 (P 20788).Foot of black-glazedkylix.Graffito no. 439. on underside. Early V cent. B.C.
Early V cent. B.C.
Opa(
)
lau( ) rTa ( ) (two monograms) F 35 (P 20790). Fragmentfrom mouth of pelike. On another base (Agora inv. no. P6633) Graffitoon outside. from the same well is a fragmentarygraffito Early V cent. B.C. (retrograde) Opa( ) whichmay be read lI]au ( ). F 28 (P 24668,P 24911,P 24912,P 24922,P 24923). F 36 (P 20761). Small black-glazedstemmeddish no. 986).Graffitoon under(= Sparkes-Talcott, P1.11. Five unglazedkadoi; P 24668=Sparkesside of foot. Talcott,no. 1601.On neck of each, a graffitoof two letters,presumablythe abbreviationof the Early V cent. B.C. epa( ) owner's name. Context: ca. 520-480 B.C.(R 12:4). F 37 (P 20768).Black-glazedsaltcellar.Graffitoon Early V cent. B.C. Au( ) underside. Opa( ) F29 (P 24917). P1.11. Fragmentaryunglazed Early V cent. B.C. amphora. Graffito on shoulder. Context: ca. F 38 (P 20785). Black-glazedpelike. Graffitoon 520-480 B.C. (R 12:4). neck,brokenat right. Early V cent. B.C.
KAE( )
Early V cent. B.C.
[pa (
)
F 30 (P 13462). P1.12. Black-glazedsaltcellar. F39 (P 20789). Foot of black-glazed kylix. Graffitoon underside.Context:early 5th cenGraffitoon underside. tury B.C.(N-P 20:1). Early V cent. B.C.
Early V cent. B.C.
ep( )
Tnau( )
F 40 (P 20791). Fragmentfrom foot of blackglazedpelike.Graffitoon underside. F 31 (P 14950). P1.12. Black-glazedkylix foot. 0 ( ) Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th Early V cent. B.C. 19: B.C. century (F 5). F 41 (P 20792).PI. 12. Foot of black-glazedkylix. V cent. B.C. Tie( ) Early Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th B.C.
century (R 12:1). F 32-40. P1.12. In a well of the late 6th-early Early V cent. B.C. Aep( ) 5th centuryB.C. (R 12:1) were found no fewer invases than eight and fragments(F 33-40) The rho, though misshapen,resemblessome scribedwith the letters theta-rho-alpha,thetaof the rho's on the "Thra"vases which come from the samewell. rho, or theta. In a dumpedfilling of the same period a short distanceto the south (Q 13:2) F 42 (L 1096). PI. 12. Lamp (= Howland, p. 33, was found the neck of a vase (F32) which no. 103). Graffitoon underside.Context:early appearsto have been inscribedwith the same 5th century B.C.(H 5-6:1). name written out in full, but unfortunately now incomplete.The owner of the house or Xaa( ) Early V cent. B.C. to his was evidentlygiven marking prop- F 43 shop (P8). P1.12. Fragment of black-glazed erty. saltcellarof early5th-centuryB.c. type. Graffito on underside. F 32 (P 11392).Fragmentfrom wall of deep cup on on the Graffito with reservedband outside. Early V cent. B.c. E]OepovUI[o outside. The name Euthronis known from the Dalmatiancoast (Pape,s.v.), but perhapshere too Opa[ Early V cent. B.C. the theta standsfor phi; cf. D 15. ?t]mt Since the second line appearsto read etli, F 44 (P 137). P1.12. Base of lekythos of early we assumethat the name is writtenout in full 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on underside. genitiveformin the firstline. Early V cent. B.C.
F 33 (P 20757). Black-glazed kylix (= Sparkes-
Talcott,no. 404). Graffitoon undersideof foot. Early V cent. B.C.
Opa (
)
Tupcrav6o
The name, attestedonly as an ethnic adjective, as wellas the non-Atticletterforms(alpha, sigma, upsilon),seems to indicatea foreigner.
33
F. OWNERS' MARKS F 45 (P 5012). PI. 12. Wall fragmentfrom blackglazed cup. Graffito on outside. Context:
Early V cent. B.C.
'EQ1( ) Note combinationof Ionic xi and closed eta early 5th century B.C. used as a vowel. Presumablythe writer was not an Athenian. KeS V cent. B.C. ( ) (monogram) Early names beginning AEK- F 54 (P 24274). PI. 12. Black-glazedkylix base. Perhaps KArl(covos); do not seemto be so early. Graffitoon underside. F 46 (P 5009). PI. 12. Fragmentfrom lower part Early V cent. B.C. 'Epa ( ) and bottomof red-figured All names derived from Hephaistos have mug. Graffitoon the side, partly on the glaze, partly on the figured rough breathing;no other names begin thus. scene. Context: early 5th centuryB.C.Beazley, Thewriterwasthereforepsilotic,but not Ionian. A.R.V.,p. 152. F 55 (P 24735).P1.12. Shoulderfragmentof redEarly V cent. B.C. MXa
in the Late Romanperiod(I.G.,III, 1163).
(F 19:4). cent. V B.C. Early
hecr( )
SeeF 68. F 50 (P 20089). P1.12. Black-glazedbase, probably from column krater. Graffito on inner F 58 (P 5453). P1.14. Black-glazedpyxis lid with face of foot. Context:early5th centuryB.C.Cf. reserved, pierced knob (= Sparkes-Talcott, no. 44). Graffitoaround outer edge of top. no. 54. Sparkes-Talcott, Early V cent. B.C.
$tDioSplOt
Context: 470-425 B.C. (E 13:1). E1ti 'ATroXoSopo Early V cent. B.C.
Presumablya dativeof possession. F 51 (P 20422). P1.12. Black-glazedkylix foot. F 59 (P 5137).PI.13. Black-glazedstemlesskylix. Graffitoon undersideof base. Context:second Graffito on underside. Context: early 5th quarter 5th century B.C. (H 6:5). Hesperia, V, century B.C.(C 18:11). no. 456. 1936,pp. 339, 352. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, Early V cent. B.C.
iXo (
)
Second quarter V cent. B.C.
'OqAp (
)
F 52 (P 24126). PI. 12. Large unglazedamphora, F 60 (P 5174).PI. 13. Unglazedamphora.Graffito of apparently non-Attic clay. Graffito on on shoulder. Context: second quarter 5th shoulder. Context: ca. 520-490 B.C. (Q 12:3). century B.C. (H 6:5). Hesperia,V, 1936, pp. 345, V cent. B.C. 352. Early 'A-w( ) or ArT( ) (monogram) Second quarter V cent. B.C. 'Aua ( ) F 53 (P 7058). P1.12. Half of black-glazedkylix Names beginningwith these letters seem to foot of type commonin early 5th centuryB.C. be either heroic or later than the 5th century Graffitoon underside. B.C., e.g., Amadokos, Amarantos.
34
F. OWNERS' MARKS
F 61 (P 5175).P1.13. Unglazedamphora.Graffito F 67 (P 17463).P1.13. Fragmentof black-glazed on shoulder. Context: second quarter 5th kylix foot of second quarter 5th-centuryB.C. century B.C.(H 6:5). Hesperia,V, 1936, pp. 345, type. Graffitoon underside. 352. Second quarterV cent. B.C. Second quarter V cent. B.c. Xap( ) ku-po-ro-ta-mo,i.e., Kurrpobgaio (signsof Cypriotesyllabary,retrograde) F 62 (P 5168).P1.13. Fragmentary base of lekane. Graffitoon underside.Context:second quarter F 68 (P 15990).P1.13. Black-glazedskyphoswith 5th century B.C. (H 6:5). one vertical and one horizontal handle (= no. 361).Graffition lip between Second quarterV cent. B.C. Sparkes-Talcott, Tpip3.aos of attachments horizontal handle (a) and A Thracianslave's name?It appearslater in between of vertical handle (b). attachments inscriptions (I.G., II2, 4199, 959c). A long stroke Context: ca. B.C. 490-450 (F 19:4). (betweentau and rho on one side and between omicron and sigma on the other) divides the Second quarter V cent. B.C. (a) HE base in half. (b) ZT The two graffitiare apparentlyto be taken F 63 (P 7140). P1.13. Fragmentof skyphosfoot of secondquarter5th-century B.C. type,approxtogetherand read as h-cr( ). Cf. F 57 from imately like Agora inv. no. P 5145 (Hesperia, the same well. The man's name will have been V, 1936,pp. 340f., fig.8). Graffitoon underside. Hestiaiosor the like. SecondquarterV cent. B.C. ix[i{] F 69 (P 16024). P1.13. Small black-glazedbowl. [A]rrmpo ]Ias E[pt] Graffito on underside.Context: ca. 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 855. Onlyone Athenianso namedis knownto us: the fatherof a man who died beforethe middle Second quarter V cent B.C. of the 4th century B.C. (I.G., IP, 12136/7). Do Inap( ) (monogram) the two names(?)indicatejoint ownership? F 70 (P 27690).P1.13.Miniatureone-handled bowl. F64 (P 10805). P1.13. Kylix foot of second Graffito on inside. Context: second quarter quarter 5th-centuryB.C. type, approximately 5th century B.C. (P 14:3). like Agora inv. no. P 5116 (Hesperia,V, 1936, Second quarter V cent. B.C. ZKI( ) pp. 336f., fig. 4). Graffitoon underside.Context: late 6th-early5th centuryB.C. Names beginningwith these three lettersare rare enough for us to imaginethat this might Second quarterV cent. B.C. Fopyio have been a childhoodpossessionof Skironides, The rho was apparently omitted at first the general of 412 B.C. writingand insertedafterwards. F 65 (P 15347, P 15348). P1.13. Unglazed am- F 71 (P 27692). P1.13. Base fragmentof banded oinochoe. Graffito on underside. Context: phoraof non-Atticfabric.Graffition body: (a) secondquarter5th centuryB.C.(P 14:3). underone handle,verticallywith respectto the Second quarterV cent. B.C. Tllo ( ) pot; (b) and (c) on shoulder. Context: ca. 490-450 B.C. (F 19:4). F72 (P 15867). P1.13. Lekythos base in two Second quarter V cent. B.C.
(a) Aitosio Eii
(b) BOI nE (c) B Note the non-Atticchi; if it is Boiotian, we
should perhaps read Boi (cbTov) as a reference
to the vessel or its contents and take HEas a numberindicatingcapacity,e.g., Tr(vTrE)E(taiO). F 66 (P 15218).P1.13. Kylix foot similarto F 64. Graffito on underside.Context: ca. 490-450
degrees, as in Haspels, Athenian Black-Figured
Lekythoi,Paris, 1936, p. 48, 3-5. Graffitoon underside.Context:mid-5thcenturyB.C.(C 9:6). Hesperia, Suppl.V, p. 142, fig.70, a; 71, 38. Second quarterV cent. B.C.
MiKIov
Note the use of omega, which makes it temptingto suppose that the writer was the Mikion who was praisedby Lysitheos(I.G., I2, 924) and that he learnedhis letters from his B.C. (F 19:4). admirer.Thatis, Lysitheosspellswithan omega retainsepsilonfor long e. but Second quarter V cent. B.C. KEqt( ) Presumably Kriclnos (e.g., Prosop. Att., F 73 (P 15868).P1.13. Bottom of small olpe with no. 8286)or some one of the severalcompound disc foot of second quarter 5th-centuryB.C. namesbeginningKephiso-. type. Graffitoon underside.Context:mid-5th
F. OWNERS'MARKS century B.C.(C 9:6). Hesperia, Suppl. V, p. 143,
fig. 71, 37.
35
B.C. (N 7:3). Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no.
135. Mid-Vcent. B.C.
iKuva( ) Ke( ) (monogram) an ethnic known from Probably imKca(tva), exists in 5thelsewhere Ke Sincethe namemaybe either ( ) or Kl ( ), (Pape, s.v.); mOerhs B.C. Athens. the possibilitiesare too numerousto be usecentury fully suggested. F 80 (P 21374).P1.13. Base of black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon underside.Context:ca. 460-440B.C. F 74 (P 15707). P1.13. Black-glazed skyphos. Graffitounder foot. Context: 5th centuryB.C. (N 7:3). Hesperia,XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no. 132. no. 359. Mid-Vcent. B.C. (G 18:1). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, 'Apori( ) Second quarter V cent. B.C. KAe( ) After the iota a sort of dot has been incised, perhapsthe startof the next letter. F 75 (P 10466). P1.13. Base fragmentof blackglazed kylix of type common in the second F 81 (P 21400). P1.13. Base of semi-glazedoinoquarter5th centuryB.C. Graffitoon underside. choe. Graffito on underside. Context: ca. 460-440 B.C. (N 7:3). Hesperia, XXII, 1953, Second quarter V cent. B.C. NIKCCa[ pl. 38, no. 133. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 152. The name might be a feminineNK<'caa with Mid-V cent. B.C. 'Aplti(T ) omega used correctly, but some masculine Note combinationof tailed rho and fourname with omicron (e.g., Nikosthenes,Nikobarred sigma. Presumablythe same name as stratos)is perhapsmorelikely. F 80, fromthe samewell. F 76 (P 18337). P1.13. Base of a one-handler. Graffitoon underside.Context: first half 5th F 82 (P 21373). P1.13. Fragment of base of lekane. Graffito on underside. Context: ca. century B.C. (C 18:4). Second quarter V cent. B.C.
Second quarter V cent. B.C.
Kspiov
460-440 B.C. (N7:3).
pl. 38, no. 136.
Hesperia, XXII, 1953,
Note changein directionof writing.Namenot IN Mid-V cent. B.C. ]ovroS known. Although the sherd might have been convenientas a kleros (lot), the diminutiveis F83 (P 21404). P1. 13. Base and lowerwall of not attestedin this sense. black-glazedskyphos. Graffito on underside. F 77 (P 21290). P1.14. Black-glazedskyphos of Attic type. Graffito on underside. Context: 460-440 B.C. (N 7:3). Hesperia, XXII, 1953,
no. 342. pl. 38, no. 134. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, SecondquarterV cent. B.C. O(Dacc<'>Tio Note doubled sigma (four-barred)and early form of alpha. This name in the form of an ethnicadjectivehas not previouslybeen reported from Attica.
Context: ca. 460-440 B.C. (N7:3).
Hesperia,
XXII, 1953, pl. 38, no. 137. Cf. SparkesTalcott,no. 343. Mid-V cent. B.C.
Kotvai
If the word is complete, it must be nominativefemininepluraland referperhapsto a set of cups which were common property.A long line separatesthe end of the word from the beginning.
F 84 (P 5109).P1.14. Fragmentof base of blackF 78 (P 17898,P 17971).P1.14. Red-figuredmug glazed bowl. Graffito on underside.Context: second half 5th century B.C. with running Hermes, in the vicinity of the Alkimachos painter. Graffito on upper wall Mid-V cent. B.C. 2]tOv<(>ppES opposite figure. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,no. 195. The eta (written as epsilon) following rho MiScov Second quarter V cent. B.C. suggests a foreigner.The nearest parallel for this name is liacu4pptov, (nick)name for an Perhaps this is the father (or teacher) of hetaira in Theophilos' Flute-lover(Edmonds, Lamproklesmentionedin Schol.Ar., Nub.,968, after whom Alexis' Midon (Ath., XI, 491c) II, p. 575, fr. 11). may have been named? The four vertical F 85 (P772). P1.14. Skyphos foot of mid-5th strokesbeneaththe nameare unexplained. B.C. on underside.ConGraffito century type. text: third 5th quarter century B.C. (117:1). F 79 (P 21399). P1.13. Base of semi-glazedbowl. Graffito on underside.Context: ca. 460-440 Mid-V cent. B.C. 'EXaOcKO
36
F. OWNERS' MARKS
F 86 (P 22998). P1.14. Foot of black-glazed kylix of second quarter5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffition top and bottom. Context: 5th-4th centuries B.C. Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, p. 54.
Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, no. 438.
Mid-V cent. B.C.
(top)
ipcovos
XVIII, 1949, p. 330, fig. 6, pl. 93. Cf. SparkesTalcott,no. 935. Fourth quarter V cent. B.C.
(a) Ztuv (
)
(b) nAPAMYNQTO0 CompareF 180 for directionsof writing.
(bottom) MQNO F 92 (P 10803).PI. 14. Small black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon underside.Context:fourth quarter A quantity of hobnails found in the same 5th century B.C.(H 12:6). area with this sherd suggeststhat this Simon may be the cobblerwho was friendto Perikles FourthquarterV cent. B.C. MvrlalCoiXo and Sokrates(Diog. Laert.,II, 122).The letters The writingexactlyfills the circleof the base, on the undersideare almost certainlyanother and an incised line separatesthe end of the versionof the name whichappearson the top. name from the beginning.At least two men of Why the first two letterswere omittedis puzzlived in Athens at this time (Prosop. this name ling. Perhapsthe writerstartedby using paint, nos. 10333-4). then thought it might rub off and continued Att., with a sharpinstrument,forgettingto go over F 93 (L 3088).P1.14. Black-glazedlamp(= Howthe first two letters. Perhapsthe letters now land, no. 175, Type 21C). Graffitoon undervisible were all that were ever written and side. Context:fourth quarter5th centuryB.C. representthe last part of the name used as a (H 12:6). nickname. Fourth
V cent. B.C.
Apa-CTrrI
quarter F 87 (P24698). P1.14. Base of black-glazed of a slave (?), perhapsone who name The stemlessbowl. Graffitoon underside.Context: to came Athens as a deserteror refugee? thirdquarter5th centuryB.C. ThirdquarterV cent. B.C. A Map( ) F 94 (P 12030). PI. 14. Fragmentfrom base of black-glazed stemless cup. Graffito on inner The first alpha may or may not belong to face of foot. Context:fourth quarter5th centhe name. Athenian names beginning Marseem to be Hellenisticand later (e.g., Marsyas, tury B.C.(N-P 20:1). Fourth quarterV cent. B.C. ]aro SIK[aicosEli Maron,Markos). F 88 (P 21694).P1.14. Largeunglazedbasin with F 95 (P 13099).P1.14. Base of black-glazedbowl. projectingflat-toppedrim, steep sides and ring Graffitoon underside.Context:fourth quarter no. 1840).Graffitoon foot (= Sparkes-Talcott, 5th century B.C.(O 19:4). Context: third of rim. quarter5th century top B.C.(07:10). Third quarterV cent. B.C.
Fourth quarterV cent. B.C.
Aiin (
)
KXta(pTros)
F 96 (P 15217).P1.14. Black-glazedone-handler. Graffitounderfoot. Context: 5th centuryB.C. No other restorationsuggestsitself. A Klia(G 18:1). retos is known from Orchomenos(Pape, s.v.). . .PKE Fourth quarterV cent. B.C. F 89 (P 23283). P1.14. Fragmentaryblack-glazed skyphos. Graffition underside.Context:third F 97 (P 18620). P1.15. Part of shoulder of unquarter 5th century B.C.(O 16:1-2). glazed amphora.Graffitoon top of shoulder, ThirdquarterV cent.B.C. E0( ) (monogram) upside down to pot. Context: fourth quarter Au( ) (monogram) 5th century B.C.(C 19:9). Fourth quarterV cent. B.C. Both monogramsare partially erased with 'AvSpi(rKou) thin fine scratches. F 98 (P 12510).P1.15. Fragmentfrom bottom of F 90 (P 17961). P1.14. Black-glazedbolsal (= black-glazedone-handlerof late 5th-century Sparkes-Talcott,no. 540). Graffito on under- B.C. type. Graffito on underside. Context: side. Context: 430-410 B.C. (B 19:7). thXo( ) Fourth quarterV cent. B.C.
F91 (P 10537). P1.14. Black-glazedsaltcellar. Graffition inside (a) and outside(b). Context: fourth quarter5th centuryB.C.(B 15:1). Hesperia,
late 5th-4th centuries B.C. E Late V cent. B.C. MEI( )
PerhapsMeli(io),Meia(ia8o)or the like. Various such names are known in Athens from early in the 4th century B.C.
F. OWNERS' MARKS F 99 (P 16903).P1.15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed no. 754). Grafone-handler(= Sparkes-Talcott, fito on outside lower wall. Context: late 5th century B.C. (A-B 21-22:1). (see drawing) Late V cent. B.C.
37
Late V cent. B.C. KEp( ) The odd spacing results from the writer's avoidanceof the black-glazedot and circle in the center. Another scratchto the right does not seemto be a letter.
Perhapsnon-Greek? F 106 (P 24774). P1.15. Rim fragmentof lekane. Graffito on top of rim. Context: latest 5th F 100 (P 16904). P1.15. Wall fragment from B.C. outside. on Graffito century black-glazed skyphos. Context:late 5th centuryB.C. (A-B 21-22:1). _av ( ) Latest V cent. B.C. Late V cent. B.C. (see drawing) F 107 (P 103). P1.15. Fragmentof straight-sided Second and third letters appearto be nonblack-glazedsaltcellarof a type found chiefly Greek?CompareF 99. in second half 5th centuryB.C.; compare,for F 101 (P 16905).PI. 15. Rim fragmentof blackexample, Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 508, no. 48. Graffitoon underside. Context: on outside. Graffito glazed skyphos. late 5th century B.C. (A-B 21-22:1). Late V cent. B.C. KEKpo[
Second half V cent. B.C.
S(ho Eiii
Compare Kekropidon of the mid-4th cen- F 108 (P 1870). P1.15. Black-glazed saltcellar with flat bottom and slightlyincurvingwalls of F 102 (P 26424). PI. 15. Lower part of amphora a type common in later 5th century B.C.; handle with thumbprintimpression. Graffito compareHesperia,XVIII, 1949,p. 330, no. 69. Graffitoon underside. on outside, running vertically from bottom. Context:late 5th centuryB.C. Secondhalf V cent. B.C. 'E].rrS( ) Fva( ) Names beginningthus seem generallyvery Late V cent. B.C. late (Romanperiod)or non-Athenian. F 103 (L 2653). PI. 15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed lamp(= Howland,no. 215, Type23A). Graffiti F 109 (P3736). P1.15. Rim fragmentof blackon rim (a) and nozzle(b). glazedbowl. Graffitoon outside. Late V cent. B.C. (a) Ka[uovrilp]lti{rrnls 5av ( ) Second half V cent. B.C. (b) AN Note combination of Ionic xi with slantOne expects kappa-alphato begin a word barredalpha. for lamp, but kandelionis too late. The word restored above is one possibility; another is F 110 (P 19555).PI. 15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed one-handler.Graffito on underside.Context: that kappa-alphabegins the name of a child second half 5th century B.C. (C 19:5). of Philippein the nominativecase servingas subjectof &v(erlK?). Second half V cent. B.C. 'Etry ( ) of F 104 (P 27314).P1.15. Black-glazedsaltcellar 111 (P 24265).P1.15. Black-glazedhandlefrom late 5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon under- F small oinochoe, triangularin section. Graffito side, within ring foot. Context: last quarter on outside, runningdown vertically.Context: 5th century B.C. (S 16:1). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, half 5th second centuryB.C.(Q 8:1). p. 135, note 5. Hesperia,XXXV, 1966, p. 83. tury B.C. (Prosop. Att., no. 8264).
Late V cent. B.C.
TpoXiXo
Second half V cent. B.C.
AEv( )
We know several 5th-centuryB.C. Athenian names beginningwith these letters, e.g., Leukades,Leukaios,Leukippos.Cf. also F 47. name, dated by Edmonds to ca. 411 B.C. (Edmonds, I, p. 915, fr. 4; p. 997). More lightly F 112 (P 24691).P1.15. Base of semi-glazedonescratchedin center of foot two numeralsmay handler.Graffitoon underside.Context:second be distinguished:s- , i.e., 6 and 7. half 5th century B.C.
This nicknamemay derivefrom the bird or from the comedy of Heniochos of the same
F 105 (P 27353).P1.15. Fragmentaryblack-glazed bowl of late 5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon underside, within ring foot. Context: last quarter 5th century B.C.(S 16:1).
Secondhalf V cent. B.C.
'Ap( Mo( Mo( Mo(
) ) ) )
(ligature)
F. OWNERS' MARKS
38
Two crossing lines divide the circle inside F 122 (P 20019). P1.16. Base fragmentof blackfoot into four sections;the ligatureoccupiesone glazedskyphos.Graffitoon underside. of these, and two of the thrice repeated two V cent. B.C. ) ]ayu( lettersoccupytwo others. F113 (L 3269). P1.15. Nozzle of black-glazed F 123 (P 21220).PI. 16. Base and part of wall of small stemless black-glazedcup. Graffito on lamp(= Howland,no. 220, Type23A). Graffito underside. Context: late 5th century B.C. on top of nozzle. (Q 10:4). 2aT |Ipas Second half V cent. B.C. KOE V cent. B.C. Probablyfemininegenitive.The Satyrawho See drawing.PerhapsKcbq(s) ? was hetaira to Themistokles (Ath., XIII, no was but the 576c) longer alive, probably F124 (P 25822). P1.16. Black-glazedrim fragnamewas an appropriateone for the trade. ment,probablyof mug. Graffitooutside. F 114 (P 26866). P1.15. Upper part of handle of V cent. B.C. ]aXtIa[ no. black-glazedoinochoe (= Sparkes-Talcott, PerhapsK]cAXkor K]aZXia[Sou. 116). Graffitoat mouth attachment.
rXav( )
Late V cent. B.C.
F 125 (P 25892).PI. 16. Fragmentof black-glazed kylix base. Graffitoon underside. F 115 (P 5203). P1.15. Lower wall fragmentof V cent. B.C. black-glazedcup. Graffitooutside. :evio[ V cent. B.C. ]E{iS Eii[i F 126 (P 83). P1.16. Base fragment of blackglazedbowl (?). Graffitoon underside. F 116 (P 7254). PI. 15. Fragmentfrom bottom of semi-glazed one-handler (?). Graffito inside, V cent. B.C. OIt ( ) almostcertainlywrittenon the wholepot. F 127 (P2841). P1.16. Black-glazed oinochoe V cent. B.C. 'Hyearcv[5pou with ring foot and trefoil mouth. Graffition F 117 (P 8120). P1.16. Part of bottom of redshoulder. Context: ca. 410-390 B.C. (H 12:11). figured skyphos with ring foot. Graffito on Ca. 410-390 B.C. An ( ) Ant{o underside. CompareF 136. V cent. B.C.
]arrairl
F 128 (P 18952).P1.16. Partof bottomof bowl or cup with ringfoot, glazedblackto red. Graffito (not known in Athens); Perhaps 'EKaTralcr on underside.Context:late 5th-early4th cennon-Atticbecauseof eta followingiota? ]S
F 118 (P 10512).P1.16. Fragmentaryblack-glazed saltcellarwith concave sides and flat bottom. Graffitoon outsidewall. V cent. B.C. Tloi]*iKTropos ]Cro
turies B.C. (C 19:9). Late V-early IV cent. B.C.
AEco[
Beautifullettersworthyof major epigraphy. Many names beginningin this way are known in 5th-centuryB.C.Athens:Leobotes,Leogoras, Leodamas,Leon, etc.
The suggested name is heroic and nonF 129 (L 4134). P1.16. Fragmentaryblack-glazed Athenian. lamp(= Howland,no. 258,Type24C). Graffito F 119 (P 14938).PI. 16. Base fragmentof blackon side. glazedkylix. Graffitoon underside. Late V-early IV cent. B.C. V cent. B.C. AicX ( ) MEIK ( ) or Mei ( )? (monogram) F 120 (P 17139). P1.16. Base of black-glazed Perhaps for a name like Meixiades, etc., stemlesscup of 5th-centuryB.C.type. Graffito beforethe letterxi was obligatory. on underside. F 130 (P 17059).P1.16. Fragmentfrom shoulder V cent. B.C. Ep ( ) of unglazed amphora. Graffito on outside. Context:5th-4thcenturiesB.C.Hesperia,XXV, F 121 (P 19958).P1.16. Black-glazedpyxis lid of 1956,p. 23, no. 103. 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffito on top. Cf. no. 1307. Sparkes-Talcott, V-IV cent. B.C. AIoxr[ V cent. B.C.
NIKr r(
)
39
F. OWNERS' MARKS
F 131 (P 23821).P1.16. Fragmentaryblack-glazed F 139 (P 24024). P1.17. Base fragmentof blackoinochoe with ring foot and trefoil mouth. glazedskyphosof Corinthiantype. Graffitoon underside.Context: first quarter 4th century Graffition handle(a) and on wall (b). Context: ca. 400-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). Ca. 400-390 B.C. (a) 'AvSpaoxodll 8iiKawco
B.C.(G 13:5). First quarterIV cent. B.C.
TOUSvEav?dit 5i]KalcoS (b) ]?os For the assertion of ownership compare F 140 (P 3721).P1.17. Fragmentary base of plastic vase with traces of figureattachment.Graffito Hesperia, Suppl.VII, p. 31 and also F 132 below. Another black-glazedfragment (Agora on underside. Context: second quarter 4th inv. no. P 26389) from this deposit has part of centuryB.C.(H 7:3). Hesperia,VI, 1937,p. 89, what is probablythe same name: ]ioxo[. fig. 46, f.
F 132 (P 23835). P1. 17. Fragmentary lekane with
Second quarter IV cent. B.C.
]filovoS
flat-toppedrim. Graffitoon top of rim. Context: F 141 (P 12396). P1.17. Small roughly made ca. 400-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). saucerwith thin glaze. Graffitoon floor. ConCa. 400-390 B.C. i]Kla(io'A[vS]pfioo [ei[] text: secondquarter4th centuryB.C. (G 12:23). Note use of omicronin the adverb,as comEv6opa Second quarterIV cent. B.C. vTOS paredwith omegain F 131. (Partof the lekane couldnot be foundwhenthe finaldrawingswere F 142 (P 14636).P1.17. Fragmentaryblack-glazed made,so that it was necessaryto copy the -Katos oinochoe. Graffito on neck. Context: second from the drawingon the cataloguecard; the 4th century B.C.(E 2:3). quarter letterswhichwere neverfound are dottedin to Second quarter IV cent. B.C. show the spacingand hence presumedorder.) Fripvos F 133 (P 23872).PI. 16. Fragmentarybolsal, glaze F 143 (P 14644). P1.17. One-handledbowl of a fired red all over. Graffitoon underside.Contype commonin the first half 4th centuryB.C.; cf. D. M. Robinson, Olynthus,V, Mosaics, text: ca. 400-390 B.C.(Q 15:2). Vases and Lamps, Baltimore, 1933, pl. 180, TlT ( ) Ca. 400-390 B.C. no. 923. Graffitoon underside.Context:second F 134 (P 23874).P1.16. Basefragmentof unglazed quarter4th century B.C.(E 2:3). pot with ring foot. Graffito on underside. Second quarterIV cent. B.C. XCOTrpaTO Context:ca. 400-390 B.C.(Q 15:2). F 144 (P 14658).P1.17. Base fragmentof blackCa. 400-390 B.C. 2cool[ glazedskyphosof Attictype. Graffitoon underF 135 (P 7977). P1.16. Part of base of blackside. Context:second quarter4th centuryB.C. glazed skyphos of early 4th-centuryB.C.type. (E 2:3). Graffito on underside. Context: 4th century Second ]6aiou il[pi quarter IV cent. B.C. B.C.(E 6:3). Early IV cent. B.C.
F 145 (P 11798).PI. 17. Fragmentaryblack-glazed no. 759). Grafone-handler(= Sparkes-Talcott, F 136 (P 8621). P1.16. Part of base of oinochoe fito on underside.Context:firsthalf4th century like F 127. Graffito on underside. Context: B.C. (BB 17:1). AEiviaS
4th century B.C.(E 6:3). AEsio[ Early IV cent. B.C.
First half IV cent. B.C.
CompareF 127. F 137 (P 23272).P1.16. Part of bottom of blackglazed one-handler(?). Graffitoon underside. Context:latest5th to 4th centuriesB.C. Early IV cent. B.C.
Aaca (
)
-EvoTO(vTos)
F 146 (P 18003). P1.17. Base of black-glazed skyphos of a type common in first half 4th centuryB.C.;cf. D. M. Robinson,Olynthus,V, pl. 85. Graffito on underside. Context: first half 4th century B.C.(C 19:5). 'AXKih First half IV cent. B.C. rTO
F 138 (P 27566).P1.16. Base of black-glazedbowl F 147 (P 1444). P1.17. Base of black-glazed of early 4th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon inkantharos with rouletting on floor; mid-4th side. Context:late 5th-early4th centuriesB.C. century B.C. type, approximately like Hesperia, (I 16:7). VI, 1937,pp. 88-89, fig. 46,c. Graffitoon underside, insidefoot. rlupcov Early IV cent. B.C. Note angular form of omega.
Mid-IV cent. B.C.
Tfav6l( )
40
F. OWNERS' MARKS
F 148 (P 1458). P1.17. Handle of black-glazed F 156 (P 20987).P1.18. Small black-glazedbowl. Graffitoinside on floor. Context:thirdquarter oinochoe, triangularin section. Graffitonear 4th century B.C. top, runningdown from above. Context:mid4th century B.C. (H 17:5). Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'ApTn( )
F149 (P 7502). PI. 17. Base fragmentof blackglazed bowl. Graffito on underside, within foot. Context: mid-4th century B.C. (C 12:2). Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'Apia-u[
F 150 (P 14705).PI. 17. Baseof black-glazedbowl, with stampedpalmetteson floor, of mid-4th centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon underside.Context: 4th century B.C.(F 20:1). Mid-IV cent. B.C. Alovi0aio wcoqpovas
Do the two names perhaps representjoint owners?The first is not attested either as a masculinenominativeor femininegenitive.
Third quarter IV cent. B.C.
Noy ( )
F157 (P 22218). P1.18. Black-glazedpyxis lid with groove around outer part of top and aroundouteredge(= Sparkes-Talcott, no. 1317). Graffito on top. Context: third quarter 4th century B.C. Third quarter IV cent. B.C.
'EXwepariSa
(Seedrawingfor othersymbols.)Note brokenbarred alpha; cf. so-called Darius vase, A. Furtwangler and K. Reichhold, Gr. Vasenmalerei,II, Miinchen,1909,p. 146. F 158 (P 22116). P1.18. Black-glazedstem of multiplekernos.Graffitoaroundstem.Context: to third quarter 4th century B.C. (J 11:1). Cf.
no. 1364. Sparkes-Talcott,
AvauiTp[6]Ths F 151 (P 19956). P1.17. Foot of black-glazed Third quarter IV cent. B.C. kantharosof mid-4thcenturyB.C.type. Graffito F159 (P 26945). P1.18. Ring foot of blackon underside,withinfoot. glazed bowl of Hellenistictype. Graffito on underside.Context: third quarter4th century Mid-IV cent. B.C. 'ATpo( ) B.C. (I15:2). It seemsmore likely that the secondletteris Third quarterIV cent. B.C. 'Apr ( ) an incompletetriangularphi than eithertau or chi. The third letter is smallerand more bluntly incised; perhapsit is an addition by another F 152 (L 535). P1.17. Black-glazedlamp (= hand. Howland,no. 283, Type 25A). Graffition left side of nozzle, unfinishedbecause of lack of F 160 (P 266). PI. 18. Base fragment of blackglazed plate with roulettingand stampedpalspace (a), and on right side, upside down to Graffito on underside, within foot. mettes. Context: mid-4th B.C. century (G 14:2). lamp(b). Context:fourthquarter4th centuryB.C. (H 6:9). Mid-IV cent. B.C.
(a) Aipit(Aou)
(b) AiplXou
Fourth quarterIV cent. B.C.
T]iicoiv[ou
Note use of omega. F 153 (P22914). P1.17. Black-glazedsaltcellar with incurving rim and small ring foot (= F 161 (P 6889). P1.18. Base fragmentof blackglazed plate with roulettingon floor, of late Sparkes-Talcott,no. 947). Graffito on underside. 4th-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffitoon underside. Late IV cent. B.C. Mid-IV cent. B.C. KEpa[ 'Apo-r ( ) F 154 (P 18619).P1.17. Walland basefragmentof F 162 (P 15446).PI.18.Black-glazedsmallstamped plate of late 4th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon smallblack-glazedpyxis with moldedringfoot. Graffitooutsideon wall. Context:thirdquarter underside. A Late IV cent. B.C. Kapa( ) 4th century B.C. (B 18:7). Third quarter IV cent. B.C. Readingvery uncertain;first alpha and rho in 8aev EIltU1 i]Kaico[s] ligature.The two attestedAtheniannames [TroU (Karaichosand Karaios) belong to the 2nd F 155 (P 20283). P1.17. Base fragmentof blackcenturyB.C. More temptingis the 4th-century glazed closed pot. Graffito on underside. B.C. orator Kallimedonwhose nicknamewas Context:third quarter4th centuryB.C. Karabos(Plut.,Dem.,27). 'Ecov( ) Third quarter IV cent. B.C. F 163 (L 3042).PI. 18. Red-glazedlamp (= HowNo name beginningthus is attested. land, no. 372, Type 26B). Graffition right side
F. OWNERS' MARKS of body (a), on top of nozzle(b), and on rim(c).
Context: late 4th centuryB.C.(B 13:8). Hesperia, XXXVIIIT A A *^ % /Y'? n. T JU-*A 19609 f 390 LL *
41
No such nameis known.Perhapsa label for something"rotten"?
F 170 (P7670). P1.18. Bottom of black-glazed skyphos of same type as F 168. Graffito on (b) Mvco(vos) underside.Context:2nd-4thcenturies(C 13:2). (c) M(ivcovos) A IV cent. B.C. 7i:pos kanthaof PI. 18. Base F 164 (P 897). black-glazed Probablya slave'sname?or a metic's? ros. Graffitoon underside,insidefoot. Context: secondhalf 4th centuryB.C. (F 16:1). F 171 (P9645). P1.18. Shoulderfragmentfrom coarse amphora. Graffito outside. Context: Mkvcov Second half IV cent. B.C. 4th century B.C.and late Roman. Mentioned in Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 317 ]. O H T .[ whereothergraffitiwhichmay be abbreviations IV cent. B.C. refer the to same ]MriTTtyE of the samenameand perhaps personare cited. Comparealso F 163, whichis is not known, but there seems to Metigenes contemporaryand was foundnot far away. be no reasonagainstsuch a compound. F 165 (MC 216). P1. 18. Black-glazedterracotta F 172 (P 17794). P1.18. Rim fragment from object, beehive-shapedand verticallypierced, black-glazedlidded bowl of 4th-centuryB.C. with neck on top and flat bottom. Graffiti fabric.Graffitooutsidejust below flange. aroundbody (a) and on underside(b). Context: NlKta[ IV cent. B.C. 4th to early 3rd centuries B.C. (D-E 8-9:1). F 173 (P 17902).P1.18. Base fragmentof blackSecond half IV cent. B.C. (a) Arlqrlrpias glazedbowl of 4th-centuryB.C.fabric.Graffito (b) Eurruv[as on underside. (b) is perhapsmorelikelyas a wordthanas a K IV cent. B.C. name. TXa( ) Late IV cent. B.C.
(a) Mivcovos
F166 (MC224). P1.18. Red-glazed terracotta F 174 (P 20846). P1.19. Base fragmentof blackglazed plate with roulettingon floor, of 4thobject with rounded bottom, concave top, centralcollar aroundverticalhole. Graffitoon centuryB.C.fabric.Graffitoon underside. top. Context: 4th to early 3rd centuriesB.C. IV cent. B.C. Xat( ) (D-E 8-9:1). F175 (P 22104). P1.19. Base of black-glazed Second half IV cent. B.C. Kapm( ) olpe of 4th-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon underNames beginningthus are both late and too side. foreignto be likely. Possibilitiesare: Kamireus IV cent. B.C. M.( ) (man of Kamiros);kamineus(kilnmaster).But perhapstwo lambdashave run togetherand it F 176 (P 24859). P1.19. Base of black-glazed shouldbe read KaAli(as). bowl. Graffito on underside.Context: 5th4th centuries B.C. F 167 (P 133). P1.18. Base fragment of blackKaXOKr glazedplate with rouletting,of 4th-centuryB.C. IV cent. B.C. type. Graffitoon underside,within ring foot. The name is borne by various mythical IV cent. B.C. TT]oXu6u(KTou) persons (Pape, s.v.) including the heroine of Stesichoros'poem of that name (from which F 168 (P 199).P1.18. Baseof black-glazedskyphos derivedthe name of a song, Aristox., Fr. was of 4th-centuryB.C. type, as in D. M. Robinson, Hist., 72); also a memberof Lysistrata'sconOlynthus,V, p. 185. Graffito on underside. spiracyin Aristophanes'play (Lys., 322). IV cent. B.C.
'Hyfictr(oS)
lamp(= HowScratcheson the rim suggest an attemptat F 177(L 4212).P1.19.Black-glazed on side (a), no. Graffiti land, 267, Type 25A). a final sigma. on otherside, upsidedown to lamp (b), and on F 169 (P 6903). P1.18. Rim fragment of semitop of nozzle(c). outside rim. Graffito saucer with plain glazed (a) AItoKAouV IV-early III cent. B.C. just below rim. Context:5th-4th centuriesB.C. (b) Eili IV cent. B.C. (c) EM Ecarrpa[
42
F. OWNERS' MARKS
The drawingof a boukranionon this same piece is catalogued below as M 14. On the bottomis an unidentifiedmark. F 178(L 3653).P1.19.Black-glazed lamp(= Howland, no. 276, Type 25A). Graffition top (a) and on eitherside of nozzle(b,c). (a) Eac( ) IV-earlyIII cent. B.C. (b) Eax( ) (c) CEa( )
A foreign name? None such is attested, to our knowledge. F 179 (P 580). P1.19. Base of black-glazedbowl with moldedfoot. Graffitoon underside,within foot. Context: late 4th to early 3rd centuries B.C.
(H 16:3, Group B, Hesperia, III, 1934,
of Euboulosin the first half of the 4th century
B.C.(Ath., XIII, 567d).
F 185 (L2019). P1.19. Nozzle of black-glazed lamp(= Howland,no. 315, Type25B). Graffiti on side (a) and top (b). Context:3rd-2ndcenturiesB.C. (D 10:2). Late IV-early III cent. B.C.
(a) O&ov (andligature) (b) 0 See drawingfor ligature.Theta used as an initial on top makes the personalname Theon morelikelythan 6oov. F 186 (P 14960).PI. 19. Base fragmentof blackglazedbowl (?). Graffitoon underside.Context: late 4th to 3rdcenturiesB.C.
Late IV-early III cent. B.C. Eipi(ou) pp. 330ff.). LateIV-earlyIII cent. B.C. 'Aya0oKvA9[u]s F 187 (P 15397).P1.19. Base of black-glazedbowl of late 4th- or 3rd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito F 180 (P 633). PI. 19. Base of black-glazedbowl with molded foot. Graffito on underside, on underside. Late IV-III cent. B.C. An9lqtXnos within foot. Context: late 4th-early 3rd centuries B.C. (H 16:3, Group B, Hesperia, III, The lettersare crowdedtogethertowardsthe 1934,pp. 330ff.). end, with the sigma writtenover the omicron. aTru( ) Late IV-early III cent. B.C. F 188 (P 18625).P1.19. Floor fragmentof blackMi6ou glazed plate with stampedpalmettesand rouTwo names, of successiveor joint owners? letting.Graffitoon underside. For arrangementof letters compareF 91 and IV-III cent. B.C. NIKCO L 12.
F 181 (P 1493, P 1538). P1.19. Rim fragmentof hlrk. l.r1a7r
kIntharnc
nf
earlv
Or it could be an abbreviationof a longer name.
ellen1nticr.
