Ginseng - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GINSENG A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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GINSENG A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ginseng: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83959-X 1. Ginseng-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ginseng. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GINSENG ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ginseng ......................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 9 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GINSENG ......................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ginseng........................................................................................ 33 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GINSENG ................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................... 41 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 42 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 71 General References ....................................................................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GINSENG ..................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Dissertations on Ginseng............................................................................................................. 87 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GINSENG ................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Recent Trials on Ginseng............................................................................................................. 89 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 89 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GINSENG ................................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patents on Ginseng ...................................................................................................................... 91 Patent Applications on Ginseng ................................................................................................ 116 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 142 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GINSENG ................................................................................................. 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 145 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 146 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 150 Chapters on Ginseng.................................................................................................................. 152 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON GINSENG ....................................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Bibliography: Multimedia on Ginseng....................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GINSENG .................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 157 Academic Periodicals covering Ginseng .................................................................................... 159 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 163 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 163 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 163 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 165 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 168 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169

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Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 169 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 172 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 175 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 175 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 175 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 181 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 181 GINSENG DICTIONARY............................................................................................................ 183 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 253

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ginseng is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ginseng, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ginseng, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ginseng. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ginseng, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ginseng. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ginseng.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ginseng, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Getting to the Root of Ginseng Source: Health. p. 76-84. November/December 2000. Summary: Ginseng is one of the best selling herbal supplements in the United States. Promoters claim it can boost energy, improve sex life, strengthen the immune system, improve athletic performance, normalize blood sugar and blood pressure, stimulate the brain, and prevent cancer. The clinical evidence for ginseng's reputation is hazy, however. The article reviews the scientific evidence for ginseng as an energy tonic, improver of physical performance, aphrodisiac, and blood sugar controller.

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Risk-Benefit Profile of Commonly Used Herbal Therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 136(1): 42-53. January 1, 2002. Contact: Available from American College of Physicians. American Society of Internal Medicine. 190 North Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1572. Website: www.acponline.org. Summary: The use of herbal remedies is increasing so a risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbs is needed. This article provides a clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Wherever possible, assessments are based on systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials. Encouraging data support the efficacy of some of these popular herbal medicinal products, and the potential for doing good seems greater than that for doing harm. The published evidence suggests that gingko is of questionable use for memory loss and tinnitus but has some effect on dementia and intermittent claudication. St. John's wort is effective for mild to moderate depression, but serious concerns exist about its interactions with several conventional drugs. Well-conducted clinical trials do not support the efficacy of ginseng to treat any condition. Echinacea may be helpful in the treatment or prevention of upper respiratory tract infections, but trial data are not fully convincing. Saw palmetto has been shown in short-term trials to be effective in reducing the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Kava is an effective short term treatment for anxiety. None of these herbal medicines is free of adverse effects. The authors conclude that because the evidence is incomplete, risk-benefit assessments are not completely reliable, and much knowledge is still lacking. 4 tables. 76 references.

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Double-Blind Crossover Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report Source: Journal of Urology. 168(5): 2070-2073. November 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article reports on a study that investigated the efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction (ED, formerly called impotence) using the International Index of Erectile Function, RigiScan (UroHealth Systems, Laguna Niguel, California), hormonal levels, and penile duplex ultrasonography with audiovisual sexual stimulation. The double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study included 45 patients; the ginseng dose was 900 milligrams 3 times daily. International Index of Erectile Function scores were significantly higher in patients treated with Korean red ginseng than in those who received placebo. Scores on questions 3 (penetration) and 4 (maintenance) were significantly higher in the ginseng than in the placebo group. In response to the global efficacy question, 60 percent of the patients answered the Korean red ginseng improved erection. Among other variables, penile tip rigidity on RigiScan showed significant improvement for ginseng versus placebo. The authors conclude that Korean red ginseng can be an effective alternative for treating erectile dysfunction. 2 figures. 2 tables. 15 references.

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Federally Funded Research on Ginseng The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ginseng. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ginseng. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ginseng. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ginseng: •

Project Title: CHEMOPREVENTIVE AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF HERBALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zander, Mary E.; Pathology and Microbiology; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) has been significantly increasing over the past several years. One reason that people turn to CAM is for the prevention of serious diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US, and thus determining specific therapies that can reduce its occurrence would be greatly beneficial. Currently, it has been shown that habitual use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of CRC by 50%, but is also associated with a number of serious adverse side effects. This study seeks to evaluate herbal supplements that may have the benefits of NSAIDs without the side effects. Since NSAIDs are proposed to work by modulating prostaglandin synthesis via inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, herbals with these same potential mechanisms are to be studied. Ginseng and ginkgo biloba, two of the most commonly used supplements, have demonstrated similarities with many common NSAIDs. Thus, these two herbals are to be thoroughly studied for their chemopreventive properties by their ability to modify COX and alter the levels of proliferation and apoptosis in human CRC cells. Furthermore, since conservative estimates indicate that 50% of cancer patients utilize CAM, it is important to determine any interactions between their treatment and CAM. Thus, this study also will examine the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) with ginseng and ginkgo. The effects of these supplements will be compared to pharmaceutical NSAIDs as well as curcumin, an herbal with known chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory properties. Finally, the in vivo activities of these compounds will be determined in the clinically relevant APCMin/+ mouse model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: COHORT STUDY OF CANCER INHIBITORY FACTORS IN MEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Shu, Xiao O.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: This application is to establish a cohort of adult men in Shanghai for a longterm epidemiological study of cancer and other chronic diseases, with a focus on identifying modifiable protective dietary factors for cancers. This study will be built upon our recent success in the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS) (R01CA70867), a prospective cohort study of 75,000 women. The specific aims of this study are: 1) to conduct in-person interviews and follow-up for cancer incidence and total mortality of 73,000 men who live in the seven SWHS communities and are primarily between age 40 to 70 years (67,005 of them are husbands of the SWHS participants); and 2) to collect and store baseline blood and urine samples from a subset of cohort members (N=30,000) and post-diagnostic blood samples from all men diagnosed with cancer (N=2270) during the follow-up period. This cohort study will enable us, in the first 5-year funding period to test a spectrum of etiologic hypotheses for major cancers. Specifically, we will focus on the examination of the potential cancer-inhibitory effects of the following foods (their major phytochemical constituents): tea (polyphenols), soy foods (isoflavones), allium vegetables (organosulfur compounds), crucifers (isothiocyanates, dithiolthiones, indoles), and dark green-leafy vegetables (lutein and others) and to explore the relation of cancer with specific oriental foods, such as bok choy, Chinese cabbage, white radish, ginger root, and ginseng. This proposed study will be highly cost-efficient since most of subjects have already been recruited into the study, as part of the SWHS. The procedures for follow-up and dietary assessment have been developed, and feasibility of the study has been clearly demonstrated. While hundreds of cancer epidemiological studies have been conducted, few have, as a primary goal, focused on identifying dietary protective factors. Men in Shanghai differ substantially from those in the U.S. in dietary and other exposure patterns, including high intake of tea, soy foods, and many other vegetables. Given such exposure patterns, this Proposed study will provide unique, unparalleled opportunities to examine many important etiologic hypotheses that cannot be addressed adequately among men in the U.S. and other Western countries. The stored blood and urine samples will be valuable for future studies of biologic variables and their interactions with environmental factors in the etiology of cancers, particularly for testing novel hypotheses when new knowledge and laboratory technology become available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF GINSENG AND GINKGO ON DRUG DISPOSITION IN MAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hurwitz, Aryeh A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Over 60 million Americans use herbal medicines, of whom one fourth also take prescription drugs. Physicians often are unaware of herbal use and of possible drug/herb interactions. Ginseng and ginkgo, enhancers of physical and mental performance, are two of the most widely taken herbals. We propose a double- blind, randomized, prospective study of effects of ginseng and ginkgo on 1) disposition of probe drugs, 2) cognitive function, and 3) glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (NQO1), enzymes implicated in chemoprevention of cancer. Probe drugs will

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be administered to study effects of herbs on their disposition, not for therapeutic effect. Ideal probes must be safe, well tolerated, have minimal pharmacological effect, and share known metabolic pathways with other clinically used drugs. Medically stable drug-free non-smokers will be enrolled. During a 4-week single-blind run-in subjects will be given a 4-drug probe cocktail: caffeine to study cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2), dextromethorphan for CYP2D6, buspirone (and endogenous cortisol) for CYP3A and fexofenadine for P-glycoprotein. Losartan will be given separately for CYP2C9. These enzymes metabolize over 95 percent of clinically used drugs. Enzyme activities will be determined by assaying appropriate blood and urine specimens for probe drugs and metabolites. Cognitive function will be tested and blood lymphocytes collected for measuring GST and NQO1 activities. Sixty subjects will then be randomly assigned to one of 4 double-blind treatment groups of 15 each: 1) ginseng extract (Ginsana), 2) ginkgo extract (EGb761), 3) both herbs, or 4) matching placebos. Tolerability of herbs will be determined. After 6 to 8 weeks of twice daily treatment with study agents, all effect parameters will be reevaluated: probe drug pharmacokinetics, cognitive function, and GST and NQO1 in blood lymphocytes. Interactions of chronic ginseng and ginkgo with drug-metabolizing pathways and with cognitive function will thus be determined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GINSENG'S EFFECTS ON MRNA PROFILES IN A DIABETES-2 MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Pan, Shujia J.; Kinesiology and Health Education; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2000 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: HERBS, APOPTOSIS AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Morse, Joanne K.; Hampton University E Queen & Tyler Sts Hampton, Va 23668 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Presently, there are approximately four million people diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). As the baby boomer population continues to age, this number will increase. Research into this disorder has uncovered tantalizing bits of information, but much of the findings have been contradictory, leaving us with a confusion of ideas but few solid facts. One exciting avenue of research being used today to explore neuronal disease states and, apoptosis in particular is the use of supplemental products, such as phytomedicines or herbal products. Two of these phytomedicines are of particular interest: Gingko biloba (Gb) and Panax Ginseng (PG). A large body of evidence implicating Gingko biloba's ability to positively impact a wide variety of disease states suggests its general impact on oxidative related events in many organs of the body. Anecdotal reports indicate that patients with AD and other cognitive impairments use Gb or PG to ameliorate their problems. Studies looking at Gb use in Alzheimer's patients have reported improved mental functions. Gingko biloba has been shown to be anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidative. PG has also been shown to be anti-inflammatory; however, it has the opposite effect on apoptosis, in some instances, from Gb. Both Gb and PG have been shown to improve memory but each has a different impact on the CNS. It is possible that Gb and Ginseng together will offer the best protection from the steady mental deterioration seen in this disease overtime.

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Inhibition of inflammation, while turning on apoptosis, may be needed to protect the remaining viable neurons. Apoptosis is a clean cell death with the cytotoxic elements being contained within the membrane-bound "blebs" formed as part of the apoptotic modus operandi. The purpose of this study is to further elucidate the effects of (1) Gingko biloba (Gb), (2) Panax Ginseng (PG), and (3) Gb/PG on apoptosis/necrosis using cultured fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients and aged-match controls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHIBITORY AND INDUCING EFFECTS OF HERBAL MEDICINES ON CYP ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Edeki, Timi I.; Associate Professor; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In recent years there has been an increased consumption of herbal medicines. Most of those that take these medicines also consume other conventional medicines, and do not inform their physicians about the use of herbal medicines and other alternate medical practice. In addition, most of these herbal medicines have not been rigorously studied and have not been subjected to the same standards as conventional medicines. As a result of this, there is a dearth of information on possible interactions between herbal products and drugs. Contrary to the opinion of most consumers that these herbal products are benign, a number of interactions have recently been reported between herbal medicines and conventional drugs. This increased use of herbal medicines exposes a significant percentage of the population to unknown herb drug interactions. Our hypotheses are that the metabolism of drugs mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, can be modulated by ingestion of herbal medicines such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba and St. John's wart, and that ethnicity is a factor in this modulation. The resulting induction or inhibition will therefore affect the metabolism of the drugs that are substrates of these enzymes. Since many clinically important drugs are CYP substrates, there are implications for herb-drug interactions. In light of the above, the specific aims of this grant proposal are the realization of the following objectives: 1) To determine if the active pharmaceutical ingredients of American ginseng, Korean ginseng, gingko biloba and St. John's wart inhibit CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 activities, with tolbutamide, mephenytoin, bufuralol and testosterone as an in vitro probes, using microsomes prepared from human liver. 2) To determine if genotype is a factor on these inhibitory effects. 3) To determine the inducing or inhibiting effects of the important components of St. John's wart, American ginseng, Korean ginseng and gingko biloba on CYP2C9, CYP2C 19, CYP2D6, CYP3A activities in human hepatocytes obtained from Caucasians and African Americans. 4) To determine if there are interethnic differences between African Americans and Caucasians in the possible CYP enzymes modulating effects of herbal medicines in human hepatocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: R21 PROJECT: ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS OF PANAX GINSENG Principal Investigator & Institution: Yuan, Chun-Su; Anesthesia and Critical Care; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Diabetes mellitus or diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that can cause blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, and confers an increased risk of ischemic heart

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disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetes is divided into two major categories: type 1 or insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type 2 or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In this country, the incidence of diabetes is approximately 4.5%, of which 90% is type 2 diabetes. In 1992, diabetes care required roughly 14.6% of the total U.S. health care expenditure ($105 billion). Many of these patients also suffer from diabetic complications. Considering the heterogeneity of this disease, and the limitations of current therapies, such as high secondary failure rates and side effects, there is an urgent need to explore new anti- diabetic agents. This research project is related to the development of useful products in the field of complementary and alternative medicine. This proposal will focus on our studies on anti-diabetic effects of Panax ginseng, and this project is a continuation of our previous ginseng pharmacological studies. Recently, in our preliminary studies, we observed exciting results on anti-diabetic actions in ob/ob mice using Panax ginseng berry (or fruit) extract, other than the commonly used root extract. The ob/ob mice is a genetic model for type 2 diabetes, and these animals are extremely insulin resistant and have fasting blood glucose levels that are significantly higher than that of lean mice. Data from our pilot observation showed that extract of Panax ginseng berry normalized hyperglycemia and increased insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice. In addition, we analyzed the constituents of the ginseng berry by HPLC analysis and found that, compared to ginseng root, the ginseng berry has a distinctive profile of ginsenosides, the vital constituent of ginseng. In this revised proposal, we will test the hypothesis that Panax ginseng berry extract has significant anti-hyperglycemic activity. The project aims to identify the anti-hyperglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng berry, and synergistic effects between these constituents. We will also investigate mechanisms of action of these active component(s). Our strategy is to use an in vivo-guided chemical fractionation method to isolate the pure, biologically active, anti-hyperglycemic compound(s) from Panax ginseng berry using the ob/ob mouse. Improvements in glucose homeostasis, glucose tolerance, and in vivo insulin sensitivity will be tested. The results of the proposed project will also help fill gaps in our knowledge before therapeutic agents can be developed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for ginseng in the PubMed Central database:

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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A Trace Component of Ginseng that Inhibits Ca2+ Channels through a Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive G Protein. by Nah S, Park H, McCleskey EW.; 1995 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41042

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Effects of Ginseng Treatment on Neutrophil Chemiluminescence and Immunoglobulin G Subclasses in a Rat Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia. by Song Z, Kharazmi A, Wu H, Faber V, Moser C, Krogh Johansen H, Rygaard J, Hoiby N.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96218

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Ginseng treatment reduces bacterial load and lung pathology in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. by Song Z, Johansen HK, Faber V, Moser C, Kharazmi A, Rygaard J, Hoiby N.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163833

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ginseng, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ginseng (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

116 cases of coronary angina pectoris treated with powder composed of radix ginseng, radix notoginseng and succinum. Author(s): Yuan J, Guo W, Yang B, Liu P, Wang Q, Yuan H. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1997 March; 17(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437237&dopt=Abstract

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A case-control study of ginseng intake and cancer. Author(s): Yun TK, Choi SY. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1990 December; 19(4): 871-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2084014&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on the effect of a standardized ginseng extract on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers. Author(s): D'Angelo L, Grimaldi R, Caravaggi M, Marcoli M, Perucca E, Lecchini S, Frigo GM, Crema A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1986 April-May; 16(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3528672&dopt=Abstract

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A review of the properties and clinical effects of ginseng. Author(s): Popov IM, Goldwag WJ. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 July; 1(2): 263-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4590187&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse reactions to ginseng. Author(s): Hammond TG, Whitworth JA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 May 2; 1(9): 492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7254115&dopt=Abstract

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Francis T, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Xu Z, Vidgen E. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 April 10; 160(7): 1009-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761967&dopt=Abstract

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals. Author(s): Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, Xu Z, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Arnason JT, Assinewe V, Stavro MP, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Francis T. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 April; 73(4): 753-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273850&dopt=Abstract

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American ginseng and breast cancer therapeutic agents synergistically inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. Author(s): Duda RB, Zhong Y, Navas V, Li MZ, Toy BR, Alavarez JG. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1999 December; 72(4): 230-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589039&dopt=Abstract

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American ginseng improves glycemia in individuals with normal glucose tolerance: effect of dose and time escalation. Author(s): Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Wong E, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Francis T, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Xu Z. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 November-December; 19(6): 738-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194526&dopt=Abstract

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An introductory note to ginseng. Author(s): Li CP, Li RC. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 July; 1(2): 249-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4359507&dopt=Abstract

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Anticomplementary activity of ginseng saponins and their degradation products. Author(s): Kim DS, Oh SR, Lee IS, Jung KY, Park JD, Kim SI, Lee HK. Source: Phytochemistry. 1998 February; 47(3): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433814&dopt=Abstract

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Antimacassars, ginseng, and junks. Author(s): Humphries M. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 December 19-26; 295(6613): 1646-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3121105&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heatprocessed ginseng. Author(s): Keum YS, Park KK, Lee JM, Chun KS, Park JH, Lee SK, Kwon H, Surh YJ. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 March 13; 150(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755385&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant effects of Chinese traditional medicine: focus on trilinolein isolated from the Chinese herb sanchi (Panax pseudoginseng). Author(s): Chan P, Tomlinson B. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 May; 40(5): 457-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806597&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Author(s): Liu WK, Xu SX, Che CT. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 August 4; 67(11): 1297-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972198&dopt=Abstract

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Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam. Author(s): Banerjee U, Izquierdo JA. Source: Acta Physiol Lat Am. 1982; 32(4): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6892267&dopt=Abstract

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Antitumor activity of a novel ginseng saponin metabolite in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin. Author(s): Lee SJ, Sung JH, Lee SJ, Moon CK, Lee BH. Source: Cancer Letters. 1999 September 20; 144(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10503876&dopt=Abstract

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Bees, ginseng and MAOIs revisited. Author(s): Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 August; 8(4): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3209715&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of a PACAP-like immunoreactive component in red ginseng root. Author(s): Takashima N, Arakawa Y, Kataoka K, Kurokawa N, Yanaihara C, Yanaihara N. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998 December 11; 865: 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928070&dopt=Abstract

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Chemico-pharmacological studies on saponins of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. II. Pharmacological part. Author(s): Kaku T, Miyata T, Uruno T, Sako I, Kinoshita A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1975 April; 25(4): 539-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=239732&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Choi HK, Seong DH, Rha KH. Source: International Journal of Impotence Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Impotence Research. 1995 September; 7(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8750052&dopt=Abstract

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Comments on “Manic episode and ginseng: report of a possible case”. Author(s): Bahrke MS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 April; 17(2): 140-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950493&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxicity of natural ginseng glycosides and semisynthetic analogues. Author(s): Atopkina LN, Malinovskaya GV, Elyakov GB, Uvarova NI, Woerdenbag HJ, Koulman A, Pras N, Potier P. Source: Planta Medica. 1999 February; 65(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10083841&dopt=Abstract

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Dammarane-type Saponins from Panax japonicus and their neurite outgrowth activity in SK-N-SH cells. Author(s): Zou K, Zhu S, Meselhy MR, Tohda C, Cai S, Komatsu K. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2002 September; 65(9): 1288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350149&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of aglycones of ginsenosides in ginseng preparations sold in Sweden and in urine samples from Swedish athletes consuming ginseng. Author(s): Cui JF, Garle M, Bjorkhem I, Eneroth P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1996 April; 56(2): 151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743108&dopt=Abstract

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Does ginseng boost the quality of life? Author(s): Biron CR. Source: Rdh. 1999 January; 19(1): 48-50, 52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10825904&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract. Author(s): Caso Marasco A, Vargas Ruiz R, Salas Villagomez A, Begona Infante C. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1996; 22(6): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9034759&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ginseng saponins and hydrocortisone on phytohemagglutinin transformation of lymphocytes. Author(s): Chong SK, Brown HA, Oberholzer V, Walker-Smith JA. Source: Lancet. 1982 September 18; 2(8299): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6125800&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes. Author(s): Tode T, Kikuchi Y, Hirata J, Kita T, Nakata H, Nagata I. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1999 December; 67(3): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659900&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of non-saponin fraction from Panax ginseng on cGMP and thromboxane A2 in human platelet aggregation. Author(s): Park HJ, Rhee MH, Park KM, Nam KY, Park KH. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1995 December 15; 49(3): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824741&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of panax notoginseng extracts on inferior sperm motility in vitro. Author(s): Chen JC, Xu MX, Chen LD, Chen YN, Chiu TH. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1999; 27(1): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354824&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of petroleum ether extract of Panax ginseng roots on proliferation and cell cycle progression of human renal cell carcinoma cells. Author(s): Sohn J, Lee CH, Chung DJ, Park SH, Kim I, Hwang WI. Source: Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 1998 March 31; 30(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873822&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. Author(s): Han KH, Choe SC, Kim HS, Sohn DW, Nam KY, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB, Choi YS, Seo JD, Lee YW. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1998; 26(2): 199-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9799972&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a preparation containing a standardized ginseng extract combined with trace elements and multivitamins against hepatotoxin-induced chronic liver disease in the elderly. Author(s): Zuin M, Battezzati PM, Camisasca M, Riebenfeld D, Podda M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1987 September-October; 15(5): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2890542&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a standardized ginseng extract combined with dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements on physical performance during exercise. Author(s): Pieralisi G, Ripari P, Vecchiet L. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1991 May-June; 13(3): 373-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1954639&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine Group. Author(s): Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, Limoni C. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1999; 19(3): 89-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761538&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginseng components on c-DNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzyme catalytic activity. Author(s): Henderson GL, Harkey MR, Gershwin ME, Hackman RM, Stern JS, Stresser DM. Source: Life Sciences. 1999; 65(15): Pl209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10574228&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginseng radix on sugar absorption in the small intestine. Author(s): Onomura M, Tsukada H, Fukuda K, Hosokawa M, Nakamura H, Kodama M, Ohya M, Seino Y. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1999; 27(3-4): 347-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592843&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 of Panax ginseng on mitosis in human blood lymphocytes in vitro. Author(s): Tong LS, Chao CY. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1980 Autumn; 8(3): 254-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7211745&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer saponins on male fertility. Author(s): Salvati G, Genovesi G, Marcellini L, Paolini P, De Nuccio I, Pepe M, Re M. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1996 December; 38(4): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9063034&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Panax ginseng on blood alcohol clearance in man. Author(s): Lee FC, Ko JH, Park JK, Lee JS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1987 June; 14(6): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3677487&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Sung J, Han KH, Zo JH, Park HJ, Kim CH, Oh BH. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2000; 28(2): 205-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999439&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of various ginseng saponins on 5-hydroxytryptamine release and aggregation in human platelets. Author(s): Kimura Y, Okuda H, Arichi S. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1988 December; 40(12): 838-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2907575&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Author(s): Kitts D, Hu C. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2000 December; 3(4A): 473-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276295&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng. Author(s): McRae S. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1996 August 1; 155(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705908&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng. Author(s): Bahrke MS, Morgan WP. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1994 October; 18(4): 229-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7817063&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Author(s): Bahrke MS, Morgan WR. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2000 February; 29(2): 113-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10701714&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental and epidemiological evidence of the cancer-preventive effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Author(s): Yun TK. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 November; 54(11 Pt 2): S71-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110579&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol for study on human urinary excretion of ginsenosides after ingestion of ginseng preparations. Author(s): Cui JF, Bjorkhem I, Eneroth P. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 February 21; 689(2): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9080321&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng abuse syndrome. Problems with the panacea. Author(s): Siegel RK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 April 13; 241(15): 1614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=430716&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and common pregnancy disorders. Author(s): Chin RK. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991 December; 17(4): 379-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1801685&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and high blood pressure. Author(s): Siegel RK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 January 4; 243(1): 32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7350333&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and mastalgia. Author(s): Dukes MN. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 June 17; 1(6127): 1621. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=656841&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and vaginal bleeding. Author(s): Greenspan EM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 April 15; 249(15): 2018. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6834589&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng as a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Dega H, Laporte JL, Frances C, Herson S, Chosidow O. Source: Lancet. 1996 May 11; 347(9011): 1344. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622550&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng as cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Author(s): Faleni R, Soldati F. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684215&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng extract inhibits protein degradation and stimulates protein synthesis in human fibroblasts. Author(s): Lu ZQ, Dice JF. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1985 January 16; 126(1): 636-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3882091&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng face cream and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Author(s): Hopkins MP, Androff L, Benninghoff AS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 November; 159(5): 1121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3189445&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Author(s): Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1999 December 1; 58(11): 1685-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571242&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performance. Author(s): Allen JD, McLung J, Nelson AG, Welsch M. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998 October; 17(5): 462-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9791844&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng surprise. An independent report finds that what's listed on a supplement's label is not always what's inside. Author(s): Smith IK. Source: Time. 2000 July 31; 156(5): 68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009728&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Author(s): Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Source: Diabetes Care. 1995 October; 18(10): 1373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8721940&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng treatment improves psychomotor performance at rest and during graded exercise in young athletes. Author(s): Ziemba AW, Chmura J, Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Nazar K, Wisnik P, Gawronski W. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1999 December; 9(4): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10660868&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng. Author(s): Staba EJ. Source: Lancet. 1985 December 7; 2(8467): 1309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2866376&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng: its history, dispersion, and folk tradition. Author(s): Goldstein B. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1975 July; 3(3): 223-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1103611&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng--a root just like a carrot? Author(s): Bahrke MS. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1995 May; 88(5): 304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7636839&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng--a root just like a carrot? Author(s): Wilkie A, Cordess C. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1994 October; 87(10): 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7966106&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng-associated cerebral arteritis. Author(s): Ryu SJ, Chien YY. Source: Neurology. 1995 April; 45(4): 829-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7723981&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng-induced diuretic resistance. Author(s): Becker BN, Greene J, Evanson J, Chidsey G, Stone WJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 August 28; 276(8): 606-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8773630&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng--is there a use in clinical medicine? Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1989 June; 65(764): 427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2635001&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng--is there a use in clinical medicine? Author(s): Chong SK, Oberholzer VG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 November; 64(757): 841-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3076665&dopt=Abstract

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Ginsenoside-Rs3, a new diol-type ginseng saponin, selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAF1 leading to induction of apoptosis in SK-HEP-1 cells. Author(s): Kim SE, Lee YH, Park JH, Lee SK. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 January-February; 19(1A): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10226587&dopt=Abstract

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Ginsenoside-Rs4, a new type of ginseng saponin concurrently induces apoptosis and selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAF1 in human hepatoma SK-HEP1 cells. Author(s): Kim SE, Lee YH, Park JH, Lee SK. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1999 March; 35(3): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10448308&dopt=Abstract

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Glucocorticoid receptor-induced down-regulation of MMP-9 by ginseng components, PD and PT contributes to inhibition of the invasive capacity of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Author(s): Park MT, Cha HJ, Jeong JW, Kim SI, Chung HY, Kim ND, Kim OH, Kim KW. Source: Molecules and Cells. 1999 October 31; 9(5): 476-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597035&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of cultured human bronchiogenic epithelioid CCD-14 Br cells and dermal fibroblasts, NB1 RGB treated with ginseng tetrapeptide and its isomer. Author(s): Yagi A, Ishizu T, Okamura N, Noguchi S, Itoh H. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 April; 62(2): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8657740&dopt=Abstract

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Hemolytic and its protective activity of ginseng saponins. Author(s): Namba T, Yoshizaki M, Tominori T, Kobashi K, Mitsui K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1973 February; 21(2): 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4753314&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperosmotic hemolysis and antihemolytic activity of the saponin fraction and triterpene glycosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Author(s): Kim YuA, Akoev VR, Elemesov RE. Source: Membr Cell Biol. 2000; 14(2): 237-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093585&dopt=Abstract

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Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Author(s): Scaglione F, Ferrara F, Dugnani S, Falchi M, Santoro G, Fraschini F. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1990; 16(10): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2100737&dopt=Abstract

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Immunostimulating polysaccharides from Panax notoginseng. Author(s): Gao H, Wang F, Lien EJ, Trousdale MD. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 1996 August; 13(8): 1196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8865311&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro antigenotoxic activity of novel ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Author(s): Lee BH, Lee SJ, Hur JH, Lee S, Sung JH, Huh JD, Moon CK, Hui JH. Source: Planta Medica. 1998 August; 64(6): 500-3. Erratum In: Planta Med 1998 December; 64(8): 769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741293&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro effect of Panax ginseng on phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation. Author(s): Chong SK, Brown HA, Rimmer E, Oberholzer V, Hindocha P, Walker-Smith JA. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1984; 73(3): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6698617&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Author(s): See DM, Broumand N, Sahl L, Tilles JG. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1997 January; 35(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043936&dopt=Abstract

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'Indian ginseng' brings royalties for tribe. Author(s): Jayaraman KS. Source: Nature. 1996 May 16; 381(6579): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622750&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of apoptosis by a novel intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponin via cytochrome c-mediated activation of caspase-3 protease. Author(s): Lee SJ, Ko WG, Kim JH, Sung JH, Moon CK, Lee BH. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 September 1; 60(5): 677-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927026&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of G(1) cell cycle arrest and p27(KIP1) increase by panaxydol isolated from Panax ginseng. Author(s): Moon J, Yu SJ, Kim HS, Sohn J. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 May 1; 59(9): 1109-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10704940&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of ginseng on mating behavior of male rats. Author(s): Kim C, Choi H, Kim CC, Kim JK, Kim MS. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1976 Summer; 4(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=937239&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of autochthonous tumor by ethanol insoluble fraction from Panax ginseng as an immunomodulator. Author(s): Yun YS, Lee YS, Jo SK, Jung IS. Source: Planta Medica. 1993 December; 59(6): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8302951&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-OHdG, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene and red ginseng). Author(s): Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 October 23; 132(1-2): 219-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397477&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of ginseng with phenelzine. Author(s): Jones BD, Runikis AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 June; 7(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3597812&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Author(s): Vaes LP, Chyka PA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 December; 34(12): 1478-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144706&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance of compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. Author(s): Akao T, Kida H, Kanaoka M, Hattori M, Kobashi K. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1998 October; 50(10): 1155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821663&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors from Panax ginseng roots. Author(s): Kwon BM, Nam JY, Lee SH, Jeong TS, Kim YK, Bok SH. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1996 February; 44(2): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8998846&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of androgenicity of Siberian ginseng. Author(s): Waller DP, Martin AM, Farnsworth NR, Awang DV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 May 6; 267(17): 2329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1564770&dopt=Abstract

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Linoleate-rich triacylglycerol in Panax pseudo-ginseng improves erythrocyte deformability in vitro. Author(s): Hong CY, Lai LJ, Yeh SF. Source: Planta Medica. 1993 August; 59(4): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8372148&dopt=Abstract

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Main ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Author(s): Hasegawa H, Sung JH, Matsumiya S, Uchiyama M. Source: Planta Medica. 1996 October; 62(5): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923812&dopt=Abstract

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Manic episode and ginseng: report of a possible case. Author(s): Gonzalez-Seijo JC, Ramos YM, Lastra I. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 December; 15(6): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748439&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal ginseng use associated with neonatal androgenization. Author(s): Koren G, Randor S, Martin S, Danneman D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 December 12; 264(22): 2866. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2232076&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal use of ginseng and neonatal androgenization. Author(s): Awang DV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991 July 17; 266(3): 363. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2056644&dopt=Abstract

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Measurements of the increase in the difference between the arterial and venous HbO2 saturation obtained with daily administration of 200 mg standardized ginseng extract G115 for four weeks. Long-term increase of the O2 transport into the organs and tissues of the organism through biologically active substances. Author(s): von Ardenne M, Klemm W. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1987 April-June; 29(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3627815&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of angiogenic effects of saponin from ginseng Radix rubra in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Author(s): Morisaki N, Watanabe S, Tezuka M, Zenibayashi M, Shiina R, Koyama N, Kanzaki T, Saito Y. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1995 August; 115(7): 1188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7582543&dopt=Abstract

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Medicinal uses of ginseng and related plants in the Soviet Union: recent trends in the Soviet literature. Author(s): Baranov AI. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1982 November; 6(3): 339-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7154701&dopt=Abstract

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Metrorrhagia and ginseng. Author(s): Palop-Larrea V, Gonzalvez-Perales JL, Catalan-Oliver C, Belenguer-Varea A, Martinez-Mir I. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 November; 34(11): 1347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11098353&dopt=Abstract

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No adaptogen response of mice to ginseng and Eleutherococcus infusions. Author(s): Lewis WH, Zenger VE, Lynch RG. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1983 August; 8(2): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6685799&dopt=Abstract

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No ergogenic effect of ginseng ingestion. Author(s): Morris AC, Jacobs I, McLellan TM, Klugerman A, Wang LC, Zamecnik J. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1996 September; 6(3): 263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8876346&dopt=Abstract

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No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exercise. Author(s): Engels HJ, Wirth JC. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1997 October; 97(10): 1110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9336557&dopt=Abstract

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No identifiable effect of ginseng (Gericomplex) as an adjuvant in the treatment of geriatric patients. Author(s): Thommessen B, Laake K. Source: Aging (Milano). 1996 December; 8(6): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061129&dopt=Abstract

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Non-ginsenoside nicotinic activity in ginseng species. Author(s): Lewis R, Wake G, Court G, Court JA, Pickering AT, Kim YC, Perry EK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 February; 13(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189953&dopt=Abstract

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Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: a prospective study in Korea. Author(s): Yun TK, Choi SY. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 June; 27(3): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9698120&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational asthma caused by Brazil ginseng dust. Author(s): Subiza J, Subiza JL, Escribano PM, Hinojosa M, Garcia R, Jerez M, Subiza E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1991 November; 88(5): 731-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1955631&dopt=Abstract

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Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. Author(s): Punnonen R, Lukola A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 October 25; 281(6248): 1110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7191760&dopt=Abstract

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On being a ginseng connoisseur. Author(s): Marshall SJ. Source: Lancet. 1998 June 20; 351(9119): 1898. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9652710&dopt=Abstract

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Panax (ginseng) is not a panacea. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 27; 160(21): 3329; Author Reply 3330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11088100&dopt=Abstract

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Panax (ginseng)--panacea or placebo? Molecular and cellular basis of its pharmacological activity. Author(s): Ong YC, Yong EL. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2000 January; 29(1): 42-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10748963&dopt=Abstract

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Panax ginseng pharmacology: a nitric oxide link? Author(s): Gillis CN. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1997 July 1; 54(1): 1-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9296344&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological and physiological effects of ginseng on actions induced by opioids and psychostimulants. Author(s): Takahashi M, Tokuyama S. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 77-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9575486&dopt=Abstract

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Preventive effect of ginseng intake against various human cancers: a case-control study on 1987 pairs. Author(s): Yun TK, Choi SY. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1995 June; 4(4): 401-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7655337&dopt=Abstract

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Probable false authentication of herbal plants: ginseng. Author(s): Wong HC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 May 24; 159(10): 1142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335696&dopt=Abstract