F 189 (P 136). PI. 19. Base of small glazed bowl of -v__, type. Graffitoon upperwall ou.'C"tside *tside. early 3rd-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon underLate IV-early III cent. B.C. D]Et8oo-Tp(aTro)side, withinfoot. F 182 (P 7740).P1.19. Base of bl ack-glazedbowl. Early III cent. B.C. Ait6(ou) Graffitoon underside.Context late 4th-early The two ligaturesof delta with a stroke at 3rd centuries B.C.(E 3:1). the side (see drawing)may give a namesuch as Late IV-early III cent. B.C. the above. It is also possiblethat the first two ActlfaS X lettersof a namewerewrittentwice (cf. F 112). H (= HowF 183 (L 2229). P1.19. Unglazedlamplap (= land, no. 296, Type 25A'). ( jraffito on top. F 190 (P 119). P1.19. Base of open bowl with Context:late4th-early3rdcentiuriesB.C.(E3:1). brownishblack glaze and ring foot, similarto tmae'Hqa ) C It hardlyseemspossiblethat the second word
Late IV-early III cent. B.C.
F 189. Graffito on underside, within ring foot.
Context:to mid-2ndcenturyB.C.(H 6:9). EarlyIII cent. B.C. Mev( ) (monogram) is an abbreviationfor the god. Athenian names beginningthus in the third F 184 (P 18009).P1.19. Disc base o b of blacd B.C.rangefrom Menaichmosto Menon. century 3 on lnackrgazed underside. bowl or stemless cup. Graffit< Context: late 4th-early 3rd centuries B.C. F 191 (P 416). P1.19. Molded ring base from black-glazed cup of early 3rd-centuryB.C. (A 18:6). type. Graffito on underside, within foot. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. IMVTeiK1i HQ E with a shiift of aspirates? EarlyIII cent. B.C. PerhapsMqrTiX)l, F same The only Meticheknownto us is the courtesan 192, Compare type of base, same 40 to a found about metersaway. who gavehernickname(Klepsy< comedy dra) inscription,
F. OWNERS' MARKS
43
F 192 (P 19170). P1.19. Molded ring base from F 199 (P 5820, P 5925). P1.20. Flat handle from black-glazedcup of early 3rd-centuryB.C. type. large unglazed amphora or pitcher. Graffito Graffitoon underside,withinfoot. on outside,runningfrom bottom up. Context: 3rd century B.C.(E 14:1). HQ E Early III cent. B.C. III cent. B.C. 'Ayt6covosKiMTrr[ov] F 193 (P 7607). P1.19. Base of black-glazedbowl CbvfXCAKC with moldedring foot of early 3rd-centuryB.C. That is, "(the property)of Agathon,a thief; type. Graffitoon underside.Context: Hellena bargainfor a penny."The writingmay be in istic (C 14:1). two differenthands,as if afterAgathonlabeled Early III cent. B.C. nlapE ( ) the jar he himselfwas labeleda thief and reThe firsttwo lettersform a ligature. spondedwith an assertionof the pot's worthF 194 (P 20216).P1.19. Fragmentaryblack-glazed lessness. plate with linked palmettesand roulettingon F 200 (P 5838). P1.20. Fragmentaryblack-glazed floor, of early 3rd-centuryB.C.shape. Graffito fish-plate. Graffito on underside. Context: on underside. 3rd century B.C. (E 14:1). III cent. B.C. Early NIKI( ) (retrograde) III cent. B.C. 'Apo( )
]. N
F 195 (P 20848).P1.19. Base of black-glazedbowl with stampedlinked palmettesand rouletting on floor. Graffitoon underside.Context:early 3rd century B.C.(D 17:3).
F 201 (P 5918). PI.20. Rim fragmentof a West Slope kantharoswith offset lip; 3rd-century B.C.fabric.Graffitoon outsideof lip. Context: Hellenistic. III cent. B.C. Xpyvr[[]Tnrov
MIKa ( ) EarlyIII cent. B.C. F 202 (P 8037). PI.20. Fragmentof base of unAn abbreviationof some namelike Mikalion glazed pot. Graffito on underside. Context: or Mikalos has been assumed, but the four 3rd century B.C. (B 13:1). lettersmay be the completenominativeof the III cent. B.C. r-roS MevJ femininename Mika; six women of this name wereburiedin Athensbetweenthe late 5th and F 203 (P 11202).P1.20. FragmentaryWest Slope kantharosof 3rd-centuryB.C.type. Graffitoon early 3rd centuries B.C. (I.G., IF2,12126-12131). lower body, runningdownward.Context: 3rd F 196 (P 16295).P1.19. Shoulderfragmentfrom century B.C. (B 13:1). unglazedpitcher.Graffitoon outside. Context: III cent. B.C. XOpou 3rd century B.C. (N 21:4). The name appearsin Athenianrecords(e.g., SecondquarterIII cent. B.C. Nrc ( ) I.G., II, Add. 834b, c; 959c 16; II, Suppl. The abbreviatedname is framed by a car4114b) but may well be a slave's name. Comtouche; see drawing.Nesiotes or Nesokles are F 170. pare possiblenames;no exampleof eitheris known to us from this generaltime, with the possible F 204 (P 20191). P1.20. Rim fragment from Megarianbowl. Graffitoon outside,just under exception of a restored Nesiotes in S.E.G., lip. Context:late 4th-3rdcenturiesB.C. XXI, 330.5 (307/6 B.C.). III cent. B.C. Mus F 197 (L 3293). P1.19. Black-glazedlamp base The name may be complete, or it may be (= Howland,no. 553, Type 43C). Graffitoon underside. Context: second half 3rd century abbreviatedfrom Mustion, Mustichides,etc. B.C. (N 20:7). F 205 (P 20329). P1.20. Rim and wall fragment Late III cent. B.C. of black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon outsidejust Kpi( ) above base. Context:3rdcenturyB.C. F 198 (P 24935).P1.20. Unglazedtall-neckedjug. III cent. B.C. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context:second 'A]pXiTrrTo[u half 3rd century B.C. (O 16:3). F 206 (P 25998). P1.20. Black-glazedbowl with Second half III cent. B.C. stamped palmettes and rouletting on floor. ia' 'Epil'Irou X(6S) j3'K(o6'rXat) Graffition underside(a) and on outsidewall(b). Context: 3rd century B.C. (F 17:3). The capacityis 10.200liters to the lip. Two choes and elevenkotyles(35 kotyles),basedon III cent. B.C. (a) Amyv( ) a kotyleof 0.273 1., wouldbe 9.555 1. (b) N
F. OWNERS' MARKS
44
If this is a name, Dimnos is a possibility F 215 (P 1881). P1.20. Fragmentfrom base of not knownin Athens,but a friendof Alexander deep black-glazedbowl of 3rd-to 2nd-centuries the Great(Diod. Sic., XVII, 79). B.C. fabric. Graffito on underside. Context: Hellenisticfilling of the MiddleStoa, so probF 207 (P 26004). P1.20. West Slope kantharos. ablynot laterthanmid-2ndcenturyB.C. Graffito outside on wall below lip. Context: III-II cent. B.C. 'Ovrloi[[ou 3rd century B.C. (F 17:3). III cent. B.C. Aac ( )
PossibleAtheniannames include Laios (4th century B.C., Prosop. Att., no. 8961) and Lais-
podias (5th century B.C., Prosop. Att., nos.
8962,8963).
F 208 (P 26262).P1.20. Fragmentaryblack-glazed fish-plate.Graffitoon underside.Context: ca. 200 B.C.(M 18:10). 'AoK( ) Ca. 200 B.C.
F 216 (P 3163).PI.20. Fragmentof coarsepot lid. Lettersincisedin soft clay. Context:Hellenistic. III-II cent. B.C.
]ioTri6ou
F 217 (P 3285). P1.20. Shoulder fragment of large coarse amphora.Dipinto in black. Context: Hellenistic. III-II cent. B.C.
'lTrra ( )
F 218 (P 3446). P1.20. Neck fragmentof coarse amphora.Dipinto in red. Context:Hellenistic. III-II cent. B.C. 'IpoK[
F 209 (P 6128). P1.20. Fragment from rim of Megarianbowl of 3rd-to early 2nd-centuries F 219 (P 3788). P1.20. Small black-glazedhandle from cup. Graffitoon outside, runningdown B.C. type. Graffitooutside.Context:Hellenistic. fromabove. Context:Hellenistic. III-early II cent. B.C.
]s Alowviou .[
III-II cent. B.C.
'Apt( )
Not certainly an owner's name. Perhaps F 220 (P 12200). P1.20. Base fragmentof small genitiveis father'sname. bowl of Hellenisticfabric.Graffitoon floor. F 210 (P 10729).P1.20. Fragmentaryblack-glazed III-II cent. B.C. OeoyeT-co[v bowl. Graffitoon underside.Context:3rd-2nd F 221 (P 14566). P1.20. Base fragmentof large centuries B.C. (F 5:1). black-glazedplate of Hellenisticfabric.Graffito Late III-early II cent. B.C. rEv( ) on underside. F 211 (L 2122). P1.20. Unglazedlamp (= HowIII-II cent. B.C. ipe ( ) (monogram) land, no. 464, Type 34 Var.). Dipinto in black F 222 (P 17425).P1.20. Base of largeblack-glazed on side. bowl or plate of Hellenisticfabric.Graffitoon Late III-early II cent. B.C. O?ix ( ) underside. III-II cent. B.C. Trpa( ) F 212 (L 4194).P1.20. Black-glazedlamp(= Howland, no. 430, Type 32). Graffito on rim. F 223 (P 18264).PI.20. Rim fragmentof bowl of Context: late 3rd-early 2nd centuries B.C. 3rd-to 2nd-centuryB.C.type, with West Slope (M21:1). decorationinside; for the shape, cf. Hesperia, III, 1934, pp. 348ff., C7, D 14, D 15, D28. Late III-early II cent. B.C. Kcblov Graffitooutsidejust belowlip. CompareF 213 from samecistern. III-II cent. B.C.
'ETrmyvous
F 213 (P 18756). P1.20. Base of black-glazed F 224 (P 22836). PI.20. Shoulderfragmentfrom mug or bowl of Hellenisticfabric.Graffitoon underside.Context:late 3rd-early2nd centuries coarse amphora.Graffitoon outside. Context: Hellenistic. B.C. (M 21:l). Late III-early II cent. B.C.
Kcb(uou)
III-II cent. B.C.
]v rlhav'r!Tio
The next to last lettermay be eithera ligature of iota-omicronor eta. If this is a name it is not attested,but Planetiadesexistsas an epithet F 214 (L 3077).P1.20. Black-glazed lamp(= Howon no. Graffito underside. of the CynicDidymos(Plut.,def. or., 7). land, 445, Type34A). F 225 (P 23523). PI.20. Wall fragmentof West Late III-II cent. B.C. Slopeware.Graffitoon outside. See drawingfor monogram,probablyto be SeeF 212 for the restoredname.
resolved thus:
Kafcasr
III-II cent. B.C.
OXtinrroSH[
45
F. OWNERS' MARKS
on shoulder. Context: late 2nd to early 1st F 226 (P 5828). P1.20. Base fragmentof blackB.C.(B 11:1). centuries underside. on glazedplateor bowl. Graffito Late II-earlyI cent. B.C. Alovuriov B Hellenistic 'Epupo[ F 227 (P 17043).P1.20. Basefragmentof lekaneof F 234 (P 6864).P1.21. Fragmentpreservingabout a quarter of a very large gray-wareplate. Hellenisticfabric. Graffitoon underside.ConGraffitoon underside.Context:mixedHellenistext: first half of 2nd century B.C. (B20:2). tic to earlyRoman(D 12:2). First half II cent B.C. 'Appco( )
Late
I cent. B.C.
]1iv&8o
II-early This may be not an abbreviationof a longer masculinenamebut a completefemininename: F 235 (P 6717). P1.21. Neck and shoulderfragment of unglazed amphora. Dipinto in red. 'Appcb. Context:Hellenistic. F 228 (P 6867). P1.21. Neck fragment of large Romanamphora,similarto Robinson,Chronol- II-I cent. B.C. Niy ( ) All names beginningwith these letters seem ogy, M 14. Dipinto in red. Context:late 2nd to be Latinin originand belongto the Roman B.C. century (C 9:7). periodin Athens. CO ( ) Late II cent. B.C. SE( ) F 236 (P 23163). P1.21. Base fragmentof blackSincethis abbreviationmay standfor co(hors) glazedbowl with stampedpalmettesand rouletting, of 2nd- to lst-centuriesB.C.type. Graffito se(cundus),we may wonder if this is a Latin on underside. owner's mark. II-I cent. B.C.
Eiurlp(pov) F 229 (P 526). P1.21. Base of black-glazedplate 21. Base fragment of blackF with stampedpalmettesand rouletting.Graffito 237 (23227). P1. bowl with on underside,withinfoot. Context:4th to 2nd roulettingon floor; 2nd- to glazed B.C. Ist-centuries type. Graffitoon underside. century B.C. (G 14:2). II cent. B.C.
Euvo( )
II-I cent. B.C.
'AvSpi( )
F 238 (P 6873).P1.21. Handleof coarseamphora. ProbablyEunomos. Graffitoon outside,runningdown from above. F 230 (P 5738). P1.21. Base of large black-glazed Hellenistic 'Apicrrcov Late plate of 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffiti on underside(a) and on floor (b). Context: 2nd- F239 (P 20361). P1.21. Neck fragment from early 1st centuries B.C. (E 15:3). coarseamphora.Graffitoon outside,in shieldshapedframe. II cent. B.C. (a) FaXfis X Late Hellenistic Fov( ) (b) The name Goneus is reportedfrom Samos Gales is not knownas a name. Couldit be a nickname-"female skunk"-in the genitive in the 3rd century B.C.(Bechtel). case? F240 (P 25816). P1.21. Small terracotta base. Graffito on side opposite notch for support F 231 (P 6034). P1.21. Fragmentof small blackof tenon. B.C. fabric. Graffiti bowl 2nd-century glazed outside(a) and inside(b). Late Hellenistic Xail ( ) II cent. B.C. (a) Opaoivcov The second and fourth letters are uncertain OEoEvov(s) and might be lambda and nu respectively.In (b) eoo<E)> any case no Atheniannameis known. on if written a For the sherd; so, tag. Perhaps F 241 (P 13386).P1.21. Shoulderfragmentfrom the name Thrasunon see S.E.G., XII, 123, 47 amphora. Dipinto in black. Context: second (2nd century B.C.).
quarter 1st century B.C.(T 27:1). EarlyI cent. B.C. W"Apaa(Tro) (monogram)
F 232 (P 23045). PI. 21. Rim fragmentof blackglazed plate of Hellenistic type. Graffito on F 242 (P 12100).P1.21. Base of red-glazedplate outside. withflaring,moldedfoot. Graffitoon underside. II cent. B.C. AioyE[ Context:secondquarter1st centuryB.C.(N 20: F 233 (P 7082). P1.21. Part of neck and shoulder 4). of large unglazedamphora.Dipinto in black Second quarterI cent. B.C. Ku( )
46
F. OWNERS' MARKS
F 243 (P 5726). PI.21. Small, partly glazed jug F 252 (P 20719). P1.22. Upper part of amphora. with angular shoulder. Graffito on top of Dipinto in black on shoulder and graffito shoulder.Context:mid-istcenturyB.C.(E 14:3). above. Context:early 1st century(R 10:1). Mid-I cent. B.C. EarlyI cent. (dipinto) NEiKCov Xprlovo (graffito) Fr N F244 (P4723). P1.21. One-handledjar similar The spellingof this very commonnamewith to Robinson, Chronology,F 65. Graffito on the diphthonginsteadof simpleiota is frequent shoulderbelowhandle. from the 1st centuryB.C. on. Since both signs in the graffitostand for 50, this seemsto be a I cent. B.C. Xprlcr( ) "bilingual",but it is uncertainwhether the F 245 (P 4915). P1.21. Base of small Pergamene number refers to price, capacity, or the fact bowl. Graffition underside(a) and on floor (b). that the jar is fiftiethin some series. I cent. B.C. NKoXaouv (a) F 253 (P 21777).PI.22. Ovoid amphorawith tall (b) N neck, offset shoulderand pointed toe. Graffito on shoulder.Context:early1stcentury(R 10:1). At least two men of this name are known from Athensin this century(Prosop.Att., nos. EarlyI cent. 'Epp[ 10925,10927). F254 (P 7957). P1.22. Shallow bowl with wide F 246 (P 10634).P1.21. Base fragmentof glazed ring foot. Graffito on underside. Context: plate, of Hellenistictype. Graffitoon underside. firsthalf 1st century(R 13:1). 'AKv( ) Firsthalf I cent. I cent. B.C. OtIi9u CompareF 320. Akindunosoccursin Roman F 247 (P 13307).P1.21. Fragmentaryblack-glazed Athens. plate. Graffito on underside. Context: 1st century B.C. Hesperia,Suppl. IV, p. 121, fig. F 255 (P 11249). P1.22. Small Samian A bowl with illegible stamp. Graffito on underside. 90, a. Context:secondhalf 1st century(B 14:3). I cent. B.C. 'Epco( ) Secondhalf I cent. TTpoo( ) F 248 (P 16594).P1.21. Base fragmentof black- F 256 (P 11256).P1.22. Fragmentof shallowbowl. glazed plate. Graffitoon underside.Context: Graffito on underside.Context: second half late Hellenistic. 1st century(B 14:3). I cent. B.C. Tpco( ) Secondhalf I cent. FpaqmKoi F 249 (P 2272).P1.21. Fragmentof smallArretine F 257 (P 18435).PI.22. Upper part of amphora bowl with stamp on floor (L. Titius). Graffito with tall neck, sloping shoulder and vertical on underside. handles.Dipintoin blackon shoulder.Context: secondhalf 1st century(C 18:2). I cent. B.C. 'ETrrtTE Secondhalf I cent. "EqEa F 250 (P 18284).P1.21. Fragmentfrom neck of MasculineEphesiosexistsin RomanAthens. amphora.Dipinto in red. Context: 1st century B.C. to 1st century (B 19:9). F 258 (P 10712). P1.22. Amphora with body taperingto flatbase.Dipintoin redon shoulder. KOT I cent. B.C.-I cent. Context:late 1st century(E 14:2). A]Ir'Orros The numbermight be a date on the Seleucid LateI cent. Mrapia era (from 312/1 B.C.): 329 Secleucid = A.D. 17. Comparethe Christianuse of this name in F 322. F 251 (P 3143). PI.21. Shoulder fragment of amphora. Graffito on outside. Context: 1st F 259 (P 7994). P1.22. Flat base of coarse pot. Incised on undersidein soft clay. Context: century B.C.-lst century (E 15:1). 1stcentury(E 11:2). Marini I cent. B.C.-I cent. I cent. OEtoScop86ou In the same channelwas the upperpart of a largeamphorawith the sameinscription(Agora F 260 (P9878). P1.22. Narrow-mouthedhighinv. no. P 3144).The name appearsas Mapelvos neckedjugwithovoidbody.Graffitoon shouldr. Context:1st century(K 18:1). in Greek.
F. OWNERS' MARKS I cent.
47
F269 (P 11142). P1.23. High-neckedjug with 'AKU() globularbody and twistedhandle. Graffitoon PerhapsAquila; in Roman Athens various shoulder.Context:late 1st to late 2nd centuries relatednamesexist: Akulanos,Akulas,etc. (B 14:2). F261 (P 10032). P1.22. Small amphora with LateI-mid-IIcent. 'OvrltpOpoU body taperingto small flat base. Incised on shoulder in soft clay. Context: 1st century F 270 (P 15296).PI.23. Unglazedjug with round (K 18:1). mouth, profiledlip, cylindricalneck, somewhat like Robinson, Chronology,M 43, but with I cent. Aqro( ) twisted handle, round body and ring foot. F 262 (P 10035).P1.22. Shoulderfragmentfrom Graffito on shoulder. Context: mid-Ist to closed pot. Incised on outside. Context: 1st mid-2ndcenturies(N 17:2). century(K 18:1). Late I-mid-II cent. 'EpPaiou I cent. KiKKou iEpfios F 271 (P 15302). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. Note archaizingIonic genitive. The name Graffitoon shoulder.Context:mid-ist to midmay be an epithet, since the word kikkos is 2nd centuries(N 17:2). variouslydefinedby Hesychios(LSJ, s.v.). But Late I-mid-IIcent. M&ita(0os) related names do exist in an earlier period: Kikos (I.G., XII 9, 222, 1-3rd century B.C.); The name is incised over an earliergraffito: Kikon (I.G., II2, 1953, 9-4th century B.C.); 'AyaOeas.For the name cf. FI274,F 278. We Kikkon (I.G., IV, 926, 45-4th century B.C.). havefound no evidencefor this name. F 263 (P 14623). PI.22. Fragmentfrom neck of F272 (P 15303). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. Graffito on shoulder. Context: mid-lst to plain amphora. Dipinto in black. Context: 1st century. mid-2ndcenturies(N 17:2). I cent. Late I-mid-IIcent. Evy( ) 'PoOPou F 264 (P 17005).PI.22. Fragmentfrom floor of CompareF 275. gray-wareplate. Graffitoon underside,within F 273 (P 15304). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. ringfoot. Graffitoon lower part of body. Context:midI cent. ]Acoviou 1st to mid-2ndcenturies(N 17:2). Late I-mid-II cent. F265 (P 19007). P1.22. Base of Samian bowl TTaciTnlKou with foot stampon floor. Graffitoon underside. Thereis no evidencefor this as eithernameor word. I cent. 'EKX ( ) F 274 (P 15305). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270, PerhapsEklektos. exceptthat handleis ridgedratherthan twisted. F 266 (P 25245).P1.22. Amphorawith ovoid body and flat bottom similarto Robinson,Chronol- Graffitoaround shoulder.Context:mid-lst to mid-2ndcenturies(N 17:2). ogy, M 50. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context:1st century(Q 17:4). Late I-mid-IIcent. MalaOos I cent. Eurro[ F 275 (P 15307). P1.23. Jug similar to F 270. Graffitoon shoulder.Context:mid-lst to midF 267 (P 17144).P1.22. Amphorawith tall cylin2nd centuries(N 17:2). drical neck, verticalhandlesand body tapering to small concave base. Dipinto in black on Late I-mid-IIcent. Ei'v6oou shoulder.Context: 1st century(B 20:1). F276 (P 10447). P1.23. Upper part of ovoid I cent. Auoviov amphora with narrow neck and flaring rim. in black on shoulder. Context: late Dipinto F268 (P 4498). P1.23. Narrow-mouthedhigh1st to 2nd centuries(B 14:2). necked jug like Robinson, Chronology,M 43, but with narrowerneck and twisted handle. Late I-II cent. EiXEifo Graffitocarefullyincised on shoulderopposite PerhapsIlios, whichis not, however,attested handle.Context:1stand 2nd centuries(F 11:1). as a personalname. I cent. 'Ovrola9popo F 277 (P 9513). P1.24. Upper half of large amFor the namecompareF 269 andF 279. phora with wide neck and vertical handles.
48
F. OWNERS' MARKS
Dipinto in red in large letters on shoulder. F286 (P964). P1.24. Small wheel-ridgedamContext: lst-2nd centuries(M 18:1). phora with ring foot. Dipinto in red on neck. Context:late 2nd-early 3rd centuries(I 16:1). I-II cent. FEL( ) 1[TlA ( ) Late II cent. KapTrou Bilingual,perhapsfor Felix? But compareHe 17 wherethis wordrefersto F 278 (P 13602).P1.24. Shoulderof round-bodied contents.The nameis veryfrequentat this time. pot. Graffito on outside. Context: latter 1st F287 (P 16704). P1.24. Amphora like F267. and earlier2nd centuries(N 19:2). Dipinto in red on shoulder. Context: 2nd I-II cent. Mala(eos) century(N 21:1). Cf. F 271,F 274. II cent. 'Eriyovos F 288 (P 770). P1.25. Shoulderfragmentof large F279 (P 22234). P1.24. Shoulder fragment of amphora.Lettersincisedin soft clay. Context: round-bodiedjug withnarrowneck.Graffitoon 2nd centuryB.C.with later intrusions(I16:5). shoulder. II-III cent. CN ( ) I-II cent. 'Ov]ril9copov TITIO[ F280 (P9835). P1.24. Neck of large amphora F 289 P1. 25. Small wall fragmentof (P7063). with evertedrim and verticalhandles.Dipinto small coarse with thin black wash outside. pot in red. Context:firsthalf 2nd century(M 19:1). Graffitoon outside. 'Aao( ) EarlyII cent. II-III cent. ].
F. OWNERS' MARKS
49
F 296 (P 19203). P1.25. Neck and shoulder of F 306 (P 25475). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of largeamphora.Lettersincisedbeforefiring. amphorawith flaringrim. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context:mid-3rdcentury(B 17:1). Kapyivfas[ EarlyRoman Av ( ) Mid-IIIcent. Comparea Roman lady in Spain (C.I.G., III, 6644); also Karphinas(Prosop.Att., no. F 297 (P 26410). P1.25. Amphoraneck and part 8261-4th century B.C.). of shoulder.Dipinto in red on neck. Context: potteryof mid-3rdcentury. F 307 (P 10613).P1.26. Flat-bottomedjug similar KA to Robinson, Chronology,L46. Graffito on Mid-IIIcent. EivrvXiov shoulder. Context: third quarter 3rd century The name is not attestedin Athens. Kappa(G 11:2). alphamay be a number:21. ThirdquarterIII cent. Zcooitou F 298 (P 8040). P1.25. Shoulder fragment of Note branchfollowingname. amphora.Dipinto in black runningdown wall. Context:thirdquarter3rdcentury(C 14:2). F 308 (P 12257). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of Mid-IIIcent. ] GEMMIANO smallamphora.Dipintoin black. LateIII cent. 'louvio ( ) F 299 (P 26127). P1.25. Small jug with narrow neck and ovoid body. Graffito on shoulder. Presumablyonly the upsilon of the genitive Context:mid-3rdcentury(Q 19:1). is omitted. 'AKe( ) Mid-IIIcent. F 309 (P 14024).P1.26. Smallamphorasimilarto L 3. Graffitoon shoulder. PerhapsAlketes. Robinson,Chronology, 3rdcentury(M 18:4). Context: F300 (P2228). P1.25. Wall fragment of small III cent. Z[bcr[] l os jug. Graffitoon outside. OIArnT[ EarlyRoman F 310 (P 11196). P1.26. Neck and shoulder fragmentof small amphora.Dipinto in black F301 (P 3549). P1.25. Base of small bowl of at base of neck. Context: late 3rd-early 4th yellow clay once glazed red (Pergamene?). centuries (C 14:4). Graffitoon underside,withinringfoot. 'AAXicov LateIII-earlyIV cent. EarlyRoman ExKOv The name is known (Pape, s.v.) but not in Sakos is not attested;perhapsforeign.Or a Athens. nicknamefrom the commonnoun? F 302 (P 3671). P1.25. Base fragment of red- F 311 (P 16360).P1.26. Amphorapreservedonly up to shoulder (=Robinson, Chronology, glazedbowl. Graffitoon underside. L 32). Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: EarlyRoman 'AyEp[ early4th century(F 19:1). PerhapsAgerros. EarlyIV cent. ]aaoli. .a F 303 (P 6992). P1.26. Shoulderfragmentfrom F312 (P9794). P1.26. One-handledjar (= large amphora.Graffitoon outside. Context: Robinson, Chronology,M279). Dipinto in mixed Hellenistic to early Roman (D 11:4). black underhandle. Context:late 4th century Roman (M 17:1). Early Ei9p( ) ZCOTIKOi Late IV cent. F304 (P 15719). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of small coarseamphora.Dipinto in black. F 313 (P 13130).P1.26. Shoulderfragmentfrom iepoerTou Atoykv9[u]sTOU Early Roman large plain pot. Graffito on outside. Found with late 4th-centurycoins. ODXpoKcpa[o]vs 'Ep.oScbpou PASINI Some letters were no longer visible when Late IV cent. finaldrawingwas made. F 314 (P 2281). P1.26. Rim fragmentfrom small F 305 (P 18255). P1.26. Shoulder fragment of jug. Graffitoon outside. Found with 4th-centurylamps. wheel-ridgedamphora.Dipintoin red. IV cent. E*p( ) (ligature) EarlyRoman 'HpaoKe7l[
50
F. OWNERS' MARKS
F 315 (P 12306).P1.26. Wallfragmentof amphora. Graffito on outside. Context: 4th century (N 20:3).
IV cent.
'IEpcov[
LateV-VI cent. (Cross) EOKapTos (Cross) En ( ) IE Theiota-epsilonmaybeeitheranabbreviation, perhapsfor lepe5s,or a number:15.
EIP SeeM 20 for picture.Thelettersin the second F 324 (P 25940).P1.28. Neck of amphorasimilar line could be a number:115. to Robinson, Chronology,M 333. Dipinto in red on side of neck. F 316 (P 15576).P1.27. Shoulderfragmentfrom V-VI cent. (Cross) amphora. Dipinto in black. Context: 4th 'Av-nr[ century(U 22:1). F 325 (P 26090). P1.28. Shoulder fragment of IV cent. AiArav6o one-handledjar similarto Robinson, ChronoApOiou TroaXatIos logy, M 315. Graffito on outside. Context: 5th-6thcenturies(Q 19:1). F 317 (P 12836).P1.27. Amphorawith elongated McAihKov V-VI cent. ovoid body and low ring foot, similarto RobThe name M&?AiKos is knownin 5th-and4thinson, Chronology,M 302. Dipinto in black on centuriesB.C.Athens(S.E.G.,X, 424, I; Prosop. shoulder.Context:4th century(O 19:1). Att., no. 9661). IV cent. Eprl( ) r F326 (P 13365). P1.27. Wheel-ridgedjug with flat bottom and trefoil mouth. Graffito on Severus?Gammamay be number:3. shoulder. Context: second half 6th century F 318 (P 12842). P1.27. Bell-mouthedjug with (S 19:6). twisted handle and pear-shapedbody on high Secondhalf VI cent. Ttypt( ) ring foot. Graffito on shoulder in soft clay. Neither Tigris nor Tigrios is attested in Context:4th century(O 19:1). Athens. IV cent. 'Erriyovos F327 (P26595). P1.27. Amphora with ovoid F319 (P 27211). PI.27. Upper part of Roman body and rounded bottom. Graffito below jug. Graffitoon shoulder.Context:4th century handle.Context:6th century(Q 17:7). (E 29:5). VI cent. 'Hla ( ) IV cent. STpaTco[ In this period the biblical Elias may be F 320 (P 11569). P1.27. Small cylindrical ammost likely, although Elianax (Prosop. Att., M GrafRobinson, no. 6403) and Eliades (I.G., II, 1986) are 307). Chronology, phora(= fito on neck.Context:early5thcentury(M 17:1). knownearlier. 'AKIV. ( ) EarlyV cent. F 328 (P 22162). PI.28. Neck fragment of amF 254. phora.Dipintoin red. Compare Q( ) L( ) FUND[ F 321 (P 12351).P1.27. Upper part of amphora Late Roman PAT[ with short neck and sloping handles. Graffito (traces) on shoulder. Line 2: patronus?Line 3: tracesmay be part V-VI cent. 'AvBPEa of a Romannumeral,since thereis one X and F 322 (P 13149). P1.27. Wheel-ridgedamphora perhapsanother. with ovoid body on ring foot. Dipinti on F329 (P 12158). P1.28. Rim fragmentof large shoulders,red on one side (a), black on the other (b). Context: late 5th-6th centuries pot. Graffitojust belowrim. Late Roman (0 18:1). 'Eprrivea LateV-VI cent. Only Herpinikosis attestedin Athens (I.G., (a) chi-rho Mapfa III, 1202,3526). (b) chi-rho Mapfa F323 (P 13466). P1.27. Amphora similar to F 330 (P 10181).PI.28. Fragmentof small bowl with flat bottom and keeld rim. Graffitoon M 328. Graffition upper Robinson,Chronology, outside. wall. Context:late 5th-6th centuries(P 19:1).
51
F. OWNERS' MARKS Late Roman Mayfpou X[ The name is not known to us, but the common noun may well have been used as a proper name,nicknameor title.
Late Roman
Ei.orat{ou
M 'HpaK7ias Joint ownership?or producerand city? F333 (P1992). P1.28. Shoulder fragment of F331 (P5028). P1.28. Shoulderfragmentfrom largejar. Graffitoat base of neck. largeamphora.Dipintoin red. Late Roman 'Epriq[ Late Roman EuKap ( ) F334 (P2095). P1.28. Shallow bowl with flat bottom.Graffitoon underside. F 332 (P 1850). P1.28. Neck fragment of large Late Roman coarseamphora.Dipintoin red. EOxa( ) INTRODUCTIONTO PUBLIC OWNERSHIP(Fa, Fb) Except for the two pieces (Fa 25, Fa 26) which were found in late Roman fill, the finding places of the delta-epsilon pots may be considered significant. Fifteen (Fa 2-15, Fa 24) came from under the Stoa of
Zeus; sevenothers(Fa 16-21, Fa 23) camefrom the Tholos area;the othertwo camefrom wells about 40 meters(Fa 22) and about70 meters(Fa 1) southwestof the Tholos. Since both the Tholos and the Stoa Basileios (which presumablyused the well under the Stoa of Zeus
beforethat stoa was built)were seats of governmentalactivity,it is not surprisingthat vesselsmarked as public property should be practically limited to their neighborhood. (There are also about a dozen vessels of the 5th or 4th century B. c. which are marked with the two letters delta-epsilon not in ligature.
These come from variousplaces in the Agora and are thereforemore probablyto be interpretedas abbreviationsof personalnamesbeginningthus.) Threelater pieces with the ligaturedelta-etashouldbe listed, since de(mosion)would be so written after the introduction of the Ionic alphabet. All three come from the neighborhood of the Hephaisteion. (Four pieces inscribed with delta-eta, not in ligature, come from this neighborhood or the Tholos area, but may again be abbreviations of personal names.)
Fa 1 (P 6139). P1.29. Base fragmentfrom large Fa 5 (P 5121).Graffitoon floor: open bowl with thin blackglazeinside.Graffito 6(5Gitoiov) on underside,within ring foot. Context:early Fa 6 (P 5123). Graffito on floor: 5th century B.C.(E 15:6). Early V cent. B.C.
s8E(6'cov)
E(pO6cnov)
8E(P6C7Iov)
Fa 4 (P 5120).Graffitoon floor: 68E(I6cov)
(ligature)
(ligature)
Fa 7 (P 5125).Graffitoon floor: Elevenblack-glazedkylikes or fragments(PI.29), 6E(Oi6cov) all inscribedwith the delta-epsilonligature,were Fa 8 (P 7575).Graffitoon floor: found in the wellunderthe Stoa of Zeus (H6:5), 6E(g6C1ov) which producedmany other inscribedpots (see List of Deposits).The date of bothpots and con- Fa 9 (P 5116).Graffitounderfoot: text is 470-460 B.c. Hesperia,V, 1936,pp. 333ff. 6E(i.6o'ov) Fa 2=Sparkes-Talcott,no. 436; mentionedthere also are Fa 3-7, Fa 12, Fa 16-19; Fa 11 is referred Fa 10 (P 5119).Graffitounderfoot: 6E(i6o'ov) to underno. 413. Fa 2 (P 5117). Graffition floor and undersideof Fa 11 (P 5122).Graffitounderfoot: E(P.o6alov) foot: 6E(0C16oov) (ligature) 6E(Vi6aiov) (ligature) Fa 12 (P 5124). Graffito under foot: Fa 3 (P 5118).Graffitoon floor:
(ligature)
(ligature) (ligature) (ligature) (ligature) (ligature)
(ligature) (ligature) As will be seenfrom the drawings,morethan half of the examplesuse the continuedleft stroke of the delta as the top stroke of the epsilon (Fa 2, (ligature) Fa 4, Fa 7-9, Fa 11, Fa 12). SE(6oalov)
52
G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS
Fa 13 (P 5140). P1.29. Partlyglazed one-handler. Graffitoon floor. Context: 470460 B.C. (H 6:5).
Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, no. 740. Ca. 470-460 B.C.
SE(Coalov)
side. Context:second quarter5th centuryB.C. (nearTholos). Second quarterV cent. B.C.
(ligature)
Theligaturehereis madeup of severalstrokes so that part of the epsilonappearsto be within the delta.
E(QOClnov) (ligature)
Fa22 (P 10616). P1.29. Half of black-glazed saltcellar.Graffitoon underside.Context:mid5th century B.C.(near Tholos). Mid-V cent. B.C. 8E((6Ci1ov)
(ligature) Fa 14 (P 5158). P1.29. Small lekane. Graffitoon underside,within ring foot. Context: 470-460 Fa 23 (P 5458). P1.29. Half of black-glazedsaltcellar. Graffitoon floor. Context:ca. 470-425 B.C. (H 6:5). B.C. no. 912. (E 13:1). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, Ca. 470-460 B.C. SE(i6Craov)SE(p6oiov)6E(LO6atov)
(ligatures)
Mid-V cent. B.C.
6&(6o'iov)
(ligature)
The thricerepeatedligatureappearsin over- Fa 24 (P 13227).PI.29. Base of black-glazedbowl lappingconfusion. or stemlesscup. Graffitoon floor. Context:to late 5thcenturyB.C. (underStoaof Zeus). Fa 15 (P 5181). PI.29. Shoulderfragmentfrom Graffito on sideoutside, amphora. unglazed V cent. B.C. 5E(IO6aiov) (ligature)
ways to pot. Context: ca. 470-460 B.C. (H 6:5). Ca. 470-460 B.C. &E(l6aiov) (ligature) Fa 25 (P 10422).PI.29. Wall fragmentof black-
glazedkylix.Graffitooutside.
Floor fragments of four black-glazed kylikes V cent. B.C. 8E(p6caov) (ligature) of the same type as Fa 2 and all inscribedwith the delta-epsilonligature (Pl. 29), werefound in Fa26 (P5595). P1.29. Base fragment of small a rubbishheapfrom the Tholoskitchen (G 12:22). black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon underside. Graffiti are in each case on the floor. Context: V cent. B.C. SE(Cio6'ov) (ligature) 470-460 B.C.
Fa 16 (P 10813). Fa 17 (P 10814).
8E(6o0OV)
Fa 18 (P 10815).
6E(p6rtov) 8E(oL6o'iov) 8E(6cnlov)
Fa 19 (P 10816).
6?(goi6aiov)
(ligature) Fb 1 (P 8600). PI.29. Base fragment of blackglazed bolsal. Graffitoon underside.Context: (ligature) 4th century B.C.(E 6:3). (ligature)
IV cent. B.C.
8rl(cr6cov)
(ligature)
(ligature) Fb 2 (P 8611). P1.29. Black-glazedone-handler. Graffito on underside.Context: 4th century Fa 20 (P 10838).P1.29. Floor fragmentof blackB.C. (E 6:3). glazed kylix similarto Fa 2. Graffitoon floor. Context: second quarter5th centuryB.c.(near IV cent. B.C. 86rn(i.6clov) (ligature) Tholos). Fb 3 (P 6825). P1.29. Neck fragmentfrom unSecondquarterV cent.B.C.8E(i06nov)(ligature) glazed amphora.Ligatureincised in wet clay. Context:1st century B.C. Fa 21 (P 10839).P1.29. Foot fragmentof blackI cent. B.C.? 6rn(p6oiov) glazedkylix similarto Fa 2. Graffitoon under(ligature)
G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS The smallnumberof graffitodedicationsis rathersurprisingin viewof the manysanctuariesknownto have been locatedin and aroundthe Agora (see Wycherley,pp. 48-125). Besidesthe piecespublished here there are only a few fragmentson which part of the word aViSTjKE can be read. Parallelsfor informal
pot-dedicationsof this sort may be found in most sanctuaries;see particularlyE. A. Gardner,Naucratis,London, 1886-88,I, pp. 54-64; II, pp. 62-69; C. Waldstein,The ArgiveHeraeum,Boston and New York, 1902-1905,II, pp. 185-187; P. Woltersand G. Bruns,Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Theben, Berlin, 1940-, I, pp. 43-79; B. Graef and E. Langlotz, Die antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen,
Berlin,1909,II, pp. 114-124;C. Roebuck,Corinth,XIV, TheAsklepieionand Lerna,Princeton,1951,
G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS
53
pp. 131-136; Ch. Dugas, Delos, X, Les Vases de l'Heraion, Paris, 1928; R. M. Dawkins, The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, London, 1929, pp. 371-382. Drinking cups of the Hellenistic period are not infrequently inscribed with the name of some deity or some abstract idea, illustrating the banqueting practice attested by Athenaios (XV, 692e) of naming successive mixings of wine after various gods (presumably in the genitive case; see G 9-11). For some examples, see Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 339 and the bibliography cited there; also Hesperia, XVI, 1947, probablycamefromthe potter'sshopwith theirinp. 240. The greatmajorityof ypaan-iKa KTrcbLaCrTa scriptions already painted; these belong to the study of Hellenistic pottery. Only the graffiti, or homemade versions, are included here. The four pieces (G 1-4) which are dated before the middle of the 5th century B. C. show letters typical of a standard old Attic alphabet (see above, p. 16) with eta as the aspirate, epsilon used for eta and omicron for omega. In the later pieces the regular Ionic alphabet is used, but in G 6 and G 7 omicron
is still usedfor omegawhilein G 6 (but not in G 7) epsilonis still usedfor eta. A lunateepsilonappears alreadyin G 13 (late 4th-early3rd centuriesB. C.); lunatesigmaas well as epsilonand cursiveomega appearon G 21 (2nd-lst centuriesB. c.). An attemptat serifs is made on G 16, and broken-barred alphasappearon G 22 and G 23. Odditiesin spellinginclude:one of the manyvarietiesof Eileithuia in G 8; an absenceof iota subscriptin G 15 and G 21. Punctuation(threedots arrangedvertically)appearsonly on G 17, but thereis a word-dividerin G 7. G 1 (P 12629). P1.30. Fragment from edge of G 3 (P 13754).P1.30. Partof clay ring. Letterson heavy flat unglazedtile. Graffitoon top, obtop in blackglaze(a); graffitoon underside(b). Context: third Context: late 6th century B.C.(U 23:2). written on the sherd. viously B.C. 6th century (Q 18:1). Hesperia, Late VI cent. B.C. quarter ]KOV (a) VIII, 1939,p. 259, fig. 15 (no. 9). (b) EiXE[ Third quarter VI cent. B.C.
hEpiEi
Compare G 2. The motto could be: qpECry
KcaK6v 'CayaXpa 'T.The graffitois perhapsthe owner's name. (The drawingis upsidedown.) An informal label on a dedication: "To Hermes (someone dedicated) me, a pleasing G 4 (P 24062).P1.30. Small black-glazedkanthagift." The inscriptionis complete, so that it ros (= Sparkes-Talcott,no. 627). Graffitoon looks as if the writer,findingno room for his outerface of one handle.Context:ca. 520-490 name, abandonedthis attemptand looked for B.C.(Q 12:3). a largerpiece of tile; thus the sherdwas found hEpETi "out of context,as far as Hermesis concerned." LateVI-earlyV cent. B.C. 'E'roCvaoos This interpretationis closest to that of Jeffery The nameis not known. (L.S.A.G.,p.78,no. 33);forothersseetheHesperia G5 (P 14676). P1.30. Fragmentaryred-figured referenceabove and H. R. Immerwahr,"Some pyxis lid. Graffitoon top, aroundglazed band Inscriptions on Attic Pottery," The James between central tongue and dot pattern and SpruntStudiesin Historyand PoliticalScience, outeregg pattern. XLVI, 1964,pp. 16-19. Second half V cent. B.C. 'A]V[C]K.oiv K[cAias G 2 (P 9634). P1.30. Part of flat clay ring. Letters The of name the dedicator is in black glaze on top. suppliedexempli gratia. LateVI cent. B.C. ri8sev] Oyav G 6 (P 12336). P1.30. Base fragment of blackCompareG 3. Thesetwo piecesare included, glazedpyxis of a type found in the secondhalf even thoughas paintedinscriptionsthey do not 5th century B.C. Graffiti on underside: on reallybelong, becausethey seem to be unique, projecting flange (a); within ring foot (b). do not fit with any other studyand shouldnot Graffitoon floor (c). go unnoticed. It is assumed here that they servedsome purpose at the festal board (pot Second half V cent. B.C. stands?)and were inscribedwith appropriate (a) v]eTOvAfa Kai TV 'bVA[rr6AMova maxims. ]Eoi'TEaalTO
54
G. DEDICATIONS AND CONVIVIAL INSCRIPTIONS G 11 (P 22484). P1.31. Upper wall fragmentof black-glazedkantharos,similar to G 9. Graffito on outside, going around body. Context:
(b) KalTov[ VETo[s SA?os
0E6[s O (C) ]K.
late 4th century B.C.
Compare B. Graef and E. Langlotz, Die
Late IV cent. B.C.
antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, II,
'App[oSiTlsItp]as
no. 1445. The oath of the first line of (a) may G 12 (P 27040).P1.31. Neck fragmentfrom blackhave includedone or two other deities;it must glazedmug. Graffitoon outside. have been followed by a wish that a certain IV cent. B.C. ]TpcoyovT[ person might be avenged or punished. The Since this can only be a participlefrom the second inscription (b) was then added to verb "to it seems eat," likelythat it is convivial includeone more nameddeity and the rest of in or a nature, perhaps maxim suitableto the the Olympiangods. This inscriptionis included feast. CompareXenophanes,fr. 18 D, line 3: here becauseit has the gods in common with yXuKuvolvov, vrroTpcbyovTr'PEPivGous. TrfvovrTa the convivialand dedicatorytexts. G 7 (P 12011). P1.30. Rim fragmentfrom large G 13 (P 20424). PI.31. Lower wall fragmentof open black-glazedbowl of 5th-centuryB.C. largeWestSlopekantharos.Graffitoon outside, going around body. Context: late 4th-early fabric.Graffitoon outside,just belowrim. Late V cent. B.C. 6 8EivarTo'Hqaicr] rol &vaOKEv
3rd centuries B.C. Late IV-early III cent. B.C.
rT]av
8Ea[tv
The proposed restorationis not the only possibleone, but comparethe roof tile (Agora G 14 (P 16236). P1.31. Rim fragment of West inv. no. A 891) with a painted dedicationto Slopekantharos.Graffitoon outsidebelowrim. 20 found meters which was about Context: 3rd century B.C.(N 21:4). Hephaistos away (Hesperia,VIII, 1939,pp. 214-215). III cent. B.C. piMAi G 8 (P 19694).PI. 30. Rim and wall fragmentof G 15 (P 18340).PI.31. Fragmentfrom rim and decoration. lebesgamikosstandwithred-figured upperbody of West Slope kantharos.Graffito Graffitoon outsidebelow rim. Context: 3rd below B.C. Early IV cent. B.C.
ivy garland.
'iXuv i[
Dependingon the case restoredthis may be eithera dedicationor a "toast." G9 (P 7360). PI.30. Fragmentaryblack-glazed kantharosof a type found in the latterpart of the 4th century B.C., approximately like Hes-
III cent. B.C.
century
TrTi KaOKo8Otaiov
Perhapshortatorysubjunctive:"let the evilspiritedone drink."This requiresthat the iota have been omitted, but it is easier than assuming a second person singular imperative (ris) with the adjectivein the vocativecase. An attempthas been made to erase some of the letters.
peria, III, 1934, p. 320, fig. 5, A 27, A 28. Graffitoon upper part of body; apparentlyit ran all aroundthe vase, passingunderexisting G 16 (L 3918). P1.31. Black-glazedlamp handleand probablystartingand endingat the Howland, no. 626, Type 48A). Graffito on handle not preserved.Context: late 4th-early eitherside of nozzleand body. 3rd centuries B.C.(E 3:1). Late IV cent. B.C. AtovWiaou Ati6SXcoT[fpos pin]Xas
'A[y]aefisT<X[ril 'AyaeoOA]afliov[os] G 10 (P 22483). P1.30. Rim fragmentof blackglazed kantharos,similarto G 9. Graffitoon upperpart of body, startingto right of handle and ending behind handle. Context: late 4th century B.C. Late IV cent. B.C.
Ai[ovwo'ou Kal 'AqpoSirqs i]spas
CompareG 11.
Late III-II cent. B.C.
ispos 'ApTErli8os
It is not possibleto say in whichof the many sanctuariesof Artemisthis lamp was dedicated. Its findingplace (some 75 meterssouth of the Tholos) might indicate Artemis Boulaia (in the Tholos precinct:Hesperia,Suppl.IV, pp. 139ff.), but the sanctuaryof Eukleia(thought by someto be ArtemisEukleia)was also in this von generalpart of town (Judeich,Topographie Athen,2nd ed., Munich, 1931, p. 399). It is to be noted that G 21, dedicatedto Dionysos and Artemis,was found only a few metersto the west of the spot wherethe lampwas discovered.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
55
G 17 (P 12664). P1.31. Base fragmentof black- G21 (P 6878). P1.31. Large West Slope krater with figured scene: hunting near sanctuary. glazed bowl of 3rd- to 2nd-centuryB.C. fabric. Graffito below painted scene. Context: late Graffitoon underside. III-II cent. B.C.
'Ayop]a(ouv'Epioui
2nd-early 1st centuries B.C. (D 12:2). Hesperia,
VI, 1937, p. 374, fig. 39. Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, p. 24, note 51. Late II-early I cent. B.C.
The use of punctuation at this period is unusual.The findingplace is just south of the Altar of the Twelve Gods. See Wycherley, AtovOaco Koa'ApT-p8I MEvoiAyfs pp. 102-103 for the ancient testimoniaabout the shrineof HermesAgoraios. CompareG 16. G18 (P 23205). P1.31. Wall fragmentof West G22 (P 19179). P1.31. Shoulder fragment of Slopeopenvase. Graffitobelowbandof painted small unglazed pot of double conical shape. checkerboardand crosshatching.Context:3rdGraffitoabove angle at shoulder,going around 2nd centuries B.C. pot. Context:latestHellenistic(D 17:11). III-II cent. B.C. ]as 'ApTr4[lt8t
The ending is presumablythat of the dedicator'sname. G 19 (P 605). P1.31. Hemisphericalred-glazed bowl (= Hesperia, III, 1934, p. 371, D 14). Graffito on outside wall. Context: mid-2nd
I cent. B.C.
]Eupa Aiov[oCrcp
Found in the same general area as G 16 and G 21, perhaps pointing to a shrine of Dionysos and Artemisjust off the southwest cornerof the Agora.
century B.C.(H 16:4). Mid-II cent. B.C. ZEUs
G 23 (P 17585). P1.31. Shoulderfragmentfrom unglazedround-bodiedpot. Graffitoon outside. Context:secondhalf 1st century(B 20:1). G20 (P21454). P1.31. Wall fragment of West Secondhalf I cent. 'A]&eva Slopekantharos.Graffitooutside. II-I cent. B.C.
iEpov[
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS This groupis dividedinto five sub-groups,of which the first four includevesselswith only one notation of this sort:capacity(Ha), tare(Hb),date(Hc) andcontents(Hd).Thefifthsub-group(He) includes vesselswhichcombinetwo or more of thesenotations.In orderto facilitatecomparisonamonginscriptions of one kind,referencesaregivenin the firstfour sub-groups'introductionsto relatednotationsnot only in He but also in any othercategorylike that of Tax Notations(I). Dimensionsare includedonly when the vessel preserveseither diameteror height, since no other measurementsare meaningful.Weightand capacityare noted whererelevantand available.In giving modern equivalents of ancient weights and measures it has seemed right to use the time-honored and generally accepted figures like 0.546 1. for the xestes (sextarius) and 327 gm. for the litra (libra), since variations from these, although developed with much subtlety,are far smaller than the variations immanent in the ancient standardsof capacity and weight as exemplifiedin these common vessels of clay.
INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF CAPACITY(Ha) Notationsof capacityhereincludenot only those whichshow both a unit of capacityand a number but also those with only a number where the size of the vessel makes that number significantin terms of some obvious unit. Generally speaking, the notations of capacity may refer either to the amount which was in the jar at a particulartime or to what it could hold. It is not thereforeright to deduce the size of a
unit by dividingthe measuredcapacityof a vesselby the numbermarkedon it, sincethe notationmay have beenmadeto recordeithera knownamountbeingpouredin (withoutfillingthe jar) or whatwas left aftera knownamountwas decantedfroman understoodoriginaltotal.Therefore,onlyif at leasttwo
56
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
jars (preferablymore) seem to requirea certainsize xestes, for example,will it be right to assumea differentstandard;otherwise,it is morelikelythatthe notationrefersto somethingless thanfull capacity. Not includedhere are the followingcategories:(1) many vessels, mostly from the Greek period, alreadypublishedin Hesperia,XXV, 1956,pp. 1-24; (2) manyvesselswhich show inscriptionssimilar to the ones presentedhere but which are not measurableand so can add nothing; (3) many vessels which
are include in otherclassesbecauseof othernotations(F 198; Hd 6, Hd 10; He 1-11, He 13, He 14, He 16, He,17 HeHe, He2, 26, He 29, He 30, He 32-37, He39-44; 5, 10, 12, 18, I 21, 23, 22, I 24, I 26, I 32). These last are included in the present discussion. For other possible notations of capa-
city, see Hd 1, Hd 5, Hd 15 andHd 16 for singleletterswhichmayindicateeitherquantityor quality. Except where noted, the capacity was measured to the rim and so is excessive, at least in pots where restoration with modern plaster has not thickened the walls. The rim provides the only consistent upper
limitfor fillingsincenecksare of variouslengthsand the transitionfrom shoulderto neckis oftenhard to define. What may have been the upper limit for filling in the ancient measurementscan occasionally be
determined:in Ha 9 the capacityto the rim is 2.150 1.; the sevenand one-halfkotylesmarkedthereon should be 2.047 1. or about 95% of the up-to-rim capacity. It would however be too much to expect consistency from the various measurersover the centuries representedhere. In the Greek period, that is, before Christ, numbers may be expressed by simple tallying strokes
(Ha 3-7, Ha 11), or by acrophonicnumeralsin the 5th and 4th centuries(Ha 5, Ha 6, Ha 9; He 1-3) and by alphabeticnumeralsboth in the 5th century(Ha 7) and later(F 198; Ha 14; He 4). Wherechous and kotyle are counted as units (also staters and mnas), their initial letter is used instead of the simple
strokein acrophonicnumerals(Ha 6, Ha 7, Ha 9; He 1, He 3); similarlyboth 'nliovand es arerecorded acrophonically( 6, Ha 7, Ha 9, Ha 10; He 2). Chous is abbreviatedas X (F 198; Ha 2, Ha 6, Ha 10; He 1, He 2) or o( ) (Ha 14), or it is writtenout as Xos(Ha 8), Xoi<s>(Ha 25) or xo6s (Ha 31). Kotyle is abbreviatedas K (F 198; Ha 7, Ha 9, Ha 10, Ha 35; He 1) or KO( ) (Ha 29, Ha 40; He 17); other words used for the same unit may be pE(Tpa)(Ha 19) and Trav(Tava)(He 21). Both units (kotyle and chous) continue to be used
occasionallyin the Romanperiod;on the otherhand, the Romanmodiusbeginsto appearin the 1st centuryB. C. (He 4). Capacityis also measuredby the mna-weightof the contents(He 3; see also He 5 for mna-weight in the Roman period). The vessels of the Greek period, largely fragmentary,provide only scanty evidence for the size of the
chousand kotyle,but whatthereis can be reconciledwith the standardkotyleof 0.273 1. and chousof 3.276 1. (F 198; Ha 9), even the "new chous" of Ha 2, whichis only slightlyundersizeand is more likelyto be a joke than an officialstandard. In the Romanperiod,exceptfor some tallying(He 16, He 17, He 33),numbersare mostlyalphabetic (Ha 18, Ha 19, Ha 21, Ha 22, Ha 24-26, Ha 29-31, Ha 33-52, Ha 54-56; He 5-11, He 13, He 14, He 17, He 21, He 22, He 25, He 26, He 29, He 30, He 32, He 33, He 35-37, He 39, He 42-44; 1 5, I 10, I 12, I 18, 1 21, I 23, I 26, I 32) with < or c as one-halfand 8" as one-quarter.A few Romannumerals are also used(He 19, He 20, He 41). The most frequent unit of capacity in this period is the xestes, which appears both written out in full
(Ha 17, Ha 20, Ha 23, Ha 28) and abbreviatedin variousways: | (Ha 30, Ha 56) (Ha37; He36, He44; I5,1I26; K 13) X (Ha 38, Ha 43, Ha 45, Ha 46, Ha 48, Ha 50-52; He 41; 1 18, I 21, I 23, 45) Xestes is defined as a sixth (sextarius) of the Roman chous (congius) and thus the equivalent of two
kotylesor heminai.2The standardxestesof the firsttwo centuriesof our era seemsto havebeen0.546 1.3 1 2
Compare Metrolog. Script., II, xxx. 'Hpiva, the alternate word for kotyle in this period, appears only once (Ha 54).
3 Called Roman or Italic in Metrolog.Script.,I, 208. Such a xestes of wine weighed20 ounces (546 gm.).
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
57
or twice the old standard kotyle of 0.273 1.: Ha 21, Ha 22. In the third and following centuriesthe most frequent xestes is one which is larger by one-third, i. e., 0.728 1.: Ha 23, Ha 24, Ha 27, Ha 30, Ha 32,
Ha 34, Ha 45, Ha 50; He 30; I 18. Thisis presumablythe xestesknownas the Hellenicoil xestes(Metrolog. Script.,I, 208, 213; calledAlexandrine,I, 264) whichhad 24 ouncesor two litrai(654gm.).As long as wineis beingmeasured,two litrairequirea capacityof 0.654 1., whichis largerthanthe old xestesby only one-fifth.But sincethe weightof oil is only 9/10 that of wine or water,the new 6/5 wine xestesof 0.654 1. had to be multipliedby 1019to get an oil xestesweighingtwo litrai,whichin capacityhad to be 4/3 theoriginal0.546 1., thatis, 0.7281. Wemayimaginethatthe old winexestesmayhavebeenincreased by one-fifthfor the sakeof easyconversionto litrai(1 xestes=2 litrai),butit is interestingthatthe number of our vessels which seem to employ a xestes of 0.654 1. (Ha 47, Ha 52)4 are far fewer than the vessels
basedon its companionoil xestes whichweighedthe samebut was 1/9largerin capacity(Ha 23, Ha 24, Ha 27, Ha 30, Ha 32, Ha 34, Ha 45, Ha 50; He 30; 18). Furthermore, the smaller standard xestes (0.546 1.) seems to continue in use (Ha 44, Ha 45, Ha 48;
He 36, He 39, He 41; 1 5) in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries.Onejar (Ha 45) even seemsto providea double standard,giving the number of both the 0.546 1. xestai (24 1/2) and that of the 0.728 1. xestai (19). The apparentlycontemporaneous use of all three xestai is complicated by the fact that the one which the
metrologicalwritersspecificallylabelan oil xestesis the veryone whichourpot-notationsdesignateas a wine-measure: not only does the jug (Ha 27) labeled olvnpos8iKoaoshold 0.728 l., but also He 30 holds
18suchxestaiof something"honeyed"whichis almostcertainlywine.Thusthe applicationanddefinition of standardsseemto be in confusion,but we must rememberhow very scantyour evidenceis and how large a role chance plays in what has survived.There may have been well-understoodconventions about the use of differentxestai for differentcommoditiesor in differentkinds of tradingat different times.And in additionwe are at the mercyof any sharpoperatorwho wishedto cheator any wag who wishedto fool his neighborby labelinghis oil-measureas a wine-measure. Thisbringsus to the threevesselswhichappearto be basedon still otherstandardxestai.In the case of Ha 28, which is labeled O-Trrs 8iKcaos,are we to take the word of some ancientscribblerwhose motivesareunknownand solemnlyassumea still largerxestes,becauseits measuredcapacityis 0.890 1.? Orcan we say thathereis a cunningcustomerwho likedto takehis ownjug to the shopsand set his own standards?Luckily,we have some other evidence:one kotyle is defined(Metrolog.Script.,I, 236) as being three-fourthsof a standardxestes or 0.409 1.; if anotherxestes was based on such an outsize kotyle,it wouldbe 0.818 1. andfit reasonablyinto Ha 28. A sextariusof 2/2 litraior 30 ounces(0.8181.) is also mentionedby one of the Romanwriters(Metrolog.Script.,II, 128).Also, only if the 15 xestaiof 1 21 wereof this size (15x0.818 1. = 12.2701.) wouldtheyfit the measuredcapacityof 12.7501. No one of these bits of evidenceis particularlyconvincingby itself, but it may be that all togetherallow us to presumea xestesof 0.818 1. Still one otherxestes,basedon the 71/2ouncekotyle(Metrolog.Script.,I, 216, 235) is 0.409 1. (2 x 712x 27.3 gm. = 0.409 1.) or one-halfof the 0.818 1. xestes.This seemsto be exemplifiedin Ha 43, which is markedas holding 27/2 (xestai);its measuredcapacityis 11.500 1., while27/2 x 0.409 1. = 11.2471. CompareHa 35, whichmayuse this same7'/2 ouncekotyle. The next most frequentmeasureused in our capacitynotationsof the Romanperiodis the modius, alwaysabbreviatedto the firsttwo letters(Ha 16, Ha 44, Ha 53; He 4, He 8-11; I 24). Onlyfour of the nine vessels thus markedare sufficientlypreservedto providemeasurablecapacities,but these give evidenceof two differentmodii. The firstis the regularRomanequivalentof the Greekhekteus(8 choinikes or 32 kotyles)whichis defined(Metrolog.Script.,I, 203, 205, 258) as both 16 sextariiand onethirdof a Romancubicfoot, i. e., 8.736 1.; the vesselsbasedon this modiusareHa 53 (witha measured capacityof 9.250 1.) and He 8-11, all of which are labeledas holdingthreemodii (that is, one cubic 4 Actually these two vessels could be interpretedas based on the 0.728 1. xestes since the measured capacity is in both casesless than 6% under the capacitycalculatedwith the largerunit. But since it is difficultto explain the oil xestes except throughthe wine xestes, it seems reasonableto see the wine xestes exemplifiedwhereit fits more easily than does the oil xestes.
58
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
foot) and arecloselysimilarin size and shape;the one measurableone (He 10) is 27.3201. or just about 4% over the calculated3 x 8.736 1. = 26.208 1. The secondmodiusis the Cypriotemodius,whichis said (Metrolog.Script.,I, 261, 272)to contain17 and a fractionxestai.Thatthe fractionmaybe morecloselydefinedas two-thirdsis shownby one of our andiL'p";its measuredcapacityis 9.8001. or less than1% vessels(Ha 44)whichis labeledboth io6(5tos) over the calculated 172/3x 0.546 1. = 9.646 1. Ha 16 has only the modius label, but its capacity of 10.2001. suggeststhat it too is Cypriote.Two otherfragmentsof jars similarin fabricto Ha 44 are also markedas containing17213 xestai(Ha 36, Ha 42). He 39, also similarin fabric, is marked171/2 and has a capacityof 9.800 1. Thatthesejars weremadein Cypruson a local standardseemslikely; sincethey wereto be exported,for example,to Athens,theyweremarkedwiththeirequivalenton a moregenerally acceptedstandard.We may assumethat in the Cypriotemetrologicalsystemthe xesteswas 1/16of the modius(9.646 1.) or 0.603 1., that is, about 1/10greaterthan the normalxestes. It will be noted that both the regularmodiusand the Cypriotemodiuswere based on the 0.546 1. xestes. It is likely thereforethat Ha 50 with its inscriptionof 171/2(xestai)and capacityof 12.930 1. (17/2 x 0.728 1. = 12.740 1.) is not a Cypriote modius, especially since the fabric is differentfrom that
of Ha 36, Ha 42, Ha 44 and He 39. Otherpossiblemeasuresalso are noted on our vessels.Stamnos,variouslyabbreviated,appearson threejars (Ha54; He 14, He 39), only the last of whichhas a measurablecapacity(9.800 1.); but since this same vesselis marked171/2and is like the Cypriotemodii noted above in fabricit only confuses themetrologicalvalueof the stamnos,whichis elsewheredefinedbothas ten andas fourxestai(Metrolog. Script.,I, 277; II, 102).A possibleknidionis exemplifiedby Ha 15 witha measuredcapacityof 8.400 1., which appearon these vesselsthere is no evidenceas to the but for the other threemeasure-names vessels'capacity:keramion(Ha 18, Ha 56); hydria(Ha 18); medimnos(Ha 55). The capacity of a vessel was often defined not by the number of standard units it could hold but by
the net weightof the particularcontents.Thatthis practicewas fairlygeneralmay be assumedfromthe careful way in which the metrological writers (passim) defined the comparative weights of wine (or
water),oil and honey:i.e., the 0.546 1. xestesof wine weighs20 Romanounceswhilethe sameamount of oil weighs 18 Roman ounces, and the same amount of honey weighs 27 Roman ounces. Thus the weight of oil is to that of wine as 9:10, and the weight of honey is to that of wine as 13'/2:10. Net weight is noted on ten of our vessels,twice(He 22; I 32) with an abbreviationof KacSapos,6 presumablyin the sense of net weight, just as ocrrpaKouindicates the weight of the vessel or tare. Of the other eight, four indicate the nature of the contents: oil in He 7; honey in He 29, He 33 and He 34. Two of the remaining
four (He 26, He 40) give tare weightin additionto net weight,but in the case of the last two (Ha 26; He 32) thereis no indicationof whatthe weightrefersto, althoughit is fairlyeasy to guessby hefting the jar or measuringits capacity.For example,Ha 26 is markedsimply"eightlitrai";6 8 x 327 gm. = 2.616kg. or 2.6161. of wineor water,whichis the measuredcapacityof thejug if the remnantof modern plasterleft from restorationis discounted.He 32 is marked"ninelitrai"; 9 x 327 gm. = 2.943 kg. or 2.943 1. of wine or water; but because the jar's capacity is ca. 3.300 1. it seems clear that the contents
is oil: 10/9 x 2.943 1. = 3.270 1.7 Thus, in He 7 where the contents is specifiedas 20 litraiand 5 ounces of oil, the calculatedweightis 20 5/12 x 327gm. = 6.676kg.; to get oil capacitytheformulais 10/9x 6.676 = 7.420 1., which compares neatly with the measured capacity of the vessel (7.400 1.). For further discussion of net weight, particularlyin connection with honey pots, see the introduction to Tare Notations below. 6 KOSXapo is writtenin full on Hd 10, which was includedin the Notations of Contentscategoryas a descriptionof the contents, althoughit is obvious that the litrai which follow give the weight of those contents or net weight. 6 Litrais the Greek form of libra or pound; the weight is 327 gm. or twelve Roman ounces. 7 CompareHd 6, whichis includedin the Contentscategorybecauseits net weightindicatesthe natureof the contents.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
59
Ha 1 (P 8842). P1.32. Small black-glazedolpe Ha 5 (P 27517). P1.32. Neck and handles of Chian (?) amphora. Graffito and dipinto on of late 6th- and early 5th-centuryB.C. type. Graffitoon shoulder.Context:ca. 520-490B.C. one side, with latter spreadingbeyond handle. Contextas of Ha 3. (E 14: 5). Cf. Sparkes-Talcott,p. 78, note 12. H. 0.105 m.; D. 0.059 m. 1111 Late V cent. B.C. (graffito) r1Tv(-rT) .ArF V B.C. cent. Early Brl-rTpto (dipinto) The graffitoseems to be tally strokes with For the eta-epsilon combination compare I.G., I2, 623, 710; Lejeune,Revue des etudes summation(5) of what the ownerhad poured anciennes,LI, 1949, pp. llf. For a similar in or out, althoughit is conceivablethat, after a five-unitmeasurehad been poured in and graffito,see ClaraRhodos,III, 1929,111. recordedas such, five additionalsingle units The capacity of the jug is 0.110 1. As the inscription suggests, this is not a measure were counted. In the dipinto a fragment of some sign precedesthe numeral,which may (urTpov),but a middle-sizedvessel (irplov). well give the price of the amphora with its The well depositin whichit was found contains original contents of seven or eight choes. many examplesof olpes whichmay be roughly dividedinto three sizes, of whichthis is indeed Compare the seven-chousChian jar costing 14 drachmas(He 3 below). the middle. There is a possibility, however, that it is the contents that are designatedas Ha 6 (P 27525). PI. 32. Fragmentaryupper part "medium" rather than strong or weak, or of Mendean (?) amphora. Graffiti on upper heavilyseasonedor unseasoned. shoulder,both sides (a and b). Context as of Ha 3. Ha2 (P21553). P1.32. Black-glazedoinochoe with trefoil mouth. Graffitoon neck. Context: LateV cent. B.C. (a) 1!!iilil thirdto fourthquarter5th centuryB.C. (P 8:2). (b) rXXXH H. 0.24 m.; D. 0.175 m. AE Fourth quarter V cent. B.C. Kaivi X(ous) The tally strokes of (a) are presumably recordedformallyin (b), with the additionof a The capacity of the oinochoe filled to the rim is 3.200 1., somewhatless than the standard final half-chous: -Tr(v'rE)X(6Es)X(oC0)X(oiS) X(o0s) i(liaov).This looks like a permanent chous of 3.276 1. So the chous it could reasonrecordof the jar's capacity(eight and one-half hold while carried not be ably being might choes), made probably by the owner, whose more than 3.100 1. and so might have been "new"-whether in all metrologicalseriousness name may be abbreviatedin the two letters scratchedbelow:AE( ) or r( ). or as a cynicaljoke; see Agora,X, p. 48. Ha 3 (P 27513). P1.32. Neck and shoulder of Ha 7 (P 26070).P1.32. Amphorahandle.Graffito on outerface, fromtop down. Chian amphora. Graffito on neck. Context: E KK V cent. B.C. fourth quarter5th centuryB.C. (S 16:1). ]II1111II The seven strokeswith summationby means Late V cent. B.C. 1111 of the letter zeta (7) representthe numberof Four tally strokespresumablycountedmeaschoes which the jar would hold. The fractions ures as they were poured in. Since Chian of an eighthchousarerepresented by epsilonfor amphoras ordinarily held more than four two for two and aivau kappas kotyles.For the choes, this might not be a permanentrecord use of for eta epsilon aspirated compareC 8. of total capacitybut a temporarynote about For similar capacityinscriptionswith tallying, a smallerquantityput in (or takenout). see Hesperia,XXV, 1956,p. 5. Ha 4 (P 27515).P1.32. Neck of Chian(?)amphora. Graffiti on side: (a) vertical; (b) horizontal. Ha 8 (P 26181). P1.32. Fragmentfrom neck and rim of partly glazed chous of late 5th-century Contextas of Ha 3. B.C.
type. Graffito on neck.
= 11(irregularly LateV cent.B.C. (a) 111 arranged) Late V cent. B.C. X6s 1111111 (b) Note the three-barredsigma and omicron Thesemay be two stagesof tallying,the one for contractedomicron-upsilon. (a) rough and casual as choes (?) were poured in, the other (b) a neat permanentrecord.Both Ha 9 (P 18609). P1.32. Small plain amphora add up to the seven choes to be expected;see with ring foot and ovoid body (= SparkesHa 5. Talcott, no. 1463). Graffitoon neck. Context:
60
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
firsthalf 4th centuryB.C. (C 19:5). H. 0.222m.; be used to catch all the water. Comparethe D. 0.16 m. Hesperia,XXV, 1956, p. 11, no. 47, klepsydrawhich is markedX X for two choes pls. 2, 6. (Hesperia,VIII, 1939,pp. 274ff.). Firsthalf IV cent. B.C. F KKH Ha 14 (P 25474).PI. 33. Fragmentfrom neck and shoulder of amphora. Graffito on shoulder. The presentcapacityto the rim is 2.150 1. Seven and one-half kotyles, 1rr(?VT)K(o-raai) Hellenistic x6(s) P' K( ) K( ) tl(plaov),of 0.273 1. wouldbe 2.047 1. or about 95% of the capacityto the rim. We Ha 15 (P 16723). PI. 33. Amphorawith profiled mouth and deep ovoid body. Dipinto in black may wish to use this percentageelsewhereto on shoulder.Context:early1stcentury(N 21:1). give us the proportionof our up-to-rimcapH. 0.465 m.; D. 0.24 m. acitythat was used by the originalmeasurers. EarlyI cent. Kv81(ov) Ha 10 (P 24760). PI. 32. Neck of amphora of The readingis doubtful.The capacityof the Mendean type. Graffiti on neck (a) and on is 8.400 1., which is very nearlya modius jar Context: third shoulder quarter (b). opposite (8.7361.). The knidionwas knownas a measure 4th century B.C.(O 16:4). but the only indicationof its size (P. Oxy., XV, TI0 Third quarterIV cent. B.C. (a) 1896, 22; 1951) suggests that it held eight (b) XXHK[ xestai (4.368 1.) or half a modius. Perhapsa betafor "two"has disappeared. (a) may be a number:89; (b) may be read: x(o0s)x(o0s) (viov)K(OT0*X). Ha 16 (P 14117). P1.33. Wide-neckedamphora Ha 11 (P 25742). P1.32. Neck of large amphora of Ist-centurytype. Dipinto, in red, on neck. Context: second half 1st century (0 17:1). of Naxian type (?). Graffitoon neck. Context: PH. 0.62 m.; D. 0.27m. third quarter4th century B.C.(A 16:1). o ( ) / ]lriil Secondhalf I cent. Third quarter IV cent. B.C. M 11= The capacityof the jar is 10.2001., presumSince vertical and horizontal strokes may units different of Hesably a Cypriotemodius;see above, p. 58. The capacity (cf. represent in second line may give the producer'sname or or as peria,XXV, 1956,pp. 4-6) differentiate the contentsin abbreviatedform; easiestwould tens between and units, Mycenaeancounting be f]mrip(viov), i.e., monthly (ration or offering). arepossible,e.g.: severalinterpretations See three other jars of this same shape with p(rTpa):2 large,2 small; chi-rhoand phi dipinti(L 28). 1 I(ETrpirls),2 (x6&),2(KorTAa); 22 (as eithernet weightor tare). ji(vaT) Ha 17 (P 11258). PI.33. Fragmentaryroundbodied jug, similar to Robinson, Chronology, Ha 12 (P 27367). PI.32. Upper part of blackG 182. Graffitoon lower body, upside down glazed oinochoe handle of 4th-centuryB.C. to pot. Context: second half 1st century fabric.Graffitoon outerpart of top. (B 14:3). IV cent. B.C. irTpi(ov) Secondhalf I cent. <(>tor[rls CompareHa 1. Ha 13 (P 20903). PI. 32. Fragmentfrom profiled foot of a large open bowl. Dipinto underfoot. Context:down to 200 B.C. (Q 8-9). III cent. B.C.
TrTp]oX)(OVV
There is no way of judging the capacityof the bowl from the foot, but the restoration above seems most likely. Since the fragment was found in a layer over the floor of the SquarePeristyle,which presumablycontinued the law-courtfunction of its predecessor,it is likely that the bowl was used to receive the waterfroma klepsydra.So thattherewouldnot be wastage or mess, bowls whose capacity could not alwaysbe known at a glancewould be markedso that a large enough one would
8fK[maos
Note zeta-formof xi. For restorationcompare Ha 28. The jug is too fragmentaryto be measured. Ha 18 (P 19491).P1.33. Fragmentfrom shoulder of large amphorawith inset neck. Dipinti in red on shoulder. I cent. a) ]~ b) vSpiati p' f4(itav) i.e., 45? hydrias [ KEp&Wia
? keramia
It is likely that the inscriptionrecordsthe amountof a whole shipment,of whichthis jar was one, sincethe hydriais reported(Metrolog. Script.,I, 323) to be half an Attic metretesor six choes (i.e., 19.6561.). The keramion,which
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
61
is the Romanamphoraof eightchoes(26.6161.), xestes of this size, we must presumea change must here be used as an alternate(or transin standard;see above,p. 57. lated) summation. The number of keramia Ha 24 (P 9919).PI. 33. Smallamphora,Robinson, should then have been somethingover 34. Chronology,M 123. Faint dipinto,in black, on Ha 19 (P 12458).P1.33. Amphorawith cylindrical neck. Context: early 3rd century (M 17:1). neck and cone-shapedbody. Dipinto, in red, H. 0.336 m.; D. 0.187 m. on shoulder.Context: late lst-early 2nd cens' EarlyIII cent. turies(N 20:5). PH. 0.48 m.; D. 0.253m. The capacityof the amphorais 4.350 1. Six Aa' Late I-early II cent. (-r(Tpa) xestaiof 0.728 1. (see Ha 23) make4.368 1. The capacity of the jar, which lacks upper neck and mouth, is 8.000 1. Thirty-onekotyles Ha 25 (P 14917).P1.33. High-neckedjug, similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 120. Graffitoon of 0.273 1. would be 8.463 1. Evidencefor the neck. Context: mid-3rd century (N 17:1). H. use of metronas kotyle is not known to me. 0.336m.; D. 0.24 m. This jar may have been intendedas a modius Mid-IIIcent. @'xoO8h<si.e., Xo5(S)8(K
(a) 8'< (b) (illegible) The capacityof the jar is 2.500 1. Four and one-halfxestaiof 0.546 1. amountto 2.457 1. Ha 23 (P 7860).P1.33. High-necked,round-bodied jug on small ring foot. Graffitoon shoulder. Context:late 2nd-early3rd centuries(D 12:1).
wine-measure
The capacityof the jug is 0.760 1. Oivrpos6, as an adjective,requiresthat a masculinenoun be understood.The inscriptionand comparable shapeand capacityof Ha 23 make it clear that the wordto be suppliedhereis xestes. For a xestes of this size see p. 57. Note also that the labeling of this vessel as a wine-measure might suggest that it would otherwise be H. 0.155 m.; D. 0.125 m. of as somethingelse; see above,p. 57. thought Late II-earlyIII cent. E<Wa>xs jug, similar The capacity of the jug is 0.760 1. This is Ha 28 (P 17499).P1.34. Round-bodied to M 150. on Graffito Robinson, Chronology, largerby some0.200 1. thanthe regular0.546 1. shoulder. Context: mid-3rd century (J 18:1). xestes, perhaps representingan increase by H. 0.145 m.; D. 0.132 m. Illustratedin Hesperia, one-third(from 0.546 1. to 0.728 1., which is XVII, 1948,p. 191,pl. LXIX, 2. approximately95 % of the up-to-rimcapacity). Since severallater inscribedjars also requirea Mid-IIIcent. {orrnsBSKOaOS
62
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
The capacityof thejug is 0.890 1. to the rim. To explain a xestes so large both absolutely and relativelyto the old standardof 0.546 1. and to the preservedcontemporaryexamples holding 0.760 1. (Ha 23, Ha 27) requires invoking the so-called "georgic" standardof Metrolog. Script., I, 236 to authorize a xestes
of that is twicethe kotyle that is three-quarters the regular xestes: 2x3/4 (0.546) is 0.818 1. See above,p. 57.
text: 4th century (C 13:2). H.0.54m.; D. 0.357 m.
As' IV cent. i.e., 35 (xestai) The capacityof the jar is 27.040 1. The most likely xestes will be that of 0.728 1., giving a total of 25.480 1., but it is also possiblethat the dipinto does not recordthe total capacitybut merely the amount that was currentlyinside. In this lattercasethe xestescouldbe smaller.
Ha 29 (P 4914). P1.34. Fragmentfrom rim and Ha 35 (P638). P1.34. Small gouged jug like Robinson, Chronology, M 293. Graffito on neck of a closed pot. Graffitoon neck. Found H. 0.175m.; D. 0.125m. neck. in a layerof the 3rd century. 8' III cent. Ko(rXaat)Alr'< i.e., 38/2 kotyles EarlyV cent. K5[ i.e., K(oTXAai) The capacityof the jug is ca. 0.800 1., sugHa 30 (P 17867). P1.34. Micaceouspointed jug gesting the 71 ounce kotyle (0.204 1.) of similarto Robinson,Chronology,M 240. GrafScript., I, 235. The dipinto may, Metrolog. fito on shoulder.Context:3rdcentury(M 20:2). be a single number(i.e., 24) with a however, PH. 0.44 m.; D. 0.20 m. For example, varietyof possibleinterpretations. III cent. 24 weightounces(24x27.3 gm. is 0.655 kg.) of F(orrai) r'T oil would requirea capacityof 10/9 the same Filled to the mouth, the jug holds 6.300 1. of wine, or 0.728 1. weight Eight xestai of 0.728 1. would be 5.824 1. and leave a reasonablemarginfor air and a stopper. Ha 36 (P 5671). P1.34. Shoulderfragmentfrom wheel-ridgedamphoraof same type as RobinHa 31 (P 9672). P1.34. Fragmentfrom neck and son, Chronology,M 333. Dipinto, in red. shoulderof a smallamphora.Dipinto,in black, on shoulder.Context: late 3rd-early 5th cenLate V cent. qppcoil'1" "I carry 17%" (xestai) turies(N 18:5). Apparentlya Cypriote modius. Cf. Ha 44 Late III-earlyIV cent. X6ess' i.e., 6- choes and above, p. 58. Beta with a stroke is the regularsymbol for the fraction 2/3 (Metrolog. Ha 32 (P 10556).P1.34. Wheel-ridged jug, similar Script., I, 174). to Robinson, Chronology,M 219. Graffitoon neck.Context:firsthalf of 4th century(B 14:4). Ha 37 (P 8050). P1.34. Fragmentfrom shoulder H. 0.16 m.; D. 0.112 m. of largeamphora.Graffitonear handle.Found Firsthalf IV cent. 68fKo[i.e., 8fK
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
63
Becauseof its weakstatethisjar couldnot be Ha 41 (P 13150).P1.34. Upper part of amphora, similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 328. Dimeasured;see Ha 45, whichis slightlylarger. pinti in red on neck (a) and shoulder(b). Ha 47 (P 11558).PI.35. Storageamphora,RobinContext: late 5th to 6th centuries (O 18:1). son, Chronology,M 327. Dipinto, in red, on LateV-VI cent. (a) 1S' 3"i.e., 14% (xestai) shoulder.Context:early 6th century(M 17:1). PH. 0.42 m.; D. 0.262m. (b) i8' 3" See Ha 36 for the fraction. i.e., 183/4 Early VI cent. ITI' 8' The jar is preservedonly to the beginningof Ha 42 (P 13152).P1.35. Upper part of amphora the neck and has a presentcapacityof about of sametype as Ha 41. Dipinti,in red, on neck 12 Since 183/4 xestai of 0.546 1. are liters. (a) and shoulder(b). Context:late 5th to 6th to only 10.2381., the unit heremust equivalent centuries(0 18:1). be a largerxestes, perhaps0.654 1. (x183/4 = Late V-VI cent. (a) tL' 3" i.e., 17% (xestai) 12.2621.). But see above,p. 57. (b) it' (" Ha 48 (P 9784). PI.35. Small storage amphora, Cf. Ha 36, Ha 41. M 324.Dipinti,in black, Robinson,Chronology, on down to the pot. Context: shoulder, upside Ha 43 (P 13164). PI. 35. Wheel-ridgedamphora, 6th H. 0.38 m.; D. early century (M 17:1). similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 333. Dim. 0.215 pinto, in red, on shoulder. Context: late 5th to 6thcenturies(O18:1).H. 0.49m.; D. 0.253m. EarlyVI cent. ~(oarat)e'< i.e., 9? xestai The capacityof the jar is 5.150 1. Nine and LateV-VI cent. (Eorrat) KL'< i.e., 27/2 xestai one-half xestai of 0.546 1. are 5.187 1. The The capacityof the jar is 11.500 1. Twentyin its orientationto the pot, drawing appears seven and one-halfxestai of 0.409 1. would be hence down. upside 11.247 1. Cf. Ha 35, and see above, p. 57. A graffitoalpha may be interpretedvariously. Ha 49 (P 3044). PI. 36. Fragmentfrom shoulder of early6th-century jar, like Robinson,ChronolHa 44 (P 13463). P1.35. Wheel-ridgedamphora, ogy, M 328. Dipinto, in red. similarto Ha 43. Dipinti, in red, on shoulder. Early VI cent. K8' < 8" i.e., 243/4 Context: late 5th to 6th centuries (P 19:1). The capacityof similarcompletejars of this H. 0.463 m.; D. 0.235 m. typemakesit clearthatthe numberhererecords Late V-VI cent. (a) ..] the jar's capacityin xestai. a-rt] at'p' Ha 50 (P 12695). P1.36. Wheel-ridgedamphora (b) IJ6(5ios) similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 328. DiThe capacity of the jar is 9.800 1., a good in red, on shoulder.Context:early 6th pinto, Cypriote modius of 17% xestai (172/3x0.546 1.= century (O 19:1). H. 0.545m.; D. 0.258m. 9.646 1.). Cf. Ha 36, Ha 42. Early VI cent. (Eo-rai)t' < i.e., 17? xestai Ha 45 (P 26598). PI. 35. Amphora, similar to The capacityof the jar is 12.9301. Seventeen Robinson, Chronology,M 327. Dipinti, in red, and one-halfxestaiof 0.728 1. are 12.7401. on neck (a) and in black, on shoulder (b). Context: early 6th century (Q 17:7). H. 0.55 m.; Ha 51 (P 12157).P1.36. Fragmentfrom shoulder D. 0.282m. of a closed pot. Dipinto, in black. Context: VI cent. xestai O-Q 18-19. Early (a) ~(4orrct)K8'
i.e., 21 ? xestai
of the original letters.)