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Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Author(s): Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1997 March 15; 54(6): 692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9075501&dopt=Abstract

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pS2 expression induced by American ginseng in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Author(s): Duda RB, Taback B, Kessel B, Dooley DD, Yang H, Marchiori J, Slomovic BM, Alvarez JG. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 1996 November; 3(6): 515-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915481&dopt=Abstract

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Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American ginseng roots. Author(s): Wang HX, Ng TB. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 March 5; 269(1): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10694500&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances on ginseng research in China. Author(s): Liu CX, Xiao PG. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1992 February; 36(1): 27-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1501490&dopt=Abstract

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Renshen zaizao wan (restorative bolus of ginseng). Author(s): Chen K. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1992 December; 12(4): 312. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1291828&dopt=Abstract

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Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing ginseng saponins. Author(s): Hasegawa H, Sung JH, Benno Y. Source: Planta Medica. 1997 October; 63(5): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342949&dopt=Abstract

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Role of transforming growth factor-beta pathway in the mechanism of wound healing by saponin from Ginseng Radix rubra. Author(s): Kanzaki T, Morisaki N, Shiina R, Saito Y. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 September; 125(2): 255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786496&dopt=Abstract

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Saponins of ginseng and related plants. Author(s): Tanaka O, Kasai R. Source: Fortschr Chem Org Naturst. 1984; 46: 1-76. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6396179&dopt=Abstract

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Serum HDL-cholesterol-increasing and fatty liver-improving actions of Panax ginseng in high cholesterol diet-fed rats with clinical effect on hyperlipidemia in man. Author(s): Yamamoto M, Uemura T, Nakama S, Uemiya M, Kumagai A. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1983; 11(1-4): 96-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6660221&dopt=Abstract

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Siberian ginseng toxicity may be case of mistaken identity. Author(s): Awang DV. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1996 November 1; 155(9): 1237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8964001&dopt=Abstract

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Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Xu Z. Source: Diabetes Care. 2000 September; 23(9): 1221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10977009&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of interleukin-8 production by acidic polysaccharides from the root of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Sonoda Y, Kasahara T, Mukaida N, Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Takeda T. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1998 January; 38(3): 287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9506829&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulatory effect of saponin from Panax ginseng on immune function of lymphocytes in the elderly. Author(s): Liu J, Wang S, Liu H, Yang L, Nan G. Source: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 1995 August 31; 83(1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8523901&dopt=Abstract

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Take two ginseng and call me in the morning. Alternative therapy and traditional medicine shake hands and make up. Author(s): Mycek S. Source: Trustee : the Journal for Hospital Governing Boards. 1997 June; 50(6): 14-6, 1820. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10168858&dopt=Abstract

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Testing of compounds for capacity to prolong postmitotic life-span of cultured human amnion cells. Effect of steroids and Panax ginseng. Author(s): Yuan GC, Chang RS. Source: J Gerontol. 1969 January; 24(1): 82-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5774885&dopt=Abstract

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The antistress effect of majonoside-R2, a major saponin component of Vietnamese ginseng: neuronal mechanisms of action. Author(s): Huong NT, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 65-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9575485&dopt=Abstract

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The aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng. Author(s): Nocerino E, Amato M, Izzo AA. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10930706&dopt=Abstract

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The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Author(s): Shin HR, Kim JY, Yun TK, Morgan G, Vainio H. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2000 July; 11(6): 565-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880039&dopt=Abstract

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The case of ginseng. Author(s): Barna P. Source: Lancet. 1985 September 7; 2(8454): 548. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2863556&dopt=Abstract

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The cognitive, subjective, and physical effects of a ginkgo biloba/panax ginseng combination in healthy volunteers with neurasthenic complaints. Author(s): Wesnes KA, Faleni RA, Hefting NR, Hoogsteen G, Houben JJ, Jenkins E, Jonkman JH, Leonard J, Petrini O, van Lier JJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(4): 677-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493479&dopt=Abstract

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The core structure of ginsenan PA, a phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide from the root of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Tomoda M, Hirabayashi K, Shimizu N, Gonda R, Ohara N. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 September; 17(9): 1287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841955&dopt=Abstract

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The effect and abuse syndrome of Ginseng. Author(s): Chen KJ. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1981 September; 1(1): 69-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6926698&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of ginseng on lifespan and stress responses in mice. Author(s): Bittles AH, Fulder SJ, Grant EC, Nicholls MR. Source: Gerontology. 1979; 25(3): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=571386&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of ginseng on serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Punnonen R, Lukola A. Source: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984 September; 10(3): 399-401. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6525095&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) on substrate utilization and performance. Author(s): Eschbach LF, Webster MJ, Boyd JC, McArthur PD, Evetovich TK. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2000 December; 10(4): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099371&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of standardized ginseng extract on peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets: a preliminary study in young health adults. Author(s): Srisurapanon S, Rungroeng K, Apibal S, Cherdrugsi P, Siripol R, VanichAngkul V, Timvipark C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 September; 80 Suppl 1: S81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347651&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of ginseng radix rubra on human vascular endothelial cells. Author(s): Nakajima S, Uchiyama Y, Yoshida K, Mizukawa H, Haruki E. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1998; 26(3-4): 365-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9862024&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of ginseng saponins on the growth and metabolism of human diploid fibroblasts. Author(s): Shia GT, Ali S, Bittles AH. Source: Gerontology. 1982; 28(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7084677&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of ginseng. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Author(s): Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 October; 55(8): 567-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541774&dopt=Abstract

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The growth of cultured human fibroblasts treated with hydrocortisone and extracts of the medicinal plant Pan ax ginseng. Author(s): Fulder SJ. Source: Experimental Gerontology. 1977; 12(3-4): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=902695&dopt=Abstract

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The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Author(s): Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 November; 152(4): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140327&dopt=Abstract

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The nutraceutical benefit, part II: ginseng. Author(s): Sato T, Miyata G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 May; 16(5): 391-2. Review. Erratum In: Nutrition 2000 June; 16(6): 472. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10793311&dopt=Abstract

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The variable effects of whole-leaf digitalis is a paradigm of the glycemic effects of ginseng. Author(s): Ritter G, Dembicki EL. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 27; 160(21): 3330-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11088101&dopt=Abstract

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Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Author(s): Chang MS, Lee SG, Rho HM. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 December; 13(8): 641-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594930&dopt=Abstract

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Voltage-dependent inhibition of brain Na(+) channels by American ginseng. Author(s): Liu D, Li B, Liu Y, Attele AS, Kyle JW, Yuan CS. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 February 9; 413(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173062&dopt=Abstract

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What do commercial ginseng preparations contain? Author(s): Cui J, Garle M, Eneroth P, Bjorkhem I. Source: Lancet. 1994 July 9; 344(8915): 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7912373&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ginseng.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ginseng The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ginseng” (or a synonym): •

A prospective study on ginseng intake and cancer for population -Preliminary report-. Author(s): Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul (Korea Republic) Source: Yun, T.K. Choi, S.Y. Lee, Y.S. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (July 1995). volume 19(2) page 87-92. 1016-2615

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Anticancer effect of hydrophobic protein fraction from red ginseng by clonogenic assay. Author(s): Konkuk University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Animal Resources Research Center Source: Kim, C.H. Lee, M.S. Lee, K.H. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (March 1995). volume 19(1) page 27-30. 1016-2615

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Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. Author(s): Laboratory of Immunology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, KAERI, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea. Source: Lim, D S Bae, K G Jung, I S Kim, C H Yun, Y S Song, J Y J-Infect. 2002 July; 45(1): 32-8 0163-4453

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Asian ginseng: potential therapeutic uses. Author(s): University of Texas, Austin, USA. Source: Blumenthal, M Adv-Nurse-Pract. 2001 February; 9(2): 26-8, 33 1096-6293

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Bioactive saponins in Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis. Source: Yamasaki, K. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. 2000. volume 38 (suppl.) page 16-24. 1388-0209

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Biozhen'shen'. Novoe napravlenie polucheniia preparata. [Bioginseng. A new direction in the production of the preparation] Source: Krendal', F P Levina, L V Arkavyi, I V Aleksandrova, I A Med-Sestra. 1988 April; 47(4): 41-4 0025-8342

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Browning reaction of fresh ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) as affected by heating temperature. Author(s): Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic)Kyongsang National University, Chinju (Korea Republic). Department of Food Science and Technology Source: Lee, J.W. Lee, S.K. Do, J.H. Sung, H.S. Shim, K.H. Korean-Journal-of-GinsengScience (Korea Republic). (July 1995). volume 19(3) page 249-253. 1016-2615

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Changes in chemical components of red ginseng extract solution and physicochemical properties of precipitates formed during sterilization and storage. Author(s): Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic) Source: Kim, N.M. Lee, J.T. Yang, J.W. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (March 1996). volume 20(1) page 54-59. 1016-2615

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Chemical grouping and structure determination of essential oils extracted from American ginseng cultured in China. Author(s): Jilin Agricultural Univ., Changchun (China). Teaching and Research Section of Chinese Herbal Medicine Source: Zheng Youlan Zhang Chongxi Li Xianggao Journal-of-Jilin-AgriculturalUniversity (China). (August 1992). volume 14(3) page 33-37. 1000-5684

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Cytotoxic dammarane glycosides from processed ginseng. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea.

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Source: Park, I H Piao, L Z Kwon, S W Lee, Y J Cho, S Y Park, M K Park, J H ChemPharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 April; 50(4): 538-40 0009-2363 •

Determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Forschungsvereinigung der Arzneimittel-Hersteller e.V., Sinzig, Germany. Source: Glockl, IngMarch Veit, Markus Blaschke, Gottfried Planta-Med. 2002 February; 68(2): 158-61 0032-0943

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Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Source: Kennedy, D O Scholey, A B Wesnes, K A Nutr-Neurosci. 2001; 4(5): 399-412 1028-415X

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Dosage des saponosides de Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Comparison entre les methodes officielles et la CLHP. [Determination of saponosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Comparison of official methods and HPLC] Source: Guedon, D Abbe, P Cappelaere, N Rames, N Ann-Pharm-Fr. 1989; 47(3): 169-77 0003-4509

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Effect of ginseng components on content of cholesterol and activity of acy1 CoA:Cholesterol acyltransferase in hep G2 cultured in cholesterol rich medium. Author(s): Konkuk University, Chungju (Korea Republic). Department of Biochemistry Source: Park, S.C. Noh, Y.H. Koo, J.H. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (November 1995). volume 19(3) page 212-218. 1016-2615

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Effects of ginseng ingestion on growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and insulinlike growth factor 1 responses to acute resistance exercise. Author(s): Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, 702-701, Korea. Source: Youl Kang, Ho Hwan Kim, Seung June Lee, Woen Byrne, Heidi K J-StrengthCond-Res. 2002 May; 16(2): 179-83 1064-8011

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Effects of ginseng on serum tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and the T3/T4 ratio in rats treated with CCl4. Author(s): Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia (Egypt) Source: Moustafa, S.A. Biomedical-Letters (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 55(217) page 25-32.

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Effects of Korean red ginseng and western ginseng on body temperature, pulse rate, clinical symptoms and the hematological changes in human. Author(s): Taejon University, Taejon (Korea Republic). Oriental Medical CollegeKorea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic) Source: Kim, S.H. Lee, S.R. Do, J.H. Lee, S.K. Lee, K.S. Korean-Journal-of-GinsengScience (Korea Republic). (February 1995). volume 19(1) page 1-16. 1016-2615

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Effects of lipophilic fraction from Korean red ginseng on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation in rats fed with corn oil and beeftallow diet. Author(s): Ewha Woman' s University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Department of Food and NutritionKorea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic) Source: Lee, J.H. Park, H.J. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (October 1995). volume 19(3) page 206-211. 1016-2615

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Effects of red ginseng extract including vitamin B groups on learning and memory in mice. Author(s): Chungbuk National University, Chongju (Korea Republic). College of PharmacyKorea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic)Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon (Korea Republic) Source: Kim, H.S. Jang, C.G. Yang, J.W. Kim, N.M. Jeon, B.S. Choi, K.J. Kim, S.K. Seong, Y.H. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (October 1996). volume 20(3) page 226-232. 1016-2615

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Effects of Siberian ginseng extract and ipriflavone on the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Vladivostok State Medical University. Source: Kropotov, A V Kolodnyak, O L Koldaev, V M Bull-Exp-Biol-Med. 2002 March; 133(3): 252-4 0007-4888

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Effects of standardized ginseng extract and exercise training on aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacities in humans. Author(s): Mahidol University, Bangkok (Thailand). Exercise Physiology Division Department of Physiology Faculty of Science Source: Pipat, C. Kanyarat, R. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (November 1994). volume 19(2) page 93-100. 1016-2615

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Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of Panax ginseng. Author(s): School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. Source: Caron, M F Hotsko, A L Robertson, S Mandybur, L Kluger, J White, C M AnnPharmacother. 2002 May; 36(5): 758-63 1060-0280

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Elicitor-like effects of low-energy ultrasound on plant (Panax ginseng) cells: induction of plant defense responses and secondary metabolite production. Author(s): Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong. [email protected] Source: Wu, J Lin, L Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 June; 59(1): 51-7 0175-7598

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Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages. Author(s): Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada. Source: Assinewe, V A Amason, J T Aubry, A Mullin, J Lemaire, I Phytomedicine. 2002 July; 9(5): 398-404 0944-7113

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Fagotsitozstimuliruiushchee deistvie polisakharidov, vydelennykh iz ku'ltury tkani zhe'nshenia. [Phagocytosis-stimulating effect of polysaccharides isolated from ginseng tissue culture] Source: Solo'veva, T F Besednova, N N Uvarova, N I Faustov, V S Konstantinova, N A Krylova, N V Tsybu'lskii, A V Ovodov, Iu S Eliakov, G B Antibiot-Khimioter. 1989 October; 34(10): 755-60 0235-2990

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Free radical scavenging activity of red ginseng aqueous extracts. Author(s): Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA. Source: Kim, Yoo K Guo, Qiong Packer, Lester Toxicology. 2002 March 20; 172(2): 149-56 0300-483X

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Ginseng berry reduces blood glucose and body weight in db/db mice. Author(s): Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

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Source: Xie, J T Zhou, Y P Dey, L Attele, A S Wu, J A Gu, M Polonsky, K S Yuan, C S Phytomedicine. 2002 April; 9(3): 254-8 0944-7113 •

Ginseng protopanaxatriol saponins but not protopanaxadiol saponins inhibit spontaneous motility of intestine. Author(s): Chonnam National University, Kwangju (Korea Republic). College of Veterinary MedicineKorea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic) Source: Yong, H.S. Kim, S.C. Han, J.W. Oh, J.Y. Jeong, O.M. Shin, D.H. Nah, S.Y. KoreanJournal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (March 1997). volume 21(1) page 35-38. 1016-2615

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Ginseng--muskelskada? [Ginseng--muscle damage?] Source: Anonymous Lakartidningen. 1988 September 7; 85(36): 2875 0023-7205

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Ginseng-Nebenwirkungen: Fakten oder Vermutungen? [Side effects of ginseng: facts or conjectures?] Source: Sonnenborn, U Med-Monatsschr-Pharm. 1989 February; 12(2): 46-53 0342-9601

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Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation. Author(s): Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London Medical School, London, UK. [email protected] Source: Cho, J Y Kim, A R Yoo, E S Baik, K U Park, M H Planta-Med. 2002 June; 68(6): 497-500 0032-0943

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Hepatoprotective effect of majonoside R2, the major saponin from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis). Author(s): Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Tran, Quan Le Adnyana, I Ketut Tezuka, Yasuhiro Harimaya, Yuko Saiki, Ikuo Kurashige, Youichi Tran, Qui Kim Kadota, Shigetoshi Planta-Med. 2002 May; 68(5): 4026 0032-0943

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Heptadeca-1, 8t-dien-4, 6-diin-3, 10-diol, ein weiteres, gegen L1210-Zellen cytotoxisches Wirkprinzip aus der Koreanischen Ginseng-wurzel. [Heptadeca-1, 8tdien-4, 6-diyne-3, 10-diol, a substance cytotoxic to L1210 cells from Korean ginseng roots] Source: Ahn, B Z Kim, S I Planta-Med. 1988 April; 54(2): 183 0032-0943

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Hypertension af ginsengtabletter? [Hypertension caused by ginseng tablets?] Source: Nielsen, A S Ugeskr-Laeger. 1988 February 8; 150(6): 377 0041-5782

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In vitro effect of standardized ginseng extracts and individual ginsenosides on the catalytic activity of human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. [email protected] Source: Chang, Thomas K H Chen, Jie Benetton, Salete A Drug-Metab-Dispos. 2002 April; 30(4): 378-84 0090-9556

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Influence of total saponin from Korean red ginseng on structural changes in phospholipid membranes and ghost erythrocytes. Author(s): Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Russian Federation)Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon (Korea Republic) Source: Akoev, V.R. Tarahovsky, Y.S. Park, K.M. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (March 1995). volume 19(1) page 39-44. 1016-2615

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Inhibitory effect of tumor cell proliferation and induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest by panaxytriol. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Technology and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea. Source: Kim, Ji Yeon Lee, Ki Won Kim, Sun Ho Wee, Jae Joon Kim, Young Suk Lee, Hyong Joo Planta-Med. 2002 February; 68(2): 119-22 0032-0943

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Pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional chinese medicinal herb Panax notoginseng. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. Source: Lam, S K Ng, T B Planta-Med. 2002 November; 68(11): 1024-8 0032-0943

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Panax ginseng--a non-organ-specific cancer preventive? Author(s): Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul. [email protected] Source: Yun T, K Lancet-Oncol. 2001 January; 2(1): 49-55 1470-2045

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Prevention of growth and metastasis of murine melanoma through enhanced naturalkiller cytotoxicity by fatty acid-conjugate of protopanaxatriol. Author(s): Itto Institute of Life Science Research, Happy World, Inc., Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected] Source: Hasegawa, H Suzuki, R Nagaoka, T Tezuka, Y Kadota, S Saiki, I Biol-PharmBull. 2002 July; 25(7): 861-6 0918-6158

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Protective effect of Korean red ginseng against oxidative damage by carbon tetrachloride in rat. Author(s): Chungnam National University, Taejon (Korea Republic). School of Medicine Source: Wee, J.J. Heo, J.N. Kim, M.W. kang, D.Y. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (July 1996). volume 20(2) page 154-158. 1016-2615

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Proteome of Oriental ginseng Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and the potential to use it as an identification tool. Author(s): Proteomic Task Force, The Open Laboratory of Chirotechnology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. Source: Lum, J H Fung, K L Cheung, P Y Wong, M S Lee, C H Kwok, F S Leung, M C Hui, P K Lo, S C Proteomics. 2002 September; 2(9): 1123-30 1615-9853

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Purification and characterization of agmation of agmatine iminohydrolase from panax ginseng C.A. meyer(1). Author(s): Yonsei University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Department of BiochemistryYonsei University, Seoul (Korea Republic). Bioproduct Research Center Source: Kim, H.S. Kim, H.J. Cho, Y.D. Korean-Journal-of-Ginseng-Science (Korea Republic). (October 1995). volume 19(3) page 237-243. 1016-2615

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Taxonomic significance and use of the pericarp structure of capsicums (family : Solanaceae). A pharmaceutical study on the hemostatic effects of aqueous extracts of panax ginseng. Author(s): Jilin Agricultural Univ., Changchun (China). Teaching and Research Section of Chinese Herbal Medicine Source: Dave, Y.S. Zheng Yinan Li Xianggao Huang Ye J-Plant-Anat-Morphol. Jodhpur : Scientific Publishers. July 1986. v. 3 (1) p. 85-89. ill. Journal-of-Jilin-AgriculturalUniversity (China). (February 1990). volume 12(1) page 29-31. 0256-436X 1000-5684

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The effect of ginseng on bile-pancreatic secretion in the rat. increase in proteins and inhibition of total lipids and cholesterol secretion. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Source: Abdel Salam, OMarch M E Nada, Somaia A Arbid, Mahmoud S Pharmacol-Res. 2002 April; 45(4): 349-53 1043-6618

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to ginseng; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ginseng. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “ginseng” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •

Alternative Medicines Gain in Popularity, Merit Closer Scrutiny Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 91(13): 1104-1105. July 7, 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses current research into complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for cancer. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), established as the Office of Alternative Medicine in 1991, gained its status as a center in the fall of 1998. NCCAM supports 13 clinical research centers to examine the efficacy, safety, and validity of CAM therapies, and to support basic, preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies of these therapies. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) recently formed the Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which works directly with NCCAM. The NCI office will help support studies of interest to cancer research. The University of Texas Center for Alternative Medicine Research (UT-CAM) is the NCCAM-supported center specializing in alternative therapies and prevention for cancer. UT-CAM is studying such therapies as melatonin, mistletoe, the herbal extract Flor-Essence, and

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714-X. Other natural therapies being studied include green tea, ginseng, oleander, Chinese herbal medicines, and dietary approaches. •

Herbal Medicine Boom: Understanding What Patients Are Taking Source: Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 65(3): 129-134. March 1998. Summary: This journal article is designed to help physicians guide their patients in the use of herbal medicines. The first section outlines the reasons why people take herbal medicines, including a fear or distrust of physicians, the belief that natural is better, disappointment with allopathic care, and cultural influences. The second section lists some of the most commonly used herbal medications, their reputed effects, and what is known about possible side effects and drug interactions. The herbal medicines are ginseng, garlic, ginkgo, echinacea, ma huang, saw palmetto, St. John's wort, valerian, and yohimbe. The final section explains why herbal medicine should be regulated; and proposes that manufacturers should be required to ensure the standardization, purity, and consistency of their products. The article includes a list of practical suggestions to offer patients about the use of herbal medicines, and 30 references.

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Review of 12 Commonly Used Medical Herbs Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 7(6): 523-536. November-December 1998. Summary: This journal article reviews the literature on 12 of the most commonly used and best-studied medicinal herbs in the United States: chamomile, echinacea, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng, goldenseal, milk thistle, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and valerian. For each herb, it lists the common and scientific names, common and investigational uses, and side effects; and then reviews existing data on the herb's history, safety, and efficacy. The article also summarizes general information about herbal therapies, including a brief history of the regulation of medicinal herbs, important similarities and differences between medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration and herbal therapies, and the nature of available data about medicinal herbs. Finally, it provides a list of introductory resources on the topic of medicinal herbs, guidelines for patients, and a selected list of potentially toxic herbs. The article has 6 tables and 112 references.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ginseng and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ginseng: •

A case of ginseng-induced mania. Author(s): Engelberg D, McCutcheon A, Wiseman S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 21(5): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593083&dopt=Abstract

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A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: a preliminary report. Author(s): Hong B, Ji YH, Hong JH, Nam KY, Ahn TY. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 November; 168(5): 2070-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394711&dopt=Abstract

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A ginsenoside-Rh1, a component of ginseng saponin, activates estrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Author(s): Lee Y, Jin Y, Lim W, Ji S, Choi S, Jang S, Lee S. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2003 March; 84(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732291&dopt=Abstract

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A novel ginseng saponin metabolite induces apoptosis and down-regulates fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in myeloma cells. Author(s): Choi HH, Jong HS, Park JH, Choi S, Lee JW, Kim TY, Otsuki T, Namba M, Bang YJ. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2003 October; 23(4): 1087-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963989&dopt=Abstract

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A pair of 24-hydroperoxyl epimeric dammarane saponins from flower-buds of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Qiu F, Ma ZZ, Xu SX, Yao XS, Che CT, Chen YJ. Source: Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2001; 3(3): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491400&dopt=Abstract

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A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primer to assist the identification of a selected strain, aizu K-111 of Panax ginseng and the sequence amplified. Author(s): Tochika-Komatsu Y, Asaka I, Ii I. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 October; 24(10): 1210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642336&dopt=Abstract

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A validated method for quantitative determination of saponins in notoginseng (Panax notoginseng) using high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative lightscattering detection. Author(s): Li W, Fitzloff JF. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 December; 53(12): 1637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804394&dopt=Abstract

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A xylanase from roots of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng) with inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. Author(s): Lam SK, Ng TB.

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Source: Life Sciences. 2002 May 10; 70(25): 3049-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138018&dopt=Abstract •

Accumulation of 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone in suspension cultures of Panax ginseng by a fungal elicitor preparation and a yeast elicitor preparation. Author(s): Kim CY, Im HW, Kim HK, Huh H. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001 July; 56(1-2): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499937&dopt=Abstract

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Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Author(s): Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 January; 17(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404705&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant effect of ginseng extracts on the immune responses to immunisation against Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle. Author(s): Hu S, Concha C, Lin F, Persson Waller K. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2003 January 10; 91(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507847&dopt=Abstract

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American ginseng transcriptionally activates p21 mRNA in breast cancer cell lines. Author(s): Duda RB, Kang SS, Archer SY, Meng S, Hodin RA. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748377&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of the hemostatic effects of hydrophilic, alcohol, and lipophilic extracts of notoginseng. Author(s): White CM, Fan C, Song J, Tsikouris JP, Chow M. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July; 21(7): 773-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444574&dopt=Abstract

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Antiallergic activity of ginseng and its ginsenosides. Author(s): Choo MK, Park EK, Han MJ, Kim DH. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 June; 69(6): 518-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865969&dopt=Abstract

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Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. Author(s): Yun TK, Lee YS, Lee YH, Kim SI, Yun HY.

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Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S6-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748383&dopt=Abstract •

Anticarcinogenic effect of red ginseng on the development of liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats. Author(s): Wu XG, Zhu DH, Li X. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748378&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-diabetic and anti-obese effects of ginseng berry extract: comparison between intraperitoneal and oral administrations. Author(s): Dey L, Zhang L, Yuan CS. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(4): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568292&dopt=Abstract

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Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component. Author(s): Attele AS, Zhou YP, Xie JT, Wu JA, Zhang L, Dey L, Pugh W, Rue PA, Polonsky KS, Yuan CS. Source: Diabetes. 2002 June; 51(6): 1851-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031973&dopt=Abstract

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Antiepileptic activity of Panax ginseng against pentylenetetrazole induced kindling in rats. Author(s): Gupta YK, Sharma M, Chaudhary G. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 October; 45(4): 502-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883161&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-hyperglycemic effects of ginseng: comparison between root and berry. Author(s): Dey L, Xie JT, Wang A, Wu J, Maleckar SA, Yuan CS. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2003; 10(6-7): 600-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678250&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. Author(s): Lim DS, Bae KG, Jung IS, Kim CH, Yun YS, Song JY. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 July; 45(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217729&dopt=Abstract

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Asian and Siberian ginseng as a potential modulator of immune function: an in vitro cytokine study using mouse macrophages. Author(s): Wang H, Actor JK, Indrigo J, Olsen M, Dasgupta A.

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Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2003 January; 327(1-2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482627&dopt=Abstract •

Asian ginseng: potential therapeutic uses. Author(s): Blumenthal M. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 February; 9(2): 26-8, 33. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12416051&dopt=Abstract

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Authentication of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and directed amplification of minisatellite region DNA (DAMD). Author(s): Ha WY, Shaw PC, Liu J, Yau FC, Wang J. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 27; 50(7): 1871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902926&dopt=Abstract

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Authentication of Panax notoginseng by 5S-rRNA spacer domain and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Author(s): Cui XM, Lo CK, Yip KL, Dong TT, Tsim KW. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 June; 69(6): 584-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865989&dopt=Abstract

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Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK-N-SH cells. Author(s): Tohda C, Matsumoto N, Zou K, Meselhy MR, Komatsu K. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 November; 90(3): 254-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499580&dopt=Abstract

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Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3): immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Author(s): Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Yashiro K, Murakami T, Matsuda H. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 November; 49(11): 1452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724237&dopt=Abstract

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Brief introduction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Author(s): Yun TK. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748372&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer chemoprevention by ginseng in mouse liver and other organs. Author(s): Nishino H, Tokuda H, Ii T, Takemura M, Kuchide M, Kanazawa M, Mou XY,

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Bu P, Takayasu J, Onozuka M, Masuda M, Satomi Y, Konoshima T, Kishi N, Baba M, Okada Y, Okuyama T. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748379&dopt=Abstract •

Carbohydrase activities of the rolC-gene transformed and non-transformed ginseng cultures. Author(s): Bulgakov VP, Kusaykin M, Tchernoded GK, Zvyagintseva TN, Zhuravlev YN. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 December; 73(7-8): 638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490223&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of ginseng saponin ginsenoside-Rg(3) inhibition of catecholamine secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Author(s): Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Nunokawa M, Kashimoto T, Takahashi E, Kitagawa S. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2001 October 1; 62(7): 943-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543730&dopt=Abstract

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Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. Author(s): Shibata S. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S28-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748374&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoenzymatic asymmetric total syntheses of antitumor agents (3R,9R,10R)- and (3S,9R,10R)-Panaxytriol and (R)- and (S)-Falcarinol from Panax ginseng using an enantioconvergent enzyme-triggered cascade reaction. Author(s): Mayer SF, Steinreiber A, Orru RV, Faber K. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2002 December 27; 67(26): 9115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492310&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprevention of mammary, cervix and nervous system carcinogenesis in animals using cultured Panax ginseng drugs and preliminary clinical trials in patients with precancerous lesions of the esophagus and endometrium. Author(s): Bespalov VG, Alexandrov VA, Limarenko AY, Voytenkov BO, Okulov VB, Kabulov MK, Peresunko AP, Slepyan LI, Davydov VV. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S42-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748376&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic ginseng consumption attenuates age-associated oxidative stress in rats. Author(s): Fu Y, Ji LL.

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Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 November; 133(11): 3603-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14608081&dopt=Abstract •

Colon cancer chemoprevention with ginseng and other botanicals. Author(s): Wargovich MJ. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748382&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of growth characteristics of Panax ginseng hairy roots in various bioreactors. Author(s): Jeong GT, Park DH, Hwang B, Woo JC. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2003 Spring; 105 -108: 493-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12721430&dopt=Abstract

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Comparisons between white ginseng radix and rootlet for antidiabetic activity and mechanism in KKAy mice. Author(s): Chung SH, Choi CG, Park SH. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2001 June; 24(3): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440080&dopt=Abstract

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Components of Panax ginseng that improve accelerated small intestinal transit. Author(s): Hashimoto K, Satoh K, Murata P, Makino B, Sakakibara I, Kase Y, Ishige A, Higuchi M, Sasaki H. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 January; 84(1): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499086&dopt=Abstract

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Constituents and pharmacological effects of Eucommia and Siberian ginseng. Author(s): Deyama T, Nishibe S, Nakazawa Y. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001 December; 22(12): 1057-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749801&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxic dammarane glycosides from processed ginseng. Author(s): Park IH, Piao LZ, Kwon SW, Lee YJ, Cho SY, Park MK, Park JH. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 April; 50(4): 538-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964005&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased Hill reaction rates and slow turnover of transitory starch in the obligate shade plant Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng). Author(s): Miskell JA, Parmenter G, Eaton-Rye JJ. Source: Planta. 2002 October; 215(6): 969-79. Epub 2002 August 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12355157&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Author(s): Glockl I, Veit M, Blaschke G. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 February; 68(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859468&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of heavy metals and pesticides in ginseng products. Author(s): Khan IA, Allgood J, Walker LA, Abourashed EA, Schlenk D, Benson WH. Source: J Aoac Int. 2001 May-June; 84(3): 936-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417656&dopt=Abstract

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Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2001; 4(5): 399-412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842916&dopt=Abstract

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Diol- and triol-type ginseng saponins potentiate the apoptosis of NIH3T3 cells exposed to methyl methanesulfonate. Author(s): Hwang SJ, Cha JY, Park SG, Joe GJ, Kim HM, Moon HB, Jeong SJ, Lee JS, Shin DH, Ko SR, Park JK. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 June 15; 181(3): 192-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079428&dopt=Abstract

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Direct amplification of length polymorphism analysis differentiates Panax ginseng from P. quinquefolius. Author(s): Ha WY, Yau FC, But PP, Wang J, Shaw PC. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 August; 67(6): 587-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509992&dopt=Abstract

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Discovery of genes for ginsenoside biosynthesis by analysis of ginseng expressed sequence tags. Author(s): Jung JD, Park HW, Hahn Y, Hur CG, In DS, Chung HJ, Liu JR, Choi DW. Source: Plant Cell Reports. 2003 October; 22(3): 224-30. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920566&dopt=Abstract

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Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Kennedya DO, Scholeya AB, Wesnes KA. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2001; 4(4): 295-310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842896&dopt=Abstract

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Drug interaction potential of soy extract and Panax ginseng. Author(s): Anderson GD, Rosito G, Mohustsy MA, Elmer GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 June; 43(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817527&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Asian and Siberian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by five digoxin immunoassays. Significant variation in digoxin-like immunoreactivity among commercial ginsengs. Author(s): Dasgupta A, Wu S, Actor J, Olsen M, Wells A, Datta P. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 February; 119(2): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580002&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of butanol fraction of Panax ginseng head on gastric lesion and ulcer. Author(s): Jeong CS. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 February; 25(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885694&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ginseng radix on c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Author(s): Jang MH, Chang HK, Shin MC, Lee TH, Kim YP, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Source: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 February; 91(2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686759&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ginseng saponins on beta-amyloid-suppressed acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices. Author(s): Lee TF, Shiao YJ, Chen CF, Wang LC. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 October; 67(7): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11582541&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ginseng saponins on the recombinant serotonin type 3A receptor expressed in xenopus oocytes: implication of possible application as an antiemetic. Author(s): Min KT, Koo BN, Kang JW, Bai SJ, Ko SR, Cho ZH. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 August; 9(4): 505-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14499026&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Korea red ginseng on cerebral blood flow and superoxide production. Author(s): Kim CS, Park JB, Kim KJ, Chang SJ, Ryoo SW, Jeon BH. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2002 December; 23(12): 1152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466053&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. Author(s): Jeon BH, Kim CS, Park KS, Lee JW, Park JB, Kim KJ, Kim SH, Chang SJ, Nam KY. Source: General Pharmacology. 2000 September; 35(3): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744235&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Korean red ginseng on blood pressure and nitric oxide production. Author(s): Jeon BH, Kim CS, Kim HS, Park JB, Nam KY, Chang SJ. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 December; 21(12): 1095-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603282&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng) on the Ehrlich tumor in its ascitic form. Author(s): Matsuzaki P, Akisue G, Oloris SC, Gorniak SL, Dagli ML. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 December 19; 74(5): 573-579. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14623028&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Radix Ginseng and Radix Trichosanthis on the melanogenesis. Author(s): Im SJ, Kim KN, Yun YG, Lee JC, Mun YJ, Kim JH, Woo WH. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 June; 26(6): 849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808298&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of subcutaneous injection of ginseng on cows with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Author(s): Hu S, Concha C, Johannisson A, Meglia G, Waller KP. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2001 September; 48(7): 519-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11666034&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the traditional Chinese medicines Chan Su, Lu-Shen-Wan, Dan Shen, and Asian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by Tina-quant (Roche) and Synchron LX system (Beckman) digoxin immunoassays. Author(s): Chow L, Johnson M, Wells A, Dasgupta A. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2003; 17(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526019&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of American ginseng berry extract on blood glucose levels in ob/ob mice. Author(s): Xie JT, Aung HH, Wu JA, Attel AS, Yuan CS. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(2-3): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230007&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginseng ingestion on growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and insulinlike growth factor 1 responses to acute resistance exercise. Author(s): Youl Kang H, Hwan Kim S, Jun Lee W, Byrne HK. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2002 May; 16(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991768&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Ginseng on Secretory IgA, Performance, and Recovery from Interval Exercise. Author(s): Engels HJ, Fahlman MM, Wirth JC. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 April; 35(4): 690-696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673155&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Author(s): Kim DH, Moon YS, Jung JS, Min SK, Son BK, Suh HW, Song DK. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 29; 343(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749998&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginseng supplementation on supramaximal exercise performance and shortterm recovery. Author(s): Engels HJ, Kolokouri I, Cieslak TJ 2nd, Wirth JC. Source: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2001 August; 15(3): 290-5. Erratum In: J Strength Cond Res 2001 November; 15(4): 529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11710653&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on cell-to-cell communication function mediated by gap junctions. Author(s): Zhang YW, Dou DQ, Zhang L, Chen YJ, Yao XS. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 July; 67(5): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488454&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of ginsenosides, active components of ginseng, on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Author(s): Choi S, Jung SY, Lee JH, Sala F, Criado M, Mulet J, Valor LM, Sala S, Engel AG, Nah SY. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 May 3; 442(1-2): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020680&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Korean red ginseng and its mixed prescription on the high molecular weight dextran-induced blood stasis in rats and human platelet aggregation. Author(s): Yun YP, Do JH, Ko SR, Ryu SY, Kim JH, Song HC, Park YD, Ahn KS, Kim SH.

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Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 October; 77(2-3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535373&dopt=Abstract •

Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans. Author(s): Kim SH, Park KS. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2003 November; 48(5): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967598&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. Author(s): Ellis JM, Reddy P. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 March; 36(3): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895046&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Author(s): Kwan CY, Kwan TK. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 December; 21(12): 1101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603283&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of red ginseng upon postoperative immunity and survival in patients with stage III gastric cancer. Author(s): Suh SO, Kroh M, Kim NR, Joh YG, Cho MY. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(4): 483-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568276&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Siberian ginseng extract and ipriflavone on the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Author(s): Kropotov AV, Kolodnyak OL, Koldaev VM. Source: Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002 March; 133(3): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360344&dopt=Abstract

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Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Caron MF, Hotsko AL, Robertson S, Mandybur L, Kluger J, White CM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 36(5): 758-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978148&dopt=Abstract

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Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Drewery L, Marsh VR, Moore B, Ashton H. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2003 June; 75(3): 701-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895688&dopt=Abstract

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Electrophysiological effects of ginseng and ginsenoside Re in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Author(s): Bai CX, Sunami A, Namiki T, Sawanobori T, Furukawa T. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 August 22; 476(1-2): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12969747&dopt=Abstract

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Elicitor-like effects of low-energy ultrasound on plant (Panax ginseng) cells: induction of plant defense responses and secondary metabolite production. Author(s): Wu J, Lin L. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2002 June; 59(1): 51-7. Epub 2002 April 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073131&dopt=Abstract

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Enzymatic preparation of ginsenosides Rg2, Rh1, and F1 from protopanaxatriol-type ginseng saponin mixture. Author(s): Ko SR, Choi KJ, Uchida K, Suzuki Y. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 March; 69(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12677539&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological study on cancer prevention by ginseng: are all kinds of cancers preventable by ginseng? Author(s): Yun TK, Choi SY, Yun HY. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748373&dopt=Abstract

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Epidermis proliferative effect of the Panax ginseng ginsenoside Rb2. Author(s): Choi S. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 February; 25(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885696&dopt=Abstract

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Estrogen-like activity of ginsenoside Rg1 derived from Panax notoginseng. Author(s): Chan RY, Chen WF, Dong A, Guo D, Wong MS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 August; 87(8): 3691-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161497&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental and epidemiological evidence on non-organ specific cancer preventive effect of Korean ginseng and identification of active compounds. Author(s): Yun TK. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 February-March; 523-524: 63-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628504&dopt=Abstract

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Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFalpha production by alveolar macrophages. Author(s): Assinewe VA, Amason JT, Aubry A, Mullin J, Lemaire I. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 July; 9(5): 398-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222658&dopt=Abstract

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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. Author(s): Siddique MS, Eddeb F, Mantle D, Mendelow AD. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2000; 76: 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450098&dopt=Abstract

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Four new acetylated ginsenosides from processed ginseng (sun ginseng). Author(s): Park IH, Han SB, Kim JM, Piao L, Kwon SW, Kim NY, Kang TL, Park MK, Park JH. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 December; 25(6): 837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510835&dopt=Abstract

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Free radical scavenging activity of red ginseng aqueous extracts. Author(s): Kim YK, Guo Q, Packer L. Source: Toxicology. 2002 March 20; 172(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11882354&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic authentication of ginseng and other traditional Chinese medicine. Author(s): Hon CC, Chow YC, Zeng FY, Leung FC. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 September; 24(9): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956929&dopt=Abstract

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Gerimax ginseng regulates both humoral and cellular immunity during chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Author(s): Song Z, Wu H, Mathee K, Hoiby N, Kharazmi A. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 August; 8(4): 459-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230906&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and aluminium hydroxide act synergistically as vaccine adjuvants. Author(s): Rivera E, Hu S, Concha C. Source: Vaccine. 2003 March 7; 21(11-12): 1149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559792&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and ginsenoside Rg3, a newly identified active ingredient of ginseng, modulate Ca2+ channel currents in rat sensory neurons. Author(s): Rhim H, Kim H, Lee DY, Oh TH, Nah SY. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 February 2; 436(3): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858794&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng and the Royal Society. Author(s): Appleby JH. Source: Notes Rec R Soc Lond. 1983 March; 37(2): 121-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11611150&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng berry reduces blood glucose and body weight in db/db mice. Author(s): Xie JT, Zhou YP, Dey L, Attele AS, Wu JA, Gu M, Polonsky KS, Yuan CS. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 April; 9(3): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046868&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng does not enhance psychological well-being in healthy, young adults: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Cardinal BJ, Engels HJ. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 June; 101(6): 655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11424544&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng extract in aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccines improves the antibody response of pigs to porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Author(s): Rivera E, Daggfeldt A, Hu S. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2003 January 10; 91(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507846&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng improves pulmonary functions and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Author(s): Gross D, Shenkman Z, Bleiberg B, Dayan M, Gittelson M, Efrat R. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2002 October-December; 57(5-6): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814035&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng increases intestinal elimination of albendazole sulfoxide in the rat. Author(s): Merino G, Molina AJ, Garcia JL, Pulido MM, Prieto JG, Alvarez AI. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : Cbp. 2003 September; 136(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522595&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng intestinal metabolite-I (GIM-I) reduces doxorubicin toxicity in the mouse testis. Author(s): Kang J, Lee Y, No K, Jung E, Sung J, Kim Y, Nam S.

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Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2002 May-June; 16(3): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12128103&dopt=Abstract •

Ginseng radix increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of rats with streptozotocininduced diabetes. Author(s): Lim BV, Shin MC, Jang MH, Lee TH, Kim YP, Kim HB, Lee KS, Kim H, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 December; 25(12): 1550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499638&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng total saponin potentiates acute U-50,488H-induced analgesia and inhibits tolerance to U-50,488H-induced analgesia in mice. Author(s): Nemmani KV, Ramarao P. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2002 May; 72(1-2): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11900762&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng, sex behavior, and nitric oxide. Author(s): Murphy LL, Lee TJ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 May; 962: 372-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076988&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng. Author(s): Glenn MB, Lexell J. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2003 March-April; 18(2): 196-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802227&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng: potential for the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2003 June; 75(3): 687-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12895687&dopt=Abstract

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Ginseng: the history of an insignificant plant. Author(s): Court WE. Source: Pharm Hist (Lond). 2000 September; 30(3): 38-44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11624663&dopt=Abstract

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Ginsenoside production in different phenotypes of Panax ginseng transformed roots. Author(s): Mallol A, Cusido RM, Palazon J, Bonfill M, Morales C, Pinol MT. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 June; 57(3): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393515&dopt=Abstract

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Ginsenoside variability in American ginseng samples. Author(s): Yuan CS, Wu JA, Osinski J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 March; 75(3): 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864869&dopt=Abstract

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Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng differentially regulate lymphocyte proliferation. Author(s): Cho JY, Kim AR, Yoo ES, Baik KU, Park MH. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 June; 68(6): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094290&dopt=Abstract

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Ginsenosides stimulate the growth of soilborne pathogens of American ginseng. Author(s): Nicol RW, Yousef L, Traquair JA, Bernards MA. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 September; 64(1): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946424&dopt=Abstract

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Growth and ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng using a novel bioreactor. Author(s): Palazon J, Mallol A, Eibl R, Lettenbauer C, Cusido RM, Pinol MT. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 April; 69(4): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709902&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatoprotective effect of majonoside R2, the major saponin from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis). Author(s): Tran QL, Adnyana IK, Tezuka Y, Harimaya Y, Saiki I, Kurashige Y, Tran QK, Kadota S. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 May; 68(5): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058314&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal products and serious side effects: a case of ginseng-induced manic episode. Author(s): Vazquez I, Aguera-Ortiz LF. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 105(1): 76-7; Discussion 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086230&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoglycemic activity of ginseng glycopeptide. Author(s): Wang BX, Zhou QL, Yang M, Wang Y, Cui ZY, Liu YQ, Ikejima T. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 January; 24(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511229&dopt=Abstract

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Hypoglycemic mechanism of ginseng glycopeptide. Author(s): Wang BX, Zhou QL, Yang M, Wang Y, Cui ZY, Liu YQ, Ikejima T.

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Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 January; 24(1): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511231&dopt=Abstract •

Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Author(s): Wang M, Guilbert LJ, Ling L, Li J, Wu Y, Xu S, Pang P, Shan JJ. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 November; 53(11): 1515-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732754&dopt=Abstract

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Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. Author(s): Shin JY, Song JY, Yun YS, Yang HO, Rhee DK, Pyo S. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2002 August; 24(3): 469-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375741&dopt=Abstract

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Improved high performance liquid chromatographic determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng-based pharmaceuticals using a diol column. Author(s): Bonfill M, Casals I, Palazon J, Mallol A, Morales C. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2002 February; 16(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816014&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of Panax notoginseng cell culture for production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by high density cultivation in pneumatically agitated bioreactors. Author(s): Hu WW, Yao H, Zhong JJ. Source: Biotechnology Progress. 2001 September-October; 17(5): 838-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587572&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of panaxytriol isolated from ginseng. Author(s): Bae EA, Han MJ, Baek NI, Kim DH. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2001 August; 24(4): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11534760&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro effect of standardized ginseng extracts and individual ginsenosides on the catalytic activity of human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. Author(s): Chang TK, Chen J, Benetton SA. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2002 April; 30(4): 378-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11901090&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro inhibition of adrenal catecholamine secretion by steroidal metabolites of ginseng saponins. Author(s): Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Hasegawa H, Kashimoto T, Sasaki K, Miyazaki M, Taira H, Lindstrom JM.

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Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 December 1; 66(11): 2213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609746&dopt=Abstract •

In vivo effects of Panax ginseng extracts on the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system in the liver of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-exposed guinea pig. Author(s): Lee HC, Hwang SG, Lee YG, Sohn HO, Lee DW, Hwang SY, Kwak YS, Wee JJ, Joo WH, Cho YK, Moon JY. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 July 5; 71(7): 759-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074935&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of hemopoiesis by Saenghyuldan, a mixture of Ginseng Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Hominis Placenta extracts. Author(s): Son CG, Han SH, Cho JH, Shin JW, Cho CH, Lee YW, Cho CK. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 February; 24(2): 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546718&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of simulated microgravity environmental factor on ginseng cell growth and ginseng saponin content. Author(s): Zhao W, Cai WM. Source: Acta Phytophysiol Sinica. 1998; 24(2): 159-64. Chinese. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11541754&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition by ginseng of colon carcinogenesis in rats. Author(s): Fukushima S, Wanibuchi H, Li W. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748381&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of intracerebroventricular injection stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by intracerebroventricularly administered compound K, a ginseng saponin metabolite, in mice. Author(s): Kim DH, Jung JS, Moon YS, Sung JH, Suh HW, Kim YH, Song DK. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 July; 26(7): 1035-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843635&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of repetitive DNA sequences from Panax ginseng. Author(s): Ho IS, Leung FC. Source: Molecular Genetics and Genomics : Mgg. 2002 February; 266(6): 951-61. Epub 2001 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862489&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and properties of arginase from a shade plant, ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) roots. Author(s): Hwang HJ, Kim EH, Cho YD. Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 December; 58(7): 1015-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730864&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of a novel thermolabile heterodimeric ribonuclease with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from roots of the sanchi ginseng Panax notoginseng. Author(s): Lam SK, Ng TB. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 July 13; 285(2): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444859&dopt=Abstract

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Korean red ginseng effective for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Author(s): Price A, Gazewood J. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 January; 52(1): 20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540305&dopt=Abstract

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Lipophilic fraction of Panax ginseng induces neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and promotes neuronal survival of rat cortical neurons by protein kinase C dependent manner. Author(s): Mizumaki Y, Kurimoto M, Hirashima Y, Nishijima M, Kamiyama H, Nagai S, Takaku A, Sugihara K, Shimizu M, Endo S. Source: Brain Research. 2002 September 20; 950(1-2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231251&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatographic determination of less polar ginsenosides in processed ginseng. Author(s): Kwon SW, Han SB, Park IH, Kim JM, Park MK, Park JH. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2001 July 6; 921(2): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471818&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of malonyl-ginsenosides in the authentication of ginseng. Author(s): Kite GC, Howes MJ, Leon CJ, Simmonds MS. Source: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry : Rcm. 2003; 17(3): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12539190&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term intake of Korean red ginseng in HIV-1-infected patients: development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed. Author(s): Cho YK, Sung H, Lee HJ, Joo CH, Cho GJ.

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Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2001 July; 1(7): 1295-1305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11460310&dopt=Abstract •

Modification of radiation response in mice by ginsenosides, active components of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Kim SR, Jo SK, Kim SH. Source: In Vivo. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12655795&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of radiation response in mice by Panax ginseng and diethyldithiocarbamate. Author(s): Kim SH, Son CH, Nah SY, Jo SK, Jang JS, Shin DH. Source: In Vivo. 2001 September-October; 15(5): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695238&dopt=Abstract

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Modulating effects of korean ginseng saponins on ovarian function in immature rats. Author(s): Yu WJ, Lee BJ, Nam SY, Yang DC, Yun YW. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 November; 26(11): 1574-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14600404&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2002 April 15; 75(5): 739-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020739&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro and in vivo by the herbal constituents apigenin (chamomile), ginsenoside Rb(1) (ginseng) and parthenolide (feverfew). Author(s): Smolinski AT, Pestka JJ. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2003 October; 41(10): 1381-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909272&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng species by RAPD analysis and PCR-RFLP. Author(s): Um JY, Chung HS, Kim MS, Na HJ, Kwon HJ, Kim JJ, Lee KM, Lee SJ, Lim JP, Do KR, Hwang WJ, Lyu YS, An NH, Kim HM. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 August; 24(8): 872-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510476&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor promoting activities of heat-processed Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Author(s): Surh YJ, Na HK, Lee JY, Keum YS.

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Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S38-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748375&dopt=Abstract •

Multiple effects of American ginseng in clinical medicine. Author(s): Yuan CS, Dey L. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 29(3-4): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789600&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroactive and other free amino acids in seed and young plants of Panax ginseng. Author(s): Kuo YH, Ikegami F, Lambein F. Source: Phytochemistry. 2003 April; 62(7): 1087-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591261&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Van Kampen J, Robertson H, Hagg T, Drobitch R. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2003 November; 184(1): 521-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14637121&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroprotective effects of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Author(s): Liao B, Newmark H, Zhou R. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2002 February; 173(2): 224-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822886&dopt=Abstract

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Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAP) for ginseng components by response surface methodology. Author(s): Kwon JH, Belanger JM, Pare JR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 March 26; 51(7): 1807-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643634&dopt=Abstract

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Optimum conditions for transformed Panax ginseng hairy roots in flask culture. Author(s): Jeong GT, Park DH, Ryu HW, Lee WT, Park K, Kang CH, Hwang B, Woo JC. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2002 Spring; 98-100: 1129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018236&dopt=Abstract

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Overexpression of a small medicinal peptide from ginseng in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Author(s): Yan Y, Chen J, Li J. Source: Protein Expression and Purification. 2003 June; 29(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767805&dopt=Abstract

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Pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional chinese medicinal herb Panax notoginseng. Author(s): Lam SK, Ng TB. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 November; 68(11): 1024-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451495&dopt=Abstract

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Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus may exaggerate an already existing biphasic response to stress via inhibition of enzymes which limit the binding of stress hormones to their receptors. Author(s): Gaffney BT, Hugel HM, Rich PA. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 May; 56(5): 567-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388770&dopt=Abstract

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Panax ginseng. Author(s): Kiefer D, Pantuso T. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 October 15; 68(8): 1539-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14596440&dopt=Abstract

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Panax ginseng: a role in cancer therapy? Author(s): Chang YS, Seo EK, Gyllenhaal C, Block KI. Source: Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2003 March; 2(1): 13-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941165&dopt=Abstract

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Panax ginseng: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions. Author(s): Coon JT, Ernst E. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2002; 25(5): 323-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020172&dopt=Abstract

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Panax ginseng--a non-organ-specific cancer preventive? Author(s): Yun TK. Source: The Lancet Oncology. 2001 January; 2(1): 49-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905620&dopt=Abstract

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Panax notoginseng (Burk.) effects on fibrinogen and lipid plasma level in rats fed on a high-fat diet. Author(s): Cicero AF, Vitale G, Savino G, Arletti R. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 February; 17(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601683&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of TNF-alpha in response to North American ginseng stimulation. Author(s): Zhou DL, Kitts DD.

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Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2002 October; 80(10): 10303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450071&dopt=Abstract •

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism by ginseng. Author(s): Yoon M, Lee H, Jeong S, Kim JJ, Nicol CJ, Nam KW, Kim M, Cho BG, Oh GT. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 April; 138(7): 1295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711630&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 from Panax notoginseng in rats. Author(s): Xu QF, Fang XL, Chen DF. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 February; 84(2-3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648814&dopt=Abstract

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Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil. Author(s): Beveridge TH, Li TS, Drover JC. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 February 13; 50(4): 744-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11829639&dopt=Abstract

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Production of herbicide-resistant transgenic Panax ginseng through the introduction of the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase gene and successful soil transfer. Author(s): Choi YE, Jeong JH, In JK, Yang DC. Source: Plant Cell Reports. 2003 February; 21(6): 563-8. Epub 2002 November 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789431&dopt=Abstract

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Promotion of hair growth by ginseng radix on cultured mouse vibrissal hair follicles. Author(s): Matsuda H, Yamazaki M, Asanuma Y, Kubo M. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916080&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of ginsenosides, active ingredients of Panax ginseng, on kainic acidinduced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Author(s): Lee JH, Kim SR, Bae CS, Kim D, Hong H, Nah S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 June 7; 325(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044638&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effects of Panax ginseng on muscle injury and inflammation after eccentric exercise. Author(s): Cabral de Oliveira AC, Perez AC, Merino G, Prieto JG, Alvarez AI.

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Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : Cbp. 2001 November; 130(3): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11701393&dopt=Abstract •

Proteome of Oriental ginseng Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and the potential to use it as an identification tool. Author(s): Lum JH, Fung KL, Cheung PY, Wong MS, Lee CH, Kwok FS, Leung MC, Hui PK, Lo SC. Source: Proteomics. 2002 September; 2(9): 1123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362331&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and characterization of a 28-kDa major protein from ginseng root. Author(s): Yoon JY, Ha BH, Woo JS, Lim YH, Kim KH. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2002 July; 132(3): 551-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091100&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and characterization of ginsenoside-beta-glucosidase from ginseng. Author(s): Zhang C, Yu H, Bao Y, An L, Jin F. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 July; 49(7): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11456082&dopt=Abstract

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Radioprotective Effect of Panax ginseng on the Phosphatases and Lipid Peroxidation Level in Testes of Swiss Albino Mice. Author(s): Kumar M, Sharma MK, Saxena PS, Kumar A. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 March; 26(3): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612438&dopt=Abstract

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Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. Author(s): Min YK, Chung SH, Lee JS, Kim SS, Shin HD, Lim BV, Shin MC, Jang MH, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Source: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 October; 93(2): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14578592&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by protopanaxatriol ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng. Author(s): Choi CH, Kang G, Min YD. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 March; 69(3): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12677527&dopt=Abstract

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Role of benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor complex in attenuation of U-50,488Hinduced analgesia and inhibition of tolerance to its analgesia by ginseng total

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saponin in mice. Author(s): Nemmani KV, Ramarao P. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 March 1; 70(15): 1727-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002518&dopt=Abstract •

Sensitization of a tumor, but not normal tissue, to the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation using Panax notoginseng extract. Author(s): Chen FD, Wu MC, Wang HE, Hwang JJ, Hong CY, Huang YT, Yen SH, Ou YH. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 29(3-4): 517-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789595&dopt=Abstract

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Siberian Ginseng (Eleutheroccus senticosus) Effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Activity in Normal Volunteers. Author(s): Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Markowitz JS. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2003 May; 31(5): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695337&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of growth hormone gene expression in the pituitary and brain by Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER. Author(s): Yoshizato H, Fujikawa T, Shibata M, Tanaka M, Nakashima K. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 March; 46 Suppl: S85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054128&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264.7 cells. Author(s): Friedl R, Moeslinger T, Kopp B, Spieckermann PG. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 December; 134(8): 1663-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11739242&dopt=Abstract

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Straightforward synthesis of panaxytriol: an active component of Red Ginseng. Author(s): Yun H, Danishefsky SJ. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003 May 30; 68(11): 4519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12762760&dopt=Abstract

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Structures of new dammarane-type Triterpene Saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal Ginseng Saponins. Author(s): Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Kashima Y, Ninomiya K, Matsuda H. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2003 July; 66(7): 922-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880307&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on mass production of transformed Panax ginseng hairy roots in bioreactor. Author(s): Jeong GT, Park DH, Hwang B, Park K, Kim SW, Woo JC. Source: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2002 Spring; 98-100: 1115-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018235&dopt=Abstract

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Study on chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by ginseng: an introduction to the protocol. Author(s): Ginseng-HCC Chemopreventive Study Osaka Group. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2001 December; 16 Suppl: S70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748380&dopt=Abstract

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Synthesis of oligosaccharide derivatives related to those from sanqi, a Chinese herbal medicine from Panax notoginseng. Author(s): Yang F, Du Y. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2002 March 15; 337(6): 485-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890886&dopt=Abstract

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Teratogenicity of hexavalent chromium in rats and the beneficial role of ginseng. Author(s): Elsaieed EM, Nada SA. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2002 March; 68(3): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993810&dopt=Abstract

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The antimetastatic and immunomodulating activities of ginseng minor glycosides. Author(s): Popov AM, Atopkina LN, Uvarova NI, Elyakov GB. Source: Doklady. Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2001 September-October; 380: 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727551&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of ginseng on bile-pancreatic secretion in the rat. Increase in proteins and inhibition of total lipids and cholesterol secretion. Author(s): Salam OM, Nada SA, Arbid MS. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2002 April; 45(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030800&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng on steroidal hormone indices of stress and lymphocyte subset numbers in endurance athletes. Author(s): Gaffney BT, Hugel HM, Rich PA. Source: Life Sciences. 2001 December 14; 70(4): 431-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11798012&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of ginseng, ephedrine, and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and energy. Author(s): Lieberman HR. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2001 April; 59(4): 91-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368507&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of Korean red ginseng (ginseng radix rubra) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in dogs. Author(s): Kwon YS, Jang KH, Jang IH. Source: J Vet Sci. 2003 April; 4(1): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819370&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. Author(s): Coleman CI, Hebert JH, Reddy P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2003 February; 28(1): 5-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605613&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of Radix Ginseng rubra on cAMP of experimental ischemic myocardium in rats. Author(s): Liu Z, Zhang J, Ouyang X, Liu X, Guan X. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1999; 19(2): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840845&dopt=Abstract

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The Isolation and Structure Characterization of the Active Oligosaccharide DP-6 from Cultured Panax ginseng Cells. Author(s): Deng B, Zheng GZ, Shen YM, Luo JP, Gan FY. Source: Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica. 1996; 28(6): 600-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232586&dopt=Abstract

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The nootropic properties of ginseng saponin Rb1 are linked to effects on anxiety. Author(s): Churchill JD, Gerson JL, Hinton KA, Mifek JL, Walter MJ, Winslow CL, Deyo RA. Source: Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science : the Official Journal of the Pavlovian Society. 2002 July-September; 37(3): 178-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435210&dopt=Abstract

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The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Author(s): Ernst E.

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Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 January 1; 136(1): 42-53. Review. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 2003 Jan 7; 138(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777363&dopt=Abstract •

Three new dammarane glycosides from heat processed ginseng. Author(s): Park IH, Kim NY, Han SB, Kim JM, Kwon SW, Kim HJ, Park MK, Park JH. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2002 August; 25(4): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214849&dopt=Abstract

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Thrombosis of a prosthetic aortic valve disclosing a hazardous interaction between warfarin and a commercial ginseng product. Author(s): Rosado MF. Source: Cardiology. 2003; 99(2): 111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711887&dopt=Abstract

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Transglycosylation to ginseng saponins by cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases. Author(s): Kim YH, Lee YG, Choi KJ, Uchida K, Suzuki Y. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2001 April; 65(4): 875-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388467&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells. Author(s): Wu J, Lin L, Chau FT. Source: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2001 October; 8(4): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510218&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-induced physiological effects and secondary metabolite (saponin) production in Panax ginseng cell cultures. Author(s): Lin L, Wu J, Ho KP, Qi S. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2001 August; 27(8): 1147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527603&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrasound-induced stress responses of Panax ginseng cells: enzymatic browning and phenolics production. Author(s): Wu J, Lin L. Source: Biotechnology Progress. 2002 July-August; 18(4): 862-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153322&dopt=Abstract

•

Variability in commercial ginseng products: an analysis of 25 preparations. Author(s): Harkey MR, Henderson GL, Gershwin ME, Stern JS, Hackman RM.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 June; 73(6): 1101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11382666&dopt=Abstract •

Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia. Author(s): Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571655&dopt=Abstract

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White, but not Red, Ginseng Inhibits Progression of Intestinal Carcinogenesis in Rats. Author(s): Ichihara T, Wanibuchi H, Iwai S, Kaneko M, Tamano S, Nishino H, Fukushima S. Source: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2002; 3(3): 243-250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718582&dopt=Abstract

•

Wild ginseng grows in myanmar. Author(s): Tran QL, Than MM, Tezuka Y, Banskota AH, Kouda K, Watanabe H, Zhu S, Komatsu K, Thet MM, Swe T, Maruyama Y, Kadota S. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2003 June; 51(6): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808246&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to ginseng; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Athletic Performance Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erectile Dysfunction Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fatigue Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Hypothermia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Impotence Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Memory Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psychological Conditions and Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recovery from Illness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stamina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Chinese Medicine Ankun Zanyu Wan Alternative names: (An Kun Zan Yu Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Babao Kunshun Wan Alternative names: (Ba Bao Kun Shun Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Baolong Wan Alternative names: Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Bushen Yinao Pian Alternative names: Bushen Yinao Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Chanfukang Keli Alternative names: Chanfukang Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Ciwujia Jingao Alternative names: Manyprickle Acanthopanax Extract; Ciwujia Jingao (Ci Wu Jia Jin Gao) Extractum Acanthopanacis Senticosi Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dieda Huoxue San Alternative names: Dieda Houxue Powder; Dieda Huoxue San (Die Da Huo Xue San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dieda Wan Alternative names: Dieda Pills; Dieda Wan (Die Da Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dingkun Dan Alternative names: Dingkun Pills; Dingkun Dan (Ding Kun Dan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Fufang Danshen Pian Alternative names: Compound Saivia Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Guanxin Danshen Pian Alternative names: Guanxin Danshen Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hongshen Alternative names: Red Ginseng; Radix Ginseng Rubra Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongyao Tiegao Alternative names: Hongyao Plaster Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Huazheng Huisheng Pian Alternative names: Huazheng Huisheng Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Huoxue Zhitong San Alternative names: Huoxue Zhitong Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hupo Baolong Wan Alternative names: Hupo Baolong Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jiangtang Wan Alternative names: Jiantang Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Jianpi Wan Alternative names: Jianpi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Lingbao Huxin Dan Alternative names: Lingbao Huxin Micropills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Mugua Wan Alternative names: Mugua Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Naodesheng Pian Alternative names: Naodesheng Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Niuhuang Qingxin Wan Alternative names: Niuhuang Qingxin Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Pinggan Shuluo Wan Alternative names: Pinggan Shuluo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Qipi Wan Alternative names: Qipi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Renshen Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Renshen Jianpi Wan Alternative names: Renshen Jianpi Pills; Renshen Jianpi Wan(Ren Shen Jian Pi Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Renshenye Alternative names: Ginseng Leaf; Renshenye (Ren Shen Ye); Folium Ginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Rupixiao Pian Alternative names: Rupixiao Tablets; Rupixiao Pian (Ru Pi Xiao Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Sanqi Alternative names: Sanchi; Radix Notoginseng Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanqi Shangyao Pian Alternative names: Sanqi Shangyao Tablets; Sanqi Shangyao Pian (San Qi Shang Yao Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Gao Alternative names: Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Plaster; Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Gao (Shao Lin Feng Shi Die Da Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shengmai Yin Alternative names: Shengmai Yin Oral Liquid; Shengmai Yin (Sheng Mai Yin) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shenling Baizhu San Alternative names: Shenling Baizhu Powder; Shenling Baizhu San (Shen Ling Bai Zhu San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Shenrong Baifeng Wan Alternative names: Shenrong Baifeng Pills; Shenrong Baifeng Wan (Shen Rong Bai Feng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shenrong Guben Pian Alternative names: Shenrong Guben Tablets; Shenrong Guben Pian (Shen Rong Gu Ben Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shexiang Baoxin Wan Alternative names: Shexiang Baoxin Pills; Shexiang Baoxin Wan (She Xiang Bao Xin Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shihu Yeguang Wan Alternative names: Shihu Yeguang Pills; Shihu Yeguang Wan (Shi Hu Ye Guang Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shuxiong Pian Alternative names: Shuxiong Tablets; Shuxiong Pian (Shu Xiong Pi An) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Tongcao Alternative names: Stachyurus or Japanese Helwingia Pith; Xiaotongcao; Medulla Stachyuri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Wujiapi Alternative names: Sienderstyle Acanthopanax Bark; Cortex Acanthopanacis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhujieshen Alternative names: Japanese Ginseng; Rhizoma Panacis Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuzishen Alternative names: Largeleaf Japanese Ginseng Rhizome; Rhizoma Panacis Majoris Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Acanthopanax Senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Acorus Alternative names: Sweet Flag; Acorus calamus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Adrenal Complex Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,994,00.html American Ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com American Ginseng Alternative names: Ginseng, American Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Andrographis Alternative names: Andrographis paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angelica Sinensis Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ashwagandha Alternative names: Withania somniferum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ashwagandha Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Ginseng, Asian Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Astragalus Sp Alternative names: Vetch, Rattlepod, Locoweed; Astragalus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bupleurum Alternative names: Bupleurum chinense, Bupleurum falcatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chinese Angelica Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chinese Scullcap Alternative names: Scutellaria baicalensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Danggui Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digoxin Alternative names: Crystodigin, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai Alternative names: Angelica sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Dong Quai (angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eleuthero Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleutherococcus Senticosus Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginseng Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginseng (Panax) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10029,00.html

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Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Influenza Vaccine Alternative names: FluShield, Fluvirin, Fluzone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Influenza Virus Vaccine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lamivudine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leonurus Alternative names: Motherwort; Leonurus cardiaca Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lepidium Meyenii1 Alternative names: Maca; Lepidium meyenii Walp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Maitake Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com MAO Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Ginseng Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Panax Quinquefolium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phenelzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Potentilla Alternative names: Cinquefoil, Silverweed; Potentilla sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Reishi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Schisandra Alternative names: Schisandra chinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Siberian Ginseng Alternative names: Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Siberian Ginseng Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,821,00.html Suma Alternative names: Pfaffia paniculata , Hebanthe paniculata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Suma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tang Kuei Alternative names: Dong Quai Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triotann-S Pediatric Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ginseng. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ginseng” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ginseng, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Ginseng ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ginseng. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Reintroduction of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) by Snow, Mary Margaret; PhD from Indiana State University, 1999, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9955244

•

Effects of Ethephon on Floral Abscission and Root Quality of North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) by Campeau, Cynthia A.; MSC from University of Guelph (Canada), 2003, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76051

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Improved Ginseng Drying with Three-stage Temperature Control by Li, Xiang (Jason); MSC from University of Guelph (Canada), 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67359

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Phytochemical Variation and Immunopharmacology of Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng) by Assinewe, Valerie Ann; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ66118

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The Ch'ing Ginseng Monopoly. by Symons, Van Jay, PhD from Brown University, 1975, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7615725

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning ginseng.