64
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
Ha 53 (P 22512). PI. 36. Fragmentaryamphora, Late Roman orr& (vot) s-' ft(ivat) y' lackingneck. Dipinto,in black,at base of neck i.e., 6 stamnoi,3 heminai (a) and below one handle(b). Context:6th-7th The stamnos is variously defined as equal centuries(Q 17:1). PH. 0.40 m.; D. 0.22 m. to fouror tenxestai(heminai)(Metrolog.Script., VI-VII cent. (a) illegible I, 277; II, 102). (b) v6(b6os) The capacityof the jar (up to the neck) is Ha 55 (P 9318). P1.36. Fragmentfrom rim of a 9.250 1., so that it mightbe eitherthe ordinary verylargepithos.Graffitoon top of rim. ta' modius (16 xestai = 8.736 1.) or the Cypriote Late Roman .iE(S6wvot) modius (172/3 xestai = 9.646 1.). It is not the The abbreviationmightalso be completedas same clay as the Cypriotemodii above (Ha 36, E(TpTrrai). Ha 39, Ha 42, Ha 44). Ha 54 (P 5663). PI. 36. Fragmentfrom neck and Ha 56 (P 9322).PI. 36. Fragmentfromthe shoulder of a very largeamphora.Graffitoon shoulder. shoulderof largeclosedpot. Graffitoat junction of neckand shoulder. LateRoman K(s)p(&(ata) pY' (orai) 8' <
INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF TARE (Hb) Tare,or the weightof the emptyvessel,is inscribedon pots presumablyfor the sake of determining quicklyand easilythe net weightof contentsfromthe total weightof the filledjar. Thiswouldbe useful both at the time of the originalsale and in laterre-useof the jar whenit was takento be refilled.These two differentuses are perhapsreflectedin the two differentkindsof inscription,the dipintotare being writtenby the merchantand the graffitomorecasuallyinscribedby the householder.In both casesthe presenceof the tarenotationmakesit evidentthatthe liquidswhichthejarsheldweresoldby weight. In additionto the 31 tare notationsclassifiedhere,thereare 19 morewhichhave been includedwith the He group(Combinationsof CommercialNotations)and one morewiththe I group(TaxNotations) becausethey are only one part of texts whichcombinetwo or more items: He 3, He 5, He 6, He 12, He 13, He 17, He 22, He 25, He 26, He 28, He 29, He 31, He 33, He 34, He 37-40, He 43; I 7). The presentdiscussionis basedon these20 as well as on the 31 numberedHb below. thanthosefromthe Roman Tarenotationsfromthe Greekperiodarebothfewerandless standardized net tare and is be both Earliest He 3 with what is most to weight,since this is the only likely period. whichuse mu as the acrophonic of two numbers,one precededby aji((popE*S), reasonableinterpretation is Hb l's graffitoof acrophonic also tare 20 is: that 12 mnas.Probably mnas;( ) unit, am(phora) numeralswith simpleuprightstrokesas units. Hb 2 and Hb 3 are completelydifferent,the one being labeled "100 drachmas"and the other "20 ounces," both using alphabeticnumerals.The 650 gm. notation,if we mayinvokethe emporicmna of weightof Hb 2 probablyconfirmsthe hundred-drachma 654 gm. And Hb 3's use of Romanouncesis paralleledby the appearanceof at least one lead weight basedon the Romanstandardin a contemporarycontext.Hb 4 introducesfor the firsttime in Athens8 one of the tare-formulas(cf. He 5, He 22) of the Roman period: oxKcoa == "jar", with the weight specified. In the Romanperiodtare notationsare of threegeneralkinds: 1) a worddesignatingthe emptyjar, often in the genitivecase, followedby a weight-unitsymboland a number;2) simpleverticalstrokes whichseem to be a tally of the numberof weight-units;3) weight-unitword or symbolfollowedby a number.The first kind declaresthat it is tare. The secondkind is provedto be so in variousways: Hb 15 andHe 33 both havetheirtalliesreinforcedby notationsof the "emptyjar" sortwiththe number 8 But see pots from the Hellenisticperiod found in Corinthwhich have dipintirecordingsakomafollowed by a ligatureof mu and nu (certainlythe abbreviationof mna) and so giving tare weight (Hesperia,XVIII, 1949,p. 152, pl. 16).
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
65
of weight-unitsagreeing;of the ten vesselswith tallies that are completeenough to weigh (Hb8-10, Hb16,Hb19,Hb24, Hb25, Hb31; He 17, He 33) only three(Hb16,Hb24, Hb31)haveweightswhichdo not substantially agreewiththetallystrokes,9twoperhapsbecauseof incrustationinside,theotherbecause the last strokewas inadvertently sevenof thse jarswithtallies(Hb9, Hb 15, Hb 16, finaally, omitted;and Hb 24, Hb 25, Hb 31; He 33) areof the samegeneralshape,whichtheysharewithfive of the vesselswith "emptyjar" weight(Hb14, Hb 21, Hb 22; He 34, He 37), and wereprobablyusedin a similarway over manygenerations.The thirdkind includesa varietyof texts so that the reasonsfor interpretingthemas tarediffer:someare obviouslytareweightbecausethey arecoupledwithnotationsof net weight(He 26, He 29); othersarecompletelyunaccompanied butmustbe tarebecausetheyareconfirmedby the present of the vessel Hb Hb He 18, 29; weight (Hb5, 39); othersare uncertainbut seemmorelikelyto be tare than anythingelse (He 6, He 12, He 13, He 38; I 7). Tarenotationsof the firstkind use five differentwordsfor the emptyjar: 1) twelve vessels have 6aeitherwrittenin full(Hb12, Hb 14, Hb15, Hb21, Tp&Kou (includingone oarparis and one 6aoc-rpaKou) Hb 23, Hb 26; He 31, He 34) or abbreviatedto five or six letters(Hb7, Hb 30; He 33; He 37 is incomplete); 2) on five vessels the adjectiveKoipiou or its abbreviationKouv( ) appears (Hib22; Hb 11, Hb 28; He 25, He 28); 3) two show abbreviationsof mKTcbuaaTos of eithertwo or five letters(He 5, He 22); 4)
anothertwo may perhapsbe read as He 40read as,crit(b2 (He 40,He 43); and 5) one jar is almostcertainlyto be readas wpinou(Hb6). Althoughthis last occursin the 2nd centuryand the Hellenisticsekomawe have alreadynoted has its parallelsin the 1st and 3rd centuries,there is no real chronologicaldistinction among the termsused; for example,ostrakouappearsin the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th centuries;kouphou occursin the 3rdto 6th centuries.The numbersusedin theseinscriptionsare all of the Greekalphabetic sort; occasionallythe symbolfor theweight-unitis omitted(Hb 15, Hb 30; He 40). The greatmajority of theseinscriptionsare dipinti;only threeare graffiti(Hb23; He 31, He 43). Tare notations that are made up of tally strokes,alwaysscratchedand neverpainted,appearon fifteenvessels(Hb8-10, I-lb13, Hb 15-17, Hb 19, Hb 20, Hb 24, Hb 25, Hb 27, Hb 31; He 17, He 33),of whichtwo (Hb15; He 33) also have "emptyjar" notations.Twelveof these have only simpleupright strokes,with occasionallya half strokeor a horizontalstrokefor a fractionalunit, but the othlerthree (Hb 10, Hb 17, Hb 19) used the Roman sign for "ten." Since these threeare the only ones wherethe weightis over ten litrai,we shouldperhapsthink that all the tallyingwas done on the Romansystem. This would be reasonablesince the Greek alphabeticsymbolfor "ten" was a simpleuprightstroke fromthe "ones."'10 The Roman"ten" also suggeststhat a ten-litraweightwas firstput indistinguishable on the balanceand notedas such beforethe single-litraweightswereadded.This kind of notationcontinuesfromthe 2nd centuryforward. Tarenotationswithsimplenumbersappearon the following:Hb 5, Hb 18, Hb 29; He 6, He 12, He 13, He 25, He 26, He 29, He 38, He 39; 17. The chronologicalrangeis from the firstto the sixthcentury, and the numbersare all on the Greekalphabeticsystem. In all the taretextswhereit appearsthe litra is abbreviatedeitherto a simplelambdaor to a lambda witha diagonalstroke(variouslyplaced)whichmaysometimesbe thoughtof as the followingiota. Ounce (ouiyKia)appearsas eithergammaenclosingomicron(e. g. Hb 3; He 22, He 39) or omicronsurmounted by upsilon(Hb22). 9It is understood that the weight-unitis the Roman litra since the only two mna-weightsbelong to the early part of the first century (Hb 5; He 5). 10In the capacitynotations of the Greek period the acrophonicnumbersystem allowed tallyingof this sort (with delta for "ten") for a differentpurpose. The whole shift in the use of tallyingfrom measuresto weights is interestingand suggeststhat commodities began to be sold more and more by weight.
66
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
Hb 1 (P 9753). PI. 37. Neck of coarse amphora. pinto, in red, on neck. Context:early 1st cenGraffitoon neck. Context: late 4th-early 3rd tury(G 8:1). centuriesB.C. (B 13:8). Hesperia, XXV, 1956, i.e., 11 mnas EarlyI cent. pv(ac)ia' p. 17, no. 73. The jar at present weighs 8.150 kg. and must IV-III cent. B.C. AA111III i.e., 26 (mnas) originally have weighed somewhat more. The For the interpretationsee He 5; 26 mnas mna used heremust be that of 150 coin drachare less than 11 kg. and a reasonableweight mas, that is, the commercial mna of 654 gm.; for such an amphora.Tare seems to be the cf. Hb 2 above. Eleven such mnas are 8.194 kg. right interpretationon two grounds:weightof contents is comparativelyuseless except in Hb 6 (P 17129). P1.37. Upper part of unglazed amphoraof 2nd-centurytype, like Robinson, conjunctionwith tare; a capacityof 26 choes is Chronology, G 197. Dipinto, in black, on not possible. shoulder.Context:late Ist-early2nd centuries Hb 2 (P 5792). P1.37. Small amphora. Graffito (B 20:1). on shoulder.Context:3rdcenturyB.C.(E 14:1). ei' PH. 0.315 m.; D. 0.157 m. III cent. B.C. 6X(Kal)p' i.e., 100 drachmas
Early II cent.
priwovX(iT-rpa)
i.e., (weight)of empty:15litrai The fragmentarystate of the jar makes its presentweightirrelevant.
The present weight of the amphora,which lacks one handle and the rim, is 650 gm. The completejar may have been equal to a mna Hb 7 (P 23389). PI.37. Fragmentfrom the wall (100 drachmas, like Pernice, Gr. Gewichte, of a closed pot. Dipinto, in black. Found with Berlin, 1894, nos. 598, 599, 605) on the compotteryof the 1st and 2nd centuries. mercial standardwhich made up a mna of II cent. 6]o-rp(KOU)A(iTpaI) 0' 150 coin drachmas(150x4.36gm. - 654 gin.). i.e., (weight)of jar: 9 litrai See also Agora, X, pp. 19f. This commercial mna is not, however,attestedbefore the 2nd Hb 8 (P 10469). P1.37. Small wheel-ridgedamcenturyB.C. phora; handles, mouth and some wall pieces and most of neckmissing.Graffitoon shoulder. Hb 3 (P 5929).P1.37. Shoulderand neck of small Context:mid-3rdcentury(M 18:4).PH. 0.24 m.; amphora. Graffito beside base of handle. D. 0.19m. Context:3rdcenturyB.C. (E 14:1). Mid-IIIcent. I1111- i.e., 5 (litrai),1 (ounce) III cent. B.C. K' o(*)y(Kiai) i.e., 20 ounces The weightof the jar in its presentfragmenThe use of the Roman ounce at this period tary state is 1.235 kg. The recordedweight is in Athensmay also be seen in Agora,X, p. 31, no. 70. It is impossibleto tell from the graffito 1.662kg. itselfwhetherit refersto capacity(20 ounces= 1 Hb 9 (P 26602). P1.37. Small amphora, intact, xestes) or to the weight of the jar, but the like Robinson,Chronology,M 238, but earlier. presenceof a tarenotationon Hb 2 in the same Graffitoon shoulder.Context:early4th century deposit suggests that it might be the latter. (Q 17:7). H. 0.425m.; D. 0.20 m. Althoughonly a small part of the jar survives, EarlyIV cent. (a) Ai (written in soft clay comparison for size with Hb 2 suggests a with bluntinstrument) possibleweightof about 546 gm. or 20 ounces. i.e., 9 (litrai) (b) 111111111 Hb 4 (P 16404). P1.37. Rim and wall fragment (a) may be either number or abbreviation. of wide-mouthedcoarsejar. Dipinto, in black, (b) The jar weighs 3.065 kg., about 4% over justbelowlip. Context:1stcenturyB.C. (F 19:3). the 2.943 kg. recorded.A non-solubledeposit inside I cent. B.C. may account for the discrepancy.(The oCXKCOp[ of first the tally-strokesis shorterthan the rest For sekoma(sakomain Doric) as weight of somewhat and separatedfrom them.) the vessel,cf. He 5, He 22, and also pots from Corinth(Hesperia,XVIII, 1949, p. 152, pl. 16, Hb 10 (P 9881).PI. 37. Amphorawithlip andsome 15-17) where the writingis very similar.The M 232. of neck missing,Robinson,Chronology, meaning"jar"is attestedin P. Oxy.,XVI, 1896, Graffitoon shoulder.Context:early4th century 19.
Hb 5 (P 3467). PI.37. Early Roman amphora, lacking much of mouth and one handle. Di-
(M 17:1). PH. 0.452 m.; D. 0.298 m.
EarlyIV cent.
= XIII111 16 i.e., (litrai),2 (ounces)
67
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS The present weight of the jar, without the lip and part of the neck, is 5.030 kg. The recordedweightis 5.287kg. Hb 11 (P 10267).PI. 37. Unglazedamphora,missing handlesand lip, of early 4th-centurytype, like Robinson, Chronology,L 31. Dipinto, in black, on shoulder.Context:early 4th century (M 18:4). PH. 0.46 m.; D. 0.257 m. Early IV cent. K.[oU]qp(ou) W(i-rpat) ty'
i.e., (weight)of empty:13litrai The presentweightof thejar, withouthandles and lip, is 3.935 kg. The recordedweight is 4.251 kg. Hb 12 (P 25170). PI. 37. Amphora with narrow neck,verticalhandlesand a bodylike Robinson, Chronology,M 236. Dipinto, in black, on shoulder. Context: Q 17:4. H. 0.54 m.; D. 0.195m. EarlyIV cent. 6ocrpaK'ns <0'> XA(Tpac) i.e., (weight)of jar: 9 litrai The present weight of the completejar is 2.870 kg.; the recorded weight is 2.943 kg. The number,which must be taken as theta, looks like a rectangularepsilon, which is most unlikelyto occurat thisperiod.Theform6o'rp&Ki is not attested.
s' EarlyIV cent. (dipinto) oo-rpaKou i.e., (weight)of jar: 6 (litrai) (graffito) '11111 Five strokes tallying for the first five litrai, with a sixthstrokeslantwise. Hb 16 (P 12825). PI. 37. Wheel-ridgedamphora of late 4th-centurytype, between Robinson, Chronology,M 238 and M 305. Graffito on shoulder.Context: late 4th century (O 19:1). H. 0.308 m.; D. 0.214 m.
Late IV cent. 111111 i.e., 6 (litrai) The jar, which lacks only a part of the lip, now weighs 2.180 kg. or 10% more than six litrai(1.962kg.). It is possiblethatit wasmarked underweightby a merchant who wished to give shortweighton the contents.Or theremay be a considerabledepositinside. Hb 17 (P 7884). PI. 37. Fragmentfrom neck of amphora.Graffitoon neck. Found in a layer withpotteryand coins of the 4th century. < IV cent. X!I!i111 i.e., 17/2 (litrai) Hb 18 (P 14110).P1.38. Smallamphoraof earlier date but same type as Robinson, Chronology, M 324, M 325. Graffitoon shoulder.Context: 4th century (O 19:1). PH. 0.40 m.; D. 0.22 m. IV cent.
Xr(Tpat) U'
i.e., 7 litrai
The presentweightof the jar, which lacks a Hb 13 (P 11193).P1.37. Upper part of amphora, mouth and is partly restored in plaster, is of a type related to Robinson, Chronology, 2.075 sevenlitraiare 2.289kg. kg.; L 31. Graffito on shoulder. Context: early 4th century(C 14:4). Hb 19 (P 14113).P1.38. Amphoraof 4th-century M 230. Graffito type,like Robinson,Chronology, 111111 i.e., 6 (litrai) EarlyIV cent. on shoulder. Context: 4th century (O 19:1). The jar is too fragmentaryfor its present PH. 0.46 m.; D. 0.28 m. weight to be significant.Others of this type IV cent. ]XI1111< i.e., 15/2 (litrai) weighabout six litrai. The presentweight of the jar, which lacks a Hb 14 (P 11194). P1.37. Upper part of wheelmouth and has been partlyrestoredin plaster, ridged amphora of 4th-century type, like is 4.750 kg.; 15/2 litrai are 5.068 kg. Robinson, Chronology,L 55 and M 238. Dipinto, in black, on shoulder,very faint. Con- Hb 20 (P 26114). P1.38. Amphora top, comtext: early 4th century(C 14:4). PH. 0.299m.; L 54. Graffito parableto Robinson,Chronology, D. 0.224m. on shoulder.Context:Q 19:1. IV cent. 11111111 i.e., 8 (litrai) EarlyIV cent. OtaKKOU X(iTpai) U i.e., (weight)of jar: 7 litrai The fragmentarystate of the jar makes its The preservedupper two thirds of the jar presentweightirrelevant. weigh 1.710 kg.; seven litrai are 2.289 kg. Hb 21 (P 10710). P1.38. Wheel-ridgedamphora, (Some letters had faded completelybefore the neck and handles,of 4th-centurytype, missing finaldrawing.) like Robinson,Chronology, L 55, M 238. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 4th-5th Hb 15 (P 11197). PI. 37. Shoulder fragment of centuries (E 15:5). PH. 0.34 m.; D. 0.20 m. small wheel-ridgedamphora like Hb 14. Diin and on pinto, black, IV cent. 6O]rTpaKouX(irpai) U' graffito shoulder.Context: early4th century(C 14:4). i.e., (weight)of jar: 7 litrai
68
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
The presentweightof thejar withouthandles and lip is 2.025 kg.; sevenlitrai are 2.289 kg.
V cent.
oCrpOKovXi(Tpat)ip3'
i.e., (weight)of jar: 12 litrai The present weight of the jar, with several pieces missing, is 3.410 kg.; twelve litrai are 3.924kg.
Hb 22 (P 16079). PI.38. Small amphoraof 4thM 238. centurytype,like Robinson,Chronology, Dipinto, in black, on shoulder.Context: 4th century (F 15:1). PH. 0.38 m.; D. 0.215m. Hb 27 (P 14016). P1.38. Small amphoratop of IV cent. KoV
Hb 23 (P 26699).P1.38. Fragmentfrom shoulder of small ribbedamphora.Graffitoand dipinto, black.Context:4th century(Q 17:7). IV cent.
(graffito)
KO.Ip(ov)A(iTpai)i'
i.e., (weight)of empty: 10 litrai The weightof jug, completeexceptfor minor fractures,is 3.120 kg.; ten litrai are 3.272 kg.
AX(Tpai)0' 6cr]TpaKou
Hb 29 (P 12936).PI. 38. Amphoraof 6th-century M 325.Dipinto type,like Robinson,Chronology, in black, on shoulder.Context: 5th-6th cenHb 24 (P 11355). PI.38. Wheel-ridgedamphora turies(P 18:1). H. 0.451m.; D. 0.205m. of early 5th-century type, like Robinson, VI cent. i.e., 9 litrai A(iTpal) e' Chronology,M 305. Graffitoon shoulder.ConThe completejar weighs2.935 kg.; nine litrai text: 4th-5th centuries(E 15:5). H. 0.396m.; 2.943 kg. (Sincethe dipintohad completely are D. 0.216m. faded beforethe final drawing,this was copied 111111 i.e., 6 (litrai) EarlyV cent. from the original reading, which bears little relationto whatwas seenby me in 1960.) Restoredwith plasterand with some plaster 2.315 now more than the inside, jar weighs kg., one litramorethanthe recorded1.962kg. Com- Hb 30 (P 13464). PI. 38. Body of amphora, lackingmost of shoulder,neck and handles,of pare Hb 16; but here it is possiblethat as each 6th-centurytype, like Robinson, Chronology, litra weightwas addedto the balancea stroke M 325. Dipinto,in black,on shoulder.Context: was made on the jar until the last, which was 5th-6thcenturies(P 19:1). forgotten in the bustle of removing weights andjar alike. VI cent. oaTpaxK (ou) s' i.e., (weight)of jar, 9 litrai (dipinto)illegible
of
6
i.e., (weight) jar: (litrai) Hb 25 (P 13472).P1.38. Small amphoraof 5thThe jar is too fragmentaryfor its present M 305. centurytype,like Robinson,Chronology, to be of significance. weight 5th-6th on shoulder. Context: centuGraffito ries (P 19:1). H. 0.333m.; D. 0.173m. Hb 31 (P 14056). PI. 38. Amphora of the 6th 11111 V cent. i.e., 5 (litrai) century,a later exampleof the type of M 305, M 306 in Robinson, Chronology.Graffitoon The present weight of the jar, with some neck. Context: 5th-6th centuries (Q 18:2). is 1.615 five litrai are kg.; plasterrestoration, H. 0.44 m.; D. 0.23 m. 1.635kg. 11111111 i.e., 8 (litrai) VI cent. Hb 26 (P 13477).PI. 38. Amphora,lackingmouth, The present weight of the completejar is one handle and wall pieces, of 5th-century 3.330 kg.; eight litrai are 2.616 kg. See Hb 16 type, like Robinson, Chronology,M 302. Diand Hb24 for possible explanationsof the pinto, in black, on shoulder.Context:5th-6th centuries (P 19:1). H. 0.505 m.; D. 0.26 m. discrepancy.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
69
INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF DATE (He) Of all the categoriesof commercialnotationsdates are the least satisfactoryand convincing,largely becausethey are far more relativeto and dependenton a temporalcontextthan are the notationsof on capacity,tare and contents.Indicationsof time appearon the 26 vesselsincludedin this category,"1 sevenwhichare classifiedwith CombinedNotations(He 4, He 18, He 23, He 24, He 37, He 41, He 42), and on one with Owner'sMarks(F 250), and on three(I 17, I 23, I 44) of the Tax Notations,over and above the indictiondateswhich appearregularlyin that series.Nineteenof these 37 give datesby era; 12 dateby magistratesor emperors;fivegivemonthdates;the one remainingis a possibleindictiondate. Greek alphabeticnumeralsare used throughout,but in some consulardates the Latin languageand alphabettake the place of Greek. Most of the datesby era consistof simplya number;the particularera is a matterof interpretation. Eight examplesmay be assignedwith a fair degreeof certaintyto the Actian era: Hc 10-14, He 16, He 18, Hc 19. Four of these (H 10, H 16, 16, H 18, H 19) are on wheel-ridged jars of darkmicaceous clay with one handleand high-collaredringfoot like the 25 examplespublishedas "DatedJarsof Early ImperialTimes" (Hesperia, XXIV, 1955,pp. 277-285).Only Hc 19 has any remnantof the era designationwhichappearedon two of the piecespublishedearlier: but all four have numbers (eTOS) Ni(Kms), whichgive datesin the Actianera that fit well into the largergroup.The otherfour notationswhichare hereinterpretedas Actianera datesaremorevarious:two dipinti(He 11, He 12) andtwo graffiti(He 13, He 14). In the case of all four thereseemsto be no othereasyexplanationfor the number;for two of the vessels (He 11, He 12) the ceramicdate agreeswith the assumedActiandate; the othertwo are fragmentstoo smallto be assigneda dateon ceramicgrounds,andtheyhaveno datedcontext. Of the 11 otherdatesby era, three(F 250; He 17, He 25) seemto be Seleucid,four may be basedon Diocletian'saccession(He 22, He 23; He 37; I 44), one appearsto be Christian(He 24) and threeare uncertain(Hc 26; He 23, He 24). Thebasesfor theseassignmentsareoutlinedin the individualcatalogue descriptions. The 12 dates by magistratesor emperorsincludetwo of the Greekperiod(He 1, He 2), six consular dates(He 3, He 4, He 6-8; He 4), two imperial(He 5, He 15)andtwo uncertain(He 20, He 21). Ordinarily in the Greekperiodjars weredatedby stampson the handles;thesetwo, withincisionin the soft clay on one and dipintoon the other, are unusual.Jarswith consulardatesin both Greekand Latinhave long been knownin Pompeiiand Rome (C.L.L.,IV, 2551ff.,5510ff.,9313ff.;XV, 3636ff.).Of the two which use Touvs,one continuesin Greek(He 4) with the abbreviatedname of Gaius Cassius,while the otherseemsto continue,althoughmuchis lost, in Latin,endingwith the regularLatinabbreviation for consuls(He 7). Both of these, like three of the four purelyLatin texts, are dipinti.The exception (He 6), being lightlyand casuallyscratchedjust below the handle,may well have been the work of an Athenianownerratherthana foreignshipperor seller:Druso et Crispino(9 B.C.).He 3 andHe 8 can not be readwellenoughto givedefinitedates,but He 4 is clearlyassignableto 17B.C.(C. Furnio). The two imperialdates are given as the sixth (year)of Augustus(He 5) and the fourteenthyear of Hadrian(Hc 15).12The two uncertaindatesof this sort (He20, He 21) are incomplete,one usingthe Erii formula, the other
?TOS.
The five month dates are as follows: July (He 9), nones of August (He 18), June 17 (He 41), first month(I 17), and the sixthday of the sixthmonth(I 23). Possiblereferencesto months also occur on He 5 and He 11. The one possibleindictiondate seems to combinea day "beforethe Ides" with an indictionyear(He 42). 11All textsidentifiable(even
tentatively)as datesare included,even whenthe magistrateor era on whichthey are basedis not clear. 12Or the fourteenth year from the visit of Hadrian to Athens. Cf. P. Graindor,Athines soIus Hadrien,Cairo, 1934, pp. 15ff.; Kubitschek,Real-Encyclopadie, Suppl. III.
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70
areconcernedthe usagewithregardto etos shouldbe noted:of nineexamples, As far as abbreviations He the four (Hc 4, 7, He 15, He 21) which are dated earlierthan the late 3rd centuryshow the word writtenin full; the five datedto the late 3rdcenturyand laterabbreviatethe wordto its firsttwo letters (Hc 22-24; He 23, He 24). Thewordfor month(li'v) is abbreviatedeitheras p( ) (Hc 9; 1 17) or Upj( ) (He 41; 123).
He 1 (P 7699). PI.39. Toe of plain amphora, He 5 (P 9670).P1.39. Chianamphora(= Robinneatly profiled. Letters incised on underside son, Chronology,F 92). Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 1st century B.C. (N 19:1). while clay was soft. Context:late 4th to early PH. 0.86 m.; D. 0.309 m. 3rdcenturies B.C. (E 3:1). Late IV-early III cent.B.C. irr 'A.woroo5cbp(ou) I cent. B.C. Avyoicr(Tou) S' [.(rjv6s)'ApT(Eepuoou) The writingis crampedand changesorientaThe sixth year of Augustuswould be 21 B.C. tion. An archonof this name servedin Athens The readingof the secondline is uncertain. in the year 319/18B.C.,but eitheranotherprovenienceor anothermagistracyis a possibility. Hc 6 (P 16206). P1.39. Micaceous one-handled The fact that the inscriptionwas made before jar, similar to Robinson, Chronology,F65. firingsuggeststhat this date servedone of the Graffitounderhandle.Context:firsthalf of 1st purposesof the stampusuallyfoundon handles. century(N 20:1). PH. 0.47 m.; D. 0.265m. He 2 (P 9754, P 9755). P1.39. Chian amphora. Firsthalf I cent. DRUSO ET CRISPINO inside and on shoulder in black (a) B.C. That 9 Dipinti is, handle(b). Context:late 4th-early3rdcenturies Hc 7 (P21791). PI.39. Ovoid amphora with B.C. (B 13:8). PH. 0.79 m.; D. 0.355 m. shortwide neck, hornedhandlesand shorttoe. Late IV-early III cent. B.C. Dipinti in black on shoulder. Context: early / [&]pXovros (a) nIrlNIK'rTOV 1st century (R 10:1). H. 0.533m.; D. 0.28 m. (b) ToAXuvoio N EarlyI cent. If the archon is Athenian, there are two e1Tous[ ]BA ( ) COSS possible years: 332/1 or 225/4 B.C.The name Perhaps6 B.C.:D. LaeliusBalbus,C. Antistius underthe handlemaybe thatof potter,producer Or A.D. 22: D. Haterius Agrippa, C. Vetus. of contents,middlemanor even owner. SulpiciusGalba. He 3 (P 8108). P1.39. Amphoraof Roman type. 39. Micaceous one-handled Dipinto in red on neck. Context: late 2nd He 8 (P 16199). PI. jar, similar to Robinson, Chronology,F 66. centuryB.C. (C9:7). H. 1.017m.; D. 0.291m. Dipinto in black below handle. Context: COS [ Late II cent. B.C. first half of 1st century(N 20:1). H. 0.46 m.; D. 0.245m. Obviously a date by consulship, but the NERONEBO.. EarlyI cent. dipintois now too fadedto be drawn.Another (traces) jar of this type (Agora inv. no. P 8105) found If this is datingby consul, the possibledates in the same context has an inscriptionwhich 13 B.C. (Ti. ClaudiusNero, P. Quinctilius are: immeless but better has surviveda little gives 9 B.C. (Nero Claudius Drusus, T. Varus); abbreviated an B-C diate sense: ] [ (presumably name endingin "b" followedby the abbrevia- Quinctinus Crispinus); 7 B.C. (Ti. Claudius Nero II, Cn. CalpurniusPiso). The word tion for consul). begining "bo. ." is uncertain both in reading
Hc 4 (P 3215).P1.39. Shoulderfragmentof small and interpretation. jar. Dipinto in brown. Found with much He 9 (P 15559). P1.39. Upper part of amphora Hellenisticmaterialand a littleLate Roman. with collaredrim.Dipintoin blackon shoulder. I cent. B.C. 'T0oS F(aciou)Kacaa(ou) Context:1stcentury(R 21:2). (illegible)
I cent.
'IovuMov
1i.(rlv6,) A Gaius Cassiuswas consul in 124, 96 and 73 B.C. Sincethe colleagueis not herepreserved, He 10 (P 24853). P. 39. Shoulder fragment of brown micaceous jar, similar to Robinson, it is impossible to determinewhich is meant.
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H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
Chronology,M 125. Graffito below handle He 16 (P 25464).P1.40. Upper part of micaceous one-handledjar similarto Robinson,Chronolattachment.Context:late 1st century(B 13:2). ogy, M 125. Graffitobelowhandle. pKa' Late I cent. II cent. pop' Year 121 of Actian era = A.D.91. Year 172of Actianera = A.D. 142. He 11 (P 10048).P1.40. Upper part of amphora (- Robinson, Chronology,M 102). Dipinti He 17 (P 13599). PI.40. Upper part of onehandled jar. Dipinto in black on shoulder. in black on shoulder(a) and underone handle Context: second half of 1st century to 2nd (b). Context: second half of 2nd century century(N 19:2). (M 17:1). II cent. IIcent. (a) EP( ) i' SE]XWK( ) pB' Year 502 of Seleucidera (from 312/1 B.C.) (b) o'oS would be ca. A.D. 190, perhapstoo late for this context. Year 139 of Actian era = A.D. 109, whichis perfectlysuitableto the jar itself, which finds Hc 18 (P 21631).P1.40. Fragmentfrom shoulder its nearestparallelsin late 1st and early 2nd of micaceous one-handledjar similarto Robcenturies(Robinson,Chronology,G 197, H 20). M 125.Graffitoon outside. inson, Chronology, Its later context date is unexpectedbut not Context: 2nd to early 3rd centuries(U 22:1). impossible.The firstpart of (a) might be interce' pretedin two ways: as a monthdate (Hermaios II-earlyIII cent. 15)or as tare(ipilou 15). (b) The jar is sound? Year 229 of the Actian era = A.D. 199. He 12 (P 5774). P1.39. Neck and shoulder of He 19 (P 22211). P1.40. Fragment from the small amphora. Dipinto in red on shoulder. shoulder of a micaceous one-handled jar, Context: second half of 1st century to 2nd similarto Robinson,Chronology,M 125. Grafcentury(F 13:2). fito on outside. II cent. pv III cent. TrosN] i(Krls)apIa' ATO2[ Year 241 of the Actian era = A.D. 211. The number is likely to be a date in the He 20 (P 7785). P1.40. Shoulderfragmentfrom Actianera, i.e., A.D. 120. largeplainamphora.Dipintoin black. He 13 (P 11545).P1.39. Wall fragmentof closed rTriZauX[ Roman vessel.Graffitoon outside. Roman pV?' Year 155 of Actian era would be The nu is writtenin reverse.
AIATTA[
A.D.
125.
What magistrateof what city is here used for datingis obscure,as is the word or phrase in the secondline.
He 14 (P 2518). P1.39. Shoulderfragmentfrom He 21 (P 11752). P1.40. Top of amphora. Dia large unglazedvessel. Graffitoon outside. pinto in black on shoulder.Context:3rd century(K 18:3). pv[ EarlyRoman III cent. a[ Presumablyan Actian date, ca. A.D. 120-130. He 15 (P 7583). P1.39. Amphora(= Robinson, J 5). Dipinto in black on shoulder. Chronology, mid-2nd Context: century (C 12:1). PH. 0.549 m.; D. 0.295 m. Mid-II cent. ETousSt' 'ASpiavoO Eviaucrtiaov
Whetherthe date was based on Hadrian's accessionor his firstvisit to Athensis uncertain; cf. Kubitschek, Real-Encyclopadie,Suppl. III,
cols. 28-29. The word in the secondline presumablyrefersto the age of the contents, probably wine.
The incompletenessof the inscriptionmakes any conjectureof emperoror era difficult. He 22 (P 3140). P1.40. Shoulder fragment of largeamphora.Dipintoin red. Late Roman ET(Os)
(chi-rho) Ka[
Year 21 based on the era of Diocletian would be A.D. 305. Ginzel (Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie,
72
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
A.D. 532 and known to be in use before this II, Leipzig, 1906, pp. 229-231) notes that this time (Bickerman,pp. 74, 81). era was used in private documentsin Egypt throughoutthe 4th and 5th centuries.But the Hc 25 (P 25054). P1.40. Small jug with gouged kappa-alphamay begin a word like Kaisaros. decoration similar to Robinson, Chronology, Context: M near handle. on wall 361. Graffito Hc 23 (P 14093). P1.40. Round-bottomedcylinH. 0.175 m.; 6th 17:4). century (Q (-7th?) drical amphora (= Robinson, Chronology, m. 0.13 D. M 333). Dipinti in red on shoulder.Context: ' VII cent. t,5th-6th centuries (P 18:1). H. 0.495m.; D. 0.211m. The year 964 of the Seleucidera is A.D.642. (The Seleucidera continuedin use in various V-VI cent. 'rT(os) placestill nearmoderntimes;cf. Ginzel,op.cit., pv' I, p. 263.) The context date need not militate TA againstthe assignmentto A.D.642 sincethe jug Perhapsyear 150 of the era of Diocletian wasfoundnearthe top of a wellwhichcontinued (A.D. 434)? into the 8th century. Hc 24 (P 9660). P1.40. Round-bottomedam- Hc 26 (P 3457). P1.40. Shoulderfragmentfrom phora (- Robinson, Chronology,M 372). Diamphora.Dipintoin red on neck,insidehandle. 6th late Context: on shoulder. black in Context:6th-7thcenturies(L 14:2). pinto m. D. 0.148 H. 0.467 m.; 17:1). (M century VI-VII cent. Xp(O6vos) 1i'[ LateVI cent. ET(OS) Trp( )[ e
INTRODUCTIONTO NOTATIONSOF CONTENTS(Hd) In additionto the 23 texts groupedtogetherhere, contentsis specifiedin the followingnotations classifiedelsewhere:one in Dates (He 15); 19 in CombinedNotations (He 7, He 13, He 15, He 17, He 18, He 21, He 23, He 24, He 26, He 27, He 29, He 30, He 32-34, He 36, He 40, He 41, He 44); and 12 in Tax Notations(I 10-12, I 16, I 19, 120, 125, I 29, 14042, I 45). The presentdiscussionconcernsall 55 texts. Wineis apparentlythe most importantsinglecommoditysincereferenceis madeto it on 27 vessels, whichcan perhaps if we includethe nine occurencesin Tax Notationsof one abbreviatedword(a&pivv) is used without only once (Hd 13), modification, best be interpretedas a kind of wine.13OTvosalone, perhapsto distinguishthe winejug fromjugs used for othercommoditiesand not necessarilywashed in betweenor perhapsto indicatethat this was a winemeasureratherthanan oil or honeymeasure(see Thatthis notationis graffitoratherthandipintois an indicationof its informal Ha 27: oivpos 8SIKcoS). natureand incidentalpurpose.All otherwine notationsindicateparticularkindsof wine and all except one (Hd 23) are dipinti and may be thoughtof as labelingthe originalcontents.The kinds of wine rangefrom a cheapo6os(vinordinaire)of the 5th centuryB.C. (Hd 1) to the wine madefrom the finest Aminnaeangrapes(Pliny, N. H., XIV, 4, 21, PrincipatusdaturAminaeisfirmitatemproptersenioque vinieiusutiquevitam.)of the 5th and6th centuriesof our era(1 10,1 16, etc.). Mostfrequent proficientem in appearance,afterthe Aminnaean,if abbreviationsare correctlyinterpreted,is -rrcaaov(raisinwine): Hd 9 (writtenin full); Hd 12 (abbreviatedto firstthreeletters);He 13, He 40 (firsttwo letters).Next in is Pramnianwine:Hd 5 (writtenin full); Hd 17, frequency,with the sameprovisoaboutabbreviations, 13Since the tax-notationpots all seem to serve the same purpose, the conclusion that some held a specifickind of wine makes it likely that all held wine but that only specialkinds werenoted "on the label." See Introductionto Tax Notations below.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
73
He 26 (first three letters). Honeyed wine is noted twice: olvovupenT-iVOv (He 21); (IiArIT( ) (He 30). Falernianappearsonce (He 27). Threeother kinds of wine may be indicatedby three abbreviations: (Hd 7); &pco(iaaT-Tis)(Hd 15); Spiv(Si-ms)(Hd 23). Kav(-SapiThs) Wine is described in somewhat differentterms on four other vessels: Kasapou as an indication of net (Hc 15), and iTep(uariv6s) (Hd 20) seemto indicatethe weightratherthan of purity(Hd 10); Fviaucaaiov
seemsto indicateuse (?) and provenience age of the wine; vin(um)saec( ) car ( ) vil(la?)Terg(estina?) also below for miscellaneous and See uncertain contents whichmightbe wines. (He 18). Four of the above wine notationsare accompaniedby single letterswhich may perhapsbe most readilyexplainedas indicationsof quality:alphaon Hd 1 and Hd 20; gammaon Hd 15; deltaon Hd 5. Perhapssimilarin significanceis the &*r-tposwhichappearsalongwitha pricemarkon He 15. Six vesselsare markedas containingoil. Threeo e inscriptionsare graffitiand indicatemerely that the contentswas oil: Hd 2 fromthe 4th centuryB.C. seemsto say that the oil is for externalrather thaninternaluse; Hd 4 and Hd 18, of the 1stand 3rdcenturiesrespectively,havethe sameabbreviation, inai(ov). The three dipinti, on the other hand, indicate the kind or quality of the oil: on He 7 pamrpl(avE-
Aaiov)or radishoil, weighing20 5/12 litrai(6.676kg.), is equatedwith27 kotyles(7.3711., of whichthe oil weightis 9/10 or 6.655 kg.); on He 15 the priceis givenfor what may be secondqualitywhiteoil; on He 32 oil-leesor Tpu(yla),weighingnine litrai(2.943kg.), occupiesa vessel of ca. 3.300 1. capacity (oil weightof a 3.276 1. chousis 9/10 or 2.943kg.). Fivejarsaremarkedas honeypots, eitherimplicitlyor explicitly.Implicitin the combinationof Hd 6's weightnotationwith its capacityis the fact that its contentswas honey:that is, the 14 litrai(4.578kg.) indicatedon the shouldercouldbe containedin the ca. 3.200 1. capacityonly if the contents'weightwas 4/3 that of wine(4/3 x 3.052 = 4.578).Honey is explicitlynotedas contentsof threeotherjars: sufficient tracesof the word Hymettosappeartwice on He 29 and combinewith the noted net weightto confirm the natureof the contents.On He 33 and He 34 the genitiveof honey(iX1iTos) is followedby the weight in litrai.Somewhatdifferentis He 36, whichnotesthenumberof xestaiof "tawnyhoney"(tavS9oupLArtos). Thevarietyof miscellaneouscontentsis great,rangingfromfish-sauce(garumn) to milk(yaXa).Perhaps most certainare the threejarsmarkedas containingItalianmillet:He 23, He 24 (iEEI6'v(oS) --= AivoS = Two vesselsprobablycontainedgarum:Hd 3 reads coc(tum)ab Auso( ), p0ivr%, LSJ); He 41 e?Aivns. employinga formulaelsewhereusedfor fish-sauce(C. L.L., IV,2576,2643, 5671ff., 9418f.);the ligature of Hd 8 may be reasonablyresolvedas yap(ou).Preparationsof a medicalnaturemay perhapsbe seen in Hd 11 ("20partsdarnelto four partsasparagus")and Hd 21 ("diuretic").MorepuzzlingareHd 14, a cookie-jarshapewiththe inscription-rafyvia,presumablyin the senseof "goodies,"andHd 19 which readsSEarac(thingsput up? that is, preserves?).The Sacrra of Hd 16 are most likely liquids,and the inscriptionis to alertthe readereitherto the fact that dry materialsare elsewhereor that the measure (30 units)is wet ratherthan dry. Hd 22 readsy6Aa, a clearand unambiguouslabel in contrastto the of He 17. generalizedKaprrou Four other vessels show notationswhich may well be of contents,but certainidentificationis not possiblesincethe abbreviationsare difficultto resolve.TheKopl( ) of He 44 maybe somethingflavored with coriander.The ycovo( ) and C&Ti() of I 11 and I 12 seemto parallelthe &dilvv() whichappears in nine otherTax Notation texts and so mightbe wine. No expansionof 'covo( ) suggestsitself, but either i&-aTov or arT-nris is possible for I 12. On 142 pev[ ]/vEXi[ (either or both) could also be wine: Mendaean. honeyed It is possiblethat in Miscellaneous(K) and Unclassified(L) Notationslurk otherindicationsof contentswhichhavenot beenrecognized.For otherpossibilitiessee Ha 1, Ha 16 andHa 40.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
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Hd 1 (P 11021).PI.41. Upperpart of 5th-century B.C.type wine amphora.Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: last quarter 5th century B.C. (B 15:1). Hesperia,XVIII, 1949, p. 336, no. 102,pls. 97, 98. Last quarterV cent. B.C. 06rXosA i.e., 6Oos Sigma-chifor xi is found also on ostrakaof Kallixenos; see Hesperia,XIX, 1950, p. 387, no. 22. Alphamayperhapsbe takenas a number indicatingcapacity(one amphoraor metretes) or quality.
Sincethe jar holds 3.200 1., the contentscan weigh 14 litrai (4.578 kg.) only if it is honey, whichis four-thirdsthe weightof wine or water. Four-thirdsof 3.200 gives only 4.264 kg., but it seems likely that althoughthis was only a scant chous (properly3.276 1.) it was thought of as six xestai,whichmay have been indicated in the largelyfaded second line. Six xestai of wine were ten litrai; six xestai of honey would be 13% litrai, which might in turn have been called 14 litrai. Thereis no questionof the 14 litraibeing the weightof the jar, whichis only 1.100kg.
Hd 2 (P 20294).PI.41. Partof shoulderand upper wallof small black-glazedolpe. Graffitowritten Hd 7 (P 3058). PI.41. Upper part of amphora vertically. like Robinson, Chronology,G 197. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: Ist-early 3rd 1 oTi IV cent. B.C. T-r]O TO roOr4([sial& Tfi T]aXafrT[pas century(J 12:1). KV ( ) Restorationis not certain but for example I-II cent. only. PerhapsKcxv&apirls olvos,but other possibilities exist: owner'sname;Kav(Sliov) for KviS8ov; Hd 3 (P 7529). PI.41. Amphora of late Koan etc. F 93. Dipinto type, like Robinson,Chronology, in black on shoulder.Context:late 1st century Hd 8 (P 13601).P1.41. Amphorapreservedonly B.C. to early 1st century (D 11:1). H. 0.72m.; to shoulder.Dipinto in red on shoulder.ConD. 0.275m. text:mid-lst to mid-2ndcentury(N 19:2). Late I cent. B.c.-earlyI cent. Mid-Ito mid-IIcent. (ligature) y&p(ou) coc(tum)ab Auso[ Probably(garum)coc(tum)ab Auso[ . This Hd 9 (P 21381). PI.41. Neck and shoulder of H 20). plainamphora(=Robinson, Chronology, use of the participleis not knownto me from Dipintoin blackon shoulder.Context:firsthalf elsewhere,but the ablativeof agencywithfac2nd century(P 8: 1). turnis familiarfrom Pompeii;e.g., C.I.L., IV, 5671ff.: g(arum)f(actum)ab Umbricio. Firsthalf II cent. (illegible) (illegibleov Hd 4 (P 15380). P1.41. Small jug with rounded (illegible) body, narrowneck and ridgedhandle.Graffito Thatis, raisinwine.Cf. C.LL.,IV, 5594. on shoulder. Context: 1st century (R 21:2). PH. 0.15 m.; D. 0.129 m.