Recent Trials on Ginseng The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to ginseng.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Effects of Ginseng and Ginkgo on Drug Disposition in Man Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will assess the effects of ginseng and ginkgo on 1) drugmetabolizing enzymes by evaluating changes in disposition of probe drugs, 2) cognitive function, and 3) conjugating enzymes implicated in chemoprevention of cancer. Phase(s): Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029692

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “ginseng” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON GINSENG Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ginseng” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ginseng, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Ginseng By performing a patent search focusing on ginseng, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ginseng: •

Anthocyanin producing callus line in cultures of panax sikkimensis and a method of producing panax sikkimensis line capable of producing anthocyanin Inventor(s): Gangwar; Anita (Lucknow, IN), Jain; Dharam Chand (Lucknow, IN), Mathur; Ajay Kumar (Lucknow, IN), Mathur; Archana (Lucknow, IN), Sangwan; Rajender Singh (Lucknow, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,368,860 Date filed: March 29, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to an anthocyanin producing callus line in cultures of Panax sikkimensis (an Indian species of ginseng) said line comprising: (a) Characteristic pink-purple pigmentation, (b) Growth index of about 221-450 in about 5080 days of culture period, (c) Yield of anthocyanin (2-3 mg/gf.wt.) from the callus in about 40-60 days under light conditions (continuous light), and (d) Characteristic DNA profile wherein the lanes 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and 12 in each gel (upper gel for wild line and lower gel for anthocyanin producing line) represent the PCR amplified fragments produced by the respective template megabase genomic DNA with primers 5' CTG ATG CAT C3', 3',5' TGG TCA CTG A 3', 5' AGG GGT CTT G 3',5' GAA ACG GGT G 3',5' AGG GGT CTT G 3',5' GCG TAA CGC C 3',5' CAG CAC CCA C 3',5' GTT GCG ATC C 3',5' CAG GCC CTT C 3',5' CGC AGT ACT C 3',5' GTC CTA CTC G 3',5' CTA CAC AGG C 3' and 5' GTC CTT AGC G 3', respectively. Lane M shows the standard size markers of a ladder at 100 bp intervals from 1000 bp downwards. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for the development of an anthocyanin producing callus line in cultures of Panax sikkimensis-Indian Ginseng. More particularly, the developed callus line has characteristic pigmentation, growth kinetics, DNA profile and anthocyanin content. The invention provides a procedure for the development of an anthocyanin producing callus line in cultures of Panax sikkimensis-Indian Ginseng, its growth kinetics and in vitro productivity of anthocyanin in this unique line which also contains ginsenosides that are in high demand in market as important ingredient of health tonics and anti-ageing drug preparation. The genus Panax (Family Araliaceae) which is commonly called ginseng, has long been known for its saponin (ginsenosides) responsible for anti-ageing, adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activity. We have been engaged in biotechnological studies in American and Indian species of Panax for past several years. While screening cell lines specifically rich in various ginsenoside fractions, from callus cultures of an Indian species--P. sikkimensis. we came across with anthocyanin rich cell clusters which have subsequently been cloned through continuous cell-aggregate selection procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368860__

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Bovine mastitis treatment Inventor(s): Hassler; Lisa M. (102 Beaver Creek Rd., Fleetwood, PA 19522), Hassler; Mark A. (102 Beaver Creek Rd., Fleetwood, PA 19522) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,846,543 Date filed: October 24, 1995 Abstract: Chemical compositions for the treatment of bovine mastitis which compositions are combinations of four components i.e.; Echinechea Goldenseal Supreme; Wild Ginseng Supreme; gelsemium, pokeroot, and aconite; and aloe vera juice, which form a dose which is injected into the mastitis affected portion of a cow's udder for a minimum of two doses per day for at least three days, which results in a cure for the mastitis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical compositions for treating bovine mastitis which compositions include Echinechea Goldenseal Supreme; Wild Ginseng Supreme; gelsemium, poke root, aconite; and aloe vera juice. Dairy cows whose main purpose is to produce milk are subject to many disorders which can disrupt their milk production, and render the cow unfit to produce milk. Dairy cows are expensive to own and maintain, and the standards for milk production are high. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05846543__

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Chinese herbal composition for improving blood circulation and the method of preparing the same Inventor(s): Chang; Ming Ching (Taichung, TW), Lee; Fang-Yu (Taichung, TW), Wu; Huan (Taichung, TW) Assignee(s): Yung Shin Pharma Ind. Co. Ltd. (Tachia, TW) Patent Number: 6,447,814 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an herbal composition for improving blood circulation and treating patients with coronary heart diseases and stroke. The herbal composition comprises 30-50 wt % of Dang Gui root (Radix Angelicae sinensis), 35-65 wt % of Chuan Xiong root (Radix Ligustici Chuanxiong), and 7-13 wt % of Ginseng root (Radix Ginseng). The present invention also provides methods of preparing the same. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel Chinese herbal composition for improving blood circulation and for treating patients with coronary heart diseases and stroke. The composition comprises 30-50 wt % of Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae sinensis), 35-65 wt % of Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici Chuanxiong), and 7-13 wt % of Renshen (Radix Ginseng), preferably Red Ginseng (Radix Ginseng Rubra). The present invention also relates to methods for preparing and using the same. The so-called blood stasis in Chinese medicine is generally referred to as an abnormal state in blood rheology where the blood tends to thicken, become viscous, coagulate and aggregate, or the condition of stagnant or discontinuous blood flow that leads to all kinds of disease symptoms. Blood stasis has been shown to be the main characteristic of at least one hundred types of disease, in particular, the cardiovascular and cerebroascular diseases. A recent report published by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that cardiovascular disease has been the single greatest cause of death, with 15 millions of

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people dying from it every year worldwide. Among the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, coronary heart disease and stroke are particularly of concerns in most of the developed countries. The incidence of these diseases is increasing, while the onset age of the patients is decreasing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447814__ •

Composition and method of use in treating sexual dysfunction using cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors Inventor(s): Niazi; Sarfaraz K (20 Riverside Dr., Deerfield, IL 60015) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,338,862 Date filed: March 26, 2001 Abstract: The inhibitors of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterases type 5 (cGMP-PDE5) such as sildenafil citrate (Viagra.RTM.) act by increasing the level of cGMP in sexual organs to produce enhanced blood flow and an erectile response of sexual organs. Though sildenafil citrate is a specific inhibitor of cGMP-PDE5, its effects on other body organs produce many side effects including fatalities. Described here is a method of combining cGMP-PDE5 inhibitors with natural sources of nutrients that instantly enhance the levels of endogenous cGMP and thus reduce the therapeutic dose and therefore the side effects of cGMP-PDE5 inhibitors. We have discovered that if sildenafil citrate, as a prototype of cGMP-PDE5, is combined with L-arginine, ginseng, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid, all natural and safe ingredients, the dose requirements for sildenafil citrate can be reduced substantially. The specific composition described here assists in the action of sildenafil primarily by increasing the production of cGMP through modulation of nitric oxide pathway (L-arginine.fwdarw.nitric oxide.fwdarw.cGMP) and secondarily by having its own effect on improving blood circulation to sexual organs. Excerpt(s): Adequate sexual function is a complex interaction of hormonal events and psychosocial relationships. The term "sexual dysfunction" generally includes any sexual dysfunction in an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. The animal can be male or female. Sexual dysfunction may include, for example, sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders and sexual pain disorders. Female sexual dysfunction refers to any female sexual dysfunction including, for example, sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, sexual pain disorders, dyspareunia, and vaginismus. The female can be pre-menopausal or menopausal. Male sexual dysfunction refers to any male sexual dysfunction including, for example, male erectile dysfunction and impotence. There are four stages to sexual response as described in the International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 51(3): 26-77 (1995). The first stage of sexual response is desire. The second stage of sexual response is arousal. Both physical and emotional stimulation may lead to breast and genital vasodilation and clitoral engorgement (vasocongestion). In the female, dilation and engorgement of the blood vessels in the labia and tissue surrounding the vagina produce the "orgasmic platform," an area at the distal third of the vagina where blood becomes sequestered. Localized perivaginal swelling and vaginal lubrication make up the changes in this stage of sexual response. Subsequently, ballooning of the proximal portion of the vagina and elevation of the uterus occurs. In the male, vasodilation of the cavernosal arteries and closure of the venous channels that drain the penis produce an erection. The third stage of sexual response is orgasm, while the fourth stage is

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resolution. Interruption or absence of any of the stages of the sexual response cycle can result in sexual dysfunction. One study found that 35% of males and 42% of females reported some form of sexual dysfunction. Read et al, J. Public Health Med., 19(4): 387391 (1997). In both pre-menopausal and menopausal females, sexual dysfunction can include, for example, sexual pain disorders, sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, dyspareunia, and vaginismus. Sexual dysfunction can be caused, for example, by pregnancy, menopause, cancer, pelvic surgery, chronic medical illness or medications. The vasculature, which serves erectile tissue in males and females, is similar. In particular, the arterial circulation of the erectile tissues of the genitalia derives from the common iliac artery which branches from the abdominal aorta. The common iliac artery bifurcates into the internal and external iliac arteries. The internal pudic artery arises from the smaller of two terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. In the female, the internal pudic artery branches into the superficial perineal artery, which supplies the labia pudenda. The internal pudic artery also branches into the artery of the bulb, which supplies the bulbi vestibuli, and the erectile tissue of the vagina. The artery of the corpus cavernosum, another branch of the internal pudic artery supplies the cavernous body of the clitoris. Still another branch of the internal pudic artery is the arteria dorsalis clitoridis, which supplies the dorsum of the clitoris and terminates in the glans and membranous folds surrounding the clitoris, which correspond to the prepuce of the male. In the male, the internal pudic artery branches into the dorsal artery of the penis (which itself branches into a left and right branch) and the artery of the corpus cavernosum, all of which supply blood to the corpus cavernosum. The dorsal artery of the penis is analogous to the artery dorsalis clitoridis in the female, while the artery of the corpus cavernosum in the male is analogous to the artery of the same name in the female. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06338862__ •

Compositions and methods for regulating metabolism and balancing body weight Inventor(s): Jiang; David (Irvine, CA), Yegorova; Inna (Northridge, CA) Assignee(s): Braswell; A. Glenn (Miami, FL) Patent Number: 6,399,089 Date filed: May 15, 2000 Abstract: Compositions and methods for balancing body weight by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin, regulating metabolism, potentiating insulin, and inhibiting lipogenesis, in a mammal. The compositions comprise chromium, fat-free cocoa powder, Hypericum perforatum extract, Garcinia cambogia extract, Ginkgo biloba extract, Panax ginseng extract, and quercetin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the administration of compositions and methods for balancing body weight by inhibiting re-uptake of serotonin, regulating metabolism, potentiating insulin, and inhibiting lipogenesis, in a mammal. Obesity is a serious heath problem both in the United States as well as world-wide. Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III show that one in three Americans are at least twenty percent overweight. Kuczmarski et al., 272 JAMA 205-211 (1994). Other studies have shown that the prevalence of obesity increases threefold between the ages of 20 and 50, however, this varies for men and women. In particular, the weights of men appear to stabilize after age 50 and then begin to decline around age 60. Women, however, generally continue to gain weight until age 60, and it is not until after age 60 that their weight begins to decline. Kaplan and Sadock, SYNOPSIS OF PSYCHIATRY

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731 (1998). Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat on the body. Obesity can be measured by either body weight or by body mass index (BMI). By convention, obesity is said to be present when body weight exceeds by 20 percent the weight listed in typical height-weight index tables. The other measurement of obesity, BMI, is the amount of fat present in the body and is considered a reliable indication of fatness in non-athletic adults. The BMI may be calculated by using the following formula: BMI equals [body weight in kg] divided by [height in meters].sup.2. In general, a normal BMI is between the range of 20 to 25, whereas the BMI of obese individuals is greater than or equal to 30. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399089__ •

DHEA-containing nutritional supplement Inventor(s): Craft; John C. (162 Essex St. P.O. Box 1522, Montauk, NY 11954) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,883,086 Date filed: May 2, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement (10) containing from 5% to 2000% each of the RDA of vitamins (18) A (22), C (26), D (28), E (30) and.beta.carotene (24), from 5% to 500% of the RDA of the minerals (20) selenium (32), zinc (34), magnesium (36), calcium (38), iodine (40) and potassium (42), from 5 to 100 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (12), from 0.1 to 10 mg trans-ferulic acid (14), and one or more plant extracts (16) selected from ginseng (46) and garlic (44). These DHEAcontaining nutritional supplements are useful in the alleviation of an irregular heartbeat as well as the general symptoms of stress. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to vitamin and mineral-containing compositions for alleviating an irregular heartbeat and/or the symptoms of stress in humans and more specifically to compositions for alleviating an irregular heartbeat or stress which further contain dehydroxyepiandrosterone (DHEA). Vitamin-containing compositions are well known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,441 (Andon, M. B. et al., 5 Nov. 1996) discloses a vitamin supplement containing 3 to 1000% of the RDA of vitamins, 10 to 4000 mg flavanols, and a bracer equivalent to 10 to 300 mg caffeine. U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,239 (Benjamin, E. J., 6 Jun. 1989) discloses a cardiotonic composition containing a vitamin and a cardiotonic phospodiesterase inhibitor which is preferably a (2-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo›2,1-b!quinazoliniyl)-oxyalkylamide derivative. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05883086__

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Dietary supplement for boosting energy and increasing muscular strength Inventor(s): Tuttle; B. David (1830 Stoner Ave., Unit 4, Los Angeles, CA 90025) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,193,973 Date filed: August 22, 1997 Abstract: A dietary supplement is provided that comprises creatine combined with ginseng and astragalus and, optionally, glutamine. The dietary supplement enhances

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the general energy boost and muscular strength increase achieved from the consumption of creatine alone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements, and, more particularly, to a blend of creatine, ginseng, and astragalus, and, optionally, glutamine. As we age, our bodies undergo a variety of changes. We often lose strength and energy due to declines in hormone levels and a more sedentary lifestyle. These changes can frequently interact with each other to produce compounding effects. For example, the loss in muscle strength increases the likelihood of falls and broken bones, which can lead to further declines in physical activity and strength. While some of these declines in strength and energy levels are inevitable, they can also result from nutritional deficiencies and changes in lifestyle patterns. This is partly responsible for the greater utilization of medical resources by senior citizens and consequent impacts on Medicare expenditures. Creatine monohydrate is a nutrient that increases protein synthesis and intracellular water levels within the muscle fibers, resulting in greater strength and muscle mass. This boosts daily caloric expenditure, which will lower body-fat stores if food intake is unchanged. A discussion of the benefits may be found in a book by Ray Sahelian and Dave Tuttle, entitled Creatine: Nature's Muscle Builder, Avery Publishing Group (1997). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06193973__ •

Dietary supplements and food products for treating symptoms of PMS Inventor(s): Greene; Jeri J. (Orange Park, FL), Hinton; Deborah A. (Jacksonville, FL) Assignee(s): PMS Mood Food, Inc. (Orange Park, FL) Patent Number: 6,174,542 Date filed: July 1, 1999 Abstract: A chocolate containing dietary, vitamin, mineral and herbal supplement, and food products containing the same, for treating, preventing, alleviating or managing symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in woman. The chocolate containing supplement and food product containing the same comprises an effective amount of the following essential ingredients: kava kava and/or St. John's wort; cayenne, ginger and ginseng; chickweed and/or buchu and/or pyridoxine (vitamin B.sub.6), wild yam, vitamin and mineral supplements. Examples of food products incorporating these essential ingredients are liquid beverages such as a shake, juice or cappucino; solid snack foods such as hard candies, soft candies, gum, granola bars, chocolate bars, cookies, chocolate brownies, ice cream sandwiches or chocolate cake; and semi-solid snack foods such as ice cream, sorbet or yogurt. In an alternative embodiment, the supplement can be formulated into a powder, liquid, gel, paste, tablet, capsule or coated tablet form, rather than a specific food product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary and herbal supplements and snack foods, and more particularly, to chocolate containing dietary, vitamin, mineral and herbal supplements, and food products containing the same, useful for treating, preventing, alleviating or managing symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in women. The term premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is generally used to describe a group of physical and mental symptoms which occur cyclically beginning about seven to fourteen days prior to menses. Menstruation occurs in women from the age of about twelve to thirteen to, on average, until about forty seven years of age. It occurs at more or less regular intervals except during pregnancy and lactation.

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The normal menstrual cycle averages about twenty-eight days with some variation based upon the woman's genetic makeup, age, physical and emotional well being, as well as other factors. The duration of menstrual flow is variable but usually is between three and seven days. The symptoms of PMS are often so severe and widespread that the American Psychiatric Association has formally identified the diagnostic criteria for PMS in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The specific etiology of PMS remains unknown, although many theories have been proposed. These theories include, but are not limited to: hormonal imbalances, hormonal deficiencies, vitamin deficiencies, disturbances of autonomic nervous system, salt and water imbalances, altered endogenous opiates such as endorphins and psychosomatic dysfunction, just to name a few. However, up to now, investigative studies of etiology have been inconclusive and sometimes conflicting. Most likely, PMS is multifactorial and probably also involves changes in neurohormones and neurotransmitters, which are difficult to observe, document and isolate in vivo. See, M. Ferin, R. Jewelewicz and M. Warren, The Menstrual Cycle: Physiology, Reproductive Disorders and Infertility, pp. 198-204 (1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06174542__ •

Food supplement formulation Inventor(s): Green; Lonny S. (10825 Cherry Hill Dr., Glen Allen, VA 23059) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,555,142 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: A food supplement formulation comprises yi zhi ren, shan zhu yu, wu wei zi, ginseng, valerian root, passiflora incarnate, L-methionine, L-arginine, and a genderspecific complex selected from the group consisting of a mixture comprising betasitosteroi, saw palmetto, pollen extract, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, and lycopene, and a mixture comprising black cohosh, genistein, vitamin E, and cramp bark. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a food supplement formulation. More particularly, the invention is directed to a food supplement formulation which may additionally aid bladder control. Herbal and mineral formulations have been used as dietary supplements and natural medicaments for many years. In addition to providing compounds necessary to the human body for good nutrition, such formulations additionally may aid the body in dealing with a number of urinary tract maladies. In addition to desiring a supplement to the daily diet, many persons suffer from a condition known as "overactive bladder," wherein the patient has difficulty controlling urinary flow. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06555142__

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Freeze-dried ginseng berry tea Inventor(s): Chen; Jau-Fei (Orem, UT) Assignee(s): E Excel Internatioanal Inc. (Springville, CT) Patent Number: 6,210,738 Date filed: November 12, 1999

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Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compositions of freeze-dried ginseng berry and other natural health promoting ingredients in a mixture suitable for making tea. The compositions and methods of preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a natural vitamin containing composition for making a tea beverage which can be consumed hot or cold and which provides the consumer with a refreshing, delicious, stimulating and healthful experience. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of botanical and nutritional food products and more particularly to botanical teas comprising ginseng berry ingredients. Preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise novel compositions of freeze-dried ginseng berry and other beneficial ingredients prepared for human consumption. The human physiological need for vitamins has been well established. Regular dietary consumption of vitamins is essential to good health. Various organizations and government agencies have published recommended quantities for vitamin consumption. One well known standard in the United States is the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) which recommends quantities for the daily intake of vitamins. While the need for vitamins is well known, the average person fails to consume the recommended daily intake of vitamins through their normal diet. Often this is due to a busy work schedule that encourages the consumption of "fast food" that is high in fat and sugar content. For others, food rich in vitamin content may just not be readily available. Whatever the reason, many people do not consume enough vitamins in their daily diet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210738__ •

Ginseng processing method and processed ginseng prepared by the same Inventor(s): Lee; Sang-jun (221-28 Suyu 3-dong, Kangbuk-gu, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,004,609 Date filed: June 23, 1998 Abstract: A ginseng processing method and a processed ginseng prepared by the processing method are provided. The ginseng processing method includes the steps of: mixing 10.about.99.5 wt % of grapes and/or wild grapes with 0.5.about.90 wt % of ginseng; adding water to the mixture of grapes and/or wild grapes with ginseng with a weight ratio of 1.about.10:1; heating the mixture at 45.about.130.degree. C. for 1.about.70 hours; and cooling the heated mixture to room temperature. According to the ginseng processing method using grapes and/or wild grapes, the side effects caused by taking only ginseng are decreased or eliminated. Also, the browning of the ginseng is facilitated, reducing the amount of effort and time required for processing the ginseng. Also, the processed ginseng is acceptable to many persons in taste, aroma and color, and can be used in various forms for various purposes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for processing ginseng and processed ginseng obtained by the method, and more particularly, to a method for processing ginseng which inhibits unfavorable side effects of ginseng and a processed ginseng obtained through the method. Generally, ginseng is classified into green ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng. Green ginseng is fresh ginseng which has not been dried after being dug from the ground, and white ginseng is obtained by removing fine root hair from the green ginseng, paring the ginseng, and then drying the pared ginseng in the sun. Red ginseng, the most significant among ginsen-related products, is

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obtained through a steaming process. Here, the color of the red ginseng is formed by a non-enzymatic browning reaction in the steaming process, particularly, an aminocarbonyl reaction and an automatic oxidation of polyphenol, and the above browning provide excellent characteristics to the ginseng. According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), red ginseng, green ginseng and white ginseng commonly include 18 types of pharmaceutically effective components such as ginsenoside, Ro, Ra.sub.1, Ra.sub.2, Ra.sub.3, Rb.sub.2, Rb.sub.3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg.sub.1, Rg.sub.2, Rg.sub.3, Gh.sub.1, 20glc-Rf, Q-R.sub.1 and N-R.sub.1. Also, malonyl-Rb.sub.1, malonylRb.sub.2, malonyl-Rc and malonyl-Rd are known to be included only in green ginseng and white ginseng, and Rs.sub.1, Rs.sub.2, Rg.sub.3 (S), Rh.sub.2, N-R.sub.4, Rg.sub.2 (R), Rh.sub.1 (R) and Rh.sub.4 are known to be included only in red ginseng. Thus, it is regarded that the medicinal effects of ted ginseng originates from 8 types of these components newly synthesized from the components included in green ginseng and white ginseng. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06004609__ •

Hair growth stimulating composition containing trigonelline or trigonellic acid and ginseng Inventor(s): Mai; Heinz (Farbrikstr. 16, 78224 Singen/Bohlingen, DE), Mai; Jutta (Farbrikstr. 16, 78224 Singen/Bohlingen, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,900,239 Date filed: October 10, 1995 Abstract: A strengthening agent for living creatures for the care of the skin and horny structures, in particular nails, hooves and claws, and for the stimulating and/or revitalizing of the growth of epidermal structures, in particular hair, this agent containing the alkaloid trigonelline or trigonellic acid, being obtained preferably from an extract of the seeds of a plant from the genus trigonella, in particular fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), and being taken orally, characterized by the fact that the agent contains biotin, preferably 5 mg to 10 mg. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a strengthening agent for living creatures for the care of the skin and horny structures, in particular nails, hooves, claws, and for stimulating and reviving growth of epidermal structures, in particular hair, this agent containing the alkaloid trigonelline or trigonellic acid and being obtained, preferably, from an extract of the seeds of a plant from the genus trigonella, particularly fenugreek (Trigonella phoenum graecum), and being taken orally. In the past, a large number of hair-growth agents have been developed, tested, and brought onto the market. Unfortunately, none of these agents has the desired effect, or else it has considerable undesired side effects. The thinning-out or receding of the growth of hair is generally due to too excessive tightening of the scalp, as a result of which flow of blood to the hair follicles is interrupted or prevented. The reduced supply of nutrients and oxygen to the hair follicles has an unfavorable influence on the production of the protein keratin which is essentially responsible for the growth of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05900239__

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Herbal compositions for treating immunological disorders Inventor(s): Hsu; Ching-Hsiang (Taibao, TW), Sheu; Shuenn-Jyi (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): GloboAsia L.L.C. (Hanover, MD) Patent Number: 6,383,525 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions which include Chinese herbs. These pharmaceutical compositions are especially effective in treating patients with immunological disorders, such as asthma, atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and rheumatoid arthritis. The pharmaceutical compositions contain ophiopogon (Tuber Ophiopogonis), pinellia (Tuber Pinelliae), raw licorice (Radix Glycyrrhizae), tang-shen (Radix Codonopsitis) or American ginseng (Radix Pancis Quinquefolii), and lantern tridax (Herba Tridacis procumbentis)/Taiwan adenostema (Herba Adenostematis)/heartleaf houttuynia (Herba houttuyniae). So far, Taiwan adenostema, and heartleaf houttuynia have been found only in Taiwan. Lantern tridax has been found in Taiwan and South America. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel medicinal herbal compositions and their use for treating patients with immunological disorders, particularly IgE mediated diseases, which include, but are not limited to, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, hyper IgE syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. The present invention also relates to methods for making the medicinal herbal compositions and the method for treating patients with the medicinal herbal compositions. Antigen-induced, particularly allergen-induced immunological disorders, such as asthma, has long been known as one of the serious health problems in the world. Allergy in one form or another afflicts more than 20% of the world population. In recent years, statistics shows that the onset of the allergic-related immunological disorders has shifted to the younger population, which means that more children and/or adolescents have developed symptoms of allergen-induced immunological disorders. For instance, in Taiwan, the prevalence of childhood asthma increased from 1.3% in 1974, to 5.07% in 1985, and to 5.8% in 1991. Also, allergic rhinitis increased from 7.84% in 1985 to 20.67% in 1991. Furthermore, atopic eczema was 1.43% in 1974 and 1.23% in 1985, in 1991, it was 3.84%. It is believed that the early onset of allergen-related immunological disorders are likely due to environmental pollution. Respiratory allergies are immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated immune response. (See Brinker, J. Naturopathic Medicine, (1993):4:64-68). There are two major types of respiratory allergic reactions: The immediate hypersensitivity reactions include allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and allergic (extrinsic) bronchial asthma. Allergic rhinitis is brought on by antigen/IgE binding to sensitized mast cells and basophils, causing a decrease in cAMP which leads to release of esosinophil chemotactic factor and histamine. Histamine binding to H1-receptors has several results. It increases vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction, manifesting as nasal congestion with watery discharge, sneezing, and itching eyes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383525__

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Herbal drug composition for the prevention and treatment of dementia Inventor(s): Kim; Ki Young (104-904, Dong-Ah Apt., Busong-dong, Iksan-si, Junrabukdo, KR), Lee; Geon Mok (Junrabuk-do, KR), Yu; Byoung Soo (38-806, Hanshin-3cha Apt., Banpo-2dong, Seocho-ku, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Jung; Jang Hyun (KR), Kim; Ki Young (KR), Lee; Geong Mok (KR), Lee; Young Soon (KR), Yu; Byoung Soo (KR) Patent Number: 6,010,702 Date filed: December 9, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to an extract composition, prepared by a process comprising the steps of a) mixing about 30 to 80 weight parts of ginseng, about 6 to 24 weight parts of Arisaematis rhizoma, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Gastrodiae rhizoma, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Acorus gramineus, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Ostericum Koreanum, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Bambusae caulis in taenium, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Bombycis corpus, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Ponciri fructus, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Hoelen, about 5 to 15 weight parts of Pinelliae tuber, about 3 to 9 weight parts of Aurantii nobilis pericarpium, and about 3 to 9 weight parts of Glycyrrhizae radix; and b) extracting the mixture with thermally-purified water or alcohol. This extract composition can be used as the active ingredient in an herbal composition for the prevention and treatment of senile dementia. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an herbal drug composition for the prevention and treatment of senile dementia. Recently, many research studies have focused on Alzheimer's disease (AD), a senile dementia, in the biochemical, genetic and medical aspects. Dementia may refer to a general decline in all areas of cognitive function and intellectual ability which may significantly impair one's professional job, usual social activities or personal relations. More specifically, its main symptoms include a cognitive function impairment and various mental disorders in language, judgment and perceptive vasospastic ability as well as serious difficulty in acquisition of new technologies. Personality changes and emotional restlessness soon become apparent and ultimately lead to death. Dementia, which adversely affects the intrinsic activity of cerebrum, is a peculiar symptom associated with the fundamental disorders of brain induced by various factors. Due to loss of cerebral parenchyma, the brain was grossly shrunken in size and occasionally, a frontal lobe and temporal lobe are more severely shrunken, being accompanied by the expansion of ventricle in most cases. A large number of cerebral cortex cells, Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, or cells of the spinal cord shrink in size. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown but it has been reported that from the autopsy of brain in dead patients with Alzheimer's disease, the level of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) was significantly reduced. Some drugs, which are still under research, aim to improve the cognitive function for the treatment of dementia and to alleviate the secondary mental disorders of dementia such as anxiety, delusion, irritation, insomnia and abnormal behavior. Some of the commercially available anti-dementia agents include COGNEX and ARICEPT, which were approved by Food and Drug Administration of U.S.A. These drugs inhibit the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) acting mainly on the central nervous system, thus increasing the level of neurotransmitter acetylcholine for the prevention and treatment of dementia. Results of clinical studies using some drugs to inhibit the AChE activity indicate that improved memory enhancement was attained at synaptic clefts in the brain. However, a majority of the conventional anti-dementia agents may produce serious cholinergic effects in the peripheral nerve with an extremely short half-life and serious side effects such as hepatotoxicity (ref: Br. J. Psychiatry, 138, 46, 1981). Further,

Patents 103

Cognex (9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine, THA), which has been widely used for the treatment of dementia, is effective in significant enhancement of cognitive ability in AD patients during oral administration (ref: N, Engl. J. Med., 315, 1241, 1986) but much adverse reactions such as tremor, dizziness and cytotoxicity have still encountered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06010702__ •

Herbal hormone balance composition Inventor(s): Chun; Zhang (1665 E. Fourth St., #109, Santa Ana, CA 92701) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,238,707 Date filed: October 11, 2000 Abstract: The present invention comprises a selection of herbal, organic and inorganic materials with curative effects combined in a powdered form for human ingestion. The demonstrated benefits on human female hormone regulation or replacement include return from irregular to regular and less painful menstrual cycles, raising estrogen and progesterone levels to normal levels through menstrual cycles, return to regular menstrual cycle hormone levels with apparent infertility cure, and return to normative metabolic response from apparent circulatory abnormalities such as excessive sweating, edema, cold hand and feet, stiffness and other such symptoms. The hormone regulation powder comprises motherwort, Epimedium (barrenwort), Polygonum multiforum root and stem (fleece flower), millettia stem, Paeoniae radix (red Peony root), Achyranthes bidentata, Albizia julibrissin, Philodendron domesticum, Lycium barbarum, oyster shell, cow placenta, royal jelly, vitamin E, Astragalus chinensis and Gardenia augusta or jasminoides and further optionally comprises Wolfberry fruit, ginseng, asia bell, chinese angelica root, Rehmannia glutinosa, donkey hide gelatin, white peony root, Poris cocos, chinese yam or piloce antler. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to herbal compositions for female human hormone replacement or regulation. Lycium chinense (Cortex of Wolfberry root) and Gardenia jasminoides have been found to be of importance as a component of an herbal composition in U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,084 for hot flashes (intense heat sensation, flushing, profuse sweating, palpitations, and/or sense of anxiety) stating that such occurrences for a menopausal woman may be substantially eliminated or ameliorated by administering to a woman in need of treatment an effective amount of ingestible material which has as substantially the only active ingredient a herbal complex. Motherwort is described as a component in a topical paste in U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,518 comprising as active ingredients chickweed, yarrow, wormwood, motherwort, pennyroyal, and dandelion in a vehicle of olive-oil and beeswax. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06238707__

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Home-style decoctor endowed with steamy boiling function, and method of preparing red ginseng extract using the same Inventor(s): Kim; Joon Hwan (Seoul, KR), Kim; Yong Jin (Seoul, KR), Lee; Byung Gil (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Daewoong Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (KR) Patent Number: 6,360,651 Date filed: August 30, 2000 Abstract: A home-style decoctor endowed with steamy boiling function includes a main body equipped with a heater; a heating vessel; a support plate for allowing a to-beboiled object to be placed above the surface of the water stored in the heating vessel; a water supply for supplying water for boiling into the heating vessel so that the to-beobject is immersed; a steam collector for gathering stream produced when the to-beboiled object is decocted with water; a condenser for condensing the steam collected into the steam collector; and a stream/condensed water guide for leading the steam present in the heating vessel to the steam collector and the condensed water placed in the steam collector to the heating vessel. With such construction, undried or white ginseng can become red ginseng extract by producing such useful components as several kinds of phenolic compounds and maltol, anti-oxidants, and ginsenosides Rg and Rh through steam-boiling, drying and re-boiling. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a home-style decoctor and a method of preparing red ginseng extract using the same. More particularly, this invention pertains to a home-style decoctor endowed with steamy boiling function, the decoctor heating and boiling (undried, white or red) ginseng to draw out red ginseng extract, the invention further applying to a method of preparing red ginseng extract. Generally speaking, Panax ginseng is a medicinal herb used as hematinic tonic medicine for a long time in the eastern Asia. Korean ginseng is especially known to contain a great quantity of more than thirty kinds of ginsenoside. Grubbed up after the cultivation of four to six years, panax ginseng is classified into undried (unprocessed and containing water as much as 70 to 80%), white (the primarily processed product), and finally red ginseng according to the processing method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06360651__

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Hypertension-treatment and cholesterol-depressant composition comprising extract from mixture of Panax notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza and method of preparing the same Inventor(s): Chung; Young Shin (Seoul, KR), Hong; Eun Kyung (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Medvill Co., Ltd. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,589,572 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: A composition for treating hypertension and lowering cholesterol is provided which contains the mixed extract of Panax notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza as an active ingredient thus lowering and maintaining blood pressure substantially constant. Also provided is a method for preparing composition containing the mixed extract of Panax notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza as an active ingredient.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for treating hypertension and lowering cholesterol and a method for preparing same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a composition for treating hypertension and lowering cholesterol which contains the mixed extract of Pana notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza as an active ingredient, and a method for preparing same. Cardiac and vascular diseases are one of the main causes of human death, and are represented by cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral thrombosis, heart failure, cardiac infarction, etc. However, etiology of such diseases is very diverse and complex. The target for treatment of hypertension is to prevent the occurrence of complications in brain, heart, kidney, liver, etc., thereby allowing the human to manage a normal life by the average life span. The development of drugs for treatment of hypertension is still urgently required. Blood pressure and hypertension will be more specifically explained hereinbelow. The term, blood pressure, denotes a pressure of blood stream flowing through blood vessels, i.e., arterial pressure. In this context, the term, hypertension, means that a certain cause induces an increase of resistance on the internal wall of blood vessel thus resulting in the maximum blood pressure (systolic blood pressure or highest blood pressure) of 150-160 mmHg and the minimum blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure or lowest blood pressure) of 90 mmHg or more. The former is called a systolic hypertension and the latter is called a diastolic hypertension. Although both may separately arise, it is general that they are simultaneously present. Moreover, hypertension may occur in the thirties, but it mainly occurs during the pre- and post-climacteric period in men rather than women. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589572__ •

Medicinal herbal composition for treating liver diseases and HIV Inventor(s): Wu; Tzu-Sheng (No. 3, Lane 14, Jian-Gung 1st Road, Hsinchu, 300, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,455,078 Date filed: July 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a herbal pharmaceutical composition for treating patients with liver diseases and/or HIV. The composition contains fifteen (15) ingredients, which are diffuse hedyotis, bistort rhizome, giant knotweed rhizome, Asiatic moonseed rhizome, baical skullcap root, bovine biliary powder, milkvetch root, barbary wolfberry fruit, sanqi, red ginseng, figwort root, Chinese magnoliavine fruit, turmeric root-tuber, hawthorn fruit, and Chinese angelica. Among the fifteen (15) ingredients, diffuse hedyotis, bistort rhizome, giant knotweed rhizome, and Chinese magnoliavine fruit are the required herbs which contribute to the efficacy of the pharmaceutical composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel herbal pharmaceutical composition and its use for treating patients with liver diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis [such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E], alcoholic or fatty liver, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer) and HIV. The major ingredients in the herbal composition are diffuse hedyotis, bistort rhizome, giant knotweed rhizome, and Chinese magnoliavine fruit. The composition further contains Asiatic moonseed rhizome, baical skullcap root, bovine biliary powder, tumeric root-tuber, hawthorn fruit, sanqi, barbary wolfberry fruit, red ginseng, figwort root, Chinese angelica, and milkvetch root. The present invention also relates to a method for making the medicinal herbal composition and methods for treating patients with the medicinal herbal composition. Liver diseases have great impact on human health. Hepatitis is a kind of liver diseases, which is caused

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by liver inflammation due to infection of a variety of pathogens, which include, but are not limited to, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Hepatitis can be categorized as acute, chronic, or fulminant. Viral hepatitis is an enterically transmitted liver disease due to viral infection. The major transmission means for viral hepatitis is through ingestion. Viral hepatitis can also be transmitted through blood transfusion or similar means of hepatitis-virus-carrying blood or blood product such as blood plasma. Viral hepatitis is widespread around the world. For example, there are approximately thirty million (30,000,000) viral hepatitis patients in China including an estimated number of nine million (9,000,000) new patients each year, and about one hundred million (100,000,000) hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. It is estimated that 10% of the pregnant women in China are HBV carriers. About one hundred thousand (100,000) people in China die of liver cancer originated as liver diseases each year. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06455078__ •

Medicinal preparation for disinfecting vaginas Inventor(s): Chen; Bih Cheng (No. 118, Chong San Road, Taichung, TW 400) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,548,088 Date filed: June 4, 2002 Abstract: A medicinal preparation includes a number of medicinal materials having asari radix, fructus cnidii, nelumbo nucifera gaertner, ginseng radix, angelica sinensis radix, scutellaria baicalensis, phellodendron amurense radix, evodiae fructus, and saussureae radix, and grounded into powder, and blended with water to form a pasty material which may be refrigerated and dried to form a crystallized material. A number of substrates may then be mixed with the pasty material or the crystallized material, and rotated to form a gluey material for being used by the users. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicinal preparation, and more particularly to a medicinal preparation for cleaning and disinfecting and moistening and tightening the vaginas of women. Typically, the vaginas of women may have flaccid muscles, or the mucous membranes of the vaginas may become thinner and weak or fragile, or women may feel dry and scorching hot in the vaginas, particularly after childbirth, sexual intercourse, or when women have endocrine disorders. In addition, due to personal hygienic problems, or owing to the infection by germs or bacteria, the vaginas of women may have bad odors, inflammation, leucorrhoea, or the women may feel itchy in the vaginas, and thus may loss sexuality. Various kinds of medicinal preparations have been developed for cleaning the vaginas, for disinfecting the vaginas, for moistening the vaginas, or for tightening the vaginas separately. However, the medicinal preparations may not be used for cleaning and disinfecting and moistening and tightening the vaginas of women simultaneously. The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional medicinal preparations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548088__

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Method and composition for improving sexual fitness Inventor(s): Kwock; Denny W. (Honolulu, HI), Trant; Aileen S. (Mountain View, CA), Wuh; Hank C. K. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): The Daily Wellness Company (Mountain View, CA) Patent Number: 6,368,640 Date filed: October 1, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides methods and compositions for maintaining a state of wellness in a human by providing a dietary supplement comprising L-arginine, alone or in combination with ginseng and ginkgo biloba and/or additional nutritional supplements. The invention provides a unique blend of components that, in combination, synergistically bestow sexual wellness upon a human when taken regularly as a dietary supplement. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the maintenance of a state of wellness in which sexual health is improved. Quality of life is increasingly valued in today's society. Proper nutrition and exercise, and healthy sexual function contribute to maintain an overall state of wellbeing, which can serve to manage stress, maintain a properly functioning immune system, protect against disease, maintain a positive mental outlook, and generally to enable one to feel good and enjoy life. It has been found that the combination of L-arginine, ginseng, and optionally, ginkgo biloba when administered to a human in combination improves the blood circulation and improves the sexual, mental, and cardiac health of an individual. The invention provides methods and compositions for maintaining a state of wellness in an animal by providing a dietary supplement comprising L-arginine, in combination with ginseng and optionally ginkgo biloba and/or additional nutritional supplements. The invention provides a unique blend of components that, in combination, synergistically bestow sexual wellness upon an animal when taken regularly as a dietary supplement alone, or in combination with a pharmaceutical composition which facilitates smooth muscle relaxation and vascular dilatation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368640__

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Method for mass production and storage of seedlings of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) through cell culturing Inventor(s): Kim; JaeWhune (Chunjoo-Si, KR) Assignee(s): Microplants Co., Ltd. (Chonju-Si, KR) Patent Number: 6,420,173 Date filed: May 24, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed are the mass production of seedlings of Eleutherococcus senticosus through cell culturing. Eleutherococcus senticosus/embryogenic cells KCTC 0504BP are subcultured to homogeneous sizes of somatic embryos in MS liquid medium.The somatic embryos are cultured in a bioreactor equipped with an airlift to produce the seedlings or plantlets. The Eleutherococcus senticosus/seedlings or plantlets cultured in the bioreactors can be used for extracting components therefrom. The seedlings or plantlets can be eaten and powdered for use in health beverages or tea. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the production of the seedlings or plantlets of Eleutherococcus senticosus(Siberian ginseng). More particularly, the present

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invention relates to a method for mass producing the seedlings or plantlets of Eleutherococcus senticosus through the somatic embryogenesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus/embryogenic cells by using bioreactors. In one aspect, the seedlings or plantlets of Eleutherococcus senticosus are used as health foods or health aid foods. Eleutherococcus senticosus, which is known as an efficacious medicinal herb all over the world, grows naturally in Korea, China, Japan, and Siberia. Since the first report of disclosing the value of naturally occurring Eleutherococcus senticosus (alias Acanthopanax senticosus) as a medicine, researchers in many countries, including Russia, have made efforts to reveal its medicinal components. As a result, acanthoic acid, which is evaluated as being five times more potent in anti-inflammatory activity than is aspirin,.beta.-sitosterol, eleutheroside A-G, and stigmasterol were extracted from Eleutherococcus senticosus. By virtue of the cooperation of these medicinal components, Eleutherococcus senticosus is now found to effect invigoration, life extension and homeostasis in addition to showing therapeutic activity against hypertension, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, fever and pain, neuralgia, etc, as do Koran ginsengs. Particularly, Eleutherococcus senticosus is known to be of sovereign remedy in relieving physical and mental fatigue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06420173__ •

Natural composition and method for the treatment of sexual dysfunction Inventor(s): Duckett; Melvin J. (16300 Cedar Grove Rd., Sparks, MD 21152), Moore; Kyle (4705 Creekside Cir., Apt. 13, Owings Mills, MD 21117) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,007,824 Date filed: February 22, 1999 Abstract: A composition and method for treating sexual dysfunction by natural means using a combination of L-arginine, ginseng and Zizyphi fructus in an orally administered dosage. The combination works synergistically to alleviate erectile dysfunction by stimulating enough release of NO in the corpus cavernosum to produce and sustain smooth muscle relaxation, thereby allowing the inflow of blood and alleviating erectile dysfunction. Thus, a natural medicinal alternative to Viagra.RTM. is provided for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The composition and method is also useful in treating sexual conditions in females. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of sexual dysfunction and, more particularly, to an improved natural composition and method for treatment of erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction using a combination of L-arginine, ginseng and Zizyphi fructus in an orally administered dosage. The most prevalent type of sexual dysfunction is "Erectile Dysfunction", e.g., "the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual activity" (New England Journal of Medicine). Erectile dysfunction is most often attributable to the inability to generate enough NO in the corpus cavernosum. The physiologic mechanism of erection of the penis involves release of nitric oxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation. NO then activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), producing smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum and allowing inflow of blood. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06007824__

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Nutritional supplement Inventor(s): Birnholz; Jason C. (The E-Gal Corporation, 600 Central Ave., Highland Park, IL 60035), Kent; Frances B. (E-Gal Corporation, 600 Central Ave., Highland Park, IL 60035) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,548,087 Date filed: July 6, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement for improvement of sexual dysfunction without resulting in undesirable side effects which occasionally accompany the use of prescription medicaments used for this purpose. The composition comprises the amino acid L-Arginine in cooperation with smaller amounts of Panax Ginseng, Niacin Amide, DHEA and Zinc. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the treatment of sexual dysfunction, and more particularly to an improved orally administered nutritional supplement based on new research which will provide a physiological effect comparable to that obtained by the use of far more expensive prescription type drugs, and when used in proper dosage, is relatively free of known side effects, accompanying the use of such prescription drugs. Sexual arousal cannot occur unless NO is also produced, which in turn requires the presence of a source molecule. Several well known drugs, such as tri-nitroglycerin used for angina, function as nitric oxide donors. The principal source for nitric oxide in the body is L-Arginine which is synthesized in the body (from tryptophan) and hence not regarded as an "essential" amino acid. The synthesis rate is variable and either synthesis or storage of arginine decreases with age. Arginine is supplemented from dietary sources, which are mainly red meats and also some grains. There is one report of treating erectile dysfunction with oral L-Arginine. The NO-GMP pathway is an integral part of uterine biochemistry and appears to be activated by the hormone progesterone. Factors that increase NO production, diminish or abolish contractions. One of the factors that seems to be important in the initiation of labor is inhibition of the NO effect. There is a potential use of NO donor agents in preventing premature labor. Painful menses (dysmenorrhea) is associated with forceful and prolonged contractions, and an additional, potential use of a NO donor agent is in relieving painful menstrual cramps. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548087__

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Panax notoginsenoside composition Inventor(s): Pu; De (Industry, CA), Zeng; Lipin (Industry, CA) Assignee(s): Farlong Pharmaceutical, Inc. (City of Industry, CA) Patent Number: 6,500,468 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: A panax notoginsenoside composition for patients having coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood fat, and high cholesterol, consists of 41% by weight of panax notoginsenoside powder extracted from panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. chen ex C. Chow et al, 0.5% by weight of beeswax, 58.48% by weight of peanut oil, and 0.02% by weight of BHT. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to panax notoginseng, and more particularly to a panax notoginsenoside composition consisting of panax notoginsenoside extracted

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from panax notoginseng. According to Chinese (herbal) medicine such as Compendium of Materia Medica, panax notoginsenoside extracted from panax notoginseng can help cerebral blood vessel dilatation, increase cerebral blood flow, reduce the oxygen consumption of organism, increase the orgainism's resistance to oxygen shortage, decrease cerebrovascular resistance, enhance immune function of organism, prevent shock caused by bleeding, and provide functions of resisting thrombus, blood coagulation, and atherosclerosis. The main object of the present invention is to provide a panax notoginsenoside compound for patients having coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, high blood fat, and high cholesterol, which consists of 41% by weight of panax notoginsenoside powder extracted from panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. chen ex C. Chow et al, 0.5% by weight of beeswax, 58.48% by weight of peanut oil, and 0.02% by weight of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500468__ •

Pharmaceutical composition for treating angiocardiopathy and the method of producing thereof Inventor(s): Tang; Minghui (Nanjing, CN), Yan; Yongqing (Nanjing, CN), Zhu; Danni (Nanjing, CN), Zhuang; Shufei (Nanjing, CN) Assignee(s): China Pharmaceutical University (Nanjing, CN), Ningbo Asia-Pacific Biotechnology Ltd. (Nangbo, CN) Patent Number: 6,596,321 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition used for treating cardiovascular diseases and a method for preparing it. The pharmaceutical composition mainly contains polysacchrides, saponins and amino acids extracted from Radix ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis and Fructus schisandrae chinensis. The method of preparing it includes the following steps: Radix ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis and Fructus schisandrae chinensis are decocted together in water; water extract or eluate is precipitated with alcohol or acetone, treated with macroporous adsorption resin and with ion exchange resin, and then separated to obtain pharmaceutical composition containing effective fractions of polysacchrides, saponins and amino acids. The above mentioned pharmaceutical composition can be formed into various preparations by mixing with any pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary materials. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the method for preparing it. More particularly, it relates to a pharmaceutical composition Huxinkang comprising effective fractions of Complex ShengMaiSan (SMS), a Chinese traditional medicine. The cardiovascular diseases are common and occur frequently. They are the second diseases, the fatality rate of which is just only next to malignant tumors. Although there has been great improvement in respect of prevention and treatment for cardiovascular diseases, among them myocarditis and myocardosis, especially viral myocarditis, still lack effective medicine for treatment. At present, clinically only means of providing nutrition, coenzyme support and letting patients to take good rest are used. ShengMaiSan is an ancient prescription containing three Chinese traditional medicines of Radix ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis and Fructus schisandrae chinensis, and has been clinically used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The preparation of ShengMaiSan currently is in the form of injection, granule, bags and oral liquid. The methods for preparing it can be divided into three kinds, namely, extracting the 3 medicines separately and then mixing the

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extractions; decocting the 3 medicines together; and combination of the above two methods. Please refer to Chinese Application for Patent for Invention No. 971071192.6. These methods play significant role in reforming preparations of SMS. However, components of Chinese traditional medicines are complicated, and complex preparations are even more complicated. For example, there are over 10 kinds of components just in Radix ginseng, such as saponins, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, saccharides, organic acids, alkaloids, terpines, benzedrines, alkynes, lipids, volatile oils, etc. For existing SMS preparation, because the structural kinds of effective fractions are not determined, it is difficult to prepare drugs having definite kinds of main components. Only when kinds of main components are defined, reliable quality standards can be set up. When there are quality standards, stable clinic therapeutic effectiveness can be assured. Only if the quality of products is high, they will be accepted in international market. Therefore, important factors for Chinese traditional medicine to enter international market do not lie in that it has been made in apparently modem forms, such as injection, granule, bags and oral liquid, but in whether the modern forms have definite kinds of main components, whether clinic therapeutic effects of the drugs are stable, and whether there are definite quality standards. The object of this invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, especially for viral myocarditis and expansile myocardosis. The composition has definite kinds of main components of Chinese traditional medicines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596321__ •

Pharmaceutical composition having an antitumor activity and a process for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Kim; Song Bae (192-11 Dukmyung-Dong, Yusung-Ku, Daejeon, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,071,521 Date filed: August 28, 1995 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for treating tumor-bearing patients consisting essentially of a powder or an extract of a crude preparation of Pulsatilla Radix and Clematidis Radix, and at least one powdered or extracted ingredient selected from the group consisting of Ulmaceae Radix, Armeniacae Semen, Ginseng Radix, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical composition having an antitumor activity comprising plant substances as main ingredients and a method of its manufacture. More particularly, the present invention relates to a antitumor composition utilizing extracts or powder of natural substances obtained from a combination of the genera Pulsatilla Radix and/or Clematidis Radix, and for further increasing the antitumor activity, at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of Ulmaceae Bark, Armeniacae Semen, Ginseng Radix, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Clematidis Radix contains anemonin, anemonol, and saponin. It also has been used as an agent for gout, diuretic, and difficult menstruum in the Chinese medicine art. But until now, it is not known that the Clematidis Radix has an antitumor activity. The Ulmaceae Bark has mucin and tannin. Other ingredients than mucin and tannin are not known. It has been used as an agent for lenitive and binders in the Chinese medicine art. But it has been never used as an anti-tumor agent. Armeniacae Semen contains amygdalin, oil, and emulsin and has been used as an agent for cough remedy, ointment, or solvent. But until now, it has been never used as an agent for antitumor.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06071521__ •

Pharmaceutical compositions derived from ginseng and methods of treatment using same Inventor(s): Benishin; Christina (Edmonton, CA), Huang; Bu Han (Edmonton, CA), Pang; Peter (Edmonton, CA), Shan; Jaqueline (Edmonton, CA), Sloley; Brian (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): CV Technologies Inc. (Alberta, CA) Patent Number: 6,083,932 Date filed: April 17, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed is a ginseng extract, HT1001, comprising a saponin fraction which is about 20-50% by weight of the ginseng extract. The extract is also described in terms of ultraviolet absorbance peak display and total ion count peaks display. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use for the extract for treating brain disorders, depression, and improving memory are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions derived from ginseng and methods of treatment for a variety of brain conditions or illnesses, as well as use for depression or general cognitive improvement. Brain conditions such as senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit disorder (ADD), mental retardation, stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases and conditions are widely recognized as problems of increasing proportions in North America, as well as around the world. Brain conditions such as these are associated with progressive physical and mental impairment to the point where the patient requires total care, and becomes a tremendous social and economic burden. Pathological studies of certain diseases, for example Alzheimer's disease, indicate that brains of certain patients have lost several neurotransmitter systems related to different functions. However, the system which is implicated the most is the cholinergic system. Studies show that several important cholinergic tracts innervating the cortical and hippocampal regions degenerate. Although this particular degeneration may not account for all symptoms of these several brain conditions, it may account for the cognitive and memory deficits. The pharmacological approaches for the management of brain diseases affecting the cholinergic system may be classified in two ways. The first is drugs which improve the function of existing neurons, especially to increase cholinergic nerve function. The second is drugs which decrease degeneration and/or increase regeneration of nerves. It is generally believed that compounds which will increase the availability of the existing endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) are desirable. In addition, compounds which prevent the age related increase in intracellular calcium would be expected to decrease neuronal degeneration. Furthermore, compounds which promote neuronal growth would be expected to ameliorate the cognitive deficits associated with age related neuronal degeneration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06083932__

Patents 113

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Process for producing Guilu ErXiangao Inventor(s): Lee; Shih-Yu (Yung-Ho, TW), Lee; Wei-Min (Taipei, TW), Shaw; Jenn-Ru (Chung-Li, TW), Wang; Shu-Ching (Yung-Ho, TW) Assignee(s): Pharmaceutical Industry Technology and Development Center (Taipei, Hsien, TW) Patent Number: 6,372,261 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: The invention discloses a process for producing Guilu Erxian Gao used as a tonic medicine, comprising the steps of: (a) extracting medicinal materials comprising tortoise plastron and buckhorn with an edible acid to obtain an extract; (b) dialyzing the extract; (c) decocting ginseng and medlar and filtrating to obtain a filtrate; and (d) concentrating the mixtures of dialyzed extract and the filtrate to form a gel-like solid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing Guilu Erxian Gao, a traditional Chinese medicine. More particularly, it relates to a new manufacturing procedure in which the medicinal materials of tortoise plastron and buckhorn are extracted with acid, followed by mixing the filtrates of ginseng and medlar and concentrating to obtain bioactive Guilu Erxian Gao. Guilu Erxian Gao is a traditional Chinese medicine which has been used as a form of tonic medicine in China for a long period of time. Typically, Guilu Erxian Gao is prepared from the medicinal materials such as tortoise plastron, buckhorn, ginseng and medlar, and is used as an energy supplement and tonic. The traditional method for producing Guilu Erxian Gao can be found in ancient books. First, 2.5 kg of tortoise plastron and 5 kg of buckhom are broken into pieces and decocted in water for 3 days with continuous heat. During the decocting period, boiling water is added frequently. Then the decoction is filtered to obtain a filtrate. Next, 940 g of medlar and 470 g of ginseng are decocted in water for 1 day, and the decoction is filtered to obtain a filtrate. The filtrates of four medicinal materials described above are pooled together and stewed to form a paste. Finally, the paste is air dried in the shade to obtain the product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372261__

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Process for the preparation of metabolites of Ginseng saponins Inventor(s): Hasegawa; Hideo (Tokyo, JP), Huh; Jae Doo (Kyonggi-do, JP), Matsumiya; Satoshi (Tokyo, JP), Sung; Jong Hwan (Kyonggi-do, JP), Uchiyama; Masamori (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Happy World Inc. (Tokyo, JP), Il Hwa Co., Ltd. (Guri-si, KR) Patent Number: 5,925,537 Date filed: December 1, 1997 Abstract: According to this invention, Prevotella sp. S-1 strain (Bacteroidaceae family, KFCC-10923) is cultured in a medium supplemented with Panax ginseng saponin so as to collect the metabolites of saponin generated and accumulated in the medium, thus ensuring their selective production with high efficiency.This invention related to a process for the preparation of the metabolites of protopanaxadiol saponin, wherein Prevotella sp. S-1 strain (Bacteroidaceae family, KFCC-10923), is cultured at a medium supplemented with Panax ginseng saponin and then, the metabolites of protopanaxadiol saponin contained in the medium--20-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-

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protopanaxadiol, 20-O-›.alpha.-L-arabinopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol, and 20-0›.alpha.-L-arabinopuranosyl(1.fwdarw.6)-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl!-20(s )protopanaxadiol --are generated and accumulated for collecting them thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of metabolites of protopanaxadiol saponins, being collected from the following procedure that Prevotella sp. S-1 strain (Bacteroidaceae family, KFCC-10923 and it's converted into the accession number KCCM-10103 under Budapest Treaty) is cultured at a medium supplemented with Panax ginseng saponin and then, protopanaxadiol saponin contained in the medium is generated and accumulated for the embodiment of this invention. Korean Panax ginseng has long been regarded as a valuable panacea in the treatment of some physical disorders due to its various therapeutic effects. When Panax ginseng is intended for use in the treatment of various diseases, however, its shortcomings are that a) saponin, a therapeutic ingredient, is metabolized by intestinal bacteria, and b) since the intestinal bacteria groups are susceptible to person's physical constitution and his lifestyle of foods, there is a possibility that an individual differences in a saponin metabolism may occur, thus affecting the therapeutic effects in the long run. To comply with this matter, the inventors have extensively studied the therapeutic effects on the metabolites of Panax saponins in the body, and have come to know that the saponins metabolized by intestinal bacteria are entities absorbed from the intestinal tract, thus exhibiting immunopotentiating actions including inhibitory actions on the vascularization of tumors and extravasation of cancer cells. With this in mind, the inventors have paved the way for developing Panax saponins as absorbed entities of the saponins to be used as a novel type of anticancer agent, which is not affected by the differences of each intestinal bacteria group (ref: Korean Patent Application No. 4217 filed on 1996). The process for the preparation of the above mentioned metabolites of Panax ginseng saponins, i.e., 20-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol, named compound K and 20-O-.alpha.-L-arabinoopyranosyl(1.fwdarw.6)-.beta.-Dglucopyranosyl!-20(s )-protopanax adiol, named compound Y, has been already reported by utilizing some enzymes produced by the intestinal bacteria derived from Aspergillus niger, soil strain, rat's and the human's faeces ›ref: Yoshioka, I.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 20, 2418(1972), Kamida et al.; Pharmacology Journal, 95, 246(1975). Takino et al.: Medicinal ginseng 1989(Public Publications Co., Ltd.), 267(1989), Kaneoka et al.; Japanese Herbal Medicine Journal, 11. 241(1994)!. Further, another method of manufacturing 20-O-›.alpha.-L-arabinopuranosyl(1.fwdarw.6)-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl!20(s )-protopanaxadiol, named ginsenoside Mc, using intestinal bacteria derived from the human's faeces, has been also reported by the inventor(ref: Korean Patent No. 4217 filed on 1996). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05925537__ •

Skin cream Inventor(s): McElwain; Elizena A. (125 Picnic La., Hardinsburg, KY 40143) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,261,603 Date filed: April 10, 2000 Abstract: Topical skin rejuvenation cream and lotion compositions for dry, damaged or aging skin comprising deionized water, mink oil, vitamin E, retinol acetate (vitamin A), ginseng, aloe vera, glycerin, lanolin (hydrous), gotu kola, soybean oil, fish liver oil, hydrolyzed animal protein, dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, citric

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acid, silicon, isopropylmyristate, propylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, glycerol stearate, dimethicone, lactic acid, quaternium-15, propylparaben, carbomer 934 and 940, triethanolamine, methylparaben, tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), DMDM hydantoin, diazolidinyl urea and fragrance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a skin rejuvenation cream and lotion especially beneficial for dry, damaged or aging skin. The need for anti-aging creams/lotions and moisturizers without a prescription is strongly felt. RETIN-A is used to reduce wrinkles but has a high incidence of side effects and requires a prescription. Over-the-counter skin care preparations generally do not suffice, and often make the skin feel greasy. Their moisturizing qualities also tend to vanish quickly, resulting in dry, cracked skin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,230 issued to Jaffery on Oct. 6, 1992 discloses a topical skin cream composition. The skin cream of Jaffery is designed to prevent and treat aging skin. The active ingredient is glycolic acid in concentrations up to 3.5 weight percent. The composition also may include vitamin A palmitate and/or vitamin E acetate. Preservatives are included in the composition to increase shelf life. Other ingredients may be included in the composition but no natural ingredients such as mink oil, soybean oil, fish liver oil, or gotu kola are included in the composition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06261603__ •

Stable high ginsenoside-yielding callus line of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and a method for developing such stable high ginsenoside-yielding callus line Inventor(s): Mathur; Ajay Kumar (Lucknow, IN), Mathur; Archana (Lucknow, IN), Pal; Mahesh (Lucknow, IN), Sangwan; Rajender Singh (Lucknow, IN), Uniyal; Girish Chandra (Lucknow, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,326,202 Date filed: October 19, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides stable high ginsenoside-yielding callus lines of Panax quinquefolium (American Ginseng). The callus lines are useful in the industrial production of ginsenosides for use in a variety of ginseng preparations. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stable high ginsenoside-yielding callus line of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) developed from root explants and a process for the development of these callus lines. More particularly, the invented callus line has a distinct morphological marker of purple pigmentation and saponin yield comparable in quantity and quality to that of normal roots. The invention provides a viable alternate option to boosting the industrial production of ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) which are in high demand in market as important ingredients of health tonics and anti-aging drug preparations. Ginsenosides (triterpene glycosides) extracted from roots of 4-7 years old plants of ginseng (common name for Panax species) are important constituents of herbal health care products today. Owing to their strong immuno-modulatory, adaptogenic and aphrodisiac actions, ginseng saponins are widely prescribed in several conditions of health disorders such as anaemia, diabetes, asthma, neuroaesthemia, dyspepsia, convulsion and even in cancer and AIDS. Priced at 750-1000 US $ per kg and with an annual global production of 35-40 thousand tons, Panax roots are the fourth largest selling herbal healthcare product today. Korea, China and Japan have the major share in the global supply of ginseng roots. [Indian

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pharmaceutical companies import about 400-500 tons of Panax root powder annually.] The chief source of ginseng roots are P. ginseng (Korean panax), P. quinquefolium (American panax) and P. notoginseng (Chinese panax). The Indian congeners i.e. P. pseudoginseng and P. sikkimensis Ban., growing wild in the sub-Himalayan zones (Darjeeling, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh etc.) though found to be on par in saponin quality and content with their oriental counterparts, have not yet been commercially exploited. Traditional field cultivation of Panax sp. is very slow and labour intensive. It takes 18-22 months for the seed to germinate (following 2-3 stratification cycles to break seed dormancy) and an extended gestation period of 3-5 years for the crop to mature and provide economic root biomass yield and quality of saponins. Tissue culture based strategies for rapid propagation (micro-cloning) and in vitro ginsenoside production in Panax, therefore, hold immense promise and potential. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06326202__ •

Stimulating fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes Inventor(s): Froschle; Marion (Volketswil, CH), Herstein; Morris (Scarsdale, NY) Assignee(s): La Prairie SA (Volketswil, CH) Patent Number: 5,840,309 Date filed: January 6, 1997 Abstract: A method of stimulating at least one of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in an individual in need thereof which comprises applying to such individual an amount effective therefor of a composition comprisingA) glycoprotein 1B) glycoprotein 2C) ginseng extract, andD) horsetail extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel compositions for stimulating at least one of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. By such stimulations it is known that cellular metabolism will be increased with production of new cells, enhancement of the natural capacity of cells to survive and reproduce, and supplying energy to the skin cells. As a result the skin appears more radiant and vibrant, i.e. younger looking. Various materials have heretofore been applied to skin to stimulate the fibroplasts or keratinocytes with varying degrees of success and failure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05840309__

Patent Applications on Ginseng As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ginseng:

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Anti-fatigue and tonic agent containing wild ginseng Inventor(s): Choi, Kyeong Bum; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Bong Jun; (Ohsan-si, KR), Kim, Dong Soo; (Pyungtaek-si, KR), Kim, Won Kyu; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Hye Young; (Cheongjoo-si, KR), Lee, Kye Won; (Pyungtaek-si, KR), Lee, Sun Jung; (Whaseong-si, KR), Park, Chul Hong; (Pusan-si, KR), Yoo, Eun Joung; (Ohsan-si, KR) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030031732 Date filed: January 25, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is an anti-fatigue and nutritious tonic agent containing powder of wild ginseng, optionally in admixture with a herb medicine, or water extract of the powder, which has remarkably enhanced anti-fatigue, and nutrition and tonic effects as compared with agents containing cultivated ginseng. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-fatigue and tonic agent containing wild ginseng. More specifically, the present invention relates to an anti-fatigue and nutritious tonic agent containing powder of wild ginseng, mixed powder of wild ginseng and herb medicine, or water extract of the powder, as the active ingredient, and to a process for preparing the same. Main chemical ingredients of ginseng are alkaloids, saccharides, organic acids, lipophilic ingredients, nitrogen-containing compounds, vitamins and inorganic ingredients including glycoside (saponins). The most important ingredients for pharmacological effects of ginseng are saponins, and alkaloids whose activity has not yet been clearly verified. A number of kinds of saponins are contained in ginseng, whose representative example is ginsenoside Rb.sub.1. Ginsenoside Rb.sub.1 has various pharmacological effects: e.g. control of central nerve system; hypnotic, analgesic, sedative and antipyretic effects; stimulation of synthesis of serum proteins; inhibition of degradation of neutral fats, or stimulation of synthesis thereof (insulin-like effect); stimulation of biosynthesis of cholesterol; stimulation of synthesis of RNA; stimulation of secretion of adrenal cortical hormone; improvement of learning memory; and inhibition of eating. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been reported to have effects of nutrition and tonic, excitation of nerve system, stimulation of secretion of adrenal cortical hormone, promotion of sexual functions, heart tonic, decrease in blood glucose, improvement of appetite, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-diuretic, anti-stress, anti-fatigue, promotion of recovery from fatigue, reinforcement of immune functions, etc. However, such pharmacological effects are complex and various, not by a single ingredient. In contrast, wild ginseng's pharmacological effects have not yet been identified, but is expected to have similar effects to those of cultivated ginseng. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Anti-ulcer pharmaceutical composition and the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Cheng, Mo-Chi; (Taipei, TW), Ko, Feng-Nien; (Taipei, TW), Lin, Je-Yie; (Taipei Hsien, TW), Shih, Chien-Jen; (Taipei, TW), Wu, Pey-Chyi; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Y. Rocky Tsao; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020187209 Date filed: May 6, 2002

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Abstract: The invention discloses a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating peptic ulcer, including American ginseng or the extract thereof, and a method for preparing American ginseng extract, said method including extracting American ginseng with water or ethanol aqueous solution, and then ultrafiltrating, dialyzing, precipitating with ethanol, or performing reverse phase chromatography to obtain various fractions of extract with anti-peptic ulcer effect. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions useful for the prevention and/or treatment of peptic ulcer diseases. More particularly, it relates to the use of American ginseng or the extract thereof as the active ingredient for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer diseases. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is one species of Araliaceae, which is the North American variety of ginseng native to the United States and Canada. The Panax plants in Araliaceae, such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, Panax pseudo-ginseng etc, have been used as a form of tonic medicine in Chinese for a long period of time, and Panax ginseng is traditionally considered a valuable medicinal material in China, Japan and Korea. After harvesting, Panax ginseng with good quality is generally treated with boiling water or steam to give red ginseng. Panax ginseng which has been dried by hot air or sunlight is called white ginseng or unprocessed ginseng. The American ginseng is an herbaceous perennial and its root is mainly used as a nutritious tonic agent. Its morphology is similar to Panax ginseng, but has less fiber-like or lateral roots. At present, the American ginseng is artificially cultivated in the United States, Mainland China and Russia. Many reports have shown some components of American ginseng are similar to Panax ginseng, including several kinds of ginseng saponins, oligosaccharides, volatile oils, amino acids, vitamins and trace elements. It is traditionally believed that both American ginseng and Panax ginseng possess effects of increasing physical strength, nourishing and preserving health, and prolonging life. Thus, they are regarded as mild tonics used for daily dietary or medicinal remedy. Recently, a number of scientific reports show that the American ginseng indeed possesses a variety of physiological or pharmaceutical activities, including anti-aging (Xiao P.G. et. al., 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 38(2-3):167-75); preventing atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia (Li J. et. al., 1999, Life Science 64(1):53-62); protecting liver from injury (Yoshikawa M. et. al., 1998, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 46(4):647-54); enhancing the function of cardiovascular system (Kwan C. Y., 1995, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology-Supplement 1:S297-9; Yang S., 1992, China Journal of Chinese Material Medica 17(9):555-7 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,949); preventing memory dysfunction and dementia (Benishin C. G., 1991, Pharmacology 42(4):223-9; Li Z. et. al., 1999, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 51(4):435-40; Lewis R. et. al., 1999, Phytotherapy Research 13(1):59-64); decreasing hyperglycemia (Oshima Y. et. al. , 1987, Journal of Natural Products 50(2):188-90; Martinez S. and Staba E. J., 1984, Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 35(2): 79-85); inhibition of breast cancer cells (Duda R. B. et. al., 1996, Annals of Surgical Oncology 3(6):515-20); enhancing physical strength; antiviral activity (U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,839); anti-oxidation; decreasing the side effects of anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy (U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,115); modulating gastric digestion (Yuan C. S. et. al., 1998, American Journal of Chinese Medicine 26(1):47-55); and increasing the immune function (U.S. Pat. No. 7,795,742) etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Combination of ginseng and ginkgo to improve cognitive skills Inventor(s): Petrini, Orlando; (Comano, CH), Scholey, Andrew; (Newcastle upon Tyne, GB) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P O Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20020015744 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement consisting essentially of a combination of Ginseng and Ginkgo to improve the speed of memory and memory quality in normal, healthy subjects and to prevent deterioration of the speed of memory in people with decreased cognitive functions, and to counteract cognitive fatigue. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit to U.S. provisional application Ser. Nos. 60/172,500 filed Dec. 17, 1999 and 60/208,357 filed May 31, 2000. The present invention relates to a novel use of a combination of the plants Ginseng, more precisely Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo, more precisely Ginkgo biloba and/or the combination of extracts of both plants to improve cognitive skills. The combination is useful for improving the speed of memory and memory quality in normal, healthy subjects as well as to prevent deterioration of the speed of memory in people with decreased cognitive functions as well as to counteract cognitive fatigue. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba contain ginkgo-flavone glycosides and terpenoids which are known to have vaso-regulating and blood viscosity decreasing properties. The main indications for which Ginkgo is prescribed in Western countries, such as France and Germany, are intermittent claudication and cerebral insufficiency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition comprising ingredients of panax ginseng and ginko biloba Inventor(s): Soldati, Fabio; (Savosa, CH) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P O Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20010036484 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: A method of improving blood flow circulation comprising the administration of the combination of the medicinal plants Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba or the combination of extracts of Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba.Said combination can be used for the treatment or the prevention of pathologies related to impaired blood flow circulation or to impaired blood flow velocity, particularly of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Excerpt(s): The benefit of prior provisional application Ser. No. 60/172,501 filed Dec. 17, 1999 is hereby claimed. The present invention relates to a novel use of a combination of the medicinal plants Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba or the combination of extracts of both plants for improving hemorrheological and circulatory characteristics of blood, to the use of said combination for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing pathologies related to impaired blood flow circulation and to a method of treatment or prevention of pathologies related to an impaired blood flow circulation. The Panax ginseng root and its extracts (PG) have been recognised as an effective tonic

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or roborant of health for thousands of years in China. The Ginkgo biloba leaves and its extracts (GB) were also introduced as medicine in the treatment of many diseases throughout a long history in China. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition comprising panax pseudo ginseng, eucommiae ulmoides and polygonati rhizoma Inventor(s): Sha, Shinhan; (Tokyo, JP), Yanaihara, Noboru; (Shizuoka-shi, JP) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20010055624 Date filed: March 9, 2001 Abstract: A composition comprising Denhichi, Tochu and Osei, wherein the Denhichi is Panax pseudo-ginseng, the Tochu is Eucommiae ulmoides and the Osei is selected from the group consisting of Polygonati Rhizoma, Polygonatum falcatum, other plants belonging to the genus Polygonatum, and Siberian Solomonseal Rhizome. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/382,596 filed Aug. 25, 1999, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference. This application also relies for priority upon the inventors' Japanese Patent Application No. 10-323941 filed Nov. 13, 1998, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to compositions comprising "Denhichi" ("Panax pseudo-ginseng") and "Tochu" ("Eucommiae ulmoides (Eucommia Bark)", and, if desired, comprising "Osei" ("Polygonati Rhizoma") and/or gallic acid-containing herbal extracts and "Kanzo" ("Licorice root") additionally and provides a method for its production. The composition of the present invention can be used effectively not only for human healthcare and health promotion and improvement of nutritional state and immune system, but also for therapy or protection against hepatitis and infectious diseases, as conventional or alternative medicine and food supplements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition containing xylitol and fiber Inventor(s): Gare, Fran; (Miami-Dede, FL) Correspondence: Jackie J. Schwartz; 1350 Broadway; Suite 1507; New York; NY; 100187702; US Patent Application Number: 20020127319 Date filed: January 11, 2001 Abstract: A composition containing psyllium fiber and xylitol. The composition is in one of powered, liquid or product form. In powdered form the composition is used for producing confectionery products, beverages, baked good products, bakery products, snack bars and similar foodstuff products. In product form, the composition is used to produce confectionery products, baked good products, bakery products, snack bars and similar foodstuff products. The fiber is preferably psyllium fiber. However, the psyllium fiber may be substituted with fruit fiber and derivatives including pectin; seaweed gums and derivatives, including carrageenan, agar and alginates; cellulose and derivatives;