Hd 10 (P 10064). P1.41. Upper part of widemouthedamphora.Dipintoin blackon shoulder. Context: 2nd century (M 18:1). PH. 0.37 m.; Hd 5 (P 9671). P1.41. Top of small coarse amD. 0.25m. phora, like Robinson, Chronology,G 197. DiII cent. KaOapo9u X(iTpa)[ pinto in black on shoulder.Context: lst-2nd centuries(M 18:1). Thatis, weightof contentsnet. Late I-earlyII cent. npa.v[ Hd 11 (P 963). P1.41. Wide-mouthedjar, similar A to Robinson, Chronology,M 118. Dipinto in That is, Pramnianwine. The isolated delta black on shoulder. Context: late 2nd-early may relateto capacityor quality. 3rd centuries(I16:1). H. 0.23m.; D. 0.18m. Hd 6 (P 12373). P1.41. Wide-mouthedamphora LateII-earlyIII cent. aipco(v)K' similarto Robinson,Chronology, M 41. Dipinto a&orapayou8' in black on side. Context: late Ist-early 2nd Apparentlya decoctionof herbsmade up of centuries (N 20:5). H. 0.195m.; D. 0.188m. 20 parts of darnelto four parts of asparagus. Cf. Dioscorides,II, 122, 152for uses of the two Late I-earlyII cent. Xi(rpai)18' herbsseparately. (orai) I cent.
.at((ov)
75
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
Hd 12 (P 965). P1.41. Fragmentfrom neck and Hd 18 (P 5717). PI.41. Shoulderfragmentfrom shoulderof a largeamphora.Dipintoin red on storage amphora. Graffito. Context: dumped shoulder.Context:late 2nd-early3rd centuries fill going into 3rdcentury(E 14:1). (I 16:1). III cent. cat(ov) Late II-earlyIII cent. rro( ) racr(craov) The significanceof the second abbreviation Hd 13 (P 17894). PI.41. Small wheel-ridgedjug is obscure. like Robinson,Chronology,M 122. Graffitoon shoulder.Context:late 2nd to mid-3rdcenturies Hd 19 (P 11198). P1.42. Neck and shoulder (C 20:1). H. 0.201 m.; D. 0.128 m. fragment of amphora with short neck and Late II-mid-III cent. o7vou rounded rim. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Hd 14 (P 9918). P1.41. Wide-mouthedjar (= Context:late 3rd-early4th centuries(C 14:4). Robinson, Chronology,M 118). Dipinto in Late Ill-early IV cent. e0~iaTa black below lip. Context: early 3rd century Preserves? (M 17:1). H. 0.217 m.; D. 0.165 m. EarlyIII cent.
irrayvia
(illegible) Cf. Ephippus,fr. 24 (Kock) for this word listedamongothergood thingsof the table. Hd 15 (P 12359). P1.41. Shoulderfragmentof wheel-ridgedamphora. Dipinto in black on neck behind handle, running down. Context: early3rdcentury(N 20:5). ( ) EarlyIII cent. &pco
Hd 20 (P 1027). P1.42. Small storage amphora like Robinson, Chronology,M 237. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 5th century (I16:1). H. 0.57 m.; D. 0.19 m.
Late IV cent.
A TEPp(uVaVO6S)
If the dipintorefersto the contents,the word suggestedabove is most probable.The isolated alphamay referto quantityor quality.
r
Hd 21 (P 8001).P1.42. Neck and mouth of small amphora. Graffito on lower part of neck. 5583: aroma( ). The gamma may refer to Found with coins of late 4th and 5th centuries. qualityor quantity. IV-V cent. Sioup(rnTlKOv) Hd 16 (P 13605).P1.41. Upper part of amphora withthickroundedlip, narrowneckand sloping Hd 22 (P 14086). P1.42. Amphora preserved only up to shoulder,with squat plump body shoulder.Dipintoin blackon shoulder.Context: and rounded bottom. Dipinto in black and firsthalf of 3rdcentury(P 19:1). graffitoon shoulder.Context:5th-6thcenturies Sa'-ra Mid-IIIcent. (P18:1). PH. 0.43m.; D. 0.38m. V-VI cent. (dipinto) y?6a Thatis, liquids:30 (probablylitrai). (graffito) p[ Hd 17 (P 25195). PI.41. Amphora with pointed toe similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 236. Hd 23 (P 7985). P1.42. Fragmentfrom neck and Dipintoin blackon shoulder.Context:mid-3rd shoulderof plainamphora.Graffitoon shoulder. Late Roman 6&pv( ) century (Q 17:4). Mid-IIIcent. TTp&(pveos or atiovd&iveivov. Perhapsolvos&tiveOiris olvos) Perhaps &pco(panTis oTvos); cf. C.I.L., IV,
INTRODUCTIONTO COMBINEDNOTATIONS(He) For the most partthese44 texts are madeup of notationsof capacity,date and contentsand so have alreadybeen discussedalong with those categories.Thereare two chief exceptions:notationsof price; and propernames,perhapsproducers,sellersor owners. The threepricesfromthe Greekperiodarefairlyconsistentand are expressedin knownterms:about two drachmsor one didrachm(stater)for eachchousof wine(Ha 5; He 1, He 2). The six possibleprices fromthe Romanperiodare moreuncertainboth as readingsand with regardto unitsand values.Three seemto employthe asterisk-shaped symbolfor denarius(He 16, He 17, He 38), but the threepricesfor
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
76
amountsof commoditiesaveragingabout two choes are two, fifteenand fifteendenarii.The firsttwo both date from the 2nd centurywhilethe thirdis fromthe 4th-5th centuries,but the commoditiesmay be differentin eitherkind or quality,so that no real indicationof pricefluctuationexists. Some confor a firmationof the higherpricemay be found in another2nd-centuryprice (He 15): 16 drachms14 smalljar (probablynot morethan two choes)of oil. It may be notedthat in the Edictof Diocletianthe price-rangesfor wine and oil are similarto each other. The two otherpossiblepriceinscriptionsare evenless certain:200 poMXeis (if doubledphi may be so taken)for six choes(He 35,4th century);500keratiafor an uncertainamount(He 25, 3rdcentury).The 4th-centuryfollis is variouslyequated(Mattingly,RomanCoins,p. 229) with twenty-four,ten or four denarii,makingpossiblepricesper chous of 800, 333 or 133 denarii.Thekerationis equatedwiththe siliqua(100denarii)so thatthe priceper chousfor the possiblecontentsof He 25 (perhapsthreechoes) wouldbe a highlyimprobable16,666denarii.Furthermore,the date of this vessel seemsto be earlier introductionof thesiliqua,so thereis somepossibilitythatkerationwas usedfor than the Constantinian denarius(Metrolog.Script.,1,274),inwhichcasethepriceperchous(at500denariiforthreechoes)wouldbe of readings,equationsandcommoditiesmakethesepriceabout166denarii.Thecumulativeuncertainties seeK 8, K 16-18;L 20. indications(if suchthey are) of little value.Forwhatmayalsobe price-notations Thenameswhichoccuron someof thesevesselshavelittlein commonwitheachotherbut canperhaps be groupedas follows:personalnames,eitherabbreviatedor in the genitivecase,whichbeingpaintedon are most likelyto be originaland so produceror sellerratherthan owner(He 6, He 11, He 12, He 14, He 25, He 26, He 28); place-names(?), mostly abbreviated,which may give the provenienceof the commodity(He 14, He 18, He 23, He 24). In addition,there are other notationswhich may be serial numbers(He 8-10, He 19, He 20), one Christianmonogram(He 39) and one text whichmay add to the amountdeliveredan amountstill owed(He 30). He 1 (P 11382).P1.42. Mouth and neck of Mendaean-typeamphora. Graffito on either side of neck. Context:thirdquarter5th centuryB.C. (R 13:4). Hesperia,XXV, 1956, p. 10, no. 44. Third quarter V cent. B.C. X(6ES) 6(6Ka) K(o *Xn) K(OT,XTi)
58(Ka) r(T'rcrfipEs)
A combination of capacity and price: 10 choes, 2 kotyles; 10 staters. He 2 (P 2366). P1.42. Chian amphora. Graffito on neck, running downward.Context: third quarter5th century B.C. (R 13:4). H. 0.79 m.; D. 0.31m. Hesperia,IV, 1935, p. 496, fig. 17, no. 86; p. 516, fig. 28; XXV, 1956, p. 12, no. 58. ThirdquarterV cent B.C. TrVTr)?(s) E(Ys)X(s) 8EKarrTrapEs
Both the capacity(sevenchoes) and the price (14 drachms)appearon this jar. In the Chian dialectthe aspiratewouldbe omitted. He 3 (P 23948). PI.42. Upper part of amphora with spreadinglip and broad shoulder.Graffiti near base of neck on both sides. Context:
400-390 B.C. (Q 15:2). Hesperia, XXV, 1956,
p. 17, no. 71, pl. 4. Early IV cent. B.C. (a) a&(cpopcos)(vaot)8(iKa) A(v&)(v&) (b) I(vaT)8(ka) (vaT)8(WKa)
The two weightsshouldbe tare and net. On a goods-mna of 457 gm.15 the jar will have weighed5.484kg. and the contents9.140 kg. If the contentswas wine, the capacitymust have been less than three choes (9.828 1.); if oil, rather more (three choes of oil would weigh only 8.845 kg.); the breadthof the shoulders makesa dry materialless likely. He 4 (P 21792). P1.43. Body of large cylindrical amphora,missing bottom, handles and neck. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context: early 1st century(R 10:1). PH. 0.652m.; D. 0.305m. Late I cent. B.C.
MO(DII)
8'
C. FURNIO COS. ANTEA A combination of capacity and date. For the oppositecombinationof Greekletterswith RomannumeralsseeHe 19,He 20. Themeaning of anteain this contextis not readilyapparent.
Cf. H. Mat14 The Attic drachmsmay still at this time have been equatedwith the denarius,or at least valued at three-quarters. tingly, RomanCoins,London, 1960, pp. 104, 196f. 16 I.e., 105 coin-drachmsof 4.36 gm. Cf. Agora, X, pp. 2-4.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
77
Thejar is too weakto be measuredfor capacity, but cf. He 10. The numberon the other side might possibly be a date on the Actian era (i.e. A.D. 116), but the doubtfulfirst letter and the comparablenotations on He 9-11 suggest (a) o'i(KCOiaa) Early I cent. u(vcT)i?'< it mightbetterbe takenas a serialnumber. that Xcop.. He 9 (P 12468). P1.44. Amphora of late Koan (b) af(Kco0a) I?'< (val) 1E' type similar to Robinson, Chronology,F 93. Tare is written on both sides; what must Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) and on body one on be capacity(xcdbpima side, only appears ?) below handles (b). Context: second half 1st and the amount(?) is largelyillegible. century(N20:2). H. 0.893m.; D. 0.28 m. He 6 (P 21789).P1.43. Amphorawith ovoid body, Late I cent. short neck and angularlip. Dipinto in black e' (no longervisible) (a) on shoulder.Context:early1stcentury(R 10:1). (one side) (b) i6(Siol) y' (monogram) PH. 0.438 m.; D. 0.338 m. (otherside) ,aacs' EarlyI cent. li(Trpai)rl|' For drawingof monogram,see He 8, He 10, AlOWcrvUOVu He 11; see the same for capacity.The second inscription on the body might be a serial The weight of the jar, whichlacks the lower number(1246). thirdof the body, is 4.235kg. or about 13 litrai; 18 litrai are 5.886 kg. Dionysiusis presumably He 10 (P 12469).P1.43. Amphoraof late Koan the nameof produceror seller;for assimilation type like He 9. Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) of the vowel to the ending, cf. Meisterhans2, and on body below handles (b). Context: second half 1st century(N 20:2). H. 0.915m.; p. 22. Theta, which is no longer visible, may D. 0.25 m. give the capacity:nine (choes). Late I cent. He 7 (P 21793). P1.43. Ovoid amphora with (a) (one side) 8' long narrow neck, vertical handles and ring (otherside) o' foot. Dipinti in black on both shoulders. (b) (one side) pO6(S6oi) y' (monogram) Context:early1stcentury(R 10:1).H. 0.447m.; ,iu8o' side) (other D. 0.217m. Compare He 8, He 9, He 11 for capacity. EarlyI cent. The second inscriptionon the body (with the (a) iaTrp(avcXatov) X(Txpai)K'o()y(Kiai) e' horizontal stroke above the first two letters) (b) ]K' might be a very large number(10,474) or an The lower part of the kappa in (a) is lost in abbreviationof the name (?) which appearsin the break; the abbreviationof ounce is an the same position on He 11. The capacity of angular C-shapedgamma with omicron. The thejaris 27.3201.; threemodiiare26.2081. jar holds 7.400 1. Twenty-sevenkotyles of 0.273 1. (as in the second inscription) are He 11 (P 12471).P1.43. Amphoraof late Koan type, like He 9. Dipinti in red on body below 7.371 1.; oil of this amount would weigh handles. Context: second half 1st century 6.633kg., or somethingover 20 litrai(20 x 327 (N 20:2). H. 0.92 m.; D. 0.285m. gm. = 6.540 kg.). Late I cent. (one side) O6(Stio)y' (monogram) He 8 (P 12361). PI.43. Amphora of late Koan (other side) 'hEpoV8ou type with hornedhandles(= Robinson,ChronCompareHe 8-10 for capacity.The second ology, M 54). Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) inscription mightbe a name,not knownto me, and on bodybelowhandles(b). Context:second or an abbreviation: 'ICpoV 5OV(?ou). half 1st century (N 20:2). H. 0.775m.; D. 0.305m. He 12 (P 13617).P1.44. Upperpart of late Koan amphora, similar to Robinson, Chronology, LateI cent. (a) (one shoulder) E' F 93. Dipinto in red on neck inside handle. (othershoulder) U' (b) (oneside)1o6(81ot) y' (monogram) Context:late 1st century(P 19:1). PH. 0.44 m.; D. 0.23 m. (other side) .ps"' Aiav( ) The letters epsilon and zeta are probably Late I cent. Ks"' X(irpai) numbers.The monogrammay be read as the numberthree and the abbreviationof modius. Combinationof personalname (?) with tare.
He 5 (P 21788). P1.42. Upper part of large amphorawith angularhandlesand profiledlip. Dipinti between handles on both shoulders. Context:early 1st century(R 10:1).
78
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
The next sign is certainlythat for denarius, He 13 (P 3297). P1.44. Upper part of large early with two strokes following presumablyindiRoman amphora with neck tapering toward on in ribbed. handles and catingthe price. Dipinti green top neck (a) and shoulder (b). Context: lst-2nd He 17 (P 10067). P1.44. Amphora similar to centuries(F 11:1). Robinson, Chronology,L 31 but fuller and I cent. earlier.Dipinto in black on shoulder;graffito (a) T'(oc(aov) i' on neck above. Context: lst-2nd centuries (b) ]>' o(U)y(Kiat) (M 18:1). H. 0.346 m.; D. 0.225 m. The first notation is here taken as contents, II cent. (dipinto) Kp.a ouv*lE' i.e., raisin wine; there are obviously other i.' Ko(riXat)K6(a6os) for which compare possibilities(e.g., TaAcai6s, The in (graffito) 'Ill!i vet(us) C.LL., IV, 5526, 5536-8, etc.). second the in 10 weight (40 litrai, ounces) The price of the contents is 15 denarii;the notationmay be either tare or net weight; no capacity,now measuredas 5.500 1. to the lip, similarjar survives completeto be measured. is just over 191/6kotyles of 0.273 1. (5.233 1.). The weightof the vessel is 2.185 kg., or someHe 14 (P 12460).PI.44. Ovoidjar preservedonly over six litrai (1.962kg.), as the six and up to shoulder.Dipinto in black on shoulder. thing one-half (?) tally strokesindicate.(If it is 151/6 Context: early 2nd century (N 20:5). PH. must be half of 0.728 1. xestes they kotyles 0.28 m.; D. 0.25 m. [l51/, x 0.364 1.- 5.520 1.].) 'Epeveas Early II cent. orra(pvoi)KOX?ou He 18 (P 7925). P1.44. Shoulderfragmentfrom between hold six and seven 'lar jars an amphora.Dipinto in black. Context: late Similar jars hold between six and seven 2nd-early3rdcenturies(D 12:1). liters so that these three stamnoi of Kyllos of Late II-earlyIII cent. Aug(usti)N(onae) Ereneiamight be like those reportedby Epivas stig(matum) phanius (Metrolog. Script., II, 102) to hold saec( ) car( ) vin(um) four xestai each. Twelve xestai are 6.552 1. vil(la) Terg(estina) Whether Kyllos made jars or wine is unThe expansionsof the abbreviationsare not certain.The name,not attestedat Athens,may but seem to give date, contents and certain nickname. be a meaningful provenience. He 15 (P 17128). PI.44. Rim and neck of an He 19 (P 11992).PI.44. Large Roman amphora amphora. Dipinti in black on shoulder (a) with pear-shapedbody like Robinson,Chronoland base of neck on other side (b). Context: M ogy, 14 but longerbodyand almostno neck. early2nd century(B 20:1). Dipinti in red on neck (a) and below (b). (a) &/pyi/e?( ) Early II cent. Context:earlyRoman(R 19:2). IS' &pyuvpicov II-III cent. (a) X X V (see drawing) (b) BaerEpos (writtendown (b) 01 the side) The first letters may be &pyti&(atov) or white oil, a word not attested but analogous For Romannumeralswrittenin this fashion in form with &yptiAaosand in meaningwith to the Studyof Latin see J. Egbert,Introduction apyf-rosXAaiou.The price is apparently 16 Inscriptions,New York, 1923, p. 75. It is drachms;for &pyupisas drachm, see Heraunlikely that the number indicates capacity, clidesLembicus,frag.6. The secondinscription which can not be measuredbecausethe jar is may describethe qualityof the contentsor the both weakand very large,since25 choes is too positionof the jar in some series. muchand 25 xestaitoo little. It is most likelya serialnumber.The secondinscriptionmay be a He 16 (P 11634). P1.44. Amphora (=Robinson, Chronology,M 90). Graffitoon shoulder. trade mark, kind of wine, or even a number. Cf. He 20. Context: second half 2nd century (M 17:1). H. 0.36 m.; D. 0.254 m. He 20 (P 12991).P1.44. Large Roman amphora like He 19. Dipintiin red on neck(a) and body, (see drawing) Secondhalf II cent. runningdown the side (b). H. 0.95 m.; D. 0.40 m. Since the capacityof the jar is 7.000 1., it is II-III cent. (a) X X I I I possible that the first two strokes stand for (b) AO two choes (6.552 1.) and the two crossed Cf. He 19. strokes for two additionalkotyles (0.546 1.).
79
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
The name in the genitive may be the producer; the tare of 15 litrai is possiblebut can not be demonstratedbecause of the jar's presentstate. It may be that the thirdline gives the price:500keratia(see above,p. 76). Mid-III cent. Trav(Tracva) Ky'olvou pjeAtrirvov He 26 (P 9675). PI.45. Amphora with ovoid (two lines illegible) body taperingto ring foot. Dipintiin black on shoulder(a) and body (b). Context: 3rd cenravwraThe inscriptioncombinescapacity(33 vai = TprpAila or kotyles)and contents(honeyed tury (N 18:5). PH. 0.425m.; D. 0.26 m. wine).The capacityof the jar is 8.250 1. to the III cent. (a) A / Mf(Tpai),u' base of the neck, which is broken above; 33 X(Trpat)Iy' kotylesof 0.273 1. are 9.009 1. (b) Up&(vvEos) TT]oXuKn() He 22 (P 9897). P1.44. Small amphora(= RobThe capacityof the jar is ca. 13 1.; if the jar inson, Chronology,M 199). Dipinto in black held wine, the net weightwould be just about Context: late 3rd on shoulder. century(M 17:1). 40 litrai (13.0801.). The secondweightmust be m. 0.295 D. 0.188 H. m.; tare; 13 litrai is 4.251 kg.; the jar, without LateIII cent. mouth and handles, now weighs 4.550 kg.; 0M7'KC0i(arTOS) X{(Tpat) y' o(O)y(Kiat) rI' presumablythere is considerablenon-soluble Kaeap(ou)Xi(Tpai)i' depositinside.The identificationof the contents is uncertain,as is the nameof produceror seller. The vessel weighs 1.116 kg.; three litrai and eightouncesare 1.199kg. Thecapacityis 3.3001. He 27 (P 9676). PI.45. Upper part of amphora, to the lip; ten litrai of wine or water would similar to He 26. Dipinto in black on shoulder. weigh3.270kg. and havea volumeof 3.270 1. Context: 3rd century (N 18:5). PH. 0.375m.; D. ca. 0.28 m. He 23 (P 26599). P1.45. Amphora,lackingneck, with slender ovoid body and pointed toe. III cent. (DaEApv(6s) Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: late (see drawing) 3rd century(Q 17:7). PH. 0.51 m.; D. 0.238m. The secondline is veryobscure.
He 21 (P 10247). PI.44. Ovoid jar with one handle, short neck and projectinglip ridged on top. Dipinto in red on shoulder.Context: 3rd century(B 14:1). H. 0.362m.; D. 0.255m.
Late III cent.
ET(os) p95'
He 28 (P 17799).P1.45. Upper part of amphora &rroMecco( ) ,EsATiv(os) with handles from shoulder to midThis and the following are writtenin differ- neck.arching Dipintoin blackon shoulder. ent hands but have the samedate. The context III cent. Oeo9 ( ) date of the jars is late 3rd century,so that the Q' di(Trpa) era on which the date is based must have its KOl?p(oU) Combinationof name and tare, if reading beginningin the secondhalf of the 1st century. is correct. Unfortunately,the name of the persons or places from which the millet comes are so uncertainthat the era can not be localized. He 29 (P 11195). P1.45. Fragmentaryamphora similarto Robinson,Chronology, L 31. Dipinto in black on shoulder; graffito near handle. He 24 (P 26601). PI.45. Amphora with ovoid Context: 3rd-4th centuries (C 14:4). PH. body, tall neck and vertical handles; bottom 0.336 D. 0.223 m. m.; missing. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: late 3rd century (Q 17:7). PH. 0.54 m.; III-IV cent. (graffito) A((Tpai) AP3' D. 0.235m. (dipinto) ] Xi(-rpac)6' Late III cent.
Tr(os)p96' &Tr6TpwKcop( ) IE]XATv(os)
See He 23. He 25 (P 7405). PI.45. Upper part of amphora similar to Robinson, Chronology,K 112. Dipinto in blackon shoulder. III cent. TRAivfov KOVT( ) X(irpa) iE'
K?( ) q'
] Xi(rpai) Ky' ] ...TTOU
CYP.TCO tI.AT]OS
Presumablythe graffitogivesthe total weight of jar and contents(32 litrai).The first line of the dipinto must be the weight of the jar (9 litrai)and the secondthe weightof the contents (23 litrai). The presentweight and capacityof the jar provide some confirmationfor these figures although it is very much restored in
80
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS
plaster(whichis lighterthan clay) and still has He 33 (P 11301).PI.46. Upper part of small no mouth. The jar weighs 1.935 kg. (instead amphora, similar to Robinson, Chronology, M 238.Dipintoin blackandgraffition shoulders. of 2.943kg.) andholdsca. 5.5001. Evenwithout Context:4th century(G 11:2). the two words which may be most convincingly restored as 'YI-rITTO,we should have 1illl IV cent. (graffitoon one shoulder) known that the contentswas honey, since the (graffitoon othershoulder) illIllI metrologicalwriters emphasizethe fact that (dipinto, now largely illegible) OM honey weighsheavierby a thirdthan an equal Ai(rpal)s.'< 6oarp(xKou) quantityof wine or water. Twenty-threelitrai IAlITOS Ai(Trpa)K5'< of honey (7.521kg.) will fit into a jar which Both tallies and the dipintoindicatethat the holds three-fourthsof 7.521 1. or 5.640 1. weighedsix and one-halflitrai.The contents jar (The jar could not be located for the final 24? litrai;and sinceit was honey,the weighed drawing,whichis thereforebased on an earlier must have been only three-fourthsthe capacity sketch.) amountof wateror wine neededto weighthat He 30 (P 26119).P1.45. Amphorawithovoidbody (241/ x 327 gm. = 8.010kg. x 3 = 6.006 1.). and pointedtoe. Dipinto in blackon shoulder. Context: 4th century (Q 19:1). H. 0.56 m.; He 34 (P 27220). P1.46. Small wheel-ridgedamM 238. D. 0.30m. phorasimilarto Robinson,Chronology, 4th Context: shoulder. on in black Dipinto LateIII-earlyIV cent. 29:5). (E century pEAtT(fvou)l' / 65px.(a) e' v i(rpai)[(nowpartlyillegible) The capacityof the jar is 14.1001.; eighteen IV cent. 6arrpKou IiArTOS A(Trpat)[ xestai of 0.728 1. are 13.1041. It is likely that the contents is honeyed wine (pe^(TIvoSolvos) The numberof litrai is no longer legible on rather than honey; cf. He 21. The above eitherline, but compareHe 33. interpretationof the second line is somewhat fragmentfrom speculativeand assumes that the contents of He 35 (P 16728).P1.46. Shoulder Context: in black. large amphora. Dipinto this jar are part payment only of a debt or 4th century(N 21:1). shipment of which the greater part is still IV cent. ]c ca' owing. ]X(?s) s' He 31 (P 9806). P1.45. Amphora(= Robinson, the If the doubled phi stands for qoACTIs, Chronology,M 230). Graffiti on shoulders, on pricefor six choes (of wine?)will depend the front (a) and back (b). Context: early 4th particularvalueassignedto thefollis; see above, century(M 17:1). H. 0.44 m.; D. 0.285m. p. 76. IE' (a) 6ca<>Trp6Kou A(Trpal) EarlyIV cent. (b) &v.( )11111 He 36 (P 25175). P1.46. Amphora similar to M 234. Dipintoin black somewhat is Robinson,Chronology, 5.125 of The presentweight kg. 4th Context: shoulder. on x 327 15 century(Q 17:4). H. of calculated heavierthan the weight m. D. 0.22 = 0.42 of because 4.905 kg., probably m.; large gm. amountsof pitchinsidethe jar. IV cent. 7T(AXpcowta) gav.6oU Xr-TosE(orrai) ty' He 32 (P 12841). P1.46. Tall narrow amphora The expansion of the first letter is only with handles from shoulder to below rim. tentative.The jar holds almost exactly7.098 1. Dipinto in red on neck. Context:4th century or 13 xestaiof the 0.546 1. capacity. (O 19:1). H. 0.542m.; D. 0.17 m. He 37 (P 124).PI.46. Neck and shoulderfragment Second half IV cent. A(i{rpat)0' of a small wheel-ridgedamphora similar to Tpuv(yia) M 238. Dipintoin black Robinson,Chronology, on lower neck and shoulder, now almost The weight is not tare, since the jar weighs completelyfaded. only 2.480 kg., or only about seven and oneIV-V cent. 6o-p[&aKov half litrai. The capacity,however,is just about ikTpa) s' one chous (3.300 1.), and althoughone chous of wine weighs ten litrai, one chous of oil The inscription combines tare, capacity, weighsnine. Hesychios(s.v.) providesevidence and perhapsa date in the era of Diocletian: for oil as well as for wine. of the use of rpuyyia 139 =A.D. 423. The phi is unexplained.
H. COMMERCIAL NOTATIONS He 38 (P 11357). P1.46. Upper part of small wheel-ridgedamphora. Graffiti on shoulders. Context:4th-5th centuries(E 15:5). IV-V cent. (one shoulder) e'< (othershoulder) IE' (see drawingfor othersigns) The jar is smallenoughso that five and onehalf (litrai) may represent tare; the other inscriptionmay be either price or the weight of the contents. He 39 (P 12866). P1.46. Wheel-ridgedamphora similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 333. Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) and inside handle on neck (b); graffito on neck. Context: 5th century(O 19:1). H. 0.464m.; D. 0.235m. V cent. (dipinto)(a) (chi-rhomonogram) o-raTvo( ) / IL'<
(b) (almostillegibleand not drawn) (graffito) t' o(*)y(K(ai)5' Despite what is apparentlythe name of the jar (stamnos),this is certainlya Cypriotemodius of 17 plus xestai(Metrolog.Script.,I, 263, 272), i.e., 9.646 1.; its capacityis 9.800 1. to the lip. The almost illegible dipinto (b) might be the abbreviation for TriVEwpiIEcos; cf. He 42. The
81
LateV-earlyVI cent. (a) (b) (c)
(orTal) XXV wIEXivns PTi(v6s)'IouvlouiZ' 'rr6Tro wTp9eOTco Tro EcoS
The capacity is 14.530 1., very close to 25 x 0.546 1. (13.460 1.). The contents was apparentlymillet. The date of the month is perfectlyclear,and the line below seemsto be a command:"Let him put it up for sale from this (time) until the ...." Perhaps the line which appears to connect the ecows TOUto the
date is to convey that June 17 is the terminal must be "now." It date; in that case &rr6-TO0 is also possible that the dipinto has been lost at the end. He 42 (P 1567).P1.47. Shoulderfragmentof amM 333. phora similarto Robinson,Chronology, Dipinti in red on shoulder(a) and on neck behindhandle(b). VI cent. (a) ] \i' 3" (b) rp(6) i5[cov EnTv(tEi.aEcos).
For the capacitysee He 39. For the date by indiction year see Tax Notations (I 1-45); here
howeverits useappearsto be different. present weight of the jar (somewhat light because restored in plaster) is 3.165kg.; ten He 43 (P 4618). P1.47. Amphoraneck. Graffito litraiand four ouncesare 3.383kg. and dipintoin red. He 40 (P 26104).PI.47. MiniatureamphorasimiRoman (graffito) (rra]oe(lbs) Ai(Tpa) iy'< lar in shape to Robinson, Chronology,M 306. in black above toe (dipinto) KpI Dipinto just ring. Context: 4th-5th centuries (Q 19:1). H. 0.24 m.; D. The first gives tare, carelesslyscratchedby 0.115m. the owner, and the second gives capacity, V cent. oc(a90o6s) P' &rra(ao'aov) o(O)y(kiai)X' formally painted by producer or seller. The presumedsize of the amphorais compatible The actual weight of the jar is 648 gm. or with a weight of 131/2 litrai and a capacityof two litrai The very nearly (654 gm.). capacity 22 xestai(12.0121.). is 0.830 1. or slightlyover 30 ounces(0.818 1.). The abbreviationtaken here as contentsmight be somethingelse. Particularlynotable is the He 44 (P 22833). P1.47. Wall fragmentof amphora.Two dipintiin black. location of the dipinto, suggestingthat it was to be read while the jar lay undisturbedon a Roman Kov[ shelfwith only the toe visible. Kopi( ) g((orat) O' He 41 (P 12707). P1.47. Amphora with ovoid The first line might be the producer'sname, body similarto Robinson, Chronology,M 235. but since it is in a differenthand it might be Dipinto in red on neck (a); in blackbelow (b); the contents of second use: e.g., KovSeITOv. in black on shoulder (c). Context: late 5thThe second must give contents,whethersomeearly 6th centuries (O 19:1). H. 0.482 m.; thing flavoredwith corianderor a tradename D. 0.293m. like Corinthian.
82
I. TAX NOTATIONS
I. TAX NOTATIONS Thetypicaltextin this grouphas two elements:an indictiondateandan estatename.Oneor the other elementis missingon somevessels,perhapsbecauseit was wornawayor becauseof a missingfragment, but it is both possibleand probablethat on all except 1 1 both wereoriginallypresent.In almosthalf of the texts somethingfurtherhas been addedto the two elements,but since these additionsare far less uniformandconstantthanthe indictiondateand estatename,theymaybe consideredseparatelybelow. of andan alphabeticnumber. Theindictiondateis most oftenexpressedby an abbreviation rirwpiouatsl Of the 37 textswhichpreservethe datein wholeor in part35 showthis form;the two variantsseemto use the Latinwordspelledwith Greekletters,i. e.,l TvSu bvwith alphabeticnumerals(I 12, 44). The is most?irivE( often abbreviationof brtvrivnrisl ) with the epsilon suspendedover the nu; next most frequentis -rriv() with or withouta strokeover the nu. Thereare two exceptions:an earlytext gives (I 4); a late and laconic one gives (rri)ve( ) (I 27). The numbers from ia to iEare most Trr( ) EK&rris
oftenwrittenin this order,but theyare reversedin fourexamples(I 17, I 24, I 39,143). Forthe chronology of indictioncycles,seeKubitschek,pp. 106ff.;it is not possibleto identifythe particularcyclesto whichthe yearsinscribedon the jars belong. of Of the 33 textswhichseem The estatenameis most oftenprefacedby an abbreviatedformXcopiov. to use this formula,27 showa chi witha suspendedomega;fourlackthis partof the text (9,I 10, I 23, 1 38); the variantsare Xcop(rov) (I 45). Anotherformulaappearson threevessels (I32) and X(co)p(fou) I 12). fromthe early4th and 5th centuries: ( 11, a Trowiththe genitiveplural(14) or withabbreviations Often the estate names with Xcpiou too are abbreviated,but those given in full are all in the genitive case And since some of these are 31,132,134,36-38,140,141). (15, 119,110,119,120,123-25,127-29, adjectives, it may be right to assume that Xcopiouitself is in the genitive case. Concerning estate names
(I. G., XII 2, generallythe best sourcesare.LG., II112, 2776 and the cadastralinscriptionsfrom Lesbos 76ff.), Astypalaia(.L G., XII 3, 180ff.), Thera(L.G.,XII 3, 343ff.), Kos(L. G. R. P., IV, 1083),Tralles (B. C. H., IV, 1880, pp. 336-338) and Magnesia (0. Kern, Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander,
Berlin,1900,no. 122).Estatenameson thesejars, like those in the cadastralinscriptions,seemto be of variouskinds.Most have referenceto naturalfeaturessuch as a spring(127), or hills (14,I 5), the sea (133,I 35), kinds of trees (119,I 34,I 45) or some more generalaspectof the scene (118, I 36, I 37, I 40,I 41,I 43). A few are known by the namesof persons(120,I 25), officials(19), nearbyshrines (128,I 29,131) or a relevantplacename(123). Manyaretoo abbreviatedor uncertainto be categorized. The combinationof indictiondatesand estatenamesof the sortfoundin the tax registersmakesclear the originalfunctionof thesevesselsas containersfor taxesin kindpaidin varioustax yearsby various estates.It was Diocletianwho institutedthe systemof annualpaymentsin kind based on elaborate censusrecordsof the sortwe havefromLesbos,etc., but the actualbeginningof the fifteen-yearindiction cyclescame only in A. D. 3121 so that it is no coincidencethat our earliesttax notationsdate from the early 4th century.2
Not only do the inscriptionson thejars indicatethat they representthe paymentof taxesin kindbut also the remarkableconcentrationof the inscribedjars in and aroundone buildingsuggeststhe use to whichthe contentsmusthavebeenput. Twenty-fiveof thejarsbelowwerefoundin wellslocatedin four squaresof the Agora grid(0-P 18-19);3fifteenmore were found in squareseitheradjacentor one re1 For a general discussion of indictionesor annual levies in kind see A. H. M. Jones, The Later RomanEmpire,Oxford, 1964, pp. 61ff., 448ff.
2 1 is included in this group because it employs the estate abbreviation,but the differentform of the vessel and its late 3rdcenturydate set it apart from the rest of the series. P 18: I 35-37, 141 80 18: I 17-19, 123,124,128-34 P 19:19,120-22,125,126 019:15,16,115
I. TAX NOTATIONS
83
moved.4Thebuildingin questionis a LateRomanstructuremostlyin squares0-P 18-19with some outlyingpartsin adjacentsquares.Thelargesize of the buildingmakeslikelya publicfunction;its domestic features(wells, courtyards)suggestthat it was no tax collector'swarehouse;and the presenceof so manyinscribedjars in the wellsmay indicatethat they wereemptiedon the spot. Somekind of official householdwith a largeresidentpopulationis likely,eithercivil or military,to whom the taxes in kind could have been issuedas rations. Of the other notationson these jars the most frequentis probablythat indicatingcontents.Nine vessels(I 7, I 10, I 16, I 19, I 20, I 25, I 29, I 40, I 45) show some form of 'ALcvaos,5 a wine so called fromthe veryspecialvines(Pliny,N. H., XIV, 4, 21) originallygrownin Aminaea,a regionin Picenum, but later grown everywhere(loc. cit., 4, 36). The presumptionis that only special wines were labeled, but
that all these similarvesselshad wine as theircontents.The otherabbreviationswhichmightbe special wines are: a&wr() (I 12); irpap( ) (I 13); pev[ ] pEXt[ (I 42).
Capacityor net weightis notedon 15,110, I 12,118,121,123,124,126,132. Tareappearsonly on 17, wholenotationsof date occuron I 17, I 23, I 44. All these are discussedin the introductionsto the appropriatecategories.Additionaland unexplainednotationsarefoundon 1 8,111,124. The jars on which all these inscriptionsappearare of four main types; only the first and the last (I 1, I 45) are demonstrablydifferent;threeothers(18, I 10, I 14) are too fragmentaryto be classified. Withinthe generaluniformitythe variationsin fabricandin the thin-glazewashandthe slightdifferences in the treatmentof feet and handlesseemto indicatea varietyof provenienceswhichcoincideswell with the interpretationof thesejars as paymentof taxes in kind from variousestatesin a fairlylargearea. The largestgroup(TypeI)6 is made up of tall jars with narrownecksand one handle.Next most numerousarethejars(TypeII)7withtwo handlesandovoidbodynarrowingsharplyto a smallpointedtoe: thesebelongto the late 5th and 6th centuriesand seemto havereplacedthe thirdtype.Thejars of Type III8are similarto those of Type II exceptthat they have a smallring foot. Fewestof all are the twohandledjars (Type IV)9of soft orangeclay with wheel-ridgedbody taperingalmost withouta curve from the shoulderto the toe. Becauseof the generaluniformitynot only of shapesbut also of contexts for thesevessels,it seemsunnecessaryto give individualcontextdates.Instead,the type as in the above classificationis given. All inscriptionsarewrittenon the shoulderof thejar withblackpaintunlessindicatedotherwise.
I 1 (P 9681). P1.48. Rim and wall fragmentof 1 3 (P 9808). P1.48. Amphorawith ovoid body on false ring foot (= Robinson, Chronology, pithos. Dipinto in black on upper wall. Context: N 18:5. M 233).TypeIII. Context:M 17:1. H. 0.466m.; D. 0.271m. Late III cent. Xco(piou) P9[ EarlyIV cent. frrl(VEPoC?os)1' 1 2 (P 12261).P1.48. Amphorawith ovoid body, similarto Robinson,Chronology, pl. 40, P 16704. I4 (P10265). P. 48. Narrow-neckedovoid jar Early variant of Type II. Context: N 20:5. with one handle and small flat bottom, preH. 0.515 m.; D. 0.254m. decessor of Early IV cent.
E' wnMv(Elacrscos)
(traces) 4 M 17: I3 M 18: I4,I16
Robinson, Chronology, M 315. I. M 18:4. PH. 0.54 m.; D. Context: Type
0.26 m.
N 18: I1 Q 17: I27,139,140,144,145 N20:1 2, I17 Q 19:I43 N21: I10-12 5 Various forms: 'Avivvios(Ed. Diocl., 2,4); 'AgvvaTos(Diosc. 5,19); 'ApivaTos (Hesych. s.v.); 'AlpivaTos(Geoponica,VIII, 22,1). 6 1 4, 1 5, 17, I 25-40. See Robinson, Chronology,M 315 for a late example. 71 20-24, I 41-43. For early variants (I 2, 1 9) see Robinson, Chronology,pl. 40, P 16074; M 236. 8 3, I 6, I 13, 1I 15-19. See Robinson, Chronology,M 233, M 302, M 324. 9I 11,1 12. See Robinson, Chronology,M 334.
84
I. TAX NOTATIONS
EarlyIV cent. &oT6 TptKoXcbvcov ?7r(IVE|jirCOS) SEKOTTis
The variantforms of both estate nameand indictiondatemarkthis out as an earlyexample, perhapsbefore standardization."Threehills" seemsa possiblenamefor an estate.
Late IV-V cent. e[Tnv(E1direcos)]8' S' EXAscO[Vo]vErTv(q.e?aecoS)
It is not clearthat anythinglike xco(piou)or Tor6 was writtenin front of the wordfor "stewards." It mightbe that the jar was markednot with its proveniencebut with its prospective users-a specialvintagetoo good for ordinary I 5 (P 12874). P1.48. Narrow-neckedovoid jar rations. with one handleand small flat bottom, similar to 14. Type I. Context: 019:1. H. 0.562m.; I 10 (P 15766).PI.49. Walland shoulderfragment of amphorawith ovoid body. Context:N 21: 1. D. 0.228m. ---]avcov'A!uiv(vaTos) EarlyIV cent. ]trr]w(Fioicos) y' Xco(piou) Pouvo-v EarlyV cent. [xco(piou) 0' 1S' E(aoTai) E IKE' t13' lv(E?4o'6COs) Gamma is probably right for the date, The beginning of the estate name, which althoughit is obscuredby a diagonal stroke, seemsto be genitiveplural,is lost. The contents which may indicatethat the previousword is follow on the same line. In the secondline the abbreviatedor that the gamma itself is a number.For the estatename,cf. BouvvsEvBapOp number27 seems to be too large for capacity (27 xestai are 14.742 1.) or tare (27 litrai are from Tralles(B.C.H.,IV, 1880,pp. 336ff.) and 8.829kg.); it couldbe the weightof the contents Bouviov(Kern, Inschriftenvon Magnesia am Maeander,no. 122); the referenceis obviously (i.e., 8.829 kg. would be about 16 xestai of wine). The theta betweenthe lines is probably topographical.The jar now holds 7.800 1.; the numbernine, but its applicationis obscure. 14 xestaiof 0.546 1. are 7.644 1. I 6 (P 12827).PI.48. Amphorawith ovoid body I 11 (P 15784).PI.49. Tall amphorawith wheeland smallringfoot, similarto 1 3 but plumper. ridged body taperingto pointed bottom, like Robinson, Chronology,M 334. Type IV. ConType III. Context: 0 19:1. H. 0.47m.; D. text: N21:1. H. 0.59 m.; D. 0.20m. 0.308m. ca'ycovo( ) EarlyV cent. i]-rrv(e6icr?cos) LateIV cent. Xco(piov)Trr() Ka( ) arr6 OUIK AA ( ) Note that the dots above upsilonand kappa The word after the indiction year might be It is unclearwhether mayindicateabbreviations. expectedto give the kind of wine but seemsnot the estatenameis made up of two words,e.g., or whetherthe secondelement to be otherwiseknown. For the abbreviated uvnr6 Ka(XXipp6Ov) at Magnesia on the might be a number, e.g., Xco(piou)Cr(&rou), estate name cf. BtKtavos Maeander(Kern, loc. cit. [I 5]). The reading 21, perhapsindicatingcapacity. and interpretationof the followingtwo letters 1 7 (P 12262). P1.48. Narrow-neckedovoid jar are uncertain. similarto I 4. Type I. Context: N 20:5. PH. I 12 (P 16679). PI.49. Upper part of amphora 0.465m.; D. 0.238m. like I 11. TypeIV. Context:N 21: 1. IV cent. bivs(lio'aEcos)E''Apuv(valos) EarlyV cent. 1p' XE(iTpat) 18' Xf(Tpai) K' aTr( ) v58(1
85
I. TAX NOTATIONS
wAx( ) EarlyV cent. Xco(piou) 1939-71, p. 204) must have influenced even Attic purists. (traces) The ways in whichthe estate name could be 1 20 (P 13433).P1.50. Amphorawith ovoid body completed are various; cf. L 43. The traces and short rounded toe. Type II. Context: below might be TTp...(vEios).