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cereal grain fibers, including corn, wheat, oat, rice, barley and soy; fructooligosaccharides and its derivatives; seed gums, including guar and locust bean; tree gums, including karaya, tragacanth and acacia; xantham gum; vegetable fiber, including pea and legumes; and potato fiber. Suitable natural flavorings, which can be added to the composition containing xylitol and fiber include but are not limited to all nuts, all green vegetables and legumes, carrots, chocolate, cocoa, vanilla, orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, peach, apricot, nectarine, strawberry, blueberry, raspberry, peppermint, coffee, cinnamon, mocha, tomato, herbs (green tea, ginger, ginseng, etc.) and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions containing reduced calories, reduced carbohydrates and sugar substitutes and, more particularly, to a composition containing xylitol and fiber in a powdered, liquid and/or product form. A variety of food and drink products as well as powdered mixes are presently available which contain both fats and sugars. For example, chocolate-flavored confectionery products comprise cocoa butter or a cocoa butter fat substitute, and sugar, typically in the form of sucrose. Other examples of such products are baked goods such as cookies, brownies and cakes and frozen desserts such as ice cream. Numerous beverages and powdered mixes for use in producing foodstuffs and beverages also contain fattening amounts of sugar. The fat and sugar components in such products can provide a significant number of calories. In the case of fat, the caloric load is due to the triglycerides that are present. For example, a natural fat, such as corn oil, provides a caloric density of about 9 calories per gram. By comparison, vegetable protein provides only about 4 calories per gram. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition having physiological activity and production method thereof Inventor(s): Hibino, Ken; (Ibaraki-shi, JP), Hijikata, Yasuyo; (Ibaraki-shi, JP), Tanaka, Hozumi; (Kobe-shi, JP) Correspondence: Leydig Voit & Mayer, Ltd; Two Prudential Plaza, Suite 4900; 180 North Stetson Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60601-6780; US Patent Application Number: 20030021857 Date filed: July 24, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a composition containing an extract from Wisteria floribunda, Myristica fragrans, Punica granatum, Trapa bispinosa or a derivative thereof, Coix lachiryma-jobi, Elfvingia applanata and Ganoderma lucidum or a derivative thereof (optionally further containing Panax ginseng or Panax japonicus), which has a superior antiviral activity, a superior peripheral blood flow-improving activity and a superior hair growth-stimulating activity, and a production method thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel physiologically active composition. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel composition having a useful physiological activity as an agent for treating viral infectious diseases, a peripheral blood flow-improving agent or a hair growth stimulant, and a production method thereof. As a pharmaceutical agent effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of bacterial infections, various superior pharmaceutical agents have been developed. However, the number of pharmaceutical agents effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral infectious diseases is relatively small and most of them show strong side effects. For example, herpes simplex virus is known to be widespread among adults, mainly infects

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lips, oral mucosa, cornea and genitalia and causes latent infection in the nervous tissues. In addition, new herpes virus infectious diseases have been found. As a conventional anti-herpes simplex virus agent, acyclovir, which is a nucleic acid derivative, and the like have been clinically used because they are effective pharmaceutical agents. Acyclovir, nevertheless, causes problems in the treatment because the virus easily becomes resistant and shows strong side effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compound (I), a method for extracting it and pharmaceutical composition containing it Inventor(s): Fan, Fulin; (Guangdong Province, CN), Guan, Yongyuan; (Guangdong Province, CN) Correspondence: Millen, White, Zelano & Branigan, P.C.; 2200 Clarendon BLVD.; Suite 1400; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030148962 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: This invention discloses a compound (I) of the following formula. This invention also includes a method for extracting the compound (I), and a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound (I). The extracting method includes the following steps: taking the corpus radicis and/or radix fibrosa of a ginseng spp. plant--ginseng or pseudo-ginseng, extracting with industrial alcohol and n-butanol to extract the total saponins, and then purifying by silicon gel column chromatography and reversed phase column chromatography to obtain the compound (I). The compound (I) and pharmaceutical composition can be used to cure acute ischemic cerebral-vascular diseases. 1 Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a compound, especially a natural compound extracted from ginseng or pseudo-ginseng. The invention also relates to a method of extracting the compound and a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound, which can be used to treat ischemic cerebral-vascular diseases. Ischemic cerebralvascular diseases are those which affect human health seriously. Its incidence shows a trend of increasing gradually. When a cerebral ischemia occurs, there is rapid appearance of energy metabolic obstruction for brain tissue cells, thereby causing release of excitatory neurotransmitter by neurotermini, which is mainly glumatic acid. Then, NMDA and non-NMDA acceptors are activated, causing a series of pathological changes which lead to cerebral injury and infarction. The fact that acceptors are activated can promote Ca.sup.2+ internal flow in large amount, while Ca.sup.2+ overload in cells is a key factor and common channel making cerebrum die. When blood supply is resumed in ischemic cerebral tissues, the reperfusion injury can happen. This kind of cerebral injury, resulted after ischemic cerebral tissue is reperfused, is another way of forming cerebral infarction, and it is generally related with increase of Ca.sup.2+ internal flow and overload. The fact of Ca.sup.2+ overload, large amount of Na.sup.+ internal flow, and oxygen radicals increase in cells can also cause apoptosis of neurocytes, which is an important form for ischemic cerebral cell necrosis, and is a mechanism of forming cerebral infarction. At present, there is still no ideal drug for treatment of acute ischemic cerebral-vascular diseases (acute ischemic cerebral apoplexy, and acute cerebral infarction). Aiming at the above-mentioned mechanism of morbidity, the usually used method is application of thrombolytics (such as t-PA, etc.) or fibrinolytic drugs (such as snake venom plasmin and ancrode, etc) at early or very

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early stage of illness. Thrombolysis can resume blood supply to ischemic area of cerebral tissue. However, along with the resuming of blood supply to ischemic areas, it is inevitable to have cerebral cell ischemic/reperfusion injuries. The effect of treatment is still to be evaluated. In addition, brain protection medicine is clinically used to block different mechanisms of cell necrosis after ischemia, and to lengthen survival ability of cells. It can also be used for prevention for patients in critical condition and for recovery of neuronal functions at late stage so as to achieve goals of treatment. This filed is a hot one for current research. At present, available brain protection drugs are as follows. 1) Ca.sup.2+ channel antagonist: This kind of drugs achieve goals of treatment by means of obstructing electric voltage dependant Ca.sup.2+ channel, suppressing cell Ca.sup.2+ internal flow, and relieving Ca.sup.2+ overload in cells so as to achieve goals of treatment. Clinically applied drugs are Nimodipine, and Flunarizine. But for acute ischemic cerebral-vascular diseases, Ca2+ overload, that causes cerebral tissue injuries, is mainly related with Ca.sup.2+ channel controlled by acceptors. So, effect of treatment with this kind of blocking electric voltage dependent Ca.sup.2+ antagonist drugs are still to be proved. 2) Drugs, stabilizing cell membrane: citicoline, the cure effect of which is to be proved. As to other brain protection drugs, like glutamic antagonist, Na.sup.+ channel antagonist,.gamma.-amino-butyric acid reinforcing agent, etc, although there is certain theoretical basis, their cure effects have not been proved with clinical research. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Crude drug composition for preventing and treating gastrointestinal dyskinetic diseases Inventor(s): Cho, Byung Wook; (Seoul, KR), Jin, Mirim; (Seoul, KR), Jung, Hyung-Jin; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Sunyoung; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030194451 Date filed: April 11, 2003 Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation patent application of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/372,059 filed on Apr. 12, 2002, which was now abandoned. The present invention is related to a crude drug composition essentially comprising herbs of Sinapis Semen Alba, Ginseng Radix, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, Amomi Fructus, Myristicae Semen, Saussureae Radix, Cyperi Rhizoma, Magnoliae Cortex, Arecae Semen, Crataegi Fructus, Atractylodes Rhizoma Alba, Agastachis Herba, Glycyrrhiza Radix and additionally comprising at least one herb selected from group consisting of Polygonati Rhizoma, Artemisiae Argyi Folium, Forsythiae Fructus, Caryophylli Flos, Raphani Semen, Menthae Herba according to the need for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal dyskinetic diseases and methods of using the above crude drug composition and pharmaceutical composition as prokinetic agent. Gastrointestinal disorders are one of the most frequently occurring diseases in present human being exposed by various unfavorable environments. Approximately 15 to 30% of adult patients suffer from various functional dyspeptic conditions, and prokinetic agents are the major prescriptions for non-ulcer type functional dyspepsia. There are a variety of prokinetic agents in the market, and many new agents are still being developed. One of the major categories of prokinetic drugs is the serotonergic agent. 90% of serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is present in the gut, and 4 to 5% in the central nervous system. Serotonin causes the vasodilation and constriction of smooth muscle cells. Many

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types of serotonin receptors have been cloned and identified. Among them, those belonging to the 5-HT.sub.3 and 5-HT.sub.4 receptor subtypes are the most extensively studied in gastroenterology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Extract of processed Panax genus plant, the preparation method thereof, and compositions containing the same Inventor(s): Bae, Eun-Ah; (Seoul, KR), Choo, Min-Kyung; (Seoul, KR), Han, Myung-Joo; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Dong-Hyun; (Seoul, KR), Park, Eun-Kyung; (Seoul, KR), Park, JeongHill; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Foley And Lardner; Suite 500; 3000 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030190378 Date filed: January 16, 2003 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an extract of processed Panax genus plant, the preparation thereof and compositions containing the same having anticancer or antiallergic activity. More particularly, the present invention relates to a processed ginseng product with enhanced pharmacological effects due to serial treatment i.e., acidtreatment or heat-treatment of a Panax genus plants and subsequent bio-converting treatment such as lactic fermenting and intestinal-bacterial fermenting process so as to make a ratio of ginsenoside (Rk.sub.2+Rh.sub.3+protopanaxadiol+20dehydroprotopanaxadiol) to (Rg.sub.3+Rg.sub.5+Rk.sub.1) of above 0.1. The extract of processed Panax genus plant in the present invention has inhibitory effect for cancer or allergic diseases and it is useful in the prevention or treatment of cancer or allergic diseases. The present invention relates to an extract of processed Panax genus plant, the preparation method thereof and compositions containing the same having anti-cancer and anti-allergic activity. More particularly, the present invention relates to a processed ginseng product and the extract thereof with enhanced pharmacological effects due to serial treatment i.e., acid-treatment or heat-treatment of a Panax genus plants and subsequent bio-converting treatment such as lactic fermenting and intestinal-bacterial fermenting process so as to make a ratio of ginsenoside (Rk.sub.2+Rh.sub.3+protopanaxadiol+20-dehydroprotopanaxadiol) to (Rg.sub.3+Rg.sub.5+Rk.sub.1) of above 0.1. It is known that there are many genus of Panax genus plants belonged to Araliaceae, for example, Panax ginseng distributed or cultivated in far-eastern Asia region, Panax quinquefolia in America and Canada, Panax notoginseng in China, Panax trifolia in eastern region of north America, Panax japonica in Japan, China and Nepal, Panax pseudoginseng in Nepal, Panax vietnamensis in Vietnam, Panax elegatior, Panax wangianus and Panax bipinratifidus etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Ginseng berry extracts and pharmaceutical compositions from ginseng berry for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity Inventor(s): Yuan, Chun-Su; (Chicago, IL) Correspondence: Mark B Wilson; Fulbright & Jaworski Llp; 600 Congress Avenue; Suite 2400; Austin; TX; 78701; US Patent Application Number: 20020136785 Date filed: October 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for the use in treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. More specifically, the invention relates to the methods of screening for the active compound from berries from plants of the Panax genus that decreases blood glucose and decreases body weight. It is contemplated that the active compound may comprise a ginsenoside or a combination thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/246,628, filed Nov. 7, 2000. The present invention relates generally to the fields of physiology and medicine. More particularly, it relates to pharmaceutical compositions and the methods of screening for constituents that are anti-hyperglycemic or antiobesity agents. Such constituents can be extracted from ginseng berry. Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem, affecting approximately 5% of the total population in the U.S., and 3% of the population world-wide. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that can cause blindness, kidney failure, or nerve damage. In addition, diabetes mellitus confers an increased risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Over 90% of diabetics are classified as type 2, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); the rest fall into the category of type 1, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Although the two types of diabetes have distinct pathogeneses, hyperglycemia and various life-threatening complications resulting from long-term hyperglycemia are the most common features. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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GINSENG BERRY TOPICAL PRODUCTS Inventor(s): CHEN, JAU-FEI; (OREM, UT) Correspondence: Jones Waldo Holbrook & Mcdonough; 170 South Main Street; Suite 1500; Salt Lake City; UT; 84101-1644; US Patent Application Number: 20020012644 Date filed: April 23, 1999 Abstract: The present invention comprises novel combinations of ginseng berry juice and extracts combined with other skin nutrients and moisturizers which may be used to soften and moisturize the skin while providing essential vitamins and nutrients to the skin in a natural way. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of skin care products and more particularly to products and methods which deliver fresh vitamins and other nutrients to the skin by topical application of a novel, vitamin-rich fruit composition. The present invention comprises ginseng berry extract and other skin nutrients and, preferably, other skin nutrients and moisturizers which are beneficial to the skin. Human skin is extremely susceptible to the temperature and humidity extremes of our environment. However, when skin care products are properly used to counteract

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adverse environmental conditions, skin can remain healthy and beautiful under a variety of extreme environmental conditions. The environmental factors that most often affect the skin adversely are ultraviolet radiation and humidity. Ultraviolet radiation varies with time of day, from day to night, with seasons of the year and weather conditions. The geographic region where one lives and the climate will also affect the amount of radiation to which one's skin is exposed. The sun's rays can dry skin through direct moisture loss or through the effects of radiation on the skin which may cause tanning and burning as well as moisture loss. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Herbal composition for the prevention and treatment of dementia Inventor(s): Jung, Kyu Yong; (Kyunggi-do, KR), Keum, Kyung Soo; (Daegu, KR) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett &; Dunner Llp; 1300 I Street, NW; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20020146467 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to herbal composition for the prevention and treatment of dementia comprising Polygoni multiflori Radix (Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg), instead of ginseng, Polygalae Radix (Polygala tatarinowi Regel), Caryophylli Flos (Eugeni caryophyllata Thunb), and Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus (Zingiber officinale Rosc) in the conventional herbal composition to maximize antidemetia effect with minimized amount. And thus, the herbal composition of the present invention provides maximized activity toward dementia, especially senile dementia, with not only minimized side effects, but also improved pharmacological and clinical activities compared to the conventional products. Recently the magnitude of the dementia problems as well as senile dementia has been rapidly increased. To date, dementia has no known prevention or cure except several treatment drugs showing extremely limited effects toward dementia, although there have been intensive studies in the development of drugs or foods to prevent or cure dementia in eastern or western countries. Still intensive researches have focused on senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which refer to "progressive loss of cognition and intellectual abilities, in the biochemical, genetic and medical aspects. More specifically, main symptoms of dementia include cognitive function impairment and various mental disorders in language, judgment and perceptive vasospastic ability as well as serious difficulty in acquisition of new technologies. Personality changes and emotional restlessness soon become apparent and ultimately to death. Dementia, which adversely affects the intrinsic activity of cerebrum, is a peculiar symptom associated with the fundamental disorders of brain induced by various factors. For example, the brain was grossly shrunken in size and the expansion of the ventricle in most cases due to loss of cerebral parenchyma, a large number of cerebral cortex cells, Purkinje cells in cerebellium or eukaryotic cells at spinal cord become disappeared. The causes of these symptoms are unknown but they have been noticed to have significant relations with the level of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Herbal pharmaceutical compositions for prophylaxis and/or cardiovascular diseases and the method of preparing the same

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Inventor(s): Shen, Chung Guang; (Foster City, CA), Sheu, Shuenn-Jyi; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Venable; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030124206 Date filed: June 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides an herbal pharmaceutical compositions comprising the root of scutellaria, the rhizome of coptis, the root and rhizome of rhubarb, and the dry powders of the root of ginseng (or American ginseng) or the rhizome of ginger. The herbal pharmaceutical compositions are effective in preventing patients from developing or treating patients with cardiovascular diseases, which include, but are not limited to, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. The present invention also provides methods for preparing and using the herbal pharmaceutical compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention claims priority on Taiwanese application number 90131897, filed on Dec. 21, 2001, which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to herbal pharmaceutical compositions which contain the root of scutellaria (Radix Scutellariae), the rhizome of coptis (Rhizoma Coptidis), the root and rhizome of rhubarb (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), and the root of ginseng (Radix Ginseng) or American ginseng (Radix Panacis Quinquefolii) for prophylaxis or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Optionally, the root of ginseng or American ginseng can be replaced with the rhizome of ginger (Rhizoma Zingiberis). The herbs can be prepared as dry powders or extracts. The present invention also relates to the methods of preparing and using the herbal pharmaceutical compositions. Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases contribute to a third of global deaths in 1999 and are estimated to be the leading cause of death in developing countries by 2010. Cardiovascular diseases are the name for a group of disorders in the heart and blood vessels, including, but not limited to, hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary heart disease (heart attack), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Hypertension-treatment composition containing panax notoginseng and salvia miltiorhiza and method of preparing same Inventor(s): Chung, Young Shin; (Seoul, KR), Hong, Eun Kyung; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Lowe Hauptman Gopstein; Gilman & Berner, Llp; Suite 310; 1700 Diagonal Road; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030003165 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: A composition for treating hypertension and lowering cholesterol is provided which contains the mixed extract of Panax notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza as an active ingredient thus lowering and maintaining blood pressure substantially constant.

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Also provided is a method for preparing composition containing the mixed extract of Panax notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for treating hypertension and lowering cholesterol and a method for preparing same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a composition for treating hypertension and lowering cholesterol which contains the mixed extract of Pana notoginseng and Salvia miltiorrhiza as an active ingredient, and a method for preparing same. Cardiac and vascular diseases are one of the main causes of human death, and are represented by cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral thrombosis, heart failure, cardiac infarction, etc. However, etiology of such diseases is very diverse and complex. The target for treatment of hypertension is to prevent the occurrence of complications in brain, heart, kidney, liver, etc., thereby allowing the human to manage a normal life by the average life span. The development of drugs for treatment of hypertension is still urgently required. Blood pressure and hypertension will be more specifically explained hereinbelow. The term, blood pressure, denotes a pressure of blood stream flowing through blood vessels, i.e., arterial pressure. In this context, the term, hypertension, means that a certain cause induces an increase of resistance on the internal wall of blood vessel thus resulting in the maximum blood pressure (systolic blood pressure or highest blood pressure) of 150-160 mmHg and the minimum blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure or lowest blood pressure) of 90 mmHg or more. The former is called a systolic hypertension and the latter is called a diastolic hypertension. Although both may separately arise, it is general that they are simultaneously present. Moreover, hypertension may occur in the thirties, but it mainly occurs during the pre- and post-climacteric period in men rather than women. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Manufacturing method of nutritive bean curd Inventor(s): Kim, Kyong Shik; (Brooklin, NY) Correspondence: I P Strategies; 806 7th Street, N.W.; Suite 301; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020045003 Date filed: January 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to manufacturing method of nutritive bean curd adding vegetable food. particularly the present invention relates to manufacturing method of nutritive bean curd by mixing a bean flour and vegetable additives that is made by washing and pulverizing a kind of good vegetables among a spinach, a leek, a pumpkin, a ginger, an onion, a garlic a green onion, a crown daisy, a carrot, a sesame leaf a wormwood, a pine needles, a green tea, a mulberry leaves and ginseng.Thus the bean curd contains all sorts of nutrition and effective ingredients of the said vegetable food, eliminates a somewhat fishy smell of bean's flavor, and applies this tasty bean curd in cooking various food. Excerpt(s): The conventional method of manufacturing a bean curd which is the korean traditional foodstuff and the good provider of protein is to wash a bean and soak the bean in a water for 24 hours, to mix with the water which is 2 times more than the bean in the amount to pulverize the bean to be a bean flour. This bean flour is heated at a temperature of 100.degree. C. for 30-40 minutes to make a processed article which in turn is filtered to divide into bean juice and refuse. Then a coagulating agent in the amount of 0.01 wt % of a bean juice is added to the bean juice which is heated at a

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temperature of 80-90.degree. C. to make a uncurdled bean curd, which is again condensed in a machine. The bean curd is manufactured by hydrating and moulding the condensed uncurdled bean curd. The conventional bean curd is made of bean only resulting to the effect that the taste is not so good due to the somewhat fishy smell of bean's peculiar flavor that it is applied in cooking limited foods and that the color of it is tinged with dark milk white so that the overall market value of the traditional bean curd in comparatively lowered. The present invention relates to manufacturing method of nutritive bean curd by mixing a bean flour and vegetable additives containing an allyl sulfide, flavonoid, saponin and hydrated acid and many other ingredients which have good and fragrant tastes and have a lot of vitamins and minerals. The present bean curd contains all sorts of nutrition and effective ingredients of said vegetable food and eliminates a somewhat fishy smell of bean's peculiar flavor and applies this tasty bean curd in cooking various food. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and composition for enhancing sexual desire Inventor(s): Trant, Aileen S.; (Mountain View, CA), Wuh, Hank C.K.; (Los Altos, CA) Correspondence: James C. Wray; Suite 300; 1493 Chain Bridge Road; Mclean; VA; 22101; US Patent Application Number: 20020192307 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: The dietary supplement for wellness includes in a combination ofL-arginine, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, and damiana. The unit dosage is in a capsule or a tablet form or as an aqueous composition. The unit dosage may include an amount of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B complex, and minerals sufficient to provide up to about 100% to about 200% of the percent daily values of the antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B complex, and minerals upon administering an appropriate quantity of the unit dosages to achieve a desired daily dosage. The daily dosage may be in an amount of up to about 600 ml. of an aqueous composition and may be administered as a beverage. The composition may be administered daily to a subject for a time sufficient for sexually arousing the subject more easily than without administration of the combination. The daily dosage is administered to the subject for a time sufficient to improve the quality of orgasm for the subject and/or to improve the frequency of desire to engage in sexual activity. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/295,297, filed Jun. 1, 2001. This invention relates to the maintenance of a state of wellness in which sexual health is improved. Quality of life is increasingly valued in today's society. Proper nutrition and exercise, and healthy sexual function contribute to maintain an overall state of well being, which can serve to manage stress, maintain a properly functioning immune system, protect against disease, maintain a positive mental outlook, and generally to enable one to feel good and enjoy life. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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METHOD AND SYNERGISTIC COMPOSITION FOR TREATING ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Inventor(s): Lang, Philip C.; (Toms River, NJ) Correspondence: Delio & Peterson; 121 Whitney Avenue; New Haven; CT; 06510 Patent Application Number: 20030044472 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method for treating Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is provided which composition can be used both with and without ethical drugs now used to treat ADHD. The composition contains dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), omega 3-fatty acids, betaine, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), folic acid, vitamins C, E, B.sub.12, B.sub.6, B.sub.5 and betacarotene and minerals (calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium). Ethical drugs such as amphetamines, methylphenidate HCl and pemoline are known to control ADHD, but each has significant side effects when used in their therapeutic dose. When combining the composition of the invention with such ethical drugs, the amount of the ethical drug can be lowered below a level which causes undesirable side effects which is an important feature of the invention. Preferred compositions of the invention contain one or more of lecithin, choline, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tyrosine, Reishi Extract, Kava Extract, Gingko, Ginseng and St. John's Wort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for treating Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the fastest growing childhood disorder in the United States. About four million children and thirteen million adults suffer from attention deficit in the U.S. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) categorization of ADHD includes terms such as "inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity". Three subtypes are recognized ADHD: Combined type; ADHD, Predominately Inattentive Type; and ADHD, Predominately Hyperactive/Impulsive Type. The Predominately Inattentive Type makes careless mistakes, cannot keep focused on a task, and loses attention and interest quickly. Often the person appears not to listen as if their mind is "someplace else". The predominately Hyperactive/Impulsive Type is characterized by fidgetiness, excessive unproductive movement, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, making noise, impatience, touching things or being disruptive. Depending on age and development stage, ADHD sufferers may exhibit low frustration tolerance, temper outbursts, stubbornness, making demands, mood lability, rejection by peers and poor self-esteem. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for processing ginseng and processed ginseng obtained by the same Inventor(s): Cho, Sool-Youn; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Yong-Jae; (Kwacheon, KR), Park, Il-Ho; (Namyangjoo, KR), Park, Jeong-Hill; (Seoul, KR), Park, Man-Ki; (Namyangjoo, KR), Park, Seo-Young; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030026858 Date filed: February 21, 2002

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Abstract: Disclosed are a method for processing Panax spp., comprising the step of steaming Panax spp. under the oxygen-enriched atmosphere and a processed Panax spp. obtained by the method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for processing ginseng and a processed ginseng obtained by the method. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for processing ginseng characterized by steaming ginseng under the oxygenenriched atmosphere, which can enhance pharmacological effects of ginseng, and accelerate a browning reaction to reduce the processing time, and a processed ginseng obtained by the method. Panax ginseng, one of Panax spp., has been used as the best miraculous medicine in the Orient, such as China, Japan and the like including Korea, for thousands years. Ginseng has nutritious tonic, analgesic, sedative, stomachic and laxative effects. In addition, through modem scientific researches, ginseng has been discovered to have various pharmacological effects, for example, anticancer activity, immunosuppressive activity, therapeutic activity on exposure to radiation, improvement of memory, reduction of side effects from psychotropic drugs, antidiabetic activity, etc. Panax spp. practically used as health foods or medicines includes P. ginseng, P. quinquefolia, P. notoginseng, P. japonica, etc. Particularly, P. quinquefolia, so-called American ginseng, is used as a substitute for P. ginseng in Southeast Asia. Such Panax spp. shares a common ingredient, saponins, in a large quantity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for the mass propagation of adventitious roots of ginseng, camphor ginseng and wild ginseng by tissue culture and the improvement of their saponin content Inventor(s): Paek, Kee-Yoeup; (Cheongju-city, KR) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020142463 Date filed: December 3, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for mass propagating the adventitious root of ginseng, camphor ginseng, wild ginseng by tissue culture and improving the saponin content. More specially, the method comprises the steps of: tissue culturing of the leaf, root, stems of ginseng, camphor ginseng, wild ginseng and dissecting the callus; Propagating the adventitious root, which was developed by above dissected callus; Mass culturing of the propagated adventitious root in a bioreactor. Especially, the present invention makes it possible to produce the adventitious root that has enriched saponin content and the ratio of diol saponin and triol saponin being the same level of the natural ginseng, thereby, it can provide more valuable adventitious root in commercial and usefulness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the method for mass propagation of adventitious roots of ginseng, camphor ginseng, and wild ginseng by tissue culture and the improvement of their saponin content. More specifically the present invention relates to a method for improvement of saponin content and mass propagation of adventitious roots of ginseng, camphor ginseng, and wild ginseng by tissue culture which can produce in vitro adventitious roots that have excellent commercial value and effectiveness. This product was produced by including adventitious roots from callus, which was formed by tissue culturing of the leaf, root and stem of cultivated ginseng,

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camphor ginseng, and wild ginseng. After inducing the adventitious roots, it was mass propagated by shaking incubation or bioreactor incubation. In the mass propagation process, the optimal cultivating conditions which the saponin contents in the cultivated ginseng or wild ginseng yields almost the same contents in the natural ginseng were identified. Botanically, ginsengs belong in Panax genus of Araliaceae family and their roots are used for medical purposes. Globally, 6-7 plant species are known to belong to this species. Also, 3 types of the ginsengs are cultivated economically and traded in the ginseng market. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of preparing red ginseng extract Inventor(s): Kim, Joon Hwan; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Yong Yin; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Byung Gil; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Frank Chau, ESQ.; F. Chau & Associates, Llp; Suite 501; 1900 Hempstead Turnpike; East Meadow; NY; 11554; US Patent Application Number: 20010028898 Date filed: May 31, 2001 Abstract: A home-style decoctor endowed with steamy boiling function includes a main body equipped with a heater; a heating vessel; a support plate for allowing a to-beboiled object to be placed above the surface of water stored in the heating vessel; means for supplying water for boiling into the heating vessel so that the to-be-object is immersed; a steam collector for gathering steam produced when the to-be-boiled object is decocted with water; means for condensing the steam collected into the steam collector; andsteam/condensed water guiding means for leading the steam present in the heating vessel to the steam collector and the condensed water placed in the steam collector to the heating vessel. With such construction, undried or white ginseng can become red ginseng extract by producing such useful components as several kinds of phenolic compounds and maltol, anti-oxidants, and ginsenosides Rg and Rh through steam-boiling, drying and re-boiling. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a home-style decoctor and a method of preparing red ginseng extract using the same. More particularly, this invention pertains to a home-style decoctor endowed with steamy boiling function, the decoctor heating and boiling (undried, white or red) ginseng to draw out red ginseng extract, the invention further applying to a method of preparing red ginseng extract. Generally speaking, Panax ginseng is a medicinal herb used as hematinic tonic medicine for a long time in the eastern Asia. Korean ginseng is especially known to contain a great quantity of more than thirty kinds of ginsenoside. Grubbed up after the cultivation of four to six years, panax ginseng is classified into undried (unprocessed and containing water as much as 70 to 80%), white (the primarily processed product), and finally red ginseng according to the processing method. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 133

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Nanoemulsion comprising metabolites of ginseng saponin as an active component and a method for preparing the same, and a skin-care composition for anti-aging containing the same Inventor(s): Han, Sang Hoon; (Suwon-shi, KR), Ju, Hee Kyung; (Seoul, KR), Kang, Byung Young; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Han Kon; (Suwon-shi, KR), Sung, Dae Seok; (Seoul, KR), Yeom, Myeong Hoon; (Yongin-shi, KR), Yoo, Byung Hee; (Suwon-shi, KR) Correspondence: Powell, Goldstein, Frazer & Murphy Llp; P.O. Box 97223; Washington; DC; 20090-7223; US Patent Application Number: 20030175315 Date filed: January 3, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed herein is nanoemulsion prepared by emulsifying main metabolites of ginseng saponin obtained by conversion of glucose, i.e. compound K (20-O-.beta.-Dglucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), ginsenoside F1 (20-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl20(S)-protopanaxatriol) and compound Y (20-O-[.alpha.-Larabinopyranosyl(1.fwdarw.6)-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-20- (S)-protopanaxadiol); and admixture thereof, in fine emulsion or liposome with dermotropic emulsifier by nanoemulsification; and having enhanced skin penetration, so to be effective in promoting proliferation of fibroblast and biosynthesis of collagen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nanoemulsion comprising metabolites of ginseng saponin as an effective component and to a method for preparing the same, and to a skin-care composition for anti-aging containing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to nanoemulsion comprising main metabolites of ginseng saponin obtained by conversion of glucose in the saponin, i.e. 20-O-.beta.-Dglucopyranosyl-2- 0(S)-protopanaxadiol, called "compound K" (hereinafter, "compound K"), 20-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol, called "ginsenoside F1" (hereinafter, "ginsenoside F1") and 20-O-[.alpha.-L-arabinopyranosyl(- 1.fwdarw.6).beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, called "compound Y" (hereinafter, "compound Y"), and admixture thereof. The present nanoemulsion may be prepared by emulsifying metabolites of ginseng saponin in fine emulsion or liposome with dermotropic emulsifier such as lecithin, by nano-emulsification such as high pressure homogenization and solvent extraction. The present nanoemulsion has enhanced skin penetration and thereby the cosmetic composition containing the same can promote proliferation of fibroblast and biosynthesis of collagen, so as to effectively prevent skin aging. Generally, skin is the first protective barrier against the surrounding environments such as change of temperature or humidity, UV and contaminants, and plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis such as thermoregulation. However, the skin may be damaged by excessive physical or chemical irritations, stress or subalimentation, resulting in losing normal functions and elasticity or so, to cause keratinization and to form wrinkles. On this, in order to prevent skin aging and to maintain healthy and elastic skin, a lot of efforts have been made to develop cosmetics containing biologically active materials obtained from animals, plants or microorganisms that play a role in maintaining skin functions and in activating skin cells, resulting in effectively controlling skin aging. However, these active materials have some drawbacks such as insufficient efficacy or side effects such as skin irritation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel medicinal herbal composition for treating liver diseases and HIV Inventor(s): Wu, Tzu-Sheng; (Hsinchu, TW) Correspondence: Venable; Post Office Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020076446 Date filed: July 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a herbal pharmaceutical composition for treating patients with liver diseases and/or HIV. The composition contains fifteen (15) ingredients, which are diffuse hedyotis, bistort rhizome, giant knotweed rhizome, Asiatic moonseed rhizome, baical skullcap root, bovine biliary powder, milkvetch root, barbary wolfberry fruit, sanqi, red ginseng, figwort root, Chinese magnoliavine fruit, turmeric root-tuber, hawthorn fruit, and Chinese angelica. Among the fifteen (15) ingredients, diffuse hedyotis, bistort rhizome, giant knotweed rhizome, and Chinese magnoliavine fruit are the required herbs which contribute to the efficacy of the pharmaceutical composition. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/240,963, filed on Oct. 18, 2000, which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a novel herbal pharmaceutical composition and its use for treating patients with liver diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis [such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E], alcoholic or fatty liver, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer) and HIV. The major ingredients in the herbal composition are diffuse hedyotis, bistort rhizome, giant knotweed rhizome, and Chinese magnoliavine fruit. The composition further contains Asiatic moonseed rhizome, baical skullcap root, bovine biliary powder, tumeric roottuber, hawthorn fruit, sanqi, barbary wolfberry fruit, red ginseng, figwort root, Chinese angelica, and milkvetch root. The present invention also relates to a method for making the medicinal herbal composition and methods for treating patients with the medicinal herbal composition. Liver diseases have great impact on human health. Hepatitis is a kind of liver diseases, which is caused by liver inflammation due to infection of a variety of pathogens, which include, but are not limited to, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Hepatitis can be categorized as acute, chronic, or fulminant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nutritional supplements and methods for prevention, reduction and treatment of radiation injury Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030105027 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement composition for the prevention, reduction or treatment of radiation injury due to exposure to ionizing radiation, including one or more compounds that regulates cell differentiation and/or cell proliferation, and one or more antioxidants, optionally formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for an oral composition. The composition of the present invention may further include optional ingredients such as flavonoids, flavonoid derivatives, selenium, selenium compounds,

Patents 135

anti-inflammatories, organic germanium, Korean ginseng, American ginseng, Siberian ginseng and B-complex vitamins. A method for the administration of an oral composition for the purpose of preventing, reducing or treating radiation injury involves orally administering an effective amount of a composition including one or more compounds that regulates cell differentiation and/or cell proliferation, and one or more antioxidants to a person before, during or after radiation exposure. A method for the topical administration of the composition in accordance with the present invention for the purpose of preventing, reducing or treating radiation injury involves topically administering an effective amount of the composition of the invention an area of skin, which has been or will be exposed to ionizing radiation. The compositions and methods can be employed to prevent, reduce or treat radiation injury caused by a wide variety of types of radiation exposure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional supplement compositions and methods for preventing, reducing and treating radiation injury. It is generally known that extensive radiation exposure or exposure to strong radiation may cause radiation injury. Radiation injury may range from less serious injuries such as radiation dermatitis to more serious injuries such as those causing vomiting, bone marrow failure, intestinal death and/or instant incineration. Such injuries or damage may be caused by radiation emitted from x-rays such as those used in diagnostic equipment,.gamma.-rays such as those emitted from radioactive materials or from numerous other sources. Many attempts have been made to reduce, control or cure radiation injury. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,140 to Nakai et al discloses a method of preventing or inhibiting radiation injury by administering interleukin-1-.alpha. derivatives. In particular, Nakai et al uses an interleukin-1-.alpha. modified by replacing the Asn at the 36 position with Asp, and replacing the Cys at the 141 position with Ser. The modified interleukin-1-.alpha. derivative is preferably produced using recombinant DNA techniques, which are complicated and burdensome. In addition, the potential adverse side effects of the modified Interleukin-1-.alpha. derivatives are not well known. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of premature ejaculation and/or hypersensitivity of sexual stimulation Inventor(s): Cho, Hi-Jae; (Seongnam-city, KR), Ham, Tae-Jin; (Seoul, KR), Jeong, Seonghak; (Seoul, KR), Kang, Hee-chol; (Daejeon-city, KR), Kang, Jin-ah; (Yongin-city, KR), Kim, Young-hoon; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Michael A.CANTOR; 55 Griffin South Road; Bloomfield; CT; 06002; US Patent Application Number: 20030152650 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of premature ejaculation and/or hypersensitivity of sexual stimulation is provided. The composition contains purified sumsoo extract and purified ginseng extract containing saponin as the main component, without other herbal essential oil components. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of premature ejaculation and/or hypersensitivity of sexual stimulation. Hypersensitivity of sexual stimulation is known to be caused generally due to a disorder in the complex cooperation between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Hypersensitivity of sexual stimulation is known to lead in

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frequent cases to the onset of ejaculation before or shortly after vaginal penetration, or an inability to keep erection or control ejaculation for a sufficient amount of time for a partner's sexual pleasure. According to recent statistics in Korea, approximately 30-50% of adult males suffer from these sexual dysfunctions resulting from hypersensitivity of sexual stimulation, which leads to domestic discord in relationships and loss of selfconfidence. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Physiologically active compositions basidiomycotina and araliaceae

based

upon

active

ingredients

of

Inventor(s): Goino, Tadashi; (Hodaka-cho, Minamiazumi-gun, JP) Correspondence: Conley Rose & Tayon; P O Box 3267; Houston; TX; 77253-3267; US Patent Application Number: 20030104005 Date filed: October 21, 2002 Abstract: Compositions are taught that may comprise active components of one or more types of Basidiomycotina that belong to polyporaceae Basidiomycotina and active components of the root of a plant that belongs to Araliaceae. Such compositions have shown hypoglycemic effects and anti-tumor activity. More preferably, the Basidiomycotina may be Ganoderma lucidum and/or Coriolus versicolor and the plant that belongs to Araliaceae may he medicinal ginseng, e.g. Panax ginseng and/or Panax japonicus. Preferably, an aqueous solution of the composition has an oxidationreduction potential of less than about 1230 mV, more preferably less than about 900 mV and most preferably less than about 330 mV. Methods for making such compositions are also taught and may include hot water extraction of the above-mentioned components. Furthermore, methods for treating patients are also taught and include administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the present compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns compositions having physiological activities, including but not limited to anti-tumor activity and hypoglycemic effects (i.e. blood sugar level reducing effects). More particularly, compositions are taught that comprise active ingredients found in extracts of the fruiting bodies and/or mycelia culture (including the culture solution in addition to the mycelia) of fungi that belong to polyporaceae Basidiomycotina, such as Ganoderma lucidum and/or Coriolus versicolor, and extracts obtained from the root of a Araliaceae plant. Methods for making and using such compositions are also taught. The fruiting bodies and mycelium culture (which means only the mycelium and the mixture of the mycelium and the culture solution of the mycelium, hereinafter simply referred to as "the culture") of Ganoderma lucidum, which belongs to aphyllophoral polyporaceae Basidiomycotina, have been known as natural medicines since ancient times. In addition to its various beneficial effects, it has been known that the polysaccharides and other low molecular weight components contained in these medicines have a variety of anti-tumor activities. Also, substances having various physiological activities, including anti-tumor activities, also have been extracted from the fruiting bodies of Coriolus versicolor, which belongs to polyporaceae Basidiomycotina. Moreover, the mots of plants that belong to Araliaceae, including ginseng (Daucus carota), and their extracted components, also have independently been used as natural medicines since ancient times, and have been known to have numerous beneficial effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 137

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Preparation of tobacco having reduced contents of nicotine and tar Inventor(s): Sun, Lee Kyu; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: The Law Offices OF Eugene M. Lee, Pllc; 1101 Wilson Boulevard; Suite 2000; Arlington; VA; 22209; US Patent Application Number: 20020153018 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A method for the preparation of tobacco, specifically a method for the preparation of tobacco having reduced contents of nicotine and tar by adding playcodi radix (broad bellflower), ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) into tobacco leaves which have been cut into a specified size to reduce the toxicity of tobacco, to remove the nicotine and tar contained in the tobacco and to improve the fragrance of tobacco, by which an improvement of health can be achieved by smoking the tobacco. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of tobacco, specifically to a method for the preparation of tobacco having reduced contents of nicotine and tar by adding playcodi radix (broad bellflower), ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) into tobacco leaves which have been cut into a specified size to reduce the toxicity of tobacco, to remove the nicotine and tar contained in the tobacco and to improve the fragrance of tobacco, by which an improvement of health can be achieved by smoking the tobacco. Playcodi radix (broad bellflower) of 2.about.3 years old, ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) of 1 year old and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) are dried under shade and are pulverized into a size of 100-130 meshes and are mixed together in an equal proportion. The mixture of playcodi radix (broad bellflower), ginseng radix (Panax ginseng) and peach kernel (persicae semen) or Eum-Yang-Kwak (dried leaves of epimedii herbal tea (Epimedium koreanum)) is mixed to tobacco leaves which have been cut into a specific size at the proportion of 0.9% herb mixture and 99.1% tobacco leaves to manufacture cigarette and/or tobacco, thereby improving fragrance of and reducing the content of nicotine and tar in tobacco. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Processes of making North American ginseng fractions, products containing them, and use as immunomodulators Inventor(s): Huang, Buhan; (Edmonton, CA), Ling, Lei; (Edmonton, CA), Pang, Peter K. T.; (Edmonton, CA), Shan, Jacqueline J.; (Edmonton, CA) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Suite 400; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030077341 Date filed: July 2, 2002 Abstract: The invention is directed to chemical processes of preparing fractions from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) and pharmaceutical compositions containing these fractions. The products of the present invention may be used to stimulate the production of cytokines and/or antibodies, or as therapeutics targeted at

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conditions characterized by low immunity, such as the common cold, influenza, chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS and cancer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical processes of making fractions from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) and compositions containing these fractions. The products of the present invention may be used to stimulate the production of antibodies, or as therapeutics targeted at conditions characterized by low immunity, such as the common cold, influenza, chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS, cancer, etc. The products of the present invention may also be used as a supplement for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which is known to cause serious suppression of the immune system. For hundreds of years, the use of certain non-toxic agents such as herbal compounds has been widely accepted for a variety of physiological conditions, especially in the Orient. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is the best known traditional Chinese medicine. The important pharmacological activities of ginseng extracts, alone or in combination with other drugs, include alleviation of renal impairment, inhibition of carcinogenesis and prevention of stress. There are also a number of reports on the influence of ginseng on the immunological responsiveness of the individual. Some immunomodulatory properties that have been reported include enhancement of host resistance against infection, anti-inflammatory effect, inhibition of tumor growth, as well as modulation of some basic immune function at the cellular level. American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, is another specie of ginseng which has gained popularity as a health supplement having many beneficial health effects. Several groups of scientists have attempted to isolate and elucidate the structure of the polysaccharides present in ginseng. Some of the polysaccharides have been demonstrated to be active in modulating the immune system. A series of studies on the isolation, characterization, and biological evaluation of ginseng polysaccharides was carried out by Tomoda's group in Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Japan. In one set of studies, ginseng polysaccharides were fractionated based on their acidity. Two acidic polysaccharides having immunological activities have been isolated from root of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng).sup.[1,2]. The sliced roots were extracted with hot water. The extract was treated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of sodium sulfate. The precipitate was separated, dialyzed, and applied to a Sephadex G25 column, DEAE-Sephacel (Pharmacia) column to give two pure polysaccharides, which were designated as ginsenan PA and ginsenan PB. Gel chromatography on Toyopearl HW-55F gave the values of 1.6.times.10.sup.5and 5.5.times.10.sup.4 for the molecular weight of ginsenan PA and ginsenan PB, respectively. Quantitative analyses showed that ginsenan PA contained 21.3% arabinose, 53.4% galactose, 2.0% rhamnose, 16.0% galacturonic acid and 2.7% glucuronic acid. The molar ratio of these component sugars was 11:22:1:6:1. Ginsenan PB contained 11.0% arabinose, 32.2% galactose, 8.1% rhamnose, 39.9% galacturonic acid, and 5.0% glucuronic acid. The molar ratio was 3:7:2:8:1. Both polysaccharides showed marked reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test, and pronounced anti-complementary activity and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activity in a dose dependent manner. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 139

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Processes of making north american ginseng fractions, products containing them, and use as immunomodulators Inventor(s): Huang, Buhan; (Edmonton, CA), Ling, Lei; (Edmonton, CA), Pang, Peter K. T.; (Edmonton, CA), Shan, Jacqueline J.; (Edmonton, CA) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Suite 400; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030124207 Date filed: July 2, 2002 Abstract: This invention is directed towards processes of making fractions from North American ginseng and to compositions containing these fractions. This invention is also directed towards methods of methods of preparing pharmaceuticals containing these fractions. Additionally, this invention is directed towards methods of stimulating the production of immunoglobins by administering fractions of this invention and also to methods of activating B-lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production by administering fractions of this invention. This invention is also directed towards a method of stimulating the production of IL-16, IL-1, and/or TNF-.alpha. in cells by administering a fraction of this invention. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemical processes of making fractions from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) and compositions containing these fractions. The products of the present invention may be used to stimulate the production of antibodies, or as therapeutics targeted at conditions characterized by low immunity, such as the common cold, influenza, chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS, cancer, etc. The products of the present invention may also be used as a supplement for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which is known to cause serious suppression of the immune system. For hundreds of years, the use of certain non-toxic agents such as herbal compounds has been widely accepted for a variety of physiological conditions, especially in the Orient. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is the best known traditional Chinese medicine. The important pharmacological activities of ginseng extracts, alone or in combination with other drugs, include alleviation of renal impairment, inhibition of carcinogenesis and prevention of stress. There are also a number of reports on the influence of ginseng on the immunological responsiveness of the individual. Some immunomodulatory properties that have been reported include enhancement of host resistance against infection, anti-inflammatory effect, inhibition of tumor growth, as well as modulation of some basic immune function at the cellular level. American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, is another specie of ginseng which has gained popularity as a health supplement having many beneficial health effects. Several groups of scientists have attempted to isolate and elucidate the structure of the polysaccharides present in ginseng. Some of the polysaccharides have been demonstrated to be active in modulating the immune system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Pure biological life-prolong product Inventor(s): Li, Yongzhong; (Chengdu City, CN) Correspondence: Palmer & Dodge, Llp; Kathleen M. Williams; 111 Huntington Avenue; Boston; MA; 02199; US Patent Application Number: 20030118661 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: This invention opens a prescription of a pure biological life-prolong product. The product is made from the following ingredients in weight proportion: soft-shelled turtle 100, ageratum 2-5, ginseng 2-5, and glucose 2-5. Every ingredient is ground into powder and mixed together in proportion; then add an appropriate amount of water, boil by slow fire and filtrate into aqua form, or dry the filtrate and extract into powder form, bolus form or tablet form. This medicine can improve human immune functions, accelerate human metabolism by the increase of cell division and cell regeneration so as to reach the goal of cancer prevention and treatment, youth keeping and life prolong. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pure Chinese traditional medicine product made by pure-biological techniques, especially a kind of pure Chinese traditional medicine product for immune function improvement, cancer prevention and treatment, youth keeping and life prolong. With the development of science and technology, people understand their vital phenomena deeper and deeper. Invaded by various pathogenic factors, humans become senescent till death. Currently, all kinds of medical drugs aim at prevention or kill of these pathogenic factors. However, on the one hand, these prevented or killed pathogenic factors are still in human bodies, damaging active normal cells. Even after a long time, they still can re-gather and violate human bodies. On the other hand, body cells damaged by the pathogenic factors do not regenerate and new cells cannot supplant dead cells timely. Thus human functions are in long-term abnormal conditions, making not only impaired parts to be damaged continuously but also normal parts to be damaged too. Therefore, to clean up the interior of human bodies and to keep normal function status by promotion of cell division and cell regeneration, are necessary conditions of health and life. The purpose of the invention is to provide a pure Chinese traditional medicine product which can activate human immune system, improve human immune functions, accelerate human metabolism by the increase of cell division and cell regeneration, finally reach the goal of cancer prevention and treatment, youth keeping and life prolong. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Symptomatic relief of allergic reactions Inventor(s): Keller, Robert H.; (Weston, FL), Wen, Xue-Lan; (Miami, FL) Correspondence: Ronald R. Santucci; Pitney, Hardin, Kipp & Szuch, Llp; 20th Floor; 711 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20010000144 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: The composition disclosed is a unique formulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) extracts created to reduce the debilitating symptoms of allergies. It combines a number of organically grown, but, non-organically extracted, standardized formulations of natural ingredients which have been used singly for hundreds of years

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for symptomatic relief of allergies. These include Ginseng and Gan Cao, which provide a natural anti-inflammatory effect; Bai Gao, which prevent the smooth muscle spasms associated with allergic reactions; Suan Zao ren, which provides an antihistamine effect without the usual sedative effect; and Wu Mai, which reduces the local swelling associated with allergies. Combined, it was unexpectedly found that these ingredients provide a natural, non-drying, non-sedating alternative to antihistamines, without inhibiting the natural healing mechanisms. Excerpt(s): 2. This invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for the treatment of mammals suffering symptoms of allergic reactions. 4. An allergy is defined as an immune response in a mammal induced by an environmental antigen that has deleterious effects resulting in significant tissue damage and inflammation. Allergies comprise one of the most common medical problems in the twentieth century with some estimates suggesting that as many at 10% of the population may be affected. The antigen (allergen) is a non-parasitic antigen and the immune response is generally a type I hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction, which comprises mast cell or basophil degranulation manifests itself clinically in disorders related to biological effects of mediators released by the degranulation. These mediators are pharmacologically active agents that act on local tissues to increase vascular permeability and inflammation. Primary mediators such as histamine, serotonin, protease, prostaglandins SRS-A and similar substances released during degranulation may actually be more detrimental than beneficial to the comfort and well-being of the affected individual. the biological effects are the symptoms of the hypersensitivity reactions. 5. The classical treatment of type I hypersensitivity reactions has heretofore comprised administration of, for example, antihistamines or a process termed desensitization. Desensitization involves multiple injections and requires frequent visits to a doctor over a long period of time. Antihistamines are, of course, effective to relieve the symptoms associated with the type I hypersensitivity reaction. Antihistamine treatment suffers from problems including drying of the mucous membranes and sedation as well as manifest side effects of depression and drowsiness. In addition, antihistamines can interact with other medicines. Warnings are given to refrain from operating machinery when antihistamines are administered. Both methods are expensive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

USE OF THE RB1, GINSENOSIDE FOR STIMULATING ELASTIN SYNTHESIS Inventor(s): CHAUDAGNE, CATHERINE; (VITRY-AUX-LOGES, FR), DUMAS, MARC; (ORLEANS, FR), MEYBECK, ALAIN; (COURBEVOIE, FR) Correspondence: Dennison Meserole Scheiner & Schultz; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Suite 612; Arlington; VA; 22202-3417; US Patent Application Number: 20020015743 Date filed: February 3, 2000 Abstract: The invention concerns novel uses in cosmetics or pharmaceutics, in particular in dermatology, of Rb1 ginsenoside(G-Rb1) and plant extracts containing same, to stimulate elastin synthesis by dermal fibroblasts. The invention also concerns cosmetic or pharmaceutical, in particular dermatological, compositions containing said ginsenoside or plant extracts for stimulating the elastin synthesis by dermal fibroblasts. Said compositions advantageously contain an extract of Asiatic ginseng or of American ginseng.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel uses of ginsenoside Rb1 as agent intended to stimulate the synthesis of elastin. This invention finds applications essentially in the field of cosmetics and pharmacy, notably in the field of dermatology. Generally, when it is sought to fight effectively against skin ageing, it is attempted to treat the skin with products having an anti-radical activity which are susceptible in particular to trapping the free radicals which are responsible, in part, for the harmful effects leading to an ageing of the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Wound healing antiscarring topical composition of centella and ginseng Inventor(s): Alain, Khaiat; (Singapore, SG), Mini, Thomas; (Mumbai, IN), Narayan, Abhyankar Prashant; (Mumbai, IN), Shankar, Telang Ajit; (Mumbai, IN), Sitaram, Manke Ajit; (Mumbai, IN) Correspondence: Audley A. Ciamporcero JR.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020197336 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: A wound healing antiscarring topical composition of centella and ginseng. It comprises centella whole extract in 0.01-1% by weight and ginseng extract in 0.01-0.5% by weight as actives and optionally formulating agents. A process for the preparation of the composition which comprises mixing the actives centella whole extract in 0.01-1% by weight and ginseng extract in 0.01-0.5% by weight optionally with formulating agents at 25-70.degree. C. A wound healing antiscarring medicated pad of centella and ginseng. The pad comprises a permeable material strip impregnated with centella whole extract in 0.01-1% weigh/weight and ginseng extract in 0.01-0.5% weight/weight as actives. A method of making the pad which comprises dissolving the actives centella whole extract and ginseng extract in a solvent such that the solution coy 0.008-0.8% and 0.008-0.4% weight/weight of the actives. A permeable material strip is impregnated with the solution of the actives such that the percentage weight pick-up or add-on weight thereon is 130.+-.40%. The medicated strip is dried to evaporate the solvent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a wound healing antiscarring topical composition of centella and ginseng. This invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the topical composition, a wound healing antiscarring medicated pad of centella and ginseng and a method of making the medicated pad. The topical composition/medicated pad of the invention is for therapeutic use on wound, surgical cut, ulcer or the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ginseng, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the

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“Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ginseng. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ginseng. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON GINSENG Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ginseng. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ginseng include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on ginseng: •

101 Tips for Staying Healthy with Diabetes (and Avoiding Complications). 2nd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 127 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400078. Summary: This book presents a collection of tips, techniques, and strategies for preventing and treating diabetes complications. One question appears on each page, with the answer immediately below. Questions in chapter one provide general information about diabetes and diabetes complications. Chapter two focuses on glucose control. The third chapter answers questions about various foods and nutrients, including chromium, fiber, fructose, ginseng, folic acid, magnesium, and melatonin. Questions in chapter four provide general information about nutrition, meal planning,

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and weight management. This is followed by a chapter that describes small blood vessel complications, including eye and kidney disease, diabetic gastroparesis, and foot problems. Chapter six answers questions about large blood vessel complications, including heart disease, erectile dysfunction, and bladder problems. The next two chapters answer miscellaneous questions and offer new tips. The final chapter lists the name, address, and telephone number of helpful organizations. The book also includes an index.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “ginseng” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “ginseng” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “ginseng” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A New Generation of Phytomedicines (High Quality Standardized Galenical Preparations Ginkgo, Bilberry, Ginseng, Garlic and Their Extrordinary Therap) by Auguste Mockle, J. August Mockle (1996); ISBN: 0879836768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836768/icongroupinterna

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About Ginseng by Stephen Fulder; ISBN: 0722510004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722510004/icongroupinterna

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All About Ginseng by Jack Challem (Editor), Stephen Fulder; ISBN: 0895298929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298929/icongroupinterna

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American Ginseng (1994); ISBN: 0914875167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914875167/icongroupinterna

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American Ginseng: Green Gold by Scott Persons, W. Scott Persons; ISBN: 0682402915; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0682402915/icongroupinterna

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Arctic Root (Rhodiola Rosea) : The Powerful New Ginseng Alternative by Carl Germano, et al; ISBN: 1575664534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575664534/icongroupinterna

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Ben Charles Harris's New Fact/Book on Ginseng: What It Is--What It Can Do for You by Ben Charles Harris; ISBN: 0879831790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879831790/icongroupinterna

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Book of Ginseng by Sarah Harriman; ISBN: 0515054380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515054380/icongroupinterna

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Chinese Children's Stories: Chaos in the Heavenly Palace, Eating the Ginseng Fruit by Staff Hwa-I Publishing Co, et al (1991); ISBN: 1561620742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561620742/icongroupinterna

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Ch'Ing Ginseng Management: Ch'Ing Monopolies in Microcosm (Occasional Papers No 13) by Van Jay Symons (1981); ISBN: 0939252090; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939252090/icongroupinterna

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Complete Book of Ginseng by Katsumichi Matsuhige (1986); ISBN: 0870405527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870405527/icongroupinterna

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Complete Ginseng Growers Manual by David Curran (1993); ISBN: 1881417026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881417026/icongroupinterna

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Descubra Los Poderes Del Ginseng: Todo Sobre Esta Raiz Maravillosa Para LA Salud Y LA Belleza by Ada Sanders (2002); ISBN: 9507683380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9507683380/icongroupinterna

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DK Pocket Healers: Ginseng: Self-care for Stress, Tiredness and Improving Concentration (DK Pocket Healers Healers) by Stephanie Pederson; ISBN: 0751331074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751331074/icongroupinterna

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El Poder Curativo Del Ginseng by Paul Bergner (1998); ISBN: 970643044X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/970643044X/icongroupinterna

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Eleutherococcus Senticosus: Siberian Ginseng by Bruce W. Halstead, Loretta L. Hood; ISBN: 0941942198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941942198/icongroupinterna

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Energia Y Vitalidad Con El Ginseng (Manuales) by Iona Puri, Iona Purti (1998); ISBN: 847901296X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/847901296X/icongroupinterna

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Facts About Ginseng: The Elixir of Life by Florence C. Lee (1997); ISBN: 0930878833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930878833/icongroupinterna

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Foxfire 3: Animal Care, Banjos and Dulcimers, Hide Tanning, Summer and Fall Wild Plant Foods, Butter Churns, Ginseng, and Still More Affairs of Plai by Eliot Wigginton (Editor), Eliot Wiggington (Editor); ISBN: 0385022727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385022727/icongroupinterna

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Foxfire 3: Animal Care, Banjos and Dulcimers, Hide Tanning, Summer and Fall Wild Plant Foods, Butter Churns, Ginseng, and Still More Affairs of Plain by Eliot Wigginton (Editor); ISBN: 0385022654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385022654/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng by Ben Charles Harris (2001); ISBN: 8441400334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8441400334/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng by Kathi Keville (1996); ISBN: 0879837314; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837314/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng by Morton Walker (1984); ISBN: 0815956223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815956223/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng by Pamela Dixon; ISBN: 0715610074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0715610074/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng by Jill Rosemary Davies; ISBN: 1862045054; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862045054/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng (Woodland Health Series) by Deanne Tenney, Rita Elkins (1996); ISBN: 1885670117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670117/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng : Legende und Wirklichkeit by Anton M. Kirchdorfer; ISBN: 3426260409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3426260409/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng 1899 by M. G. Kains (2003); ISBN: 0766135993; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766135993/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng and Aspirin: Healthcare Alternatives for Chinese Elders in New York (Anthropology of Contemporary Issues) by Zibin Guo; ISBN: 0801486513; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801486513/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng and Other Medicinal Plants by A.R. Harding (1991); ISBN: 0877009368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877009368/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng and Other Tales from Manila by Marianne Villanueva (1991); ISBN: 0934971196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934971196/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng and Other Tales from Manila (1991); ISBN: 9991478655; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991478655/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng C233in Life and Health: Index of Modern Authors and Subjects by Stanley X. Garrett (2000); ISBN: 0788325191; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788325191/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng Culture in Marathon County, Wisconsin: Historical Growth, Distribution & Soils Inventory by Len C. Polczinski (1982); ISBN: 1881417034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881417034/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng Growers Guide by Michael Hunter; ISBN: 0966729005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966729005/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng in Life and Health: Index of Modern Authors and Subjects by Stanley X. Garrett (2000); ISBN: 0788325183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788325183/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng Its About Time by Eric Hill; ISBN: 0911151001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911151001/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng Research Institute's Indexed Bibliography by Arthur W. Rashap, et al (1984); ISBN: 0961380004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961380004/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng y Plantas Tonicas by Gerard Edde (1996); ISBN: 9682104971; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9682104971/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng, January 1984 - March 1996 (SuDoc A 17.18/4:96-07) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010S1SM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010S1SM/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng, the Genus Panax (Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Industrial Profiles) by W. E. Court (Editor); ISBN: 9058230341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9058230341/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng, Woodland Nuggets of Gold : The Story of American Ginseng Cultivation by Val Hardacre, Val Hardacre; ISBN: 0913042072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913042072/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng. Jung und vital ein Leben lang. by Ernst D. Prinzenberg (Author); ISBN: 377425379X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/377425379X/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng: A Concise Handbook by James A. Duke (1990); ISBN: 0917256328; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0917256328/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng: How to Find, Grow, and Use America's Forest Gold by Kim Derek Pritts (1995); ISBN: 0811724778; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0811724778/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng: Stay Young And Vital by Ernst D. Prinzenberg, D. Ernst, Dr D. Prinzenberg (1999); ISBN: 0806965711; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806965711/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng: The Magical Herb of the East by Stephen Fulder; ISBN: 0722516193; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722516193/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng: The Myth and the Truth by Joseph P. Hou; ISBN: 0879803673; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879803673/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng: What It Is.What It Can Do for You by Ben Charles Harris; ISBN: 9997800877; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997800877/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng'the Divine'herb by Bloomfield; ISBN: 0712615431; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0712615431/icongroupinterna

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Grandfather Ginseng is a Crafty Gentleman : Digger's Diary by Lee Murray (2000); ISBN: 0968695124; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968695124/icongroupinterna

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Herbs to Boost Immunity: Herbal Tonics to Keep You Healthy and Strong Including Echinacea, Siberian Ginseng, Astragalus, and More (Keats Good Herb Guide Series) by Gail Ulrich (1997); ISBN: 0879838647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879838647/icongroupinterna

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Historical sketch of Sang Run, Seng Run, Ginseng Run by David Harrison Friend; ISBN: 0870124633; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870124633/icongroupinterna

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MacA: Peruvian Ginseng: The Hormonal Regulator (Health Learning Handbook) by Beth M. Ley; ISBN: 1890766259; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890766259/icongroupinterna

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Natural Care Library Ginseng: Safe and Effective Self-Care for Colds, Respiratory Conditions and Stress by Stephanie Pedersen; ISBN: 0789451905; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789451905/icongroupinterna

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Npg to Stress & Ginseng (1998); ISBN: 076151757X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076151757X/icongroupinterna

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Pocket Healers: Ginseng (Bca) by None; ISBN: 0751343870; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751343870/icongroupinterna

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Secrets of Ginseng by Winifred Conkling; ISBN: 0312970722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312970722/icongroupinterna

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Seventh North American Ginseng Conference: Proceedings by Arthur W. Rashap (Editor), Beverly Braly (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0961380012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961380012/icongroupinterna

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Siberian Ginseng (Good Health Guide) by Betty Kamen; ISBN: 0879834854; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879834854/icongroupinterna

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Tales of the Ginseng by Andrew Kimmens; ISBN: 0688079423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688079423/icongroupinterna

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The Book of Ginseng: And Other Chinese Herbs for Vitality by Stephen Fulder (1993); ISBN: 0892814918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892814918/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Book of Ginseng by Richard. Heffern; ISBN: 0890871515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890871515/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Ginseng Handbook by Jacques Moramarco; ISBN: 0809229714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809229714/icongroupinterna

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The Ginseng Book: Nature's Ancient Healer by Stephen, Phd Fulder, et al (1996); ISBN: 0895297205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895297205/icongroupinterna

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The Ginseng Disease and Pest Reference Guide by Dave Curran (1989); ISBN: 1881417042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881417042/icongroupinterna

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The Ginseng Hunter's Notebook by Deanne Lundin; ISBN: 0932826725; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932826725/icongroupinterna

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The Ginseng Maiden by Jiang Chengan; ISBN: 0835108422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0835108422/icongroupinterna

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The Ginsengs: A User's Guide by Christopher Hobbs, et al; ISBN: 1884360068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884360068/icongroupinterna

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The Healing Power of Ginseng and the Tonic Herbs by Paul Bergner; ISBN: 0761504729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761504729/icongroupinterna

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The Myth and Truth About Ginseng by Joseph P., Hou; ISBN: 0498020835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0498020835/icongroupinterna

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The Root of Being: Ginseng and the Pharmacology of Harmony by Stephen Fulder; ISBN: 0091420415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091420415/icongroupinterna

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The Tao of Medicine: Ginseng and Other Chinese Herbs for Inner Equilibrium and Immune Power by Stephen Fulder; ISBN: 0892813881; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892813881/icongroupinterna

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The World Market for Ginseng Roots: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134962/icongroupinterna

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Three Ways to Total Health: Ginseng, Evening Primrose Oil, Royal Jelly by Vernon Lloyd-Jones LCSP; ISBN: 0715407260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0715407260/icongroupinterna

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Wunderdroge Ginseng. by Ulrike Schwemmer (Author); ISBN: 3216304183; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3216304183/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search

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area, simply type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

About ginseng Author: Fulder, Stephen.; Year: 1982; Wellingborough: Thorsons, c1976; ISBN: 072250327X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072250327X/icongroupinterna

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American ginseng: Panax quinquefolius Author: Foster, Steven,; Year: 1971; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999

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An essay on the virtues and properties of the ginseng tea, by Count Belchilgen. and J. A. Cope. and P. R. B. with observations on the pernicious effects of tea drinking in general. Author: Belchilgen,; Year: 1981; London, The Author [etc.] 1786

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Asian ginseng: Panax ginseng Author: Foster, Steven,; Year: 1963; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999

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Ginseng Author: Dixon, Pamela.; Year: 1981; London: Duckworth, c1976; ISBN: 0715610006

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Ginseng: a concise handbook. Author: James A. Duke; Year: 1989

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Ginseng and aspirin: health care alternatives for aging Chinese in New York Author: Guo, Zibin,; Year: 1975; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000; ISBN: 0801437571 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801437571/icongroupinterna

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Ginseng and other medicinal plants; a book of valuable information for growers as well as collectors of medicinal roots, barks, leaves, etc., by A. R. Harding. Author: Harding, A. R. (Arthur Robert),; Year: 1978; Columbus, O., A. R. Harding publishing co. [c1908]

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Interesting history of the Panax (Quinquefolium) of Linnaeus, the ginseng of the Chinese, from the archives of history and medical science.; Year: 1958; Boston: White; Potter, 1851

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Koryo insam = Korean ginseng. Author: Fulder, Stephen; Year: 1994

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Recent advances in ginseng studies: proceedings of the International Ginseng Seminar held in Sanjo Kaikan, University of Tokyo, April 1, 1989 Author: Shibata, Shoji,; Year: 1990; Tokyo: Hirokawa Pub., c1990; ISBN: 4567422007

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Siberian ginseng: Eleutherococcus senticosus Author: Foster, Steven,; Year: 1976; Austin, TX: American Botanical Council, c1999

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Study of the Korean ginseng and oriental medical clinics: the main drugstaffs [sic] of the ginseng extract and the effect of cancer treatment = Koryo insam ui tongyang uihakjok insam yon'gu: insam EX.T ka hangam e mich'inun ch'iryo hyogwa e taehay. Author: Im, Duk-sung; Year: 1984

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The tao of medicine: ginseng, oriental remedies, and the pharmacology of harmony Author: Fulder, Stephen.; Year: 2002; New York: Destiny Books, 1982; ISBN: 0892810270 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892810270/icongroupinterna

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapters on Ginseng In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ginseng, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ginseng using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ginseng: •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Hypertension Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 135-162. Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a common problem, for which numerous drug therapies and lifestyle changes are often prescribed. Many patients have elected to augment or substitute their allopathic therapies with herbal remedies, primarily to avoid the many known side effects of antihypertensive drugs. This chapter on herbal medicinals, nutraceuticals, and hypertension is from a clinician's guide to the use of herbal medicinals that uses a case based approach to lead readers through clinical considerations and the potential use of alternative medicines. The authors first briefly review some of the standard antihypertensive treatments, including their potential impact on quality of life. The case studies in this chapter describe licorice induced hypertension (licorice is found in smokeless tobacco); yohimbine to address erectile dysfunction (impotence); the use of garlic to treat hypertension; herbal diuretics (drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and the excretion of sodium); the negative impact of grapefruit juice and ginseng on blood pressure control; Chinese herbs for hypertension; and fish oil supplementation. One table lists herbs that may have an effect on blood pressure; another table summarizes information about herbs reviewed in this chapter. 7 tables. 117 references.

•

Cognitive Enhancement Source: In Chapter 1 of: Oldham, J.M. and Riba, M.B. eds. Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. 2000. p. 38-46. Contact: Available from American Psychiatric Press, Inc. 1400 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. (202) 682-6262. Toll-free: 1-800-368- 5777. FAX: (202) 789-2648. Website: www.appi.org. PRICE: $34.95. ISBN: 0-88048-174-9. APPI Item 8174. Summary: This book section reviews some of the herbs that have been used to enhance cognitive function. Ginkgo has been used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular-related problems, but memory improvements are modest and are dose related. Acetyl L- carnitine appears to slow the progression of AD and help inhibit neural degeneration. Selegiline has been used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease and to improve cognitive function in early AD. Choline has been used as a cognitive

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enhancer and a treatment for depression, but the research is preliminary. Several nootropic compounds have been promoted as 'smart drugs,' but there is no evidence of memory improvement in human studies. Alpha-lipoic acid and coenzyme Q-10 appear to be beneficial after stroke and for ischemic heart disease. Several studies have failed to support claims that Asian ginseng promotes memory. Phosphatidyl serine has shown positive results in both age-associated memory impairment and AD. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, have shown promise in delaying the onset of AD and improving symptoms. Melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are popular as anti-aging hormones, but concerns have been raised in the medical literature. •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Diabetes Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 115-133. Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: This chapter discusses the use of herbal medications and nutraceuticals in the management of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by impaired glucose tolerance or a deficiency or an absolute lack of insulin. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and fatigue. People who have type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to adequately control blood glucose levels, whereas people who have type 2 diabetes may be able to control their blood glucose with diet, exercise, and oral medications. Any substance that affects blood glucose may adversely affect the patient's blood glucose control, and herbal products are no exception. The chapter uses a case based format to provide information on the pharmacology of various herbs and nutraceuticals, potential and known interactions, adverse herbal side effects, and effects of the disease state that may affect medication efficacy. Herbs and nutraceuticals discussed include momordica charantia, chromium picolinate, ginseng, ephedra, fenugreek, and GS4. 4 tables. 76 references.