I 14 (P 5623). P1.49. Neck fragmentof narrowmouthedjar. Context:N 13:1. V cent. .&rrop[ XCo(p(ou) The indiction year may have been written below.
P 19:1. H. 0.385 m.; D. 0.215 m.
LateV-VI cent. Xco(piou) lTacrxrrou r)' 'Ag,vv(aTos)krrivE(pn?oaEcoS)
The estate is apparentlythat of Pasippus; for the single instead of the double consonant in this periodsee Meisterhans2, p. 73. 1 21 (P 13468).P1.50. Amphora,similarto 1 20. I 15 (P 12710).P1.49. Amphorawith ovoid body Type II. Dipinti in both black and red. Consimilar to 1 17. Type III. Context: 0 19:1. text: P 19:1. H. 0.47 m.; D. 0.28 m. PH. 0.368 m.; D. 0.237 m. V cent. Xco(piou)0 ( ) Tnve(VrioEcos) cs'
LateV-VI cent.
ti3' (black) Triv(6Eio'Ecos) Xco(p(ou)[
The first part of the line could as well be (red) (koarat)ie' x6(Es)0' from the palaeographicalpoint of The capacityis 12.7501., whichis somewhat view, but the certaintyof the indiction date morethan15xestaiof the0.7281.size(10.9201.). may make the estate interpretationeasier. The (Dipintinow barelyvisible.) estate may have been known by a number 1 22 (P 13474).P1.50. Amphora,similarto 1 20. ratherthan a name. Type II. Context: P 19:1. PH. 0.42 m.; 1 16 (P 14018).P1.49. Amphorawith ovoid body D. 0.275m. and false ring foot, similar to I 17. Type III. LateV-VI cent. rtlvE(aicrcos) is' Context:M 18:4. PH. 0.37 m.; D. 0.23 m. Traces of letters on the broken edge above Late V-VI cent. ]TrtV(E^Ecrecos) IE''Agtvv(aTos) may be the remnantsof the estatename. Only indiction year and contents are now I 23 (P 13160). P1.50. Upper part of amphora visible. like 1 20. Type II. Context:0 18:1. 1 17 (P 13178).P1.50. Amphorawith ovoid body LateV-VI cent. and small ring foot, similar to Robinson, KT-eioUs' 6WtV(EPIsco) iE' Ir)(vO6) Chronology,M 324. Type III. Context:0 18:1. [Xoo(piou)]MEOivrns g(Eorat)t' H. 0.456 m.; D. 0.26 m.
LateV-VI cent. IA(rlvos) a' nrrve(Iji'aooS)El' I 18 (P 13148).P1.50. Amphorawith ovoid body, similar to 1 17. Type III. Context: 0 18:1. H. 0.407 m.; D. 0.24 m. Late V-VI cent. FwmvE(QcEcos) I' X&)(piou)cyopi(ou)
o(u)y(Kaa)y
A completejar of similarshapeand approximate size (I 20) holds 6.500 1., so that the presentxestai might have been either size: 10 and 3/20 x 0.546 1. = 5.542 1. or 10 and 3/20 x 0.728 1. = 7.362 1.
I 24 (P 13147). P1.50. Upper part of amphora, similarto I 20. Type II. Dipinto in red. Con0 18:1. text: t' (eorTa) The estate may be oyop
I. TAX NOTATIONS
86
1 26 (P 13467). P1.51. Tapered jar, similar to 125. Type I. Context: P 19:1. PH.0.535m.; D. 0.198m. a' LateV-VI cent. Trnv(e?fircos) ai' E(o'rrat)
The capacity is 6.210 1.; 11 x 0.546 1. = 6.006 1. 1 27 (P 25064).P1.51. Taperedjar, similarto I 25. Type I. Context: Q17:4. PH.0.505m.; D. 0.205m. Late V-VI cent. Xco(piou)-rrniyis (mI)vE(6or?os) Y
Late V-VI cent. Xco(piou)Batcov Cf. xco(piou)Batasin Magnesia (Kern, loc. cit. lI 51). I 35 (P 12863). P1. 52. Tapered jar similar to
125. Type I. Context: P 18:2. PH. 0.555m.; D. 0.231 m. 0' VI cent. ErivE?(fcrEcos) (traces) Xco(piou) 'rapa,iou
(traces)
The traces in the second and fourth lines look like earlier(more faded) versionsof the firstand thirdlines.
1 28 (P 13182).P1.51. Taperedjar, missingneck and mouth, similarto 1 25. Type I. Context: 1 36 (P 13063).P1.52. Mouth and neck fragment 0 18:1. PH. 0.432m.; D. 0.225m. of jar like 1 25. Context:P 18:2. Late V-VI cent.
rin[
VI cent.
Xco(piou)Kevfis E[tv(EixaEco5s)
xco(piou)p( ) MfOpou Cf. 1 18. PerhapsKaivqs? The betain the secondline may be a number, e.g., the secondfield of Mithras,or an abbrevi- 137 (P 13065). P1.52. Tapered jar like 1 25. ation of popeioSor pcoi6osor pouvoXstov.
1 29 (P 13188). P1. 51. Shoulder fragment of jar
like 1 25. TypeI. Context:0 18:1. LateV-VI cent. rw[iv(Eao?cos). 'A]i]v(vacos) Xco(pio)p( ) Miep[ou
I 30 (P 13170). P1. 51. Shoulder fragment of jar
like 1 25. TypeI. Context:0 18:1.
Late V-VI cent. xco(piou)Tlpia[ e.g., nlpiaxrEou 1 31 (P 13171). P1. 51. Shoulder fragment of jar
like 1 25. TypeI. Context:0 18:1. Late V-VI cent.
ta' Xco(pfou) lepoUkrIVE(l6a?wcoS)
I 32 (P 13151). P1.51. Shoulderfragmentof jar like 1 25. TypeI. Context:0 18:1. ta' Late V-VI cent. hrTv(EgncrEcoS) Ka0(apoO)o(O)y(Kiai) o'
Xco(pfou)'AXco( ) &ypou The capacity of similar jars is about 5?/2
liters, which would give a net weight of 200 ounces (5.460 kg.) or 10 xestai of wine. For a personal name (?) with &ypou as an estate
namecf. Tralles(B.C.H.,IV, 1880,pp. 336-338).
1 33 (P 13157). P1.52. Shoulderfragmentof jar like 1 25. TypeI. Context:0 18:1. LateV-VI cent. Xco(pfou) Eca[ e.g., Eixou iTrv(e6aoecos) 0'
I 34 (P 13169). PI. 52. Shoulder fragment of jar
like 1 25. TypeI. Context:0 18:1.
Type I. Context: P 18:2. PH. 0.465 m.; D. 0.205 m. 18' VI cent. xco(piou) xSv E?hiv(Eraorcos)
1 38 (P 1461).P1.52. Wall and shoulderfragment of jar like 1 25. Type I. Context: mixed fill (G-H 16-17). VI cent. ]Eou bE]tv(~iE(?os) 8'
I 39 (P 25048). P1. 52. Tapered jar like I25. Type I. Context: Q 17:4. PH. 0.555 m.;
D. 0.20 m.
VI cent. Xco(piou)rrpoK( ) MlVe?(pJ JCOS) El'
The estate name might be anything from to TTp6KAou. TrrpoKEiEvoV
1 40 (P 26691). P1.52. Tapered jar like 1 25. Type I. Context: Q 17:7. PH. 0.47 m.; D. 0.21 m. VI cent. ?TrvE?(ji6cEcos)Iy' 'Aiuv[vcTios Xco(piou) oVKO6Aou
or oruyKo?.os? PerhapsayK AXos 1 41 (P 13064). P1. 53. Upper part of amphora
similarto 1 20. TypeII. Context:P 18:2.
VI cent. Xco(piou)[N]?Epv
S' 'A[tv]v(caos)iTnve(l~fq|o~os)
1 42 (P 12152). P1.53. Shoulder fragment of
amphora similar to 120. Type II. Context:
Late Roman.
J. CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTIONS VI cent. Mev[
87
Year 239 of Diocletian was A.D. 523; the third year of the appropriateindiction cycle began in September A.D. 524. This might be an
xco[
error?Or the number has some other signi(traces) ficance? PerhapsMendaeanwine with honey? 1 43 (P 26083). P1.53. Amphorasimilarto I 20, 145 (P 26690). P1.53. Amphora with wheelridgedcylindricalbody and round bottom like with more elongatedbody. Type II. Context: M 333. Dipintiin black Robinson,Chronology, Q 19:1. H. 0.42m.; D. 0.18 m. and red on shoulder. Context: Q 17:7. H. VI cent. + pt' Xco(pfou)&Kev() mTnv?(uiaoscos)
The cross may be Christian.The estatename maybevariouslycompleted,e.g.6o&crpos,acxaivn. 1 44 (P 26694). P1.53. Amphora of same fabric as I 11 and of same generalshape but shorter and with small flat base. Type IV. Context: Q 17:7. H. 0.43 m.; D. 0.128m. VI cent. iv8(iKTrcovos) y' (writtenvertically)eAX'
0.47 m.; D. 0.27 m.
VI cent. (black) rTiv?(E(7?ecos) ty' x(co)p(ou) 'Axpa( ) pouvaios .. ..ivios
(red) (fainttracesof abbreviationfor xestes) This jar, as the only one of its kind with an indictiondate, was probablyre-used.Presumand a ably an alternatespelling of 'Amivvcaos specialvintagefrom the hills.
J. CHRISTIAN INSCRIPTIONS Includedhere are vesselswhichhave Christianinscriptionsonly. Symbolsthat are most easilyinterpretedas Christianalso appearin companywithothernotationson F 322-324,Ha 46, Hc 22, He 39, I 43. For parallelsand generaldiscussionsee C.L.L.,XV, 4889ff.andF. CabrolandH. LeClerq,Dictionnaire d'archeologie chretienne et de liturgie, Paris, 1924-53, s.vv. amphores, chrisme, inscriptions. For the
specificproblempresentedby X M r, see W. K. Prentice,Cl. Phil., IX, 1914,pp. 410-416,who argues for XpiorosMapiasyivva in preferenceto XpiarosMiXa?A9 rappiiA. J 7, J 8 below give support to is for the or substituted since mu. Prentice'sview, Se(oi) $(Eo0) J 1 (P 7544). P1.53. Fragmentof small amphora EarlyV cent. (chi-rhomonogram) preservingpart of rim, neck and shoulderwith rTiS Tiapeevou one handle. Dipinto in black on shoulder. J 5 (P 9756). P1.53. Amphora neck. Dipinto in Foundwith coins of 4th-5th centuries. red. Context: 5th century(B 14:1). IV-V cent. '1q](chi-rhomonogram)aou V cent. XMr J 2 (P 9766). P1.53. Amphoraneck and shoulder with plain thickenedrim. Dipinto in red on J 6 (P 12713). P1.53. Amphora like Robinson, Chronology, pl. 40, P 16074.Dipintoin blackon shoulder.Context:4th-5th centuries(K 18:1). shoulder. Context: 5th century (O 19:1). X Mr IV-V cent. H. 0.503m.; D. 0.246m. V cent. J 3 (P 16313). P1.53. Wall fragment from tall M one-handledjar like Robinson, Chronology, eoss pon)e6s M 315. Context: 4th-5th centuries (K 18:1). The mu might stand for 40 (kotyles) or XMF IV-V cent. "modius"; both measureswould be possible. (verticalto jar) Orit mightbe for contents,e.g., pEAl. J 4 (P 25133).P1.53. Small ribbedpitchersimilar J 7 (P 13060).P1.54. Small amphorawith cylinto Robinson, Chronology,M 291. Graffitoon drical wheel-ridgedbody and short narrow shoulder.Context:early 5th century(Q 17:4). neck. Dipinti in red on neck (a) and body (b), H. 0.175 m.; D. 0.13 m. Hesperia, XXV, 1956, (c). Context: 5th-6th centuries(P 18:1). PH. b. 0.49 m.; D. 0.202 m. p. 54, pl. 14,
88 V-VI cent.
K. MISCELLANEOUS NOTATIONS (a)
Xr e(oO)
(b) (c)
Tp.( ) xaaTrTo( )
J 10 (P 3756). P1.54. Shoulder fragment from small amphora.Dipinto in black on shoulder. Late Roman X Mr
J 8 (P 13087). P1.54. Fragmentfrom neck and J 11 (P 15075). P1.54. Neck and shoulder of amphora.Dipintoin blackat base of neck. shoulderof amphora.Dipinto in red on neck. Foundwith potteryof 6th century. Late Roman X Mr Xe r VI cent. J 12 (P 15560).P1.54. Shoulderfragmentof amJ 9 (P 10564). P1. 54. Tall one-handled jar (= phora.Dipintoin red. Robinson, Chronology,M 315). Graffito on Late Roman X Mr wall. Context: late 6th century (D 15:2). H. 0.52m.; D.0.183m. LateVI cent. (chi-rhomonogram)
K. MISCELLANEOUS NOTATIONS Includedin this grouparetextswhichcan be readand interpretedbut whichdo not belongto one of the largerclasses. Probableprices (K 8, K 16-18)1are more numerousthan anythingelse. Numbers withoutdefinitionarealso frequent(K9, K 14, K 15, K 19). Othersareone or two of a kind:vesselname (K 1, K 10); message(K2, K 3); signature(K 4, K 6); gamecounter(K 12); equation(K 13, K 14). All of thesecan be most convenientlydiscussedunderthe individualitems. K 1 (P 18276).P1.54. Wellhead.Graffition side wall, outside. Context: second quarter 6th centuryB.C.(A 17:1). Hesperia,XVIII, 1949, p. 119. Second quarterVI cent. B.C.
VI cent. B.C.
dyoVI9Ov wT6po[v
Perhapsa mascotpreparedby a boy entering a contest:"agonisticresource."
K 4 (P 12181).P1.54. Wall fragmentfrom thinwalled vessel, with brownishglaze inside and (a) (upsidedown) icr[e]Oiov
D. A. Amyx, University of California Publications in ClassicalArchaeology,I, 8, Berkeley and
Ca. 500 B.C. ]ot ypap[ Perhaps to be restored as rTOIyp&ovT-r and used as a tag, or -rot ypaqpvypaqpovoi "to
the prosecutor."
Los Angeles,1941,pp. 179-206.
K 6 (P 15108). P1.55. Upper part of amphora with bulbousneck and verticalhandles.GrafK 3 (P 27724). P1.54. Wall fragment of large fito on neck and shoulder. Context: second black-figuredamphorapreservingcentral part half 5th century B.C.(E 19: 5). of a shield with whirlingradii. Graffitostarts at centerand goes out and around. Second half V cent. B.C. avriy/pa,[e 6oeliva 1 For other prices see Ha 5; He 1, He 2, He 15-17, He 25, He 35, He 38; L 20.
K. MISCELLANEOUS NOTATIONS The second line is written retrograde."So and so checkedthe account"?
89
Not a statementof capacity but a note of equivalence: one chous equals six xestai. Perhapswrittenon the sherd.
K7 (P 25909). P1.55. Fragmentfrom floor of black-glazedbowl. Graffitoon inside. K 14 (P 19861). PI. 55. Fragmentfrom neck of V cent. B.C. XEX largeamphorawith profiledlip. Dipinto in red on neck. "You pour" (x?ts)is perhaps more proper but less sensible than Xia((a), whether as Late Hellenistic ]IE' expletiveor definitionof the vessel'suse. XL]V Obviously Greek and Roman numerals, K 8 (P 19389).P1.55. Part of flat-toppedrim and perhapsequated. shoulderof a large pithos. Graffitoon upper surfaceof rim. K 15 (P 21773). P1.55. Fragmentfrom neck of IV cent. B.C. I!11 111' large amphorawith profiled rim. Dipinto in redon neck.Context:early1stcentury(R 10:1). Tallyingand price: nine drachmas(and one obol?). EarlyI cent. XXXV[ K 9 (P 20373). P1.55. Shoulder fragment from CompareHe 19 for the method of writing the tens. jug. Dipinto in black. Found with sherds of 4th-3rdcenturiesB.C. K 16 (P 12478). P1.55. Amphora similar to IV-III cent. B.C. A KY M 12. Dipinto in black Robinson,Chronology, Presumablya number, but since the last on shoulder. Context: first half 1st century sign might be seen either as upsilon (400) or (N 20:5). H. 0.395 m.; D. 0.28 m. the drachm-symbol, the readingmightbe either Firsthalf I cent. 8rl(vapta)p[ "424" or "24 drachms." Presumablyprice,probablyof contents. K 10 (P3983). PI. 55. Amphora with almost cylindricalbody and small toe. Lettersincised K 17 (P 10268).PI. 55. Amphorasimilarto Robbeforefiringat base of neck. Context:3rd-2nd inson, Chronology,M 234. Dipinto in black centuriesB.c. (G l: 1). PH. 0.615m.; D. 0.314m. on shoulder. Context: 4th century (M 18:4). III-II cent. B.C.
&a(qopeCis)AtorTiou
The part of the handles where a stamp might have been is missing,but the inscription made beforefiringmay give the potter'sname.
H. (restored)0.53 m.; D. 0.27 m.
IV cent. cr' vo({faac-raT)a See Metrolog. Script., I, p. 253 for equivalencebetweennomismaand denarius.
K 11 (P 17070). P1.55. Amphora handle. GrafK 18 (P 11307). P1.55. Fusiform wheel-ridged fito on top. Foundwith Hellenisticsherds. jar with one handle,like Robinson,Chronology, Hellenistic ap(opEOs) M 240. Dipinto in black beneath handle. Context:4th century(G 11:2). Perhapsthe other handlecarriedthe potter's name; cf. K 10. The abbreviationmight be IV cent. KaAwTr(os) expandedin otherways. e' Bp(axvait)
K 12 (P 22976). P1.55. A roughly circulardisc cut from the wall of a pot, glazed inside and out. Graffition both sides. Hellenistic
(inside)
This form of the word is more frequentthan either KaXAiri or Ka&XTros. The inscriptionpresumablyrecordsthe priceof the jar.
/
'HpaAsoous 'ApEos Mouacov / NiKcov K 19 (P 7628). P1.55. Neck and shoulderof one(outside) handledjar similar to Robinson, Chronology, Piece for a game like checkers?Cf. British M 315. Graffition eitherside of shoulder. Museum, Guide to the ExhibitionIllustrating VI cent. XII GreekandRomanLife3,London, 1929,p. 203.
K 13 (P 5506). P1.55. Fragment from base of largeamphoraneck. Graffitoon outside. Late Hellenistic xoJs ~(o-rat)s'
Thenumberis givenin both Latinand Greek; why the Greek should be largerby one-halfis obscure.
90
L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS
Littlecan be saidof thisgroupas a wholesincethe variousitemshaveonlytheirobscurityin common. is only relativeto the reader'sunderstanding, it has seemednecessaryand But becauseunintelligibility worthwhile to include them in the hope that some at least will come clear.
L 1 (P 14670). P1.56. Wall fragmentsof pithos with incised decoration,similarto Brann,no. 609. Graffito on outside. Context: early 5th century B.C. (G 3:1). VII-VI cent. B.C. ]. EAIHA ]ANIA
Context: fourth quarter5th centuryB.C.(B 13:5). Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. ]EIE ]H2HZ;
The letters are very uncertain.Perhaps a namein the vocativewith a negativecommand, e.g., ji/ Sillycn~s.
L 2 (P 24998). PI. 56. Roughly oblong piece cut L 7 (P 12965). P1.56. Rim fragment of largemouthedvessel with broad shoulderand short from the side wall of a large pot (wheelmarks verticalrim. Graffitoon shoulder. visible) while the clay was still soft. Letters Late V cent. B.C. U]-rraieplos6p3oA6[S incised outside, also in soft clay. Context: mid-6th century B.C.(Q 13:5). But why a "spit in the open air"? A cookout?Or is it ivrraiOepo 6 P6Bos? Mid-VI cent. B.C. AE Was the piece cut out and fired with the L 8 (P 17125).PI. 56. Black-glazedskyphos.Grafintentionof usingit as a plug?Oris it a counter? fito besidehandle.Context:late 5thcenturyB.C. If so, why is it cut from a pot? (A 20-21:1). Hesperia,XVI, 1947,p. 212. Late V cent. B.C. Tr
this saving(drink?).
]OKOSK[
]u: (b) A namelike Demodokos?
(retrograde)
L4 (P7820). P1.56. Wall fragment of heavy lekane with black glaze inside. Graffitoinside. L 10 (P 23130). PI. 56. Wall fragmentof lekane. Graffito on inside, probably written on the VI cent. B.C. ]ETAe[ sherd.Foundwith 5th-centuryB.C. pottery. Not apparentlypart of a name. Perhapsa V cent. B.C. TnOY lnE phrase, e.g., I-ra e6cov?Or a fragment of a The scoredtriangleabove (see drawing)may spelled-outabecedarium:zeta eta theta? have been a letter? L 5 (P9483). P1.56. Rim fragmentfrom large L 11 (MC 1011).P1.56. Small terracottaplaque, kraterdecoratedwith slantingpalmetteband. brokenat one end; daubof clay ddedto other Graffitiin reservedbands above (a) and below end. Graffitoon backface. (b) band of palmettes.Context: mid-5th cenV cent. B.C. JIVIKt tury B.C. (C9:6). Hesperia, Suppl.V, p. 142, Dative for a tag? E.g., rTC(oliVIKI? fig. 69, 30; 70,b. Firsthalf V cent. B.C. (a) (see drawing) L 12 (P 9986).P1.56. Partof base of heavyblack(b) (see drawing) glazedskyphos.Graffitoon underside. Apparentlymeaningless.They may represent V cent. B.C. Tacr( ) 6 'lC[aL]i
L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS
91
L 13 (P 8203).P1.56. Threefragmentsfrom upper L 19 (P 23274). P1.56. Fragment of plain lid with flat-toppedknob. Dipinto in black near wall of black-glazedskyphos, one (a) with rim. tracesof handleattachment,and two (b,c) with rim. Graffito on outside. Context: second Hellenistic &p.vco[v quarter4th centuryB.C. (B 12:5). SecondquarterIV cent.B.c. Al[ ].IQ[ ]ENEIA[ Perhaps cover of vessel containingvarious Manyrestorationsare possible,e.g., Ai[oviOacp kindsof fish (cf. Ath., VII, 306c). X,a]fco[veii]EvEda. Even the order of the pieces
L 20 (P 15741).P1.57. Mouth and part of neck of amphorawith heavy profiledrim. Dipinto L 14 (P 6904). P1.56. Base of black-glazedbowl in blackon neck. with ring foot. Graffitoon underside,circling II-I cent. B.C. (monogram) Spa(X,ali)y' around. Found with 5th- to 4th-centuriesB.C. pottery. L 21 (P 15200).P1.57. Fragmentfromflat bottom IV cent. B.C. cvo
It is temptingto inventa proverb,e.g.,yXuKo6si 6 8pi'us,butbothcouldbe goodAtheniannames, Almost certainlynumberin (a); perhapsthe 12thday of 111thyear(Actianera?),5thmonth. e.g., Epilukosand Mus. The obscurityof (b) is less suggestive. L 17 (P 21714). P1.56. Half of foot and part of lower wall of black-glazedbowl. Graffiti on L 24 (P 21776). P1.57. Ovoid amphorawith tall outside,on lowerwall (a) and insidefoot (b). vertical handles and pointed toe. Graffition shoulder.Context: early 1st century(R 10:1). IV cent. B.C. (a) ]BE (b) ]NHOX (a) (see drawing) EarlyI cent. (b) ]KOINOAI See drawing.The lettersare too uncertainto allow of easy restoration. (a) Possibly a number?(b) Perhapsthis jar was heldin common(KoItvS) or heldwine(olvos)? L 18 (MC 961). P1.56. Fragmentfrom the rim of a bandedplate(?).Graffitoon underside. L 25 (P 16202).P1.57. Amphorasimilarto RobIV cent. B.C. hrri inson, Chronology,F93. Dipinto in black rav ( ) on shoulder. Context: first half 1st century (N 20:1). H. 0.73m.; D. 0.30 m. Theinscriptionmaynot be complete.Whether the word in the second line is completeis obFirsthalf I cent. &puv[ scure. 0eo[
92
L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS
Perhaps &upvorip,a liquid measure. The second line might be a personal name or a month.
EarlyIII cent.
OYA2 ETCOV y'
PerhapsGreeklettersfor Latin vas?And age of jar?or contents? L 26 (P 4480). PI. 57. Shoulderfragmentof large storage amphora.Dipinto in black. Context: L 32 (P 16700).P1.58. Amphorawith tall cylin1st century(F 11:1). drical neck and elongatedovoid body, small I cent. 2TPA spur on top of handle. Dipinto in black on shoulder.Context:early 3rd century(N21:1). AMIN[ PH. 0.58 m.; D. 0.19 m. Possible that some letters of an original 6o-rpoKou i(-rpat)have faded completely. It is EarlyIII cent. KipliKfs possiblethatthe secondline mightbe 'Altvvcaos. Kalia6IrEAos. Cf. Hesychios, KapiKil'&OcVETOS, L 27 (P 26675).P1.57. Part of neck and shoulder Or KapuKrl? of amphora.Dipintoin redon shoulder. L33 (P 14077). P1.58. Upper part of small Firsthalf II cent. pa( ) amphorawith short neck and plain thickened 6?( ) lip. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: P 18:2. 6oosfor cheapwine? Firsthalf III cent. ]plvias y' L 28 (P 16703, P 16706, P 19401). P1.57. Three Uncertainreading:Corinthianmeasures? similar amphoras with tall cylindricalneck, angular ridged handles, body which tapers L34 (P 12314). P1.58. Small amphora similar sharply to small concave foot. Large dipinti to Robinson, Chronology,M 177. Dipinti in in red on either side of neck. Context: on red shoulder.Context:3rdcentury(N 20:3). early 2nd century(N 21:1; E 17:1). Average H. 0.41 m.; D. 0.195 m.
H. 0.55 m.; D. 0.26 m.
EarlyII cent.
(chi-rhomonogram)
Mid-IIIcent. rp( ) air' or rparr( ) See drawing.The abbreviatedword may be followedbynumbers.Ora two-letterabbreviation
Too early for Christianuse of chi-rho, so may have been expanded to four: TpaCrilTos? perhapsabbreviationof producer'sname or of contents (e.g., Xpuvaorrri6ov otvov,XpTila).The L35 (P 3218). P1.58. Shoulder fragment from secondinscriptionmightalso be eitherof these. largeplainamphora.Dipintoin black. be other might Many imagined, possibilities EarlyRoman ]AIHA "owed to the Treafor example,qcfKxc xXpfcos: ]ANIi sury."For 01 see also He 19. L 29 (P 18434). PI. 57. Fragmentfrom shoulder L36 (P7525). P1.58. Upper wall fragment of plainpot. Graffitoon outside. of large plain amphora. Dipinto in black. Context:2nd century(C 18:2). EarlyRoman ]TAPA.AH II cent. ]ap( ) Fcal( ) Tri iy' L 37 (P 7843). P1.58. Neck fragment of widemouthedjar; profiledrim with piecrust decPerhapsa date: 13thday of Gamelion. oration on lower side. Lettersincised in soft L 30 (P 17113).P1.57. Neck and upper shoulder clay belowrim. of amphora. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Early Roman viyliea]SEvE[a Context:2nd century(B 20:1). II cent.
KIXHTOY AP vU'
]E6[
Wordin genitivecase restoredexempligratia.
86 i3at ,LEai 6 tipa- L 38 (P 11991).P1.58. Amphorawithnarrowneck Cf. Hesychios, KIXrTT6OS
Thesecondlinemaynot be "57drachms" vcoTr6s. but it is likely that the last letter at least is a
number.
L 31 (P 25218).P1.58. Amphorawith tall narrow neck and body tapering to small ring foot. Dipinto in red on shoulder. Context: early 3rd century(Q 17:4). H. 0.485m.; D. 0.243m.
and elongatedovoid body on ring foot. Dipinti in black (charcoal)on shoulder. XX X X V EarlyRoman TOA Cf. L 39, which also has Roman numerals which do not apparentlyrelate to capacit or weight.Perhapsserial numbersin a shipment.
L. UNCLASSIFIED NOTATIONS
93
but the only similarlytemporalparallel An abbreviatedname seems most likely for TrcalXi6 for Irllwould be irvilaios.(Drawing includes the second line, e.g., Tolmides or Tollios only samples.) (Tullius). L39 (P 17883). P1.58. Amphora similar to L44 (P 11119). P1.59. Shoulder fragment of Robinson, Chronology,K 114. Dipinti in black small wheel-ridgedjug similar to Robinson, (charcoal)on shoulders. Chronology,M 266. Graffitoon shoulder.Con4th century(B 14:2). text: Roman (see drawing) Early XIL TIPB IV cent. Uncertainletters might be Greek or Latin. If the second line is supposedto be a Roman L45 (P12837). P1.59. Amphora similar to M 234. Dipintoin black numeralthe orderof numbersis peculiar.(The Robinson,Chronology, on shoulder. Context: 4th century ( 19:1). two lines are reversedin the drawing.) H. 0.455 m.; D. 0.275 m. L40 (P 14725). P1.58. Wall fragment of large IV cent. TrpoBij.lAfvou amphora.Graffitoon outside, verticalto pot. Foundwith earlyRomanpottery. Perhaps imitation Bybline wine; for the spellingsee Hesychios,s.v. EarlyRoman ]S1 ]pi' Buoio(u) e'
Line 2: perhapsan era date firstand then the Delphi month name seems to be writtenover tracesof the Attic monthBoedromion.
L 46 (P 12870).P1.59. Body of ovoid amphora. Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 4th century (O 19:1). PH. 0.345 m.; D. 0.272 m.
IV cent. AipEpa L 41 (P 22293). P1.58. Part of tall narrow amPerhaps a Latin adjectivein Greek letters phora neck with flaringrim and heavy ridge used as a name?But the blurredletters could below. Dipintoin red on neck. as well be AtOepa. S [E EarlyRoman L 47 (P 13585).P1.59. Tall one-handledjar, an DFC earlierform of Robinson, Chronology,M 315. Perhapssepulchral:s(itus) [e(st)]/ d(e)f(un)c- Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 4th[tus]. early 5th centuries (P 19:1). H. 0.60 m.; D. 0.245m. L 42 (P 26120). P1.58. Ovoid wheel-ridgedamwith handles and narrow neck. ridged phora ' IV-V cent. Pa&p(os) Dipinto in black on shoulder. Context: 3rdPerhaps better as yap(ou) with the last 4th centuries(Q 19:1). H. 0.48 m.; D. 0.26 m. "letter"taken as the sign of abbreviation? Late III cent. (see drawing) L 48 (P 27050). P1.59. Rim fragmentof shallow ]TrvoS dish of Late Roman red ware. Graffito on L 43 (P 9800, P 11582,P 11583,P 22009,P 11590, inside,belowrim. P22008, P 11584, P 11594). P1.59. Eight jars IV-V cent. or fragments of jars with fusiform bodies (see drawing) (= Robinson, Chronology,M 256, M 278, Uncertainscratchingsof which only a few M 259, M 258, M 242, M 257, M 255, M 241). look like letters.Unreadable. Dipinti in black under the handle of each. Context: M 17:1. Average H. 0.49 m.; average L 49 (P 1026).P1.59. Rim fragmentof amphora D. 0.19 m. with heavyrolledlip. Dipinto in black on neck below rim. Context: 5th century(I 16:1). just IV cent. (a) rrpo( ) (e) Trca( ) V cent. AAEON (f) TrA( ) (b) rrpo( ) (c)
Trp[
(g)
rA(
)
L50 (P 2097). P1.59. Fragment of coarse lid. Letters incised in the soft clay. Context: 5th The abbreviationsall seem to be writtenby century (H-I 7-8:1). the same hand. Unfortunately,the range of V cent. ]orum[ possibilities is too large to allow any con]tuis a[ of vincingcompletion the abbreviations.If, as ]ciri[ seems likely, the abbreviationsrefer to conirca and be and tents, rrpo might rrpowrrEpvolv6s Perhaps a proverb or motto. (d) Trpo( )
(h) la( )
M. PICTURES
94
L 51 (P 1944).P1.59. Upperpart of smallgouged L 54 (P 481). P1.59. Rim fragmentof open bowl. Graffition top of outturnedrim (a) and outside jug, similar to Robinson, Chronology,M 359. on wall belowrim (b). Graffitoon neck. Late Roman (a) ]HA
ZOY
xrru( )
VE( )
Ur'r[
M. PICTURES seemssuperfluous,sincethe picturesspeakbestfor themselves.It is possibleto speculate Commentary on the motivesbehindeachdrawing,but suchspeculationis likelyto be moreproductiveof amusement than of profit. M 7 (P9889). P1.60. Wall fragment of blackglazedkylix of 6th- to-5th centuriesB.C. fabric. VIII-VII cent. B.C. (horse and rider) Graffitoon inside(a) and outside(b). Hesperia, M 2 (P 1001).P1.60. Black-figuredskyphoswith XV, 1946,p. 278, underno. 30. lotus-budpatternon reservedband at handle VI-V cent. B.C. (a) (two figures facing left zone. Graffito on inside wall, upper part. and a tree) Context: first half 6th century B.C. (116:4). (b) (small round holes and First half VI cent. B.C. theta) (fish) M 3 (P 24999).P1.60. Wall fragmentfrom black- M 8 (P 7103).P1.60. Fragmentfromrimandbody glazed kylix of "komast" shape. Graffito in of small semi-glazedkrater. Graffito inside. reservedhandle zone. Context: mid-6th cenHesperia,XV, 1946,p. 273, no. 16. M 1 (MC907).P1.60. Pyramidalloomweight(Al).
tury B.C.(Q 13:5). Mid-VI cent. B.C.
(grotesque head)
M 4 (P 3533). P1.60. Wall fragmentfrom blackglazedkylix. Graffitoon outside. Context:6th
Early V cent. B.C.
Koa7ij/xJv[o]s
(headwith wreathand beard)
An ostrakon.
M9 (P 27698). P1.61. Half of hemispherical black-glazedstand(C 15). Incisedbeforeglaing (head) and firing. M 5 (P 16789).P1.60. Wall fragmentfrom blackSecondquarterV cent. B.C. (act of sodomy) glazed skyphos. Graffitoon outside. Context: For the verbaltext see C 15. 6th centuryB.C.(G 15:2). Hesperia,XV, 1946, p. 278, underno. 30. M 10 (P 10352). P1.60. Fragment of blackVI cent. B.C. (ithyphallic satyr) glazed lid with incised tendrilborder.Graffito M 6 (P 2714). P1.60. Fragmentaryblack-figured on upper surface.Context:fourth quarter5th no. 1261. centuryB.C.Cf. Sparkes-Talcott, skyphos.Graffitoon outside lower wall. Context: late 6th-early 5th centuriesB.C.(G 6:3). Fourth quarterV cent. B.C. Hesperia,XV, 1946,p. 278, no. 30. (at right,pygmyfighting; at left, partof crane) Late VI-early V cent. B.C. (head) century B.C. VI cent. B.C.
M. PICTURES
95
III cent. B.C. The drawingseems to have been done with (head) a fine point before the glaze was applied, so PerhapsKairos, with hair in front and bald that the head and upper body of the crane, behind. which were too lightly drawn, are no longer visible.The tendrilpatternwas done in the same M 17 (P 14323).P1.60. Rim fragmentof Megarian bowl. Graffitoon outside.Context:Hellenistic. way. III cent. B.C. M 11 (P 19312).PI. 60. Wall fragmentof black(head) Conon outside. Graffito glazed skyphos (?). M 18 (P 3817). P1.61. Fragment from large text: late 5th century B.C. Pergameneplate.Graffitoon inside. Late V cent. B.C. (head)
I cent. B.C.-I cent.
(costume-design?)
M 12 (P 23242). P1.60. Neck and shoulderfragment of red-figuredoinochoe. Graffitoon out- M 19 (P 9880). P1.61. Wheel-ridgedjug. Graffito on shoulder.Context:1st century. side of neck. Context: late 5th century B.C. Late V cent. B.C. I cent. (swastika) (boukranion?) M 13 (L 2450).P1.61. Nozzle and partsof rim of M 20 (P 12306).P1.61. Wallfragmentof amphora black-glazedlamp (= Howland, no. 176 ( = F 315). Graffito outside. Context: 4th C 30 above).Graffitoon top of nozzle.Context: century(N 20:3). 4th century B.C. (E 6:3). IV cent. (somethingwith headandwings) Late V-early IV cent. B.C. (phallus) For verbaltext see F 315. For verbaltext see C 30. M 14 (L 4212).P1.60. Black-glazedlamp(= How- M 21 (P7048). P1.61. Wall fragment of large unglazed pot. Graffito on outside. Context: land, no. 267 = F 177 above).Graffitoon sides Late Roman. of body and top of nozzle. Late Roman (uncertainletters;dolphin) IV-early III cent. B.C. (boukranion) M 22 (P 9873). P1.61. Base of low-footedbowl. Graffiti inside and outside. Context: Late M 15 (P 20374). P1.60. Shoulderfragmentfrom Roman. unglazedamphora.Graffitooutside and sideLate Roman ways to pot, probably drawn on the sherd. Context:4th-3rdcenturiesB.C. (inside)(head with helmet?) (outside)(letters,perhapsalphabeta gamma) IV-III cent. B.C. (herm) M 16 (P 23231). P1.60. Wall fragmentof West M 23 (P 15343). PI. 61. Wall fragmentof large Slope plate or saucer, with checkerboard unglazed pot. Graffito on outside. Context: Late Roman. pattern inside. Graffito on outside. Context: Hellenistic. Late Roman (face) For verbaltext see F 177.
DEPOSITS Theletterandfirstnumberof eachdepositgivethe grid-squareof its location(see P1. 62). The second numbergivesits serialpositionwithinthat square.Sincethe datingof depositshaslargelybeenthe work of specialistsin the particularperiods,the indicationgivenhere is only a briefsummaryof fullerdescriptionsappearingin relevantAgoravolumes,whichare listed in each case, or of study-notesby excavatorsand othersin the Agora. Wheredepositsconsist of severalfillings,ordinarilyonly those in which objectsfrom this volume were found are included.The cataloguedobjectsare listed for each depositor partthereof,exceptthat in the case of those stratifiedover centuriesno attemptis made to list chronologically,but the usualclass and numericalorderis retained.Differencesin contextdescriptionshereandunderindividualitemsarethosebetweenthe generalandimmediatecontext. Abbreviationsused include:POU, use filling,or Periodof Use; L, M, U, dumpedfillings,Lower, Middleand Upper. A 16:1 A17:1 A 18:6 A 18-19:1 A 20-21:1 A-B 21-22:1 B 11:l B 12:5
B 13:1 B 13:2
BronzeCastingPit (Agora,XII) Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Pit Ostrakonfill (Agora,IV, XII) Drainfill (Agora,XII) Terracefillings(Agora,XII) Channelmouth Well (Agora,IV, XII) Cisternshaft(Agora,V, VII, XII)
Third quarter4th century B.C. Ha 11 Second quarter 6th century B.C. D 13; K 1 Late 4th to early 3rd century B.C. F 184 First and second quarters5th centuryB.C. F 56 Fourth quarter 5th century B.C. L 8 Ca. 420-390 B.C. E 5; F 99-101 Late 2nd into early 1st cent. B.C. F 233 Ca. 380-350 B.C. L 13 Fourth quarter 3rd cent. B.C. (L) F 202, F 203
Well (Agora, V) Well (Agora, XII)
Late 1st to early3rdcent. (POU)Hc 10 Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. L 6
B 14:1
Well (Agora, V, VI)
B 14:2
Well (Agora, V, VI, VII)
Mid-lst to early3rdcent. (POU) He 21 5th cent. (U) J 5 Late 1stto late 2nd cent. (POU) F 269,F 276 4th cent. (U) L 44 Secondhalf 1stcent.F 255,F 256; Ha 17 Firsthalf 4th cent. (POU) Ha 32 Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. F 91; Hd 1 Mid-3rdcent. F 296
B 13:5
B 13:8
B 14:3 B 14:4 B 15:1 B17:1 B 18:7 B 18:10 B 19:7 B 19:9 B 20:1 B 20:2 BB 17:1 C9:6 C9:7 C 12:1 C 12:2
Well (Agora,IV, XII)
Cistern (Agora, IV, V, VII)
Well Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Destructiondebris(Agora,VII)
Ca. 325-300 B.C.(POU) F 163 Ca. 300-275 B.C.(U) Hb 1; Hc 2
Well (Agora, IV, XII) Well (Agora, IV)
Ca. 350-325 B.C.(POU) F 154 First quarter 6th cent. B.C. D 10 Ca. 430-410 B.C. F 90 1st cent. B.C. to 1st cent. F 250
Well (Agora, V, VII)
Second half 1st to mid-2nd cent. (POU) F 267, F283; G 23; Ha20; Hb 6; He 15; L30
Cistern(Agora,XII) Well Constructionfilling(Agora,IV, XII) Cistern
First half 2nd cent. B.C. F 227 First half 4th cent. B.C. F 145
Constructionfilling(Agora,IV, XII) Well
Well (Agora, V, VI, VII)
Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII)
Ca. 450B.C. C14; F72,F73; L5
Late 2nd cent. B.C. F 228; Hc 3
Mid-2ndto early3rdcent.(POU) B 18;He 15 Ca. 375-325 B.C. F 149
97
DEPOSITS C 13:2 C 14:1 C 14:2 C 14:4
Well (Agora, XII)
C18:2
Well (Agora, V)
C 18:4 C 18:7 C18:11 C 19:5
Constructionfilling(Agora,IV, XII) Constructionfilling(Agora,XII)
Cistern Cistern(Agora,VII) Well (Agora,IV, VII)
Drain (Agora, XII)
Housefillings(Agora,XII)
C 19:9
Well (Agora,IV, XII)
C 20:1 D 10:2 D11:l D 11:4
Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Channel Well (Agora,IV, V, VI, VII) Cistern(Agora,IV, XII)
D 12:1
Well (Agora,IV, V, VI, VII)
D 12:2
Cistern(Agora, IV)
D 15:2 D 15:3 D 17:3 D 17:11 D-E 8-9:1 E2:3 E3:l
Well (Agora,V, VII) Cistern(Agora,IV, XII) Cistern(Agora,IV, XII) Well Cistern(Agora,XII) Foundrypit (Agora,IV, XII) Cistern(Agora,IV, X, XII)
E6:3
Cistern (Agora, X, XII)
E 11:2 E 13:1 E 14:1
Well (Agora, IV, V)
Well Cistern(Agora,IV, V, VI, X, XII)
Late 2nd to 4th cent. (POU) F 170; Ha 34 Hellenistic F 193 Thirdquarter3rdcent. F 298 First half 2nd to second quarter 4th cent. (POU) F 310; Hb 13-15; Hd 19; He29 Second half 1st to early 3rd cent. (POU) F 257; L29 First half 5th cent. B.C. F 76 Second quarter 5th cent. B.C. C 23 Ca. 490-480 B.C. F 51
a) Secondhalf 5th cent. B.C. B 8; F 110 b) Late 5th and firsthalf 4th cent. B.C. E 12; F 146; Ha9 Ca. 425-400 B.C. (POU) F 97 Ca. 400-390 B.C. (U) F 128
Early2nd to mid-3rdcent. (POU) Hd 13 3rd to 2nd cent. B.C. F 185
Late 1st cent. B.C. to mid-lst cent. Hd 3 Middle filling: mixed late Hellenisticto early Roman F 303 Bottom filling 3: late 2nd to mid-3rdcent. Ha 23; He 18 Late2ndto early1stcent.B.C. (L) G 21 Late Hellenisticto early Roman (M) F 234 6th cent. (POU) J 9 Ca. 375-330 B.C. Ca. 300-290 B.C. 1st cent. B.C. (L) Ca. 330-305 B.C. Ca. 375-350 B.C.
C 33 F 195 G 22 D 43; F 165, F 166 F 142-144
Late 4th to early 3rdcent.B.C. F 182,F 183; G9; Hcl Ca. 375-310 B. . C 30 (M 13); F 135, F 136;
Fb 1,Fb 2 Lowerfilling:1st cent. F 259
Ca. 470-425 B.C. C 26; F 58;Fa 23
a) Late 4th and 3rd cent. B.C. F 199, F 200; Hb 2, Hb 3
b) Late 1st cent B.C. E 16
E 14:2 E 14:3 E 14:5 E 15:1 E 15:3 E 15:5
E 15:6 E 17:1 E 19:5 E 29:5 F5:1
F 11: F 11:2 F 12:3 F 12:5 F 13:2
Well (Agora,IV, V, VI) Cistern (Agora, IV)
Well (Agora,IV, XII)
Well (Agora, V) Cistern (Agora, IV)
Well Well (Agora,IV, XII) Well Pit Well Cistern(Agora,IV, XII) Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Well (Agora, IV, XII) Well (Agora,IV, XII) Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Well(Agora,IV, VI, VII)
c) Dumpedfillingof 3rd cent. Hd 18 1st cent. (POU) F 258 Mid-lst cent. B.C. (M) F 243 Ca. 520490 B.C. F 14, F 15; Ha 1
Constructionfillingin 1st cent. F 251 Late 2nd to early 1st cent. B.C.(POU) F 230 4th and 5thcent.(POU) Hb 21, Hb 24; He 38 Ca. 500-480B. c. F 27;Fal Earlyto late 2nd cent. (POU) Ha 21; L 28 Second half 5th cent. B.C. K 6
Early4th cent. F 319; He 34 3rd to 2nd cent. B.C. F 210
1st and early2nd cent.F 268; He 13; L 26
Second half 4th cent. B.C. (POU) E 13 Second half 4th cent. B.C. B 13 7th cent to ca. 570 B.C.D 2, D 8
Secondhalf 1stcent.to end of 2ndcent.(POU) Hc 12
98
DEPOSITS
F 15:1 F16:1 F 17:3
Well (Agora, XII)
Ca. 350-310 B.c. F 164 End of 4th cent. to ca. 225 B.C. (second POU)
F 19:1 F 19:2 F 19:3 F 19:4
Well(Agora,V, VI, VII) Cistern(Agora,IV, XII) Well Well (Agora,IV, XII)
Ca. 375-340 B.c. A 6; B 10 1st cent. B.C. Hb 4 Ca. 490-450 B.C. B7; C24; D39;
F 19:5
F 20:1 F-G 12:1 G3:1 G6:3
Well (Agora, V)
Cistern(Agora,IV, XII)
Well(Agora,IV, XII) Filling(Agora,XII) Road levels(Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Rock-cutShaft(Agora,IV, X, XII)
G8:1 G11:l G 11:2
Well (Agora,IV, VII)
G 12:22 G 12:23 G 13:5 G 14:2 G15:1 G 15:2 G 18:1 H 5-6:1 H6:5
Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Well Well (Agora,IV, X, XII) Well (Agora,IV, X, XII) Well (Agora,IV, XII) Well (Agora,IV, XII) Fillings(Agora,IV, XII)
H6:9
Pit (Agora,IV, X, XII)
H7:3 H 10:2 H 12:6 H 12:11 H 13:5 H 16:3 H 16:4 H 17:5 H-I 7-8:1 19:1 110:1 115:1 I15:2 I116:1
Constructionfilling(Agora,IV, XII) Pit (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Well (Agora,IV, VII, XII) Well (Agora,IV, XII) Pit Cistern(Agora,IV, XII) Pithos(Agora,IV, XII) Filling(Agora,IV, XII)
16:4 I16:5 I 16:7 117:1 J11:1 J12:1 J 13-14:1 J18:1 J 18:4
Well (Agora,IV, XII)
Cistern (Agora, V)
Well(Agora,V, VI, VII)
Well (Agora, XII)
Filling (Agora, VI)
Drain(Agora,IV, VIII) Well Well Filling Well (Agora,V, VI, VII)
Cistern (Agora, IV)
Settlingbasin
Well (Agora, XII)
Filling(Agora,XII) Well (Agora,V, VII) Drain (Agora, XII)
Well (Agora,V, VI, VII) Pit (Agora,IV, XII)
4th cent. (POU) Hb 22
F 206, F 207 Late 3rdand 4th cent. (POU) F 311
F 65, F
F57,
,F68, F69
Ca. 520-480 B.C. F 31 4th cent. B.C. F 150 7th and 6th cent. B.C.D 4, D 32; F 3 Ca. 500-470 B.C. L 1
Ca. 510-480B.C.(U) A5; B2; F23, F24; M6 1st cent. (POU) Hb5
Early 3rd to late 2nd cent. B.C. (POU) K 10
Late2nd to early6thcent.(POU)D 44; F 291, F307; He 33; K18 Ca. 470-460 B.C. Fa 16-19 Ca. 375-350 B.C. F 141 First quarter4th cent. B.C. (U) F 139 Early 4th into 2nd cent. B.C. F 152, F 229 Ca. 500 B.C.(POU) D 28; F 16; K 5 Ca. 550-525 B.C.(POU) M 5 Ca. 425-400 B.C.(with some earlier) F 74, F 96 Early 5th cent. B.C. F 42 Ca. 470-460 B.C. C 16-22; E2; F 59-62; Fa 2-15 End of 4th cent. B.C.(L) F 160 2nd cent. B.C. F 190 Ca. 375-350 B.C. F 140 Ca. 575-525 B.C. D 18 Ca. 425-400 B.C. F92,F93 Ca. 410-390 B.C.(POU) F 127 Ca.480B.C. B6; C13; D38 Ca. 320-275 B.C. F 179, F 180 Ca. 150 B.C. G19 Ca. 375-340 B.C. F 148
5th cent. L 50 Secondandthirdquarters6th cent.B.C. D 14 First half 6th cent. B.C.
D7
Late Roman 1 13 Third quarter 4th cent. B.C. F 159
Late 1stto mid-3rdcent. (POU)F 286;Ha 27; Hd 11, Hd 12 4th and 5th cent. (POU) Hd 20; L49 Ca. 600-540 B.C.(POU) F 8; M 2
2ndcent.B.C.with somelaterintrusions F 288 Late 5th to early 4th cent. B.C. F 138 Ca. 450-425 B.C. F 85 Ca. 400-340 B.c. F 158
Late 1st to early3rdcent. (POU) Hd 7 Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. B 9 3rd century before A.D.267 (POU) Ha 28 Mid-6th centuryB.C. (lower fill) B 1; C 4; F 12, F 13
99
DEPOSITS K 18:1
I
Well(Agora,V, VII)
Late 1stto early2nd cent. (POU) F 260-262; M 19
4th to early5th cent. (POU) J 2, J 3 11lthcent. (POU) G 2 Dumpedfillingof 3rdcent. Hc 21 6th and 7th cent. He 26
K 18:3 L 14:2 IM 11:3 IM 17:1
Cistern Well Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Well (Agora,IV, V, VI, VII, XII)
M 18:1
Well(Agora,V, VI, VII)
M 18:4
Well
M 18:10 M 18:11 M 19:1 M 20:2 M 21:1 N 7:3 N 11:6 N 13:1 N 17:1 N 17:2 N 18:5 N 19:1 N 19:2
Well (Agora,XII) Pit Cistern(Agora,V, VII) Well (Agora,VI, VII) Cistern(Agora,IV, V, XII) Well (Agora,IV, XII) Well (Agora,VIII) Well (Agora,V, VII) Well (Agora,V) Well (Agora,V, VII) Well (Agora,V) Cistern(Agora,IV, V, VI, VII, XII) Well (Agora,IV, V, VII)
Hellenistic ca. 200 B.C. F 208 5th cent. B.C. E 9
N 20:1 N 20:2 N 20:3
Well(Agora,IV, V, VI, VII,XII) Cistern(Agora,V) Well (Agora,V, VII)
Firsthalfof 1stcent.(POU) He 6, He 8; L 25 Secondhalf of 1stcent. He 8-11
I
I
Second half of 7th cent. B.C. F 6
Mid-lst to late 6th cent. (POU)B 17; F 285, F 312, F 320; Ha 24, Ha 26, Ha 33, Ha 47, Ha 48; Hb 10; He 11, He 24; Hd 14; He 16, He22, He31; 13; L43
1stand2ndcent.(POU) F 277; Hd 5, Hd 10;
He 17 3rd to 6th cent. (POU) F 309; Hb 8, Hb 11,
Hb27; I4, I16; K17
Firsthalf of 2nd cent. F 280, F 281 3rdcent. Ha 30 Late 3rdand early 2nd cent. B.C. F 212, F 213 Ca. 460-440 B.C. F 77, F 79-83 Late 8th into early 4th cent. B.C. A 1 (M 1)
5th cent. (POU) 114 Mid-3rdinto 5th cent. (POU) Ha 25 Mid-lst to mid-2ndcent. (POU) F 270-275 Late 3rdto 4th cent. Ha 31; He 26, He 27; I 1 Secondquarterto end of 1st cent. He 5 Mid-lst to first half of 2nd cent. (POU) F278; Hcl7;Hd8
N 20:4 N 20:5
Cistern(Agora,IV, V) Well (Agora,IV, VI)
N 20:7 N 21:1
Cistern(Agora,IV) Well (Agora,V, VI, VII, XII)
N 21:4
Cistern (Agora, IV, XII)
N-P 20:1
Streetpacking(Agora,XII)
07:10 O 12:1 0 16:1-2 O 16:3 O 16:4 0 17:1 0 18:1
Pit (Agora,XII) Well (Agora,IV, VIII, XII) Constructionfilling(Agora,XII) Well Pit (Agora,XII) Cistern(Agora,V, VII, XII) Well (Agora,V, VI, VII, XII)
O 19:1
Well (Agora, V)
0 19:4
Well (Agora, XII
3rd cent. before A.D.267 (POU) L 34
4th cent. (POU) F 315 (M 20)
Second quarter 1st cent. B.C. F 242
First half of 1st to early 3rd cent. (POU) F282, F 292-294; He 14; K 16
Ha 19; Hd6, Hd 15;
4th cent. 12, 17
Second half of 3rd cent. B. c. F 197
Early 1st to 5th cent. (POU) F 287; Ha 15; He 35; 1 10-12; L 28, L 32 3rd cent. B.C. F196; G 14
a) Late 6th to early5th cent. B.C. F 30 b) Fourthquarterof 5th cent. B.C. F 94 Ca. 450-425 B.C. F 88 Third quarter 7th cent. B.C. F 4 Third quarter 5th cent. B.C. F 89 Second half of 3rd cent. B.C. F 198 Ca. 350-325 B.C. Ha 10
Secondto fourthquarter1st cent. Ha 16 4th to 6th cent. (POU) F322; Ha 41-43; I 17-19, I 23, 1 24, 1 28-34
Early 4th to 6th cent. (POU) F 317, F318; Ha 50; Hb 16, Hb 18, Hb 19; He 4, He 32,
He39,He41; 15, I6,I115; J6; L45, L 46 Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. (POU) E6; F95
DEPOSITS
100 P7:4 P8:1 P8:2 P 14:3 P18:1
Filling(Agora,V, VI, VII) Pit (Agora,IV, XII) Depositover floor(Agora,XII) Well (Agora,V, VII)
P 18:2
Well(Agora,V, VI, VII)
P 19:1
Well (Agora,V, VI, VII)
Q8:1
Pit (Agora,IV, XII)
Q 10:4 Q 12:3 Q 13:2 Q 13:3 Q 13:5 Q 15:2
Well
Well (Agora, XII)
Q 17:1 Q 17:4
Well Well (Agora,V, VI, VII)
Q 17:7
Well (Agora, VI)
Q 18:1 Q 18:2 Q 19:1
Well (Agora, IV, XII) Well Well
Q 19:2 R8:2 R 10:1
Pit
Well (Agora, VII)
Well (Agora,X, XII) Cistern Footing-trench(Agora,VII) Well (Agora,VIII, XII)
Well (Agora, IV, VIII, XII)
Well (Agora,IV, V, VII)
R 12:1 R 12:3 R 12:4 R13:1 R 13:2 R 13:4 R 17:5 R 19:2 R21:2 S16:1
Well (Agora, IV, VIII) Well (Agora, XII) Well (Agora, XII) Well (Agora, IV, V, VII, XII) Well (Agora, IV, VII)
S 19:6 S21:2 S21:3 T 18:2 T18:3 T 19:3 T27:1 U22:1
Well
U 23:2
Well(Agora,IV, XII)
Well (Agora,IV, XII) Well (Agora, VIII) Drain Cistern (Agora, IV) Well (Agora, XII)
Well (Agora,IV, VIII,XII)
Well (Agora, IV, V, VI, VII) Well (Agora, XII) Filling (Agora, XII) Pit or well (Agora, IV, VIII, XII) Filling Well
Late 5th to early6th cent. Ha 39 Firsthalf of 2nd cent. F 284; Hd 9 Third quarter into fourth, 5th cent. B.C. Ha 2 Ca. 470-460 B.c. E4; F70, F71
5th to 6th cent. (POU) Hb 28, Hb 29; Hc 23; Hd22; J7 Firsthalf of 3rdcent. (POU) L 33 4th to 6th cent. (POU) I 35-37, I 41 Late 1st cent. (POU) He 12 Early 3rd to 6th cent. (POU) F 295, F 323; Ha 44; Hb 25, b 26, Hb 30; Hd 16; 19, 1 20-22, 25, I 26; L 47 Third quarter 5th cent. B.C. (into fourth)
F 111
Late 5th cent. B.C. F 123 Ca. 520-490 B.C. F 19, F 52; G 4 Dumped filling of 6th cent. B.C. D 19; F 32
5th cent. B 21
Ca. 575-540 B.c. L2; M3 Ca. 420-390 B.C. C31; E 10; F 131-134;
He 3 6th and 7th cent. Ha 53 Early 1st to 6th cent. (POU) F 266, F290 Hb 12; He 25; Hd 17; He 36; I 27, 1 39; J4; L31 3rdto 6th cent. (POU) F 327; Ha 45, Ha 46; Hb9, Hb 23; He23, He24; 140, 144, 45 Ca. 550-525 B.C.(POU) G 1
5th and 6th cent. (POU) Ha 52; Hb 31 3rdto 6th cent. (POU) F 299, F 325; Hb 20; He30,He40; 143; L42
3rd cent. B.C. E 15 Third into fourth quarter7th cent. B.C. F 5
Early 1st cent. F 252, F 253; Hc 7; He 4-7 K15; L24 Ca. 520-480 B.C. C 7; F 33-41 Ca. 525-500 B.C.(POU) F 11
Ca. 520-480B.c. C 5; F28,F29
Late 1st cent. B.C. to mid-lst cent. F 254 Late 1st cent. B.C. to early 1st cent. L 23 Ca. 440-425 B.c. He 1, He 2 Second quarter 7th cent. B.C. C 1; F 2
EarlyRoman He 19 1st cent. Hc9;Hd4
Fourth quarter 5th cent. B.C. F 104, F 105;
Ha 3-6 Secondhalf 6th cent. F 326 Ca. 600-570B.C. D 11, D 12; F7 Firsthalf 1stto firsthalf3rdcent. Ha 22
Ca. 575-550 B.C. D 17 Ca. 600-550 B.C. D 23 Later 8th to mid-7th cent. B.C. D 3; F 1 Second quarter 1st cent. B.C. F 241
a) 2nd to early3rdcent. Hc 18 b) 4th cent. F 316 Ca. 525-500 B.C. (POU) G 3
CONCORDANCE Inv. No. P8 P13 P83 P103 P 119 P124 P133 P136 P137 P195 P199 P226 P266 P410 P416 P469 P481 P526 P580 P605 P633 P638 P770 P772 P897 P928 P963 P964 P965 P989 P 1001 P1026 P1027 P1206 P1265 P1444 P1458 P1461 P1493 P1504 P1538 P1567 P1850 P1870 P1881 P 1944 P1992 P1993 P2004
Cat. No. F43 D 16 F126 F 107 F 190 He 37 F167 F 189 F44 F9 F 168 E3 F 160 C 12 F191 Ha 40 L 54 F 229 F 179 G19 F 180 Ha 35 F288 F 85 F 164 Ha 27 Hd 11 F 286 Hd 12 F8 M2 L 49 Hd 20 F 16 B2 F147 F 148 I 38 F 181 A7 F 181 He 42 F332 F 108 F 215 L 51 F 333 D 19 B 21
Inv. No. P 2022 P 2029 P2030 P 2041 P 2095 P 2097 P2145 P 2228 P2272 P2281 P 2366 P 2518 P 2610 P2707 P2714 P 2759 P 2841 P 3002 P 3044 P3058 P 3076 P3140 P3143 P3144 P 3163 P3215 P 3218 P 3272 P 3285 P 3289 P 3297 P 3446 P 3457 P 3467 P 3512 P3533 P 3534 P 3549 P 3629 P 3671 P 3721 P 3736 P3754 P 3756 P 3784 P 3788 P 3817 P3983 P 4232
Cat. No. B9 F 10 D6 D 24 F 334 L 50 A 10 F 300 F 249 F 314 He 2 Hc 14 F 23 A5 M6 F 24 F 127 18 Ha 49 Hd 7 L 55 Hc 22 F251 (F 251) F 216 Hc 4 L 35 A2 F 217 B 16 He 13 F 218 Hc 26 Hb 5 E 13 M4 D5 F 301 D F 302 F 140 F 109 I13 J 10 B 13 F 219 M 18 K10 F 25
Inv. No. P4233 P4480 P4498 P 4618 P 4627 P 4663 P4664 P 4666 P 4696 P 4723 P 4791 P 4794 P 4899 P4909 P4914 P 4915 P5009 P5012 P 5028 P5109 P 5116 P5117 P5118 P 5119 P 5120 P 5121 P 5122 P 5123 P 5124 P 5125 P 5128 P 5133 P 5137 P 5140 P 5144 P5157 P 5158 P 5160 P 5164 P 5167 P 5168 P 5169 P5174 P5175 P 5181 P 5203 P 5206 P 5449 P 5453
Cat. No. K2 L 26 F268 He 43 D 32 F3 D4 F 26 D 35 F 244 D 41 D8 B 14 E7 Ha 29 F 245 F46 F 45 F 331 F84 Fa 9 Fa 2 Fa 3 Fa 10 Fa 4 Fa 5 Fa 11 Fa 6 Fa 12 Fa 7 C 16 E2 F 59 Fa 13 C 17 C 18 Fa 14 C 19 C 21 C 20 F 62 C 22 F60 F 61 Fa 15 F 115 F 17 C 26 F 58
Inv. No. P 5458 P5506 P 5595 P5623 P 5663 P 5671 P5717 P 5726 P5738 P 5774 P 5792 P 5820 P 5828 P5838 P5918 P 5925 P 5929 P 6034 P 6067 P6074 P6128 P6139 P6153 P 6173 P 6349 P 6578 P 6717 P 6799 P 6825 P 6864 P6867 P 6873 P 6876 P 6878 P 6889 P6903 P 6904 P6992 P 7048 P 7058 P 7063 P 7082 P7103 P 7140 P7247 P 7254 P 7360 P7405 P 7502
Cat. No. Fa 23 K 13 Fa26 I 14 Ha 54 Ha 36 Hdl8 F 243 F 230 Hc 12 Hb2 F 199 F 226 F200 F201 F 199 Hb 3 F 231 D 14 A2 F209 Fa C33 F27 E 16 D2 F 235 D 43 Fb 3 F 234 F 228 F 238 E 14 G 21 F 161 F 169 L 14 F 303 M 21 F 53 F 289 F 233 M8 F63 A3 F 116 G9 He 25 F 149
102
CONCORDANCE
Inv.No. Cat. No. P7507 P 7525 P 7529 P 7544 P 7575 P 7583 P 7607 P7628 P 7638 P 7670 P 7690 P 7699 P 7740 P 7785 P7820 P 7843 P 7860 P 7867 P 7884 P 7925 P 7957 P7977 P7985 P7994 P8001 P8037 P8040 P8046 P8050 P8105 P8108 P8120 P8203 P8341 P8600 P8611 P8621 P8813 P8826 P8842 P9055 P9177 P9318 P9322 P9482 P9483 P9513 P9634 P 9645 P 9660 P9670 P9671 P 9672 P9675 P9676 P 9681
L52 L 36 Hd 3 J1 Fa 8 He 15 F 193 K 9 L 53 F 170 C6 Hc 1 F 182 Hc 20 L4 L 37 Ha 23 L3 Hb 17 He 18 F 254 F 135 Hd 23 F 259 Hd 21 F 202 F 298 B19 Ha 37 (Hc 3) Hc3 F117 L13 B18 Fbl Fb 2 F136 F14 F15 Ha F 18 E8 Ha 55 Ha 56 C14 L5 F 277 G2 F 171 Hc 24 Hc5 Hd5 Ha 31 He 26 He 27 I
Inv.No. Cat. No. P9753 P 9754 P 9755 P 9756 P 9766 P 9784 P 9794 P9800 P 9806 P 9808 P 9835 P 9873 P 9878 P 9880 P9881 P 9889 P 9897 P 9902 P 9907 P 9918 P 9919 P 9922 P 9925 P 9986 P 9994 P 10032 P 10035 P 10040 P 10048 P 10064 P10067 P 10151 P 10159 P 10181 P 10247 P 10265 P10267 P 10268 P 10352 P10422 P10447 P 10466 P 10469 P 10511 P10512 P10537 P 10556 P10564 P 10613 P10616 P10618 P10634 P 10710 P 10712 P 10717 P 10729
Hb 1P He 2 Hc 2 J5 J2 Ha 48 F 312 L43 He 31 13 F280 M 22 F 260 M 19 Hb 10P M7 He 22 Ha 26 (Ha 26) Hd 14 Ha 24 B 17 F281 L 12 L6 F 261 F 262 F285 H ll Hd 10 He 17 F D22 F330 He 21 I4 Hbll K17 M10 Fa25 F276 F75 Hb 8 B5 F118 F91 Ha 32 J9 F 307 Fa 22 C29 F246 Hb 21 F258 D34 F 210
Inv.No. Cat. No.
Inv.No. Cat. No.
10775 P 10778 P 10779 P 10803 P 10805 P 10809 P 10810 P 10813 P 10814 P 10815 P 10816 P 10838 P 10839 P 11021 11119 P 11142 P 11193 P 11194 P 11195 P 11196 P 11197 P 11198 P 11202 P 11249 P 11256 P 11258 P 11301 P 11307 P 11355 P 11357 P11382 P 11392 P 11545 P 11558 P 11569 P11579 P11582 P 11583 P11584 P 11590 P 11594 P 11634 P 11752 P 11763 P11798 P 11991 P 11992 P12010 P 12011 P 12030 P12100 P 12152 P 12157 P 12158 P 12181 P12200
P 12212 P 12214 P 12225 P 12257 P 12261 P 12262 P 12306 P 12314 P 12317 P 12336 P 12351 P 12352 P 12354 12357 P 12359 P 12361 P 12373 P 12396 P 12458 P 12459 P 12460 P 12468 P 12469 P 12471 P 12478 P 12510 P 12629 P 12664 P 12695 P12707 P12710 P 12713 P12825 P12827 P 12836 P12837 P12841 P 12842 P 12863 P 12866 P 12870 P 12874 P 12914 P12936 F12965 P12991 P13060 P13063 P 13064 P 13065 P13087 P13099 P 13130 P 13147 P 13148 P 13149
D44 F 291 C 25 F 92 F 64 D 37 B 12 Fa 16 Fa 17 Fa 18 Fa 19 Fa 20 Fa 21 Hd 1P L44 F 269 Hb 13 Hb 14 He 29 F 310 Hb 15 Hd l9 F 203 F 255 F 256 Ha 17 He 33 K18 Hb24 He 38 Hel F32 Hc 13 Ha 47 F320 Ha 33 L43 L43 L43 L43 L43 He 16 Hc 21 B20 F145 L38 He 19 Ha 38 G7 F94 F242 142 Ha 51 F329 K4 F220
D 15 E1 B3 F 308 12 17 F315, M20 L34 E6 G6 F 321 F 292 F 293 F 294 Hd 15 He 8 Hd 6 F 141 Ha 19 F 282 He 14 He 9 He 10 He11 K 16 F98 G G 17 Ha 50 He 41 I15 J6 Hb16 I6 F 317 L45 He 32 F318 I35 He 39 L46 15 Hb 28 Hb29 L7 He 20 J7 I36 141 137 J8 F95 F 313 I24 I18 F 322
103
CONCORDANCE Inv. No. P 13150 P 13151 P 13152 P 13157 P 13158 P 13160 P 13164 P 13169 P 13170 P 13171 P 13178 P 13182 P 13188 P 13227 P 13248 P 13251 P 13282 P 13307 P 13322 P 13333 P 13360 P 13365 P 13386 P 13433 P 13462 P 13463 P 13464 P 13465 P 13466 P 13467 P 13468 P 13472 P 13474 P 13477 P 13585 P 13590 P 13599 P 13601 P 13602 P 13605 P 13615 P 13617 P 13655 P 13754 P 14016 P 14018 P 14024 P 14055 P 14056 P 14077 P 14086 P 14093 P 14110 P 14113 P 14117 P 14130
Cat. No. Ha 41 132 Ha 42
133 19 123 Ha 43 134 I30 131 117 128 129 Fa 24 D26 D27 A4 F 247 C2 D9 D 18 F 326 F241 120 F30 Ha 44 Hb 30 125 F 323 126 121 Hb 25 122 Hb 26 L47 19 Hc 17 Hd 8 F 278 Hd 16 F 295 He 12 D3 G3 Hb 27 I16 F 309 Ha 52 Hb 31 L33 Hd 22 Hc 23 Hb 18 Hb 19 Ha 16 D 33
Inv. No. P 14131 P 14323 P 14566 P 14622 P 14623 P 14636 P 14644 P 14658 P 14670 P 14676 P 14687 P 14691 P 14693 P 14703 P 14705 P 14710 P 14725 P 14917 P 14938 P 14943 P 14950 P 14960 P 15075 P 15108 P 15200 P 15208 P 15209 P 15217 P 15218 P 15224 P 15225 P 15296 P 15302 P 15303 P 15304 P 15305 P 15307 P 15343 P 15347 P 15348 P 15379 P 15380 P 15397 P 15446 P 15555 P 15559 P 15560 P 15576 P 15664 P 15682 P 15693 P 15694 P 15707 P 15719 P 15741
Cat. No. B4 M 17 F 221 El1 F 263 F 142 F 143 F 144 L1 G5 D 11 F7 D 12 L9 F 150 C10 L40 Ha 25 F 119 Cll F 31 F 186 J 1 K6 L21 B7 D39 F 96 F66 F 57 C24 F 270 F271 F 272 F 273 F 274 F 275 M 23 F 65 F 65 C9 Hd 4 F 187 F162 C8 He 9 J 12 F 316 D 25 Ha 22 D29 D30 F 74 F 304 L20
Inv. No. P 15784 P 15867 P 15868 P 15990 P 16024 P 16079 P 16199 P 16202 P 16206 P 16236 P 16295 P 16313 P 16360 P 16391 P 16404 P 16585 P 16594 P 16679 P 16700 P 16703 P 16704 P 16706 P 16723 P 16728 P 16789 P 16791 P 16812 P 16865 P 16869 P 16903 P 16904 P 16905 P 16981 P 17005 P 17043 P 17059 P 17070 P 17113 P 17123 P 17125 P 17128 P 17129 P 17130 P 17133 P 17139 P 17144 P 17380 P 17425 P 17463 P 17499 P 17585 P 17677 P 17794 P 17799 P 17824
P 15766
I 10
P 17825
Cat. No. I1 F72 F73 F68 F69 Hb 22 He 8 L25 He 6 G14 F 196 J3 F 311 B 10 Hb4 F 21 F 248 112 L32 L28 F 287 L28 Ha 15 He 35 M5 K5 D28 D42 F 22 F 99 F 100 F 101 E5 F 264 F 227 F 130 K1 L30 C27 L8 He 15 Hb6 Ha 20 F 283 F 120 F 267 F6 F 222 F 67 Ha 28 G23 F 56 F 172 He 28 B1 F 12
Inv. No. P 17826 P 17827 P 17867 P 17883 P 17894 P 17898 P 17902 P 17961 P 17971 P 18003 P 18009 P 18248 P 18255 P 18264 P 18271 P 18276 P 18284 P 18325 P 18337 P 18340 P 18342 P 18420 P 18434 P 18435 P 18499 P 18609 P 18610 P 18619 P 18620 P 18625 P 18756 P 18952 P 19007 P 19124 P 19170 P 19179 P 19203 P 19287 P 19312 P 19389 P 19400 P 19401 P 19403 P 19491 P 19555 P 19694 P 19861 P 19956 P 19958 P 20019 P 20089 P 20191 P 20216 P 20283 P 20294 P 20329
Cat. No. F 13 C4 Ha 30 L39 Hd 13 F 78 F 173 F 90 F78 F 146 F 184 All F 305 F 223 D 13 K1 F 250 B8 F 76 G 15 D 10 L 15 L29 F 257 C23 Ha 9 E 12 F 154 F 97 F 188 F 213 F 128 F 265 L16 F 192 G22 F 296 D 36 M 11 K8 Ha 21 L28 C28 Ha 18 F 110 G8 K14 F 151 F 121 F 122 F 50 F 204 F 194 F 155 Hd 2 F 205
104
CONCORDANCE
Inv.No. Cat. No. P 20361 P 20373 P20374 P 20422 P 20424 P 20657 P 20719 P 20757 P 20761 P 20768 P 20785 P 20787 P 20788 P 20789 P 20790 P 20791 P 20792 P 20839 P 20846 P20848 P20903 P20987 P21220 P21290 P21310 P21373 P21374 P 21381 P 21393 P21399 P21400 P 21404 P 21454 P 21553 P 21583 P 21631 P 21694 P 21714 P 21773 P 21776 P 21777 P 21788 P21789 P 21791 P 21792 P21793 P 21840 P 22008 P 22009 P 22104 P 22110 P22116 P 22162 P 22211 P 22218
F 239 K9 M 15 F 51 G 13 L 23 F252 F 33 F 36 F37 F38 C7 F34 F39 F 35 F40 F 41 L 22 F 174 F 195 Ha 13 F156 F123 F77 Ha 39 F82 F80 Hd 9 F 284 F79 F81 F 83 G 20 Ha 2 D40 Hc 18 F88 L 17 K 15 L 24 F 253 He 5 He 6 Hc 7 He 4 He7 Ha 34 L 43 L 43 F 175 A8 F158 F328 Hc9 F 157
P 22234 F279
Inv.No. Cat. No. P 22293 P 22483 P22484 P 22512 P 22709 P 22833 P 22836 P 22914 P 22976 P 22998 P 23045 P 23130 P 23163 P 23205 P 23227 P 23231 P 23242 P 23272 P 23274 P 23283 P 23309 P 23389 P 23452 P23523 P23690 P23693 P23821 P 23835 P 23837 P 23872 P23873 P 23874 P 23948 P 24024 P 24062 P 24126 P 24265 P 24274 P 24668 P 24691 P 24698 P24727 P24735 P 24745 P 24746 P24760 P 24774 P 24853 P 24859 P 24882 P 24910 P24911 P 24912 P 24917 P 24922
L 41 G10 G1 Ha 53 F4 He 44 F224 F 153 K 12 F86 F 232 L 10 F236 G 18 F 237 M 16 M 12 F 137 L 19 F 89 B 15 Hb7 F5 F225 Bll C3 F131 F 132 C 31 F 133 E10 F 134 He 3 F 139 G4 F52 F111 F 54 F 28 F 112 F 87 F11 F55 D 20 D 21 Hal F 106 Hc 10 F 176 F 19 C5 F28 F28 F 29 F 28
P 24923 F 28
Inv. No. Cat. No. P 24935 F 198 P 24998 L2 P24999 M3 P 25048 139 P 25054 Hc 25 P 25064 127 P 25133 J4 P 25170 Hb12 P 25175 He 36 P 25195 Hd 17 P 25218 L 31 P 25224 F290 P 25245 F266 P 25464 Hc 16 P 25474 Ha 14 P 25475 F306 P 25742 Ha11 P 25816 F 240 P 25822 F 124 P 25852 L56 P 25886 E9 P25892 F125 P 25909 K7 P 25922 F20 P25940 F324 P25983 E15 P25998 F206 P 26004 F207 P 26070 Ha 7 P26083 I43 P26090 F325 P 26104 He 40 P 26114 Hb 20 P 26119 He 30 P 26120 L 42 P 26127 F299 P 26179 F48 P 26180 F 47 P 26181 Ha 8 P 26192 F 49 P 26262 F208 P 26389 (F 120) P 26410 F297 P 26420 F 2 P 26424 F 102 P 26452 C1 P 26539 D 23 P 26595 F 327 P 26598 Ha 45 P 26599 He 23 P 26601 He 24 P26602 Hb9 P 26618 D 17 P 26675 L 27 P 26690 I45
P 26691 1 40
Inv.No. Cat.No. P 26693 Ha 46 P 26694 I44 P26699 Hb23 P 26866 F 114 P 26945 F 159 P 27040 G 12 P 27050 L48 P 27211 F319 P 27220 He 34 P 27314 F 104 P 27353 F 105 P 27367 Ha 12 P 27513 Ha 3 P 27515 Ha 4 P 27517 Ha 5 P 27525 Ha 6 P 27566 F 138 P 27690 F 70 P 27692 F 71 P 27694 E4 P27698 C15, M9 P27724 K3 P27741 D7 P27844 D38 P27848 C13 P27850 B6 L535 L 1096 L2019 L2122 L2229 L 2450 L2653 L3042 L 3077 L 3088 L 3269 L 3293 L3653 L 3773 L3918 L4134 L4194 L4212 L4414 L 5298
F 152 F 42 F185 F211 F 183 C30,M13 F103 F 163 F214 F 93 F 113 F197 F 178 A6 G 16 F 129 F 212 F 177, M 14 A9 C 32
MC216 F165 MC 224 F 166 MC483 C34 MC907 A1,M1 MC961 L18 MC 1011L 11
A 2498
D 31
INDICES Includedin the Index Nominumare only those items that are certainlynames of men, women or divinities.The Index Verborum lists all otheritems,includingsome whichmay be eitherplace namesor even personalnames;this servesto keep all the "estate"namesof the Tax Notationstogether,since those names range from simple geographicaldescriptionsthrough proper place names to possible owners'names. Both the IndexNominumand the Index Verborunare dividedinto Greekand Latin sections.The Greekheadingsarein the Ionicalphabet,withthe actualspellingof the texts givenwhereit differsfromthe heading.At the conclusionof eachsectionof bothindicesarelistedbrokenforms. The IndexNumerorum, whichincludeseverythingthat is numberedwhateverthe unit may be (e.g., measure,coin,year),is in numericalorder,startingwith one-halfand goingup; fractionsare givenonly in context(e.g., 17 2/3), not separately.Singlelettersor two- and three-lettercombinationswhichmight be eithernumbers(alphabeticor acrophonic)or abbreviations and maybe listedin bothIndexVerborum IndexNumerorum. The IndexSigillorumincludesonly those notationsfor measuresand such that are not primarilyalphabetical;abbreviationswhichuse lettersappeareitherunderthe appropriatewordin the Index Verborum or as acrophonicunitsin the IndexNumerorum. All referencesare to cataloguenumbers. INDEX NOMINUM Greek F 227 'Appco( ) or 'Appcb 'AyoftasF 271
'Ayaeovfis: F 179 'Ayaeo9og[u]s
'Ay5ccov:F 199'AycOcovos
'Aya( )F 21 F48 'Ayep[ F 302 'Aypu( ) F 20 'ASpaar( ) F 241 (monogram)
'ASpiav6s:Hc 15 'ASplavoi 'AeQva:G 23 'A]eOva5 AXItav6sF 316
F 26 'A]XKtouoi[vos 'AuaKtioevS: 'A?dcovF 310 'Aua( ) F 60 D 39 'Al4pipoXos 'A"ppovuXos: 'AvaKss:G 5 'A]v[a]K.ov 'AvsoKISTis:B 5 'AvBoKt[o
F 321 'AvSpFo 'AvSp&as:
F 131 'AvSpioKo; F 132 'A[v6]polco 'AvSSptlros: 'AvSpi( ) F 97 F 237 D 3 'AvplTros 'Avirpltos: 'AvOv,.:C 3 'AvOeE
D 33 A]loaXav;E 3 Aloyxia;F 65 AlarXkas: Altoeio
'AvrTiPos:B 5 'Avnrp[fo]
Alaxt( ) F 119
'Avrfi.aXos:F 290 'AvwrfiaXos
Alox[ C 3
F 250 A]lacIoTro Alrcowrros: 'AKiV( )F 254 'AKIV.()F 320 'AKU( )F260 'AAKaios:C 19 'A?AKaios;C 20 'AAKai(ou);
C 22 'A7]Kdaos 'AXK?( ) F 299 'AhKiasC 32 F 146 'A]?KinTro "AAKtrrros:
C 32 'Av-riTKEi5is
C 32 'AvTritUSlir 'Avrip[ F 324 F 58 'A-TroXo6po; 'AiroM6Scopos: He 1 'ArroMoScbp(ou) G 6 'A[rr6Sova 'Ar6TAcov: D 'Apyefrins: 25 'ApyE[LSs
'Apiis: K 12 "ApEos 'Apio-rcSris:D 23 'ApiorefS(es) 'Apaoricov:D 22 'Apia-crov;F 16 'Apicrriov 'Apiori( ) F 80
106
INDEX NOMINUM
'Apioarolvris:C 26 'Aploaro[ves 'AploLOArls: D 42 'Apr)lTOT[
'Apiorvu[F 149
F 238 'Aptorrcov
'Apiacr() F 153 'Apic( ) F 81 'Api( )F 219
A^itos:F 127 Arifo(u),Arl( ); see Ailos Atav( )He12 Alta-riqs:D 27 Atac-r&ES AitS( ) F 189 (ligature)
Ale( ) F 14 (monogram) Aly( ) F 206
G 16 'ApT-riSos;G 18 'ApTr[iStl; "AprTEpiS: G 21 'ApT-riSt 'ApTi( ) F 148
Aioyvrls: F 304 Aioykvo[u]s Aloye[ F 232 Ato,ifis: F 177 AtoKhous AioKX( ) I24 AtOKA[F 130 Aiov1tios F 150; F 209 F 233 Alovwuiou; He 6 Atovvoa'ou G 10 Ai[ov*rou; Ao6vuos; G 9 AIovCmou;
F 205 'A]pXiTnro[u "ApXrwrros:
Al6Tin.L: K 10 AtOTrflouv
C 32 'ApKErfcias B 'Apxcritos 7
'Apo( )F194 'Apr( ) F 281
'Ap( ) F 159; Hc 5 'ApT(Elafiou)
'Ap( ) F 112 (ligature) 'A( ) F 208
'Aacr( )F280 'ATrTaia:F 4 'ATTrafas F 7 ]6owr[o]s 'ATrpO61Tros: 'Arv( ): see ATr( ) AOyovrros:Hc 5 AOyoi(orrou)
AO( ) F 89 (ligature)
AOT( ) F 52 (monogram) 'Appoitria: C 11 ['Apqpo]Staia
G 10 ['Aqpo8iTris]; G 11 'Acpp[o8iTrs 'Aqpo8iTrl: 'Appo( )F 151 'AXE()F293 'A( ) F 87; see also IndexNumerorum B7A( )F 17 or BXcoaus:D 29 BA6avs BA6ovus
raFos:He 4 r(aiou) racifisF 230
rFv( ) F 210 rfpus:F 142 rfipuos
raCxos: B 9 F1aiKot !rau( ) F 114
rv6ecov:B 5 rv[&ecvos rva( ) F 102 rov( )F239 FopyiasD 6; F 64 ropyio rpaCmKos:F 256 rpa
Aafilcv: G 9 A]caiov[os Aoaicea:D 31 Aanotl[s AaloKprls: I 24 AaooKp&orous
F 135 Aewvias
Akios: F 136 AEi(o[
AEp( ) F 41
Arii'.evEa: D 8 Aeiwvdia
F 165 AqrlTyrpias Aqli,Tnrpia: Arl.ln( )F 95
AqoqtliAosF 187; D 14 AE?l6piaos AT|o( ) F 261
G 21 Aiovaoco;G 22 Aiov[*crcp]
Aio( ) E 15 AipiXos:F 152 Atpi(aou),AtliXou Apa:l'rflisF 93
Ap*ios:F 316 Apptou
EtAEios (lXos): F 276 Ei?Eoy Eli7tlva: G8 'IAuv0e[ai
Elp( ) F 120 F315
EicriSwpos ('Icrfcopos):F 291 Eloi[8]copos
'EKi( ) F 265 'EAXrri(): F 108 'E]jATir() F 85 'ExacrKov 'Eoancov:
'Eqrl( )F53 'E6pTtos:D 13 'EopT[; F 22 'Eop( ) 'Ewayca6s:F 292 'ESrayaoou
D 38 'EwtyvbFs; F 223 'Ermyvous 'ETrlyivyjs:
'E'rryovosD 44 F 287 F 318; F 282 'Ei]Ifyovos
'Eirty( ) F 110
F249 'ETrnTK[ 'ETorvacosG 4 F 270 'Eppaiou 'Eppatcos: 'Ep,fis: G 1 G 4 heppte; G 17 'Ep.po 'Epnrl[ F333 'EpLto[ F 226 "Epi'rrnos:F 198 'Eppinrro 'Ep6ocopos:F 304 'ppiobpou 'Epp[ F253 F 329 'EprTrivta 'Epco( )F247 Eorr( ):F57 hEa( );F68 hrr( )
Epil( )F 186 Ernl( )F236 EepoviSris:F 43 E]ebpovi?[o E0euivris: D 12 .E8.OV6s L 22 E0OvStvo'[s EOvuvwvris: F EvKaprros 323; F 323 EVK( ); F 331 EKap( )
EnKfiiC 24 K I EQ?S B 7 EO,ef{S EiOnATi{:
EuvoCos:F 272 Ev(( );F 275 E*v61tou
Euvo( ) F 229 .F_rro[ F 266
107
INDEX NOMINUM D 7 Ernrpaxcris Eirnrpaots: F 284 EOpuvp[ D 10 EpiOre EpOTnr: F EOp( ) 314
EOicrrtos:F 332 .E.o-raofov EUrEK[F 10 F 165 EOrvuxf[as EOTruXia: F 295 EOruxtavou ECrruxiav6s: (EOvpcov ?): D 15 Et<(>po[ E*cpp6vios F 303 E1p( ) E?xa( ) F334 Exe[ G 3 F 297 EOuXfiov EOVpXlos: E0( )F89 "EqEaaF 257 F 157 'ExEKpaT-i6a 'ExKpaCriSas: F 155 'Ecov( ) 'E( )F98
I: see Et 'lavOiSTis (or 'laveIs):C 10 'lavei6[ 'IEpoK[F 218
'IEpoSi6rs:He 10 'I(Epo),So(u); He 11 'IEpo86ou 'Ieprbvuios:B 18 ['I]epoov[]pico 'IEpcy[ F 315 'I|
He 9 'louAiou 'loAilos:F 308 'louXAo(u); F 217 'Irrra( ) ('IrroXOyr .?): D 16 'lqIoAOyE 'I<pooX*yq
F 214 (monogram); cf. F 166 KcAMias
M 8 KaAAcfXav[o]s KcMiAevos: Koaicrrp&ri: D 39 KaAicrrprrr Kd6Acov: D 17 K&Aovi F KaiAnr 176
Kacr( )F 166 Kapa( ) F162
Kp-ros: F 286 K&pwou
ZaOAos(aAOXos ?): Hc 20 Zac.A[ou
Zes G 19; G 6 Afa; G 9 Ai6s
F 307 Zcocarlou; F 309 Z[cba]tlpos Zcbacnios: F 312 ZcoTIKOV Zco'rK6s: 'Hyicrrparos:C 8 'Eyarpa-ros; C 9 'Eyar(p>aTos 'Hy?iravSpos:F 116 'Hy'crSv[Spou 'Hyiacirrros:F 168 'Hyatrr( ) 'HAia( ) F 327 'HpaAeiE[F 305 'HpaKqs: K 12 'HpaKiAous F 332 'HpcAfcas 'HpavAita: F 'HpK( ) 294 'HPaToros:G 7 ['Hpat]CrToi 'Hqal( ): F 54 'Eal( ) 'H4qa( ) F 183
H2EF 191 F 192 H[ C 14 F225
OaXfs:D 41 [O]acfis Eaef: see T-roT OalvvES:B 1 [eOalvE]u;F 12 F 13 eOavios
6eppias:F 3 Oapio
eioBoaoiaC 33 F 259 OEIoScopiSou GOElcopn6rs: F 220 OEoyEdTCo[ OEoyEfToov:
soyl[: F 55 Oeroyi[
eEopvrns:F 231 eEotvou(s) E)OG<e> ( )
EEop( )He 28
C 17 OECrnrtis &covF 185 eQptKvfis:C 21 OsplKMS
D 11 Ooupli&tsx epa( ) F 32-37; F38 e[; F39 ep; F40 e F 231 epaaOvcov e(
) F185
F 306 K.apqvifas Kapqpvica: He 4 Kacrai(ou) K&anoos: Ka[F 285 KKpo[F 101 Kep( ) F 105 Kepa[ F 161
Ke( ) F 73 (monogram) KrS( ):F 45 KE( ) (monogram)
K9l( ): F 66 KEp( ) F 262 KiKKou KiKxos: K{icov:D 41 Kf]gov D 30 Kfono[s Kiooaos:
B 6 KAEi
KAe( )F29
F74
K?npiov:F 76 Kkepiov KAia( )F88 Kpr( )F15 Kpe( ) F 197 D 12 9uSiiaX[os KuSiiiacXos:
He 14 K*AXou KOXAos:
Kutrp6o8aos:F 67 (Cypriote syllabary) Kv( )F242 F 123 KOE Kcb&is: KGvos:D 4 Q98o[s;F 212 Kc&ou;F 213 Kcb(.ou) K( )F173
K[G5 Aai( ) F 207 Aapta( ) F 137 Aagia: F 182 Aagfas A?( )F47 Fll Aeco[ F 128 AE( )Ha6 Afrrapos:F 63 [A]ir&po A6Kpos:D 18 A69po C 10 AuK6la)x[os AuK6paaXos: D34 AUVK[ Avaias: D 20; F 267 Aucrio
INDEX NOMINUM
108 AucyiSrloS:F 9 Av]atSigo C 7AuVaCKAe AucIKAijs: Avaiuorp&.l:F 158 Avauorp[[x]Trls Au( )F28 F296
M&yipos:F 330 Mayipou McLaeos: F 274; F 271 F 278 M[Lca(8os) F 325 MaCiKoU MA.IKOS: MapiaF 322; F 258 Mapfas; J 2 J 3 J 5 J 10-12 M(apfas) Map( )F87 ME1i( )F 98 K( MEKI( )or ME(
F 129
F 46 McAa
C 7 M[EvE]Kp&ASs MIEvEKp-rqS: D 2 ME]vECOSI MevE?Co&: F 202 MvrT)TOS Mkvrns: G 21 MEvoKhyis
MvcovF 164; F 163 Mvcovos,Mivco(vos), M(bvcovos) MEv( ) F 190 (monogram) Mr0i|rlF 184 MrTryE[F 171
Mn( ) E 12 Mi(as: F 180 Mifou Mi6EcvF 78 Miepas:I 28 Mifpou;129 Miep[ou] MIKa( ) F 195 Mtiicov F 72 MiXcov: F 56 MfiAcvos Mip( )F175 MvralIcaXos:F 92 Mvrlicnt&Xo
Mv[C 25 MoCacr: K 12 Movurov Mo( ) F 112 MupTrc:D 20 Mupr6 MUsF 204
MfNOF 86 M( ) F332 NEIKOV F 252 D 32 NEoK(o(s) NEsoKAfi:
Nrcr( )F 196
Nty( )F235 E 3 NIK&vop NtK&vcop: F NiK
NIKT( ) F121 NIKI( )F200 Nti6Xaos:F 245 NIKoA&OU NiKoa[:F 75 NtKccwa[ NiKcb F 188
NIK( )Ell
NiK[C 15 Nov( ) F 156
N( )F245 -ave0js: D 39 Eav9es
-av(
)F 106 F 109
-a( ):F42Xoa(
)
F 141 EEV6&pavTos -Evoq>Sv:F 145 -VO.,opS(vros)
MOvaros:B 5 'Ova[ro D 19 'O]veyiipj[os 'Ovrilcrpios: F 'Oviicig[ 215 'Ov-aiipopos:F 268 F 269 'Ovrlnq6pov;F 279 ['Ov]rlcpq6pou
'Opiv( )F49 nav5r( )F 147
TTavraocovC 31 TTapuL() F 193 Tap( ) F69 F 273 nIlxrniTlKO aTTlrrlitKos:
D 26 Trauoafas nlauvaas: nlau( )F27 F30 D 9 lhpacla8[ Tlipaia6rSs: TTliforrpaTros: D 1 rihCcr
D 39nh rapopre evrapiorrTl: F 284 nefpptq rTEpipos:
fie( )F31 TlTr()F 133 F 224 1TAavTrrlos
MAa( )F173 He 25 RTAviou lTTivios: F 167 MloAvui(Trou) TToAXKrros:
He 26 [Tl]oXuW TnoiQufis: ( ) TloXopaos:He 2 TloXv6io(v)
F 285 TnoiSEs
nPAI( ) D 26
tnpaciasC 32 D 10 TIpaXavw ppaCXivvi: C 21 npXCvos TTp&Ecov: TTPE() F 221 C 31 lpocroria Tpocrooucra: nlpoa( ) F 255 D 39 Tlp6TapXos npcbTrapXos: Tpco( )F248 fnve6copos:C 19 nue6iopos see Tnp&Ecov nTTOcov: nupoeouptiSrlsD 11 D 37 rlupp[ ]5s nTvppovf6rls: D TTOppos: 11, see text; D 21 rlopos D 11, see text TTvppcb: F TTpcov: 138lnlpov F 263 'PoOpov 'PoOqxos:
INDEX NOMINUM EaL( ) F 178 F 301 26xKO X&KOS: atrrpa[ F 169 actrpa: F 113 EaTcrpas EaTm( )F 180 EPqrl( )F317
6EA?UK( ): Hc 17 [ZX]AVK( ) F eE'vios: 125 Yeevto
EIKCaC 27 Eipzcas:F 183 lfi{a
F 107 I(lo fipoS: ZlUv( )F91 Xfiiov:F 86 Eico0vos Zt'ciJpppr:F 84 []'Jio~<<>Ppes ZKI( )F70 EKvea( ) F 79 EzuIKpvos:F 23 IEIlKpiVQo
D 43 Trparcov F XTrpaTco[ 319 IZpa( ) F 222 D 6 .vp&pios X61papis: C 23 EuvSpo6aXos Euv( )F 19 l0pos F 170; F 203 Srpou Ecoofias:C 18 oacias 2cao'tvecs:B 9 SoafvEo(S) EcoaX[F 134 cbcrrparTo:F 143 2aooTrp&TO Ecorlp: G 9 2coT[filpo
F 150 coyppovaS TaTr:F 11 Eaei Tiypi( ) F 326 TtI6Evos: C 16 C 21 TtIg6Xovos;F 160
T]tpcov[ou
Tilo( ) F 71 TiTas C 5 Tpfpacxos:F 62 Tpfplaos F 104 TpoxiXo Tp6XtXos: Tp'rrls D 4
F 44 Tupcrav6s G 9 TX[rIs T*Oix:
F 77 Oatacrrfo OaifoTios:
B 2cOac6[veo ODcXavOos: OaviAXrl:F 8 OavAXs
Oa&ccov: F 6 Oaaov
OeiSorrpacros: F 181 ]?1i6oo0Tp(&rov)
$fiXA:F 277 0[qiXl OiSfas:F 246 Ot619u D 41 [$]fDAT fAnrl: OtLXrilcov:D 44 OXiXAovoS OiXTr[ F 300
B 17; F 103 OlAhr1s OlAxrMnr F 225; B 17 OlAirc OfcXiAros O?iAt( ) F 211 C 32; F 50 OIXopi]ot OcAt68rlljoS:
F 304 OlxoKpp[Tro]us (tXoKp&rrls: PiXo( )F51 F90 (DAcov:F 2 DiXovos OiA( ) F 126 Op*vcov:D 28 Opivov Xatp( ) F 240 Xai( ) F 174 F 24 Xapl&[v]Os Xapi&v&r: Xapfas D 39 XappiiSrs:C 21 XappfieS Xap( )F61 Xot( )F25 Xpfocros:F 243 Xpcr-roU Xpicr( ) F 244 X(pto-r6s)J2 J3 J5 J7 J8 J 10-12 F 201 XpvuT[f]Tnlou Xpio'inrrros: X( )F 182 F230 X[ C14 F330 'Q29(pE(): F 59 'Oq9E ]ayv( ) F 122 ]alrs: D 40 ]aiES ]cqKtT9[ D 35 ]aX.ta[ F 124 F 311 ]aoalK.uEa ]as G 18 ]aTafrlF 117 ]aTos:F 94 ]&-rT ]6atos: F 144 ]6afou D 5 ]St59os ]Bt6Kos: D 24 ]eSEs;F 115 ]eio8 ]EiBrIs: ].v( ) D 24 ]?SC 12 ]Eupa G 22 ]qlcov: F 140 ]^ovos ]icrcov:D 25 ].kcov ]fas F 63 ](vaBoS:F 234 ]va&Sou ]iv( )F82 ]ios C 14 F 216 ]tIcrT5ou ]tcrri86rs: C 14 ]fov ]kov: ]Kaio8[D 36 F1 ]A&TlXOs F ]oous: 5 ]Mos C 29 ]XvT ]XXosF 131 F 264 ]?coviou ]AcXvios: ]papiTrl:D 16 ] oaprTE ]v( )F194 F224 ]rlvo[ D35 ].OHT.[ F171 ]ovTos F 82
]o B 5 C15 F 18 ]OTOS
109
110
INDEX VERBORUM
[.rTraaD 40
]aoos:F 118 ]cro
]..PKEF 96 ]sD42 F117 F209 K4
]o'rparos C 28
F 118 ]Kncopos ]nKrcop: ].pcovo[s F 289
]aa C 14
Latin AusQ[Hd 3 Ba( ) He 7 C( ) He4 Cn( ) F 288 Co( ) F 228 Crispinus:He 6 Crispino Dom( ) F 283 Drusus:He 6 Druso Fel( ) F 277 Fund[ :F 328 Q. L. Fund[
Furmius:He 4 Furnio F 298 Gemmiano Gemmnianus: L( ) F328 Marinus:F 251 Marini Nero: He 8 Nerone Pasinus:F 313 Pasini Pat[ F 328 Q( )F328 Se( ) F 228
Titius: F 288 Titio Non-Greek(possiblyCarian?)