•

Plants Can Do It: Herbal Medicines for Males Source: in Newman, A.J. Beyond Viagra: Plain Talk About Treating Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Montgomery, AL: Starrhill Press. 1999. p. 113-117. Contact: Available from Black Belt Press. P.O. Box 551, Montgomery, AL 36101. (800) 959-3245 or (334) 265-6753. Fax (334) 265-8880. PRICE: $13.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1573590142. Summary: This chapter on herbal medicines for males is from a book that discusses the drug sildenafil (Viagra) in the context of a larger discussion about sexuality and sexual dysfunction. The author describes six widely used natural medicines: yohimbine, potency wood (Muira Puama), ginkgo biloba extract, Damiana (turnera diffusa), Panax ginseng, and chaste berry. For the most part, the herbal medicines may either increase male libido or, in some cases, play a role in improving arterial circulation. The natural approach to erectile dysfunction treatment involves overall improvements in diet, increased regular exercise with avoidance of bad health practices such as smoking or excess alcohol and drug consumption, nutritional supplements with vitamins, one tablespoon daily of flaxseed oil, and herbs. The chapter is written in nontechnical language but includes enough medical information to be of use to medical professionals wishing to learn more about sexuality and sexual dysfunction.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on ginseng. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Ginseng The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in ginseng (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on ginseng: •

The Ginseng story [videorecording] Source: produced through the facilities of Dharma Productions at the Institute for Traditional Medicine; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Portland, Or.: The Institute, c1990

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GINSENG Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ginseng.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ginseng is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ginseng. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ginseng” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ginseng: •

Ginseng use during pregnancy may hurt baby Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 25, 2003

•

Ginseng compound teratogenic in rat embryo model Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 24, 2003

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Ginseng may improve dementia after stroke Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 17, 2003

•

Erectile dysfunction responds to treatment with Korean red ginseng Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 22, 2002

•

Korean red ginseng may treat impotence Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2002

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Ginseng berry extract treats obesity, diabetes in mice Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 03, 2002

•

Ginseng berry treats obesity, diabetes in mice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 24, 2002

•

Study finds ginseng has no mood-boosting effect Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 21, 2001

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Ginseng products vary in potency, purity: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 06, 2001

•

Ginseng products may vary in potency and purity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 06, 2001

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Ginseng effective in treating lung infection in mice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 24, 2000

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American ginseng may help control diabetes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 10, 2000

•

American ginseng lowers glycemia in both diabetics and nondiabetics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 10, 2000

•

Medical efficacy, safety of ginseng affirmed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 20, 1999

•

Ginseng use may have non-organ specific protective effect against cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 27, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ginseng” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ginseng, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ginseng” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Ginseng Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ginseng. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ginseng that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”

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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “ginseng” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This is a compilation of material concerning Siberian Ginseng (eleutherococcus senticosus), an experimental AIDS treatment. It is used by Russian and German athletes to improve and increase their performance and endurance. The packet contains an extensive bibliography, selected references, an annotated literature search, and two articles. According to the first article, the plant enables users to increase resistance to stress and provides a balancing effect regardless of the direction of the condition. This is based on Ginseng's ability to act on the adrenal glands. The packet also contains a review of research that took place at the Research Institute for Biological Testing of Chemical Compounds, and other health and research institutions in the U.S.S.R. Results are reported on studies of reduced disease incidence and employee sick days, increased quality of work, and increased resistance to disease.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

15 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1861 75 420 7 0 2363

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “ginseng” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

17

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ginseng can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ginseng. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ginseng. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ginseng”:

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•

Other guides Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Herbal Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html Multiple Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplesclerosis.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ginseng. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Hepatitis C : Treatment Alternatives Contact: National Institutes of Health : National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse, PO Box 8218, Silver Spring, MD, 20907-8218, (888) 644-6226, http://www.nccam.nih.gov. Summary: This brochure discusses alternative therapies commonly used by individuals with the hepatitis C, which is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The brochure states that there has been little medical research done in this field and identifies the reasons why individuals with HCV undertake complementary therapies to aid them in their standard medical treatment. Information is provided for several herbs used in alternative therapy (i.e., milk thistle, licorice root, ginseng, ginger, and St. John's Wort). Specifically the brochure discusses how these herbs are expected to help, what their effects are according to studies performed on them, how these studies were conducted, and possible detrimental effects and their symptoms. Individuals with HCV should get an accurate diagnosis from their health care providers, tell their health care providers about all medications they are currently taking, consider being vaccinated for the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and avoid treating the disease

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themselves, donating blood, engaging in substance abuse, o sharing needles for injection drug use. A list of organizations is provided for those seeking additional information. •

Herbal Medicines Source: Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health. 2001. 3 p. Contact: Available from National Toxicology Program. National Institute of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD B3-10, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences reviews the herbs currently under study by the NTP. The fact sheet discusses the 1998 workshop on herbal medicines, in which recommendations were made for more research. The fact sheet includes a table that provides information about the herbs and active or toxic ingredients under study by the NTP, including aloe vera gel, black walnut extract, comfrey, echinacea purpurea extract, ginkgo biloba extract, ginseng and ginsenosides, goldenseal, grape seed extract, kava kava, milk thistle extract, pulegone, and thujone.

•

Hepatitis C: Treatment Alternatives Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2000. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D004. Summary: This monograph discusses alternative treatments for hepatitis C. The most promising alternative treatment appears to be the herb commonly called milk thistle. Available evidence suggests that milk thistle does not cure liver disease, but it may improve the way the liver works in patients with cirrhosis. However, there is no evidence indicating that milk thistle directly affects hepatitis C virus (HCV). Licorice root and ginseng also may help reduce the damage to liver tissue caused by hepatitis. Ginger and St. John's wort have been used to treat some of the side effects of conventional treatment with interferon. This article provides the following information: (1) overview of hepatitis C; (2) a summary of evidence for the potential benefits of milk thistle and other herbs; (3) a glossary of terms; (4) practical suggestions for people with HCV infection; (5) a list of organizations for additional information; and (6) 21 references. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ginseng. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or

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specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ginseng. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ginseng. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ginseng. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ginseng” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.

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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ginseng”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ginseng” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ginseng” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

181

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GINSENG DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acacia: Any leguminous woody vine or tree of the genus Acacia, also called locust or wattle. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called gum arabic. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH]

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Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]

Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH]

Dictionary 185

Alginates: Salts of alginic acid that are extracted from marine kelp and used to make dental impressions and as absorbent material for surgical dressings. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH]

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Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdalin: A cyanogenic glycoside found in the seeds of Rosaceae. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angelica root: The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of

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the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiopathy: Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. Then the cells, for example, the ones in the center of the eye, do not get enough blood and may be damaged. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH]

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Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimetastatic: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anti-Obesity Agents: Agents that increase energy expenditure and weight loss by neural and chemical regulation. Beta-adrenergic agents and serotoninergic drugs have been experimentally used in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to treat obesity. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU]

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Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginase: A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ORNITHINE and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes hyperargininemia. EC 3.5.3.1. [NIH]

Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH]

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Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH]

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Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Glucosidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of beta-glucose. EC 3.2.1.21. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]

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Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blebs: Cysts on or near the surface of the lungs. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Butylated Hydroxytoluene: Antioxidant used in foods, cosmetics, petroleum products, etc. It may inhibit some neoplasms and facilitate others. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]

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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH]

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Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH]

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Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding into a cerebral hemisphere of the brain, including lobar, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia hemorrhages. Commonly associated conditions include hypertension; intracranial arteriosclerosis; intracranial aneurysm; craniocerebral trauma; intracranial arteriovenous malformations; cerebral amyloid angiopathy; and cerebral infarction. [NIH] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or

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delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromaffin Cells: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (paraganglia, chromaffin) of the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of

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the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Climacteric: Physiologic period, characterized by endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes with the termination of ovarian function in the female. It may also accompany the normal diminution of sexual activity in the male. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clitoral: Pertaining to the clitoris. [EU] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

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high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make

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biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Conjunctivitis, Allergic: Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH]

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Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined,

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pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH]

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Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic Equipment: Nonexpendable items used in examinination. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH]

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Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH]

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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent

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naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]

Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erysipeloid: An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and

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redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis. [NIH] Erythrocyte Deformability: Ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethical drug: Restricted to sale only on a doctor's prescription. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expressed Sequence Tags: Sequence tags derived from cDNAs. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are partial DNA sequences from clones. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood

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vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH]

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Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver,

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gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestation period: The period of development of the young from the time of conception until birth. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and

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immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU]

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Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Harmony: Attribute of a product which gives rise to an overall pleasant sensation. This sensation is produced by the perception of the product components as olfactory, gustatory, tactile and kinaesthetic stimuli because they are present in suitable concentration ratios.

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[NIH]

Hawthorn fruit: The fruit of the hawthorn bush. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including heart problems and gastrointestinal problems. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU]

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Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hepatotoxicity: How much damage a medicine or other substance does to the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU]

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Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH]

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Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunological adjuvant: A substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunomodulator: New type of drugs mainly using biotechnological methods. Treatment of cancer. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH]

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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural

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response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Aneurysm: A saclike dilatation of the walls of a blood vessel, usually an artery. [NIH]

Intracranial Arteriosclerosis: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening, hardening, and remodeling of the walls of intracranial arteries. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis, marked by fatty depositions in the innermost layer of the arterial walls, (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis, which features calcium deposition in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis, which refers to sclerosis of small caliber arteries. Clinically, this process may be associated with transient ischemic attack, brain infarction, intracranial embolism and thrombosis, or intracranial aneurysm. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH]

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Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isothiocyanates: Organic compounds with the general formula R-NCS. [NIH] Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH]

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Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lanolin: A yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH]

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Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Regeneration: Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as

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lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lycopene: A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH]

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Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Fatigue: Fatigue arising in consequence of mental effort. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyl Methanesulfonate: An alkylating agent in cancer therapy that may also act as a

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mutagen by interfering with and causing damage to DNA. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH]

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Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.

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[NIH]

Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroglycerin: A highly volatile organic nitrate that acts as a dilator of arterial and venous smooth muscle and is used in the treatment of angina. It provides relief through improvement of the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Although total coronary blood flow is not increased, there is redistribution of blood flow in the heart when partial occlusion of coronary circulation is effected. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

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Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opioid Peptides: The endogenous peptides with opiate-like activity. The three major classes currently recognized are the enkephalins, the dynorphins, and the endorphins. Each of these families derives from different precursors, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proopiomelanocortin, respectively. There are also at least three classes of opioid receptors, but the peptide families do not map to the receptors in a simple way. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the following conditions: [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the

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increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panacea: A cure-all. [NIH] Panax ginseng: A Chinese herb (Panax schinseng) having 5-foliolate leaves and umbels of small greenish flowers succeeded by scarlet berries. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Paraganglia, Chromaffin: Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of

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tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GABA antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they

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have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.

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[NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placebos: Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing

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capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polydipsia: Chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. [EU] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyphagia: Great hunger; a sign of diabetes. People with this great hunger often lose weight. [NIH] Polyporaceae: A family of basidiomycetous fungi, order Aphyllophorales, living in decaying plant matter and timber. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH]

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Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prokinetic Drugs: Medicines that cause muscles in the GI tract to move food. An example is cisapride (SIS-uh-pryd) (Propulsid). [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Pro-Opiomelanocortin: A precursor protein, MW 30,000, synthesized mainly in the anterior pituitary gland but also found in the hypothalamus, brain, and several peripheral tissues. It

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incorporates the amino acid sequences of ACTH and beta-lipotropin. These two hormones, in turn, contain the biologically active peptides MSH, corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide, alpha-lipotropin, endorphins, and methionine enkephalin. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein

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C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH]

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Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an

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antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH]

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Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatic Heart Disease: Disease of the heart resulting from rheumatic fever and characterized by inflammatory changes in the myocardium or scarring of the valves. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhusiopathiae: Causal agent of the anthropozoonosis called erysipeloid. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium

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ions. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Selenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH]

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Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused

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by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft tissue sarcoma: A sarcoma that begins in the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH]

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Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomachic: Medicine that acts like a tonic on the stomach. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH]

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Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron

246 Ginseng

releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either

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side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tragacanth: Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH]

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Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are

Dictionary 249

not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH]

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Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation

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occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH]

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INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 130, 183, 248 A Abdomen, 183, 192, 193, 219, 222, 232, 240, 244, 250 Abdominal, 95, 183, 217, 220, 230, 232, 235, 240 Acacia, 121, 183, 213 Acatalasia, 183, 195 Acceptor, 183, 222, 230 Acetone, 110, 183, 221 Acetylcholine, 50, 52, 102, 112, 126, 183, 197, 228 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 22, 183 Acyclovir, 122, 183 Adaptability, 183, 195 Adenocarcinoma, 13, 183, 215 Adenosine, 183, 189, 193, 232 Adjuvant, 25, 44, 183, 211 Adrenal Cortex, 183, 201, 216, 235 Adrenal Glands, 166, 183 Adrenal Medulla, 184, 195, 197, 207, 228, 230 Adrenergic, 184, 187, 188, 207, 245, 251 Adrenergic Agents, 184, 188 Adsorption, 110, 184 Adsorptive, 184 Adverse Effect, 4, 64, 184, 220, 242 Aerobic, 19, 25, 36, 184 Aerobic Exercise, 19, 25, 184 Affinity, 184, 203, 222, 243 Agar, 120, 184, 201, 217 Age of Onset, 184, 248 Ageing, 29, 92, 142, 184 Agmatine, 38, 184 Agonist, 184, 193, 207, 220, 228 Alertness, 184, 193 Alginates, 120, 185 Algorithms, 185, 191 Alimentary, 185, 231 Alkaline, 138, 185, 186, 194, 232 Alkaline Phosphatase, 138, 185 Alkaloid, 100, 185, 228, 240, 251 Allergen, 101, 141, 185, 203 Allergic Rhinitis, 101, 185 Allium, 6, 185 Aloe, 93, 114, 171, 185

Alpha Particles, 185, 238 Alpha-helix, 185, 221 Alternative medicine, 120, 152, 159, 185 Ameliorated, 103, 185 Amine, 185, 215 Amino Acid Sequence, 185, 187, 211, 236 Amino Acids, 63, 110, 111, 118, 185, 211, 231, 234, 237, 240, 241, 245, 248 Ammonia, 185, 186, 212, 248 Amnion, 29, 186 Amniotic Fluid, 186 Amphetamine, 186, 203 Amplification, 46, 49, 186 Amygdalin, 111, 186 Amyloid, 50, 186, 196 Anaemia, 115, 186, 224 Anaerobic, 36, 186 Anaesthesia, 186, 218 Analgesic, 117, 131, 186, 198, 207, 222 Analog, 183, 186, 203 Analogous, 95, 186, 234, 248 Anaphylaxis, 117, 186 Anatomical, 186, 190, 204, 206, 217, 230 Anemia, 186, 192, 209, 251 Aneurysm, 186, 249 Angelica root, 103, 186 Angina, 10, 109, 186, 228 Angina Pectoris, 10, 186 Angiopathy, 187, 196 Anions, 187, 220, 245 Anomalies, 187, 246 Anorexia, 187 Antagonism, 187, 193 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 187, 196 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 187, 237, 247 Antibacterial, 187, 243 Antibiotic, 187, 202, 205, 243 Antibodies, 137, 138, 139, 187, 214, 217, 223, 233, 238 Antibody, 22, 56, 139, 184, 187, 188, 199, 215, 217, 218, 223, 225, 238, 239 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 22, 187 Anticoagulant, 187, 236, 251 Anticonvulsant, 187, 224 Antidepressant, 183, 187 Antidepressive Agents, 188, 237 Antidiabetic, 45, 48, 188

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Antiemetic, 50, 188 Antiepileptic, 45, 183, 188 Antifungal, 27, 38, 61, 64, 188 Antigen, 101, 141, 184, 186, 187, 188, 199, 215, 216, 217, 218, 223 Antihistamine, 141, 188 Antihypertensive, 152, 188 Anti-infective, 188, 194, 216, 220, 243 Anti-inflammatory, 5, 7, 108, 138, 139, 141, 188, 189, 211, 240 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 188, 189 Antimetabolite, 183, 188 Antimetastatic, 68, 188 Antineoplastic, 188, 201, 205, 211 Anti-Obesity Agents, 125, 188 Antioxidant, 12, 129, 188, 193, 229, 230, 242 Antiproliferative, 61, 188 Antipruritic, 188, 194 Antipyretic, 117, 188 Antiseptic, 183, 188 Antitussive, 189, 203 Antiviral, 118, 121, 183, 189, 219 Anuria, 189, 221 Anxiety, 4, 69, 102, 103, 187, 189, 220 Anxiolytic, 189, 193 Aorta, 95, 189, 217, 250 Aortic Valve, 70, 189 Apoptosis, 5, 7, 21, 22, 43, 49, 122, 189, 195 Aqueous, 36, 38, 55, 67, 118, 129, 136, 189, 190, 202, 206, 216, 222 Arachidonic Acid, 189, 236 Arginase, 61, 189 Arginine, 94, 98, 107, 108, 109, 129, 184, 189, 228 Arterial, 24, 95, 105, 128, 153, 189, 196, 216, 219, 228, 237, 246 Arteries, 94, 187, 189, 192, 201, 217, 219, 225, 226 Arterioles, 189, 192, 194, 225, 226 Arteriovenous, 189, 196, 225 Arteritis, 20, 189 Aspartate, 189, 203 Aspirin, 108, 148, 151, 189 Assay, 34, 189 Asymptomatic, 183, 189, 214 Atopic, 101, 189 Atopic Eczema, 101, 189 ATP, 189, 205, 211, 232, 237, 248 Atrial, 190, 251 Atrial Fibrillation, 190, 251 Atrium, 190, 250

Atrophy, 190, 227 Attenuation, 66, 190 Autonomic, 98, 183, 190, 228, 231, 243, 245 Autonomic Nervous System, 98, 190, 231, 243, 245 Autopsy, 102, 190 Axons, 190, 203, 238 B Bacteria, 22, 24, 106, 114, 134, 184, 187, 188, 190, 191, 206, 210, 213, 214, 225, 243, 249 Bacterial Infections, 121, 190 Bactericidal, 190, 208 Bacteriostatic, 185, 190 Bacterium, 190, 205 Basal Ganglia, 190, 193, 196 Base, 190, 203, 211, 221, 232, 238, 246 Basophil, 141, 190 Benign, 4, 8, 190, 214, 227, 238 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 4, 190 Benzene, 190, 191, 220 Benzodiazepines, 191, 193 Beta-Glucosidase, 66, 191 Beta-pleated, 186, 191 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 191, 219 Bewilderment, 191, 200 Bile, 39, 68, 191, 210, 212, 216, 222, 244 Bile Acids, 191, 244 Bile Acids and Salts, 191 Bile Ducts, 191 Biliary, 105, 134, 191, 194 Bioavailability, 65, 191 Biochemical, 19, 22, 26, 27, 47, 60, 61, 102, 126, 188, 191, 221, 241 Biological response modifier, 191, 218 Biomass, 116, 191 Bioreactors, 48, 59, 107, 108, 191 Biosynthesis, 49, 117, 133, 189, 191, 241, 248 Biotechnology, 9, 10, 38, 44, 48, 54, 59, 63, 68, 70, 110, 151, 159, 165, 191 Biotin, 100, 192 Biotransformation, 192 Biphasic, 64, 192 Bladder, 98, 146, 190, 192, 218, 236, 249 Blastocyst, 192, 200, 233 Blebs, 8, 192 Bloating, 192, 211 Blood Coagulation, 35, 110, 192, 194 Blood Coagulation Factors, 192 Blood Flow Velocity, 119, 192

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Blood Glucose, 9, 36, 51, 56, 117, 125, 153, 192, 214, 216, 218 Blood Platelets, 192, 233, 241 Blood pressure, 3, 15, 18, 51, 104, 105, 109, 110, 127, 128, 152, 188, 192, 194, 216, 232, 243 Blood transfusion, 106, 192 Blood Viscosity, 119, 192 Body Fluids, 192, 243 Body Mass Index, 96, 192, 229 Bolus, 28, 140, 192 Bolus infusion, 192 Bone Marrow, 135, 190, 193, 197, 223, 243, 251 Boron, 193, 201 Bowel, 74, 193, 204, 219, 222 Bowel Movement, 193, 204 Brachytherapy, 193, 219, 238 Bradykinin, 193, 228 Brain Diseases, 112, 193 Brain Stem, 193, 196 Branch, 95, 179, 193, 230, 243, 246 Breakdown, 193, 196, 204, 210 Bronchi, 193, 207 Bronchial, 101, 193, 215 Buspirone, 7, 193 Butylated Hydroxytoluene, 110, 193 Butyric Acid, 123, 193 C Caffeine, 7, 69, 96, 193, 238 Calcium, 40, 96, 112, 130, 193, 194, 197, 199, 219, 226, 240, 250 Calculi, 194, 213 Callus, 92, 115, 131, 194, 206 Camphor, 131, 194 Capillary, 101, 193, 194, 240, 250 Capillary Permeability, 101, 193, 194 Capsules, 194, 211 Carbohydrate, 68, 194, 212, 234 Carbon Dioxide, 194, 202, 233, 249 Carcinogenesis, 47, 60, 71, 138, 139, 194, 197 Carcinogenic, 190, 194, 204, 218, 238, 244 Carcinogens, 194, 197, 229 Carcinoma, 15, 43, 194 Cardiac, 105, 107, 128, 190, 193, 194, 207, 210, 226, 227, 244 Cardiorespiratory, 184, 194 Cardiotonic, 96, 194, 204 Cardiovascular, 93, 110, 118, 127, 186, 194, 195, 241, 243 Cardiovascular disease, 93, 110, 127, 194

Cardiovascular System, 118, 195 Carnitine, 152, 195 Carotene, 23, 96, 130, 195, 199 Case report, 195, 198 Case series, 195, 198 Caspase, 22, 195 Catalase, 32, 183, 195 Catecholamine, 47, 59, 188, 195 Causal, 195, 214, 240 Cause of Death, 93, 127, 195 Cell Communication, 52, 195 Cell Cycle, 15, 22, 38, 195, 197, 249 Cell Death, 8, 189, 195, 227 Cell Differentiation, 134, 195 Cell Division, 140, 190, 195, 224, 225, 233, 236 Cell membrane, 123, 195, 210, 232 Cell proliferation, 38, 57, 134, 195, 219 Cellobiose, 196 Cellular metabolism, 116, 196 Cellulose, 120, 196, 233 Cerebellar, 196, 248 Cerebellar Diseases, 196, 248 Cerebellum, 102, 193, 196 Cerebral hemispheres, 190, 193, 196 Cerebral Hemorrhage, 105, 128, 196 Cerebral Infarction, 122, 196 Cerebrovascular, 94, 110, 119, 127, 152, 194, 196 Cerebrum, 102, 122, 126, 196 Cervix, 47, 196 Chamomile, 42, 62, 196 Character, 186, 196, 202 Chemoprevention, 6, 46, 47, 48, 68, 89, 196 Chemopreventive, 5, 68, 197 Chemotherapy, 118, 138, 139, 197 Choline, 130, 152, 196, 197 Cholinergic, 102, 112, 197, 228 Chromaffin Cells, 47, 197, 230 Chromatin, 189, 197, 207, 228, 244 Chromic, 197 Chromium, 68, 95, 145, 153, 197 Chromosomal, 186, 197 Chronic Disease, 6, 197, 199 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 22, 72, 138, 139, 197 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 197, 223 Ciliary, 197, 242 Ciliary Body, 197, 242 Cisplatin, 13, 197 Citric Acid, 115, 197 Citrus, 197

256 Ginseng

Claudication, 4, 119, 197 Clear cell carcinoma, 197, 203 Climacteric, 14, 105, 128, 198 Clinical Medicine, 20, 63, 198, 235 Clinical study, 11, 198 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 31, 47, 89, 90, 165, 198, 200, 233, 237, 239 Clitoral, 94, 198 Clonic, 198, 224 Cloning, 116, 191, 198 Clot Retraction, 198, 233 Coagulation, 192, 198, 214, 246, 251 Cochlear, 198, 247, 250 Cochlear Diseases, 198, 247 Cod Liver Oil, 198, 206 Codeine, 198, 203 Coenzyme, 110, 153, 198 Cofactor, 198, 236 Cognition, 62, 126, 198 Collagen, 133, 198, 199, 209, 211, 216, 233, 235 Collagen disease, 199, 216 Collapse, 186, 193, 199 Colorectal, 5, 199 Colorectal Cancer, 5, 199 Comfrey, 171, 199 Complement, 187, 199, 211 Complementary and alternative medicine, 5, 9, 41, 42, 85, 199 Complementary medicine, 42, 199 Computational Biology, 165, 199 Conception, 200, 209, 211, 244 Confusion, 7, 200, 204, 249 Congestion, 101, 200 Conjugated, 191, 200, 202 Conjunctiva, 200, 218 Conjunctivitis, 101, 200 Conjunctivitis, Allergic, 101, 200 Connective Tissue, 193, 198, 199, 200, 210, 211, 240 Connexins, 200, 210 Consciousness, 186, 187, 200, 203 Constriction, 123, 200, 220 Consumption, 8, 47, 97, 99, 153, 200, 203, 230 Contamination, 68, 200, 214, 215 Contraindications, ii, 200 Control group, 200, 233 Conventional therapy, 200 Conventional treatment, 171, 200 Convulsion, 115, 200 Coordination, 196, 200, 237

Corn Oil, 35, 121, 200 Cornea, 122, 200, 244 Coronary, 10, 93, 109, 110, 127, 187, 194, 200, 201, 225, 226, 228 Coronary Circulation, 187, 201, 228 Coronary heart disease, 93, 109, 110, 127, 194, 201 Coronary Thrombosis, 201, 225, 226 Corpus, 95, 102, 108, 122, 201, 231, 235 Corpus Luteum, 201, 235 Cortex, 79, 102, 103, 123, 126, 193, 201, 207, 209, 238 Cortical, 61, 112, 117, 201, 208, 238 Corticosteroids, 201, 211 Cortisol, 7, 35, 52, 201 Coumarins, 196, 201 Cranial, 196, 201, 214, 219, 227, 231, 250 Craniocerebral Trauma, 196, 201, 214, 247 Creatine, 96, 97, 201 Creatinine, 201, 221 Culture Media, 184, 201 Curative, 103, 201, 228, 240, 246 Curcumin, 5, 201 Cyclic, 94, 108, 193, 195, 202, 213, 228, 232, 236, 241 Cytochrome, 7, 8, 16, 22, 60, 202 Cytokine, 45, 62, 202, 219 Cytoplasm, 189, 195, 202, 207, 213, 228, 240 Cytotoxic, 8, 34, 37, 48, 67, 202, 238 Cytotoxicity, 14, 38, 103, 197, 202 D Databases, Bibliographic, 165, 202 Daunorubicin, 202, 205 Deamination, 202, 248 Decarboxylation, 202, 215 Decidua, 202, 233 Decubitus, 202, 242 Decubitus Ulcer, 202, 242 Degenerative, 202, 214 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 96, 153, 202 Deletion, 189, 202 Delusion, 102, 202 Dementia, 4, 73, 75, 102, 112, 118, 126, 158, 183, 203 Dendrites, 203, 227, 238 Dendritic, 46, 203, 224 Density, 59, 121, 192, 203, 229 Dentate Gyrus, 57, 203, 215 Dermal, 21, 141, 203 Dermatitis, 101, 135, 203, 205 Dermatology, 141, 142, 203

Index 257

DES, 35, 203 Desensitization, 141, 203 Detergents, 203, 242 Developed Countries, 94, 203 Developing Countries, 127, 203 Dextroamphetamine, 186, 203, 225 Dextromethorphan, 7, 203 Diabetes Insipidus, 204, 234 Diabetes Mellitus, 9, 73, 125, 188, 204, 212, 214, 234 Diagnostic Equipment, 135, 204 Diagnostic procedure, 91, 159, 204 Diastole, 204 Diastolic, 105, 128, 204, 216 Diastolic blood pressure, 105, 128, 204 Diethylnitrosamine, 45, 204 Diffusion, 194, 204, 217 Digestion, 118, 185, 191, 193, 204, 205, 211, 219, 222, 231, 244 Digestive system, 90, 204, 210 Digestive tract, 204, 242 Digitalis, 32, 204 Dihydrotestosterone, 204, 239 Dilatation, 107, 110, 186, 204, 219, 235, 249 Dilatation, Pathologic, 204, 249 Dilation, 94, 193, 204, 249 Dilator, 204, 228 Diploid, 31, 204, 233 Direct, iii, 49, 126, 195, 198, 204, 239, 245 Disinfectant, 204, 208 Disorientation, 200, 204 Disposition, 6, 59, 67, 89, 204 Distal, 94, 204, 237 Diuresis, 193, 204 Diuretic, 20, 111, 117, 204 Dizziness, 103, 205 DNA Topoisomerase, 205, 211 Dormancy, 116, 205 Dorsal, 66, 95, 205, 234, 244 Dorsum, 95, 205 Dose-dependent, 11, 44, 205, 251 Doxorubicin, 56, 205 Drive, ii, vi, 33, 205, 222 Drug Interactions, 8, 42, 64, 205 Drug Tolerance, 205, 247 Duodenum, 191, 205, 210, 244 Dyes, 186, 205, 228 Dysmenorrhea, 109, 205 Dyspareunia, 94, 205 Dyspepsia, 115, 123, 205 E Echinacea, 4, 22, 42, 69, 82, 149, 171, 205

Eczema, 101, 205 Edema, 103, 205, 219, 226 Effector, 183, 187, 199, 205, 228, 232 Effector cell, 187, 205, 228 Efficacy, 4, 13, 17, 31, 41, 42, 43, 105, 133, 134, 153, 158, 193, 206 Ejaculation, 135, 206, 241 Elasticity, 133, 206, 242 Elastin, 141, 142, 198, 206 Electrolyte, 206, 221, 234, 243 Electrons, 188, 190, 206, 220, 229, 230, 238 Emaciation, 183, 206 Emboli, 206, 251 Embolism, 206, 219, 238, 251 Embolization, 206, 251 Embolus, 206, 218 Embryo, 157, 186, 192, 195, 206, 218, 234 Embryogenesis, 108, 206 Emodin, 185, 206 Emollient, 206, 212, 221, 229 Emulsion, 133, 206 Enamel, 206, 221 Endometrium, 47, 202, 206, 224 Endorphin, 206, 210 Endothelial cell, 25, 31, 53, 207, 209, 219 Endothelium, 207, 228, 233 Endothelium-derived, 207, 228 Enhancer, 153, 207 Entorhinal Cortex, 207, 215 Environmental Health, 164, 166, 171, 207 Enzymatic, 54, 70, 100, 194, 195, 199, 207, 209, 215 Eosinophils, 207, 213, 222 Ephedrine, 69, 207 Epidemiological, 6, 17, 41, 54, 207 Epidermal, 100, 207, 221, 224 Epidermis, 54, 207, 221, 235 Epinephrine, 184, 197, 207, 228, 248 Epithelial, 183, 197, 202, 207, 215 Epithelial Cells, 207, 215 Erectile, 4, 13, 43, 61, 73, 94, 108, 109, 146, 152, 153, 158, 207, 231 Erection, 4, 94, 108, 136, 207 Ergot, 184, 207 Erysipeloid, 207, 240 Erythrocyte Deformability, 24, 208 Erythrocytes, 37, 186, 193, 208, 214, 233 Escalation, 12, 29, 208 Esophagus, 47, 204, 208, 210, 232, 244 Estrogen, 26, 43, 54, 103, 208 Estrogen receptor, 43, 208 Ethanol, 23, 118, 208

258 Ginseng

Ether, 15, 208 Ethical drug, 130, 208 Eukaryotic Cells, 126, 208 Evacuation, 208, 210, 222, 238 Excipient, 208, 213, 247 Excitation, 117, 208 Excitatory, 122, 208, 212, 220 Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists, 208, 220 Excrete, 189, 208, 221 Exogenous, 153, 184, 192, 205, 208, 212, 248 Expressed Sequence Tags, 49, 208 External-beam radiation, 208, 238 Extracellular, 186, 200, 208, 209, 243 Extracellular Matrix, 200, 208, 209 Extraction, 63, 70, 133, 136, 208 Extravasation, 114, 208 Exudate, 208, 213, 247 F Family Planning, 165, 209 Fatigue, 73, 117, 119, 153, 197, 209, 214, 224, 231 Fatty acids, 130, 153, 209, 236, 243 Fatty Liver, 28, 105, 134, 209 Fetus, 209, 233, 235, 249 Fibrin, 192, 198, 209, 233, 246 Fibrinogen, 64, 209, 233, 246 Fibrinolytic, 122, 209 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 43, 209 Fibroblasts, 8, 19, 21, 31, 116, 141, 209, 219 Fibrosarcoma, 21, 209 Fissure, 203, 209 Flaccid, 106, 209 Flushing, 103, 209 Folate, 209 Fold, 209, 235 Folic Acid, 94, 130, 145, 209 Follicles, 100, 209 Forearm, 192, 210 Fossa, 196, 210 Fractionation, 9, 210 Freeze-dried, 98, 99, 210 Friction, 210, 222 Frontal Lobe, 102, 187, 196, 210 Fructose, 145, 210, 212, 220 Fungi, 106, 134, 136, 188, 210, 213, 225, 234, 251 G Gallbladder, 183, 191, 204, 210, 211 Gallic Acid, 120, 210 Gamma Rays, 210, 226, 238 Gamma-Endorphin, 210

Ganglia, 183, 210, 227, 230, 231, 245 Gap Junctions, 52, 200, 210, 245, 246 Gas, 17, 186, 194, 204, 210, 216, 226, 228, 249 Gastric, 50, 53, 118, 195, 210, 211, 215, 231 Gastric Emptying, 210, 211 Gastric Juices, 210, 231 Gastric Mucosa, 210, 231 Gastrin, 210, 215 Gastroenterology, 124, 210 Gastrointestinal, 123, 186, 193, 207, 208, 211, 214, 241, 243, 245 Gastrointestinal tract, 208, 211, 241 Gastroparesis, 146, 211 Gelatin, 103, 201, 211, 212, 245, 246 Gene, 47, 65, 67, 151, 191, 200, 211 Gene Expression, 67, 211 Genetic Code, 211, 229 Genetic Engineering, 191, 198, 211 Genistein, 98, 211 Genital, 94, 197, 211 Genotype, 8, 211, 232 Geriatric, 25, 211 Germ Cells, 211, 224, 229, 243, 244, 246 Germanium, 135, 211 Gestation, 116, 211, 233 Gestation period, 116, 211 Ginger, 6, 23, 42, 82, 97, 121, 127, 128, 170, 171, 211 Ginkgo biloba, 5, 8, 30, 31, 35, 44, 49, 53, 55, 62, 82, 95, 107, 119, 129, 153, 171, 211 Gland, 183, 184, 211, 223, 230, 233, 236, 241, 244, 246 Glucocorticoid, 21, 36, 53, 211, 216 Glucose, 9, 12, 133, 140, 145, 153, 191, 192, 196, 197, 204, 212, 214, 218 Glucose Intolerance, 204, 212 Glucose tolerance, 9, 12, 153, 212 Glucose Tolerance Test, 212 Glucuronic Acid, 138, 212 Glucuronides, 212 Glutamate, 203, 212 Glutamic Acid, 209, 212, 235 Glutamine, 96, 97, 212 Glutathione Peroxidase, 212, 241 Glycerol, 115, 193, 212, 232 Glycine, 191, 212, 241 Glycoprotein, 7, 66, 116, 209, 212 Glycoside, 117, 186, 212 Glycosidic, 196, 213, 229 Gout, 111, 213 Governing Board, 29, 213, 235

Index 259

Government Agencies, 99, 213, 235 Graft, 213, 215, 217, 223, 226 Graft Rejection, 213, 217, 223 Gram-negative, 213, 240 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 213, 240 Granule, 110, 203, 213, 240 Granulocytes, 190, 213, 251 Grasses, 209, 213 Guanylate Cyclase, 108, 213, 228 Gum Arabic, 183, 213 H Habitual, 5, 196, 213 Hair follicles, 65, 100, 213 Half-Life, 102, 213 Hallucinogens, 213, 237 Haploid, 213, 233 Harmony, 150, 151, 213 Hawthorn fruit, 105, 134, 214 Headache, 193, 214, 218, 235 Health Promotion, 120, 214 Heart attack, 127, 194, 214 Heart failure, 105, 127, 128, 207, 214 Heartbeat, 96, 214 Heme, 202, 214 Hemodialysis, 214, 221 Hemoglobin, 186, 208, 214 Hemolysis, 21, 214 Hemorrhage, 201, 214, 226, 244 Hemostasis, 214, 241 Hepatic, 212, 214, 222 Hepatitis, 105, 120, 134, 170, 171, 214, 215, 250 Hepatitis A, 105, 120, 134, 214 Hepatitis C, 105, 134, 170, 171, 214 Hepatocellular, 68, 214, 215 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 68, 215 Hepatocytes, 8, 214, 215 Hepatoma, 21, 215 Hepatotoxic, 199, 215, 238 Hepatotoxicity, 102, 215 Hepatovirus, 214, 215 Herbicide, 65, 215 Heredity, 211, 215 Herpes, 121, 183, 215 Herpes virus, 122, 215 Herpes Zoster, 215 Heterogeneity, 9, 184, 215 Heterotrophic, 210, 215 Hippocampus, 50, 65, 203, 215, 238, 244 Histamine, 101, 141, 188, 215 Histidine, 215 Homeostasis, 9, 108, 133, 215, 243

Homogeneous, 107, 215 Homologous, 200, 215, 245 Hormonal, 4, 94, 98, 149, 190, 197, 215, 250 Host, 138, 139, 