AITZKPI F 99
APXAH?O: F 100
INDEX VERBORUM &yaO6s:G 9 [&yaouo],&[y]aOfis
Greek An L34
G1 cycAula
&pyliA(aov)He 15 OyavG2 dpyupis:He 15 &pyvpi6cov ayopcaos:G 17 [3yop].dou; I 18 &yopl(ou) a&peva:L 19 d&ppivy[v 1 32 &ypou &ypos: &pva[L 25 K 3 He 2 I[]pxovrTo cyoviQ96v dycoIK,6S: &pXcov: B 18 B Hd 15 &8EXp6s: 17 &Sr^&:C; &5sp[Co],[t&]8&)p[Cv] &pco(l.rrTirs) AA L 55 'Acra:B 11 'Aaias &du Ad [B8 itpayo: Hd 11 ao ,iap6you &otrB9 AOL2 ATOZHe 12 alpa: Hd 11 atpcov Al F 163 AO He 20 &KEv( )I43
B 19 KU( ) &KuXos: B aXXos: 2 &hos;G 6 [IAos]
AAEONL 49 AAI 11 AMINL 26 'Amgv( ) 17 110 116 I19 I20 I25 129 I40 I41 K 10 K 11; He 3 &4(qpop&os) &3(q9opaVs): avOT-rfeil:G 7 &vfKEiv &v8( )He 31
ANKZB[L51
dvope6co:L 14 &vo
rr6He23He 24 He 41 I4 I11 I112
B 17 drr66os rrroSifcoUt: &frroq[I 14
'AXPO()I45 'AXc( )I32 &nlv(e{Tts)Hd 23 'A[...][vios I 45 A( )F87 F170 Hdl A[ Hc 21
Hd20
He26
B&aai: I 34 Batcov L 47 P&p(os) P&pos:
B 12 Paiv(a) P3rT&Vov: B 21 [.. .]a ppi( ) pev&~ppiov: L PiLpAivos: 45 Plu1pAvou C 14 4[v,Tro], pIVt3: C 2 VE[EqC; L 40 Borip6lllov oqe6s J 6 Boi( )F65 pouvcaosI 45 PovvUs:I 5 .ouvoi Po[ I1
er*[o]
INDEX VERBORUM Bartos:L 40 Bvoio(v) B( )F65 F233 128 129
111
B 9 I-ctu ve Tro'WrrXo: brnirpacrItov: B 13 r1TrpaCrrfi[a it[ B 10 'Epevefa:He 14 'Eppvdis Hb 6 :pfllou EprTlos: ppI[B 10 EP( )Hc11
y&ia Hd 22
FraI(iXtov)L 29
y&pov:Hd 8 yap( ); L 47 ydpgy?
J3 J5 J7 J8 J10-12 y(ev...)J2 yiyvoiati: B 10 .yEv1irn yp&qco:C 18 yp&coaas;K 4 gypa[9oe; K 5 ypa(p[ r( )F317 Hd15
ros[Hc 19] Hc 21; He 4 He 7 Hc 15 hrous; L 31 T-rOv; He 22-24 He 23 He 24 fr( )
EOC 33
fcosHe 41 E( ) F98; He 2 (s) E[B 10
86: B 10 6' 58(a): see Index Numerorum He 2 SEKaTiCapEs 86aTos: I 4 SEK&xTn
lalrrlov: L 8 la(i&6rna)
8&irrpos He 15
fKco: B 7 hiK[E] 8rl6Criov: Fa 1-26 S(ii6noov);Fb 1-3 'rl(6o'tov) hfltva:Ha 54 Jg(lvai) 8Tlv&piov:K 16 8q(vapla); see also Index Sigillorum fflo-rrov: B 14 t(lo'r(a)
lATnA fi.oUv:Ha 18 fill( ); see also IndexNumerorum [ Hc 20 Ha HaHa Ha 17 Ha 25 6Kcatos 8IK[ ; 28; 8Ke(os); fillxa B 15 Ha 32 6iKEo[S fplfXous:B 12 'fiXouv iKaxicosF 131; F 94 8tK[ ; fXi1:1 37 fX5ov F 132 [81]Kacos; F 139 [St]iKacos; F 154 G 13 Oea[Tv] Oe&: [6S]Kafco[s Hd 21 i,ga: Hd 19 0icpara 81oupil-rK6s: Stoup(1rTK6v) J 6; J 7 0(ou); C 21 eiol; G 6 C6[s] WE6s: 8i( )Hb9 (ace.) L13 Oco[ L25 8i[ SoK&o:C 3 [8o]KEI;C 10 [8]oET;C 19 Somt K 2 [e0]yois lyyT&vco: B 16 B 1 8oAfXou 86XAXOs: e0pa: eOpas Spaxpi: E 9 [6pax]pov; E 16 K 18 L 30 8p ( ); e( )I15 J8 L 20 bpa( ); see also Index Numerorum A( )F162 F282 Hd5 16( )He 42 A[B3 lipeiS:F 262 Ieprios lipoer*Ts:F 304 itpoOirov B 10 i?p6sG 16; I 31 kpou; G 10 G 11 lepas; G 20 !6 ' tycb: C 8 poi; G 1 lepov[ el: K 2 [ei] iE( ) F 323 Elpt (variouslyspelled and preserved) F 3 F 5 lv8(tKnTIv)I 12 1 44 F12 F13 F18 F32 F56 F58 F63 F 65 IN( )F82 F 94 F 107 F 115 F 131 [F 1321 F 144 F 177; 'loAtoos:He 9 'lovfou Hd 2 [o-ri] 'lovtios: He 41 'louvfou EtS:B 9 es; B 20 Is
raeItov: K 1 T[eO]iov L 12 'lCO[l]t
Ets:see Index Numerorum Eibcros:I 23 KcrTeou
IETA[ L21
ecalov: Hd 4 Hd 18 MAai(); Hd 23 [ciatov]
EMF 177
Kaeap6s: Hd 10 oKaapQu;He 22 KaOap(ou); 132 Kac(apou)
gv8ecrpov:B 9 fvSeoaT(v)
Evrxa:L 37 v?K[a 1viavuiaTos:He 15 &viarcrlaiov iac[ 133 -rrfHc 1 Hc 2 Hc 20 L 18 L 29 Trrie?lpa:B 13 1rrlfipa(Ta) rlfiwvlov: Ha 16 []rrmlfi(vwov)
rlvi,rtocn:(in variousabbreviations)He 42 1 7-11
I45
15-18
Kaoeflql:B 1 Kd&sO
Kai:C7 C14 C34 G6 [G101 G21
Kaiv6s:B 2 Kav6s(ace.); Ha 2 Katv; 1 36 KEviS
KaKoBafplovG 15 KtaCrrro( ) J 7
2-5
I 20-29 1 31-33 I 35-41 I 43
KaX6sC7 [C 10 C13 C 15-17 C19 C21 C 28 C 31; C 3 C 11 KCai; C 29 C 31 KaiA K 18 KaXrr!8(os) KAcTris: L 19 KdAvppra
112
INDEX VERBORUM
KCav()Hd7 B 12 [Kd&p6]oroS L 32 mKaplK': Kaplifis He 17 K&perou KaprroS: KaTaTrtycovC24 [C261; C5 C18 C22 C25 C 27 KaaTanry(alva) KarraTrOyov; 16 Ka( )F297 Ka[B 10 F 103 F 285 KE!( )L23 I 36 KEVjs(see Katv6s) KEvri: KEV[B 10 Kep6alov:Ha 18 ipalina; Ha 56 K(E)p(qiala) KEpatos:E 5 KEpa0os KE( )He 25 K1Tros:B 1 Krro
KIXHTOY L 30 KA'TTS: F 199 vA-rTT[OU
He 29 [OhtT]os; uia:He 33 He 34 He 36 XAi-ros; I 42 AIt[ gEi{vr: He 41 ieXivris He 21 eXi-rivou; He 30 IEi-riTvoS: I 42 MEv[alTos] 9EP( )L55 paCos:B 12 fooit Mecp( )He 23
ITrr()
Trpios:Ha 1 Utr'rpto; Ha 12 iTpi(ov) 6Trpov:Ha 19 He 37 e'(Tpa) Pe( ) Ha55 P4I:C 19 P G 2 [lrQ8v] n6E?is:
!wv: He 41 1 23 nl(v6s); He 5 He 9 1 17 lr(qv6s) Prl( )L43 Iicryco:C 8 liaoyT C 1 I{CErTOS IoIrcTOS:
KMaois:D 18 [K]XSais Klivrfip: B 2 KA[ivT-p]as Kvi6iov: Ha 15 KvB)(ov) Koivos:F 83 Koivai C 30 KOKKOA(oi) Ko6KKAos: KOV( )He44
iva: Hb 5 pv(al); He 3 He 5 n(vai) p6(8ios) Ha 16 Ha 44 Ha 53 He 4 He 8-11 1 24 1 25 MoXrroO MoA6rTO: M( )F332 Hall J6
Kopitv[ B 10
B 20 vaoAou vcSXAoS:
Kopi( ) He 44 Ko'rXTA:Ha 29 Ha 40 He 17 Ko( ); B 21 F 198
va[ B10 vlJios:I 41 [N]Eclv VE( )L56 vti: G 6 vE vf(K:B 16 VlKal;He 19 [N]i(KrS) v6jiicaa: K 17 vo({ioacrr)a
Ha 7 Ha 9 Ha 0OHa 35 He 1 K( ); see also Index Numerorum Koopoos:Hb11 Hb22 Hb28 He 25 He 28 KcjaeoS: He 17 Kv(a0os) D 44 KuSaOrivalwis Ko
K( ) F173 K
C 33 X(atcic-rpta) C 23 AcxKK6OTp[o]TroS AaKK6rOTrpcOKOS: B 11 Xeyo[ WAyco:
XixKuosB 12 Afpepa L 46 L 3 Atlpucr[IK6s] Apvuo-r.K6s:
Mieos:B 16 Aieo AiTpa:(variously abbreviated) Ha 26 Hb 6 Hb 7 Hbll Hb12 Hb l4 Hb 18 Hb21-23 Hb26 Hb28 Hb29 Hd6 Hd10 He6 He7 Hel2 He22 He25 He26 He28 He29 He31-34 He43 17 112 AoTra6rrB 14 Aoxr&atov:B 12 XoTr&dia A7fco:B 10 aOIcaTo
[[ Hd22
B 19 [v]opirr vopOqn: NoT( )I12
vUvB 10 N( )F206
(av6os: He 36 aav0oui
(in various spellings or abbreviations): cTrrlTs Ha 17 Ha 20 Ha 23 Ha 28 Ha 30 Ha 32 Ha 37
Ha4Ha46 Ha:Ha50-52 4 Ha 38 Ha e44 15 118 121 Ha56 Hd6 He 36 He4 123 126 145 K 13; see also Index Sigillorum EHETYAPL 5 1 4 C 18 C 23 D 6 L 3 ho; L 126; 6,, ,6: C C Hd 2 T6; B 1 B 2 F 304G 6 G 13 He 41 J 4 K 5 L 14 (various oblique cases) 6opeAas:B 12 [6]peial; B 14 [6]p-hima 6poA6sL 7 6e: Hd 2 [Tr]68;L 3 ho5i olKosB 10 oivrpos Ha 27 olvos: Hd 13 He21 otvou; B20 olvov; (understood
onHdl5 Jiyca: B 14 iey&Xrn MOievn:I 23 MeOfvnrs I 9 Hex2c[VjO]V AESCvosVOS: vehMiv(os)He 23 He 24
Hc7
Hd17 Hd23)
E 15 6AK(ai);Hb 2 6A(Kai) 6OAK: C 5 'OhAui) 'OAuITri6vtKoS: t6v[t]K.os OM He 33 6v&piov:B 106vO'pia
INDEX VERBORUM o6os:Hd 1 8o'xos;L 27 5( ) rrpo( ) L 43 6S,aWiov:B 20 60i[,[aca] iTp( )Hc26 C 121ruy[ B 19 O'rTOV mrvyaTio: Hb 12 6orTp6cns lnvcbv, see Ouvcbvv 6carp6aK: Hb7 Hbl4 Hbl5 Hb21 Hb23 Hb26 mru( )L56 o6rrpaKov: Hb 30 He 31 He 33 He34 He 37 d&rrpd&ou H( )J3 (variouslypreserved,spelled,abbreviated) &OT B 11 OTInB 8
He 7 OarrRr(avcXaov)
OYAEL 31 (vas?)
oVyK{a: B19
Hb3
pa L27
PIA[ L 21
Hb22 He7
He 13 He 22
B 12 5oclta poqpeTov: purTlK6S:L 3 pOcrr[lK6S
He 39 He 40 1 23 1 32 (variouslyabbreviated) o866s:B 1 ho85i He 22 arlcKCj(aTos); OUIK()I 11 onYKcola:Hb 4 q6C
rraiyviov: Hd 14 rraiyvia B 2 Trat 'raTs: C 1 C 4 Tratis];
F 316 rroacat66
Hd 2 [Tr]aAaCfT[pas] TraAaIo-rpa:
rroa( )I 13 L43 wrav( )He21 L18
B 18 [Tra]p& -rrap&: 'rapxAios:I 35 nrapaAfov
TTAPAMYNQTOX F 91
J 4 rrapeEvou rrap0Nvos:
L 14 rrapoS I 20 naoaarrov a&no'rrTros: r&caaov: Hd 9; Hd 12 Trar(oov);He 13 He 40 Tra(r(aoov)
Tracr()L12 TrrVTE: Ha 5 Trv(-rE); L 8 -rrT
TEp(uoav6s)Hd 20 TrE( ) F 65 L 10
'rrriy:I 27 TrrlyiS 'rivat:B 12 TrivaKES irivco:G 15 Trrir
araOei6s:He 40 ar( ); He 43 [ora]e(ci6s) B 18 [co-r&]vos;B 17 -r[a]v]lov; arT&uvos: Ha 54 crrt((voi); He 14 crr&( ); He 39 crrlvo( ) (-rcarip)E 3 He 1
ETPAL 26 ovyye[ B 10
aryKo?Aosor oarycoaos:I 40 ovvK.6Xou
cosS He 11
B7 rT&Xos TEI L23 Ha 13 [TrTp]6cXovv T-rTprpXoUs: rTivco:G 6 TrdiiTro T-Xaco: C 23 T-r?A
TOA L 38 see L 34 Tpacrr(rrir6s): I 4 TpIlKOcbvcOV TptK6XCOvoS: He 24 'rplKcop( ) B 12 rTppA3iov
Tpu(yia) He 32 rTpcyco:G 12 rpcoyovr[ TYnA L52 Tcb:C 19 'r6
IIPBL 44 rr(Aipcotia) He 36
B 10TrO TroXAs: 9i; L 10 rro(<>)
B 10 Tr9gvrpos K 3 or6po[v TropoS:
'rroTIlptov:B 12 rrOT-rlpa;F 3 'rro-rptOV
68pfa:Ha 18 0Spiat
06cop:Hd 16 0'Sa-ra He 29 ]..rTTou,c'Y.rTC 'Yiirr6IOS: L7 U]'rrcaipios
Hd 2 rrrCa[XAtica] T'rrr&AElca:
-rov( )L10 7ro( )Hd18 L15 Hd 5 TTpacxiv[ ;Hd 17 He 26 Tpa( ); TTPa&VEIOS:
B 5 [iTr]?p Trrrp: B 19 0TrEpa imrOB 1 htrro
Trp.I( )J7 rrpia[ 1 30
vcar[ L56
I 13 npa.( )
iTr( )1 6
Y.rTA L 5
rrpicov:B 1 Trpiov(a)
rrp6L 45; He42 Trp(6)
rrpoK( ) I 39 'rpOTrie01i:He 41 wp9Ogerco
He 27 O)aAEpv(6S) ipco:Ha 36; C 19 9ps C 18 (cnvtv 1fprli:
113
114
INDEX VERBORUM
OH .....AA L 48 qlfa G 14; G 9 [pl]Aas
qpAosC 7 qniAoTioov:C 6 [pli]oTroaov
pi( )He19 L 28
B 19 cpovoU qpotv6s: 9opCo: B 2 4p6pE? K 1 'TpaXT(oS) pp&ap:
I 19 Ou(vovos Ou$cbv: 00 He 35 0( )He32
]ENHGHTOL54 ]soi G6 ]eo 1 38 ]EP-T[B4 ]es C12
]ETA.[ L4
]? Ha 18
]HA(SBE[L 54 ]HXHI L6 ]f5es B 15 ]ITorcov B 10 ]IVlKt L 11
]InE[ B4 F 199 XCAKci Xa(KouS: ]IPE B3 B 14 [X1&p'r[s] X&PTTs: ].If[ L 13 XE K 7 L24 ]KOINOAX 2 Xois K 13; Ha 8 xo; Ha 31 X6s; F 198 Ha G3 ]K,ov 1 35 Ha 6 Ha 14 Ha 25 He He 2 He (variously ]KoS G6 abbreviated;see also IndexNumerorum) ]Xipas B 10 B 18 [Xp]no-r'r Xprlcrr6s: ]A.[ B 12 Xp(6vos)Hc 26 ]A.KE! L23 B 13 Xrrpas; K 2 9JrT[pas] Xrarpa: Xcop.. He 5
]AUO[ L 16
B21 XC(p(ou)I1 I 5 16 113-15 118-21 124 125 ]A( )L 16 ]uacr 127-37 1 39-43; 1 45 X(co)p( ) ] L4L9 182F230F330 X( )F ]NHOE L17 B 10 ]veov TA He 23 ]NN![ B4 Wcoifov: B 20 yc(fco[v ]voulrls 1 24 wcovo()I 11
cvfi F 199 bs:C 18 hos; B 7 6s
]v.ra B 10
].N F 194 ]KOS L9
].OM[ B3 ].02o B 10
]A[ B10 ]a E4
]os C2
]AMA2 B11
]piveias L 33
]A! L3
]AMME[B4 ]ANIA L ]ANI L35
I 10 ]&vcov
]APENrE[L53 ]ap( ) L29 ]AXHAL 35 ]BE L17 ]you Ha 40 ].EAIHA L 1
]ei8[
L 37
]EI.[ B3 B15 ]E! B5 ]ENEIA[L 13
]TrrTl() Ha 16 ]hrop( ) 1 8
]EIE L6 ].I L40
]oEv9os B 10
]XOnOA[B 4 ]ZX[ B 10 ]EQT[ B 10 ] B 10 K4 L37
][ B 10
]TAPA.AHL 36 ]TA5AIIt1EMAXB 11 ]TA Bll ]Tuqos L 42 ]u L9
]qnQP() B 21
INDEX NUMERORUM1
115
Latin
ab Hd 3 antea He 4 Aug( ) He 18 a[ L50 bol Hc 8 car( ) He 18 coc(tum) Hd 3 co(n)s(ul)Hc 3 He 4 co(n)s(ule)sHc 7 d(e)f(un)c(tus)L 41 [e(st)] L 41 e, Hc 6 mo(dius): He 4 mo(dii)
N(onae) He 18 saec( ) He 18 s(itus) L 41 stig(matum)He 18 Terg( ) He 18 tuus: L 50 tuis vas He 18 (see L 31 OYAX) vil(la) He 18 vin(um)He 18 Iciri L 50 ]orum L 50
INDEX NUMERORUM one-half:Ha 21 ( thirteenplus: He 43 ty'< fourteen: He 2 &xa CrLapEs;Hc26 Hd6 15 112 one:B141; E13 F-;F87 F170 117 126a' 41 37 iS'; Hb 9 Hcl15 Si' one plus: E4 12 B 14 1 He16 1l; L151I; Ha7 He KK; fourteen plus: Ha 41 tS'P" two:B F198 Hal4 Ha25 HaS6 He40' fifteen: F323 Hcll He5 Hel17 He25 He31 two plus: Hal1OXXHK[;Ha 1l II= He38 116 121-23 ie'; Hb6 1 17 139 El' 8-11 F Ha 317 22 He three: 54 Hb He 14 He 22 fifteen plus: Hb 19 XIIIII<;He 5 IE'< 144 L20 L31 sixteen: Ha 5 ].APF; He 15 is' IS 123 127 L33y' B12 B21 F162 F282 four: Ha35 sixteen plus: Hbl1O XIIIIII= Ha31111; Hdll1 He 4 He 10 He 39 I 8 19 1385S' seventeen: He 41 iL' Ha 22 Ha 56 S'< four plus: E 4 F+FFICKT>; seventeen plus: Ha 50 He 39 i<'(; Hb 17 XIIIIIII<; B 12 He 2 P; E 3 IF; Ha36 Ha42 Ha44 He42 iL'13 five:Ha 5 Hb25 He 31 11111; B21 He7-9 12 17 K18 L23 L40e' eighteen: E 14 APF-l-; He 6 He 30 irl' five plus: Hb 8 11111-; F 65 PE; He 38 e'< eighteen plus: Ha 47 tri'KSB six: Hbl3 HblS Hbl6 Hb24 Hb27 111111; nineteen: Ha 40 Ha 45 He 17 tO' E 9 F1-F-F-; F 104 Ha 24 Ha 31 Ha 54 Hbl5 twenty: B 12 E 12 AA; He 3 AA; Hb3 Hd ll Hb 22 Hb 30 Hc 5 He 35 He 37 115 I 23 141 He7 I12 L24K' K13 L 47 s" twenty plus: Ha 21 K'< six plus: He 17 He33 iIIIII; He 33 s`<; E 6 PHFCTtwenty-one: F 285 (?) F 297 Hc 22 (?) 16 (?) Kc' seven: Ha 4 1111111; He 2 PEE; B 19 F104 Hb 14 twenty-one plus: Ha 46 Ka'S" Hbl 8 Hb21 He8 L' twenty-two:Ha 11 II=; He 43 i'zB sevenplus: Ha 7 1111111 PIKKH Ha 9 He 29 Ky'; IEKK; twenty-three: E 8 AAIII[;E 7 AAFL-F[; Ha6 Hb2O Hb3l B13 He 20 Pill; Ha26 XXIII 11111111; eight: Ha30 He22 13 120 if twenty-four: Ha 38 KS' [mXXXH Ha 6 eightplus: twenty-four plus: Ha 45 He 33 YB'<;Ha 49 KS'<5' nine: Hb9 111111111; E9 PH-H-; Hb7 Hb12 twenty-five: Ha 52 iE'; He 19 He 41 XXV Hb23 Hb29 He6 He28 He29 He32 He44 twenty-six: Hb 1 AAIlIlll; He 12 ics" I 10133 135 0' twenty-seven: Ha 51 He 7 10 KUK nine plus:K8 IIIIIIIIIPl-I-H-; Ha 48 O'< twenty-sevenplus: Ha 43 KL'< ten: B 12 A; He 1 AA$; Hb28 He 13 He22 twenty-nine: F 250 Ke' He39 1 18 123 i' twenty-nine plus: Ha 39 Ke'<S" eleven: F198 Ha55 Hb5 Ill I25 131 132 thirty:Hdl16 He 40 A' ta'; 1 26 at' thirty-one:Ha 19 Ha 37 ?a'; Ill rL' twelve: He 3 AMM; Hb 26 17 I 10 121 L23 tn'; thirty-two:He 29 Ap' 143 Pt'; K19 XII thirty-three:He 21 Ay' twelveplus: K 19 tp'< thirty-five:Ha34; K 15 XXXV thirteen: B 21 Hb 11 He 26 He 36 1 40 1 45 L 29 thirty-six:E9 AAAPIty'; 1 24 yt' thirty-sevenplus: Ha 33 VL'<
INDEX SIGILLORUM
116 thirty-eightplus: Ha 29 Xq'<
forty: E15 F332 He13 He26 I' forty-five:E5 AAAAP[;K14 s'[XL]V;L38XXXXV forty-five plus: Ha 18 IE'fi(icv) forty-seven: B 19 Ii'; L 40 ]Pi' fifty: E 10 F 130 FA; E 16 AAAAA; F252 rF, v' fifty-seven: L 30 vl' sixty:E 13 PA; He30 ~' sixty-one: L 39 XIL seventy: He 10 L 24 o' eighty: J 3 rr' eighty-one: L 34 air' eighty-nine: Ha 10 eir' 100:Hb2 K16 p' 111: L23 pia' 115: F 315 Eip' 121:He 10 pKa' 139:Hc 1 He37 pAO' 146: He8 ppis' 150:Hc12 Hc23 pv' 155: He 13 pve'
15?: He 14 pv[ 172: He 16 pop' 194: He 23 He 24 p96' 200:He35 132 K17 a' 210:Ell HHA[ 229: Hc 18 oxe' 230: L 23 acr' 239: I 44 0ha' 241: He 19 caa' 329: F 250 KOr' 424: K9 SKv' 500: He 25 q' 502: He 17 qpP' 580: He 24 'rr 701: He 23 pa' 964: Hc25 F86' 1246: He9 ,acrls' 9975: El PXXXXPIHHHHraAAP 10474: He 10 ,tv8o' 11100:E2 MXH
INDEX SIGILLORUM
K A
(half):see IndexNumerorum (denarius):He 16 He 17 He 38 (?) (drachm):K 9 (?) see IndexNumerorum
(litra): Ha26 IHb2 Hb18 Hb21-23 Hb 26 Hd 6He 6 He 22 He 26 He 28 He 29 He31 He33 He34 He43 112 (xestes): Ha37 He36 He 44 K13 (xestes): Ha 38 Ha 43 Ha 45 Ha 46 Ha 48 Ha 50-52 He 41 118 21 23 1 45
K +
(xestes): Ha 30 Ha 56 (ounkia): B 19 HIb3 He 13 He22 He 39 He40 I23132 (ounkia):He 7 (cross):F 323 F 324 143
-P
(chi-rho):F322
F
Ha 46 He 22 He39 J1
J4 J9 L28 xer (see text):J 8 XMr (see text):J 2 J3 J5 J 10-12
Plates
PLATE1
A1
A3
A2
tcRt A6
A4 A5
A7
A 10
L
-...
PLATE2
n nD B2
b
/-
ON/<'
A: oi\ AT W T/4\lI
FXpo<3 i
AC\VF nl
r AF
AX
N
rR D I
B3
PLATE 3
B14
B15 -T."/
1l
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PLATE 4
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PLATE5
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1:2
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PLATE 7
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PLATE 10
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PLATE 14
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PLATE 15
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1:2
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F 100I F 100
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F 106
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PLATE 16
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PLATE17
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PLATE19
F 174
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F 177
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PLATE20 F\ 2 F 198
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PLATE 21
LA-LY^A 6 e F 229
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1:2
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PLATE 22
I
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PLATE 23
/
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PLATE 24
F 278 F 277
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PLATE 25
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PLATE 26
r
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PLATE 27 . . :.
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PLATE28
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PLATE 29
Fa 1
Fa 2
Fa 4
Fa 5
Fa 6
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Fa 18
Fa 9
Fa 19
Fa 10
Fa 20
Fa 11
Fa 21
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Fa 23
Fa 25
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PLATE 30
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PLATE 32
CHa\N
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2 Ha 2
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PLATE 33
(\
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Ha 15
Ha 15
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Ha 20
Ha 18 ,--OOIIP'
Ha 24
Ha 22
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PLATE 34
&
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1:2
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1:2
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PLATE 35
Ha 43 Ha 42
Ha 43
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p
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PLATE 36
Ha 49 Ha 50 ;4.
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-*ML-.
1:2
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PLATE 37
44
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Hb 3 Hb 2
A&
%
^,
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li
Hb 5
Hb 7
Hb 8
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Oc/r <-
4QAY/~~~~~~41,1
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Hb 11
Hb 13
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I
Hb 14
Hb
15
Hb 15
16 ~~Hbl~ Hb 16 Hb 17
~I
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PLATE 38
i iiic
AC
I
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Hb 19
Hb 18
Hb 21 Hb 20
?
//111 I
Hb 23
1//
IL
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&/%,
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Hb 27
I'
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Hb 24 Hb 28 Hb 26
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Hb 29
Hb 30
Hb 31
PLATE 39
i7
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PLATE 40
%jj?
Hc 16
Hc 11
Hc 18 Hc 11
Hc 17
Hc 19 Hc 20
Hc21 1:2
Hc 23
I
Hc 24 1:2 Hc 25
PLATE 41
Hd 2 Hd 1 1:2
M^'t
/
Hd 3
Hd 4
Hd 5
a,
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-etF'
Hd 6
Hd 8 Hd 9
Hd 7 J
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lnk
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PLATE 42
A20
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PLATE 43
M ,I
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He 7
He 7 e 8 :He
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1:4
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1:4
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He 10
He 11 1:4
He 10
1:4
1:4
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He
10 1:4
He 10
1:4
PLATE 44
14)'~~~~~~4V-He
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He9
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1:4
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eo.I a
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PLATE 45
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10-1 01-
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29
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PLATE 46
0
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1:2
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He 36
He 38
I.9
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PLATE 47
I
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He 40 He 42
He 41
Fd'iD He 41
He 43
I: t f 61
I?2
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PLATE 48
I1
i. .~'~."? .,.'. .~.' c?..' 't'.7S,.: ....
I2
r..?
13
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PLATE 49
2
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?::.- :-: :'~~ .~.'::.:i?i:*
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PLATE 50
I18
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PLATE 51
I 25
I 28 1 27
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_I ?:-I1" -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~?~
1 30 I 29
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~''. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~f. ..
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.:s ':' '.'.,
I 32 I31
PLATE 52
I 33
I 35
I 37
I 39
I 34
I 36
I-.'' .3
I 38
I40
PLATE 53
' '
'??'? ??ii'
MA
44
A1L
IL
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cib, ?R *,
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,
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PLATE 54 '"'"
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1:2
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J 7
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1//11
J 12 J
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1AI K1
.5,
K2 K4
K 5
K4
3
K
1
PLATE 55
K 7
K 9
K 10
K
1
K 11
8
1:2 K 14
Y
r
i,,
K 13
I
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r/7
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K 17
K 16
K 19
/
B'
K 18
/
PLATE 56
I
L3
L2
L1
L4 L9 L5
L7
^P rlc yr-
L 19
T8
L8
1
I L11
J
L10
L6
L13
L13
L13
L12 L16
^"'N1^
4
\ so-
pA
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L 14
L15
L17 Unclassified
L18
PLATE 57 "i
G \/
t @' ?
(-.P I
>(.6r
psC <
L 22 L 21 L20
L 25
h
f1I
L 24 p
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L 23 L 27
L 23
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t,Tt
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1:2
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1:2
PLATE 58
~
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y
L33
r
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1:2
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PLATE 59
v?Ps,wu + L 43 L 43
L 43
so
L 45 ;1
;
L 49 L 46
L 47
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PLATE 60
M1
M5
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M14
M 12 M11
M 15
M 16
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PLATE 62
Actual State Plan of the Agora
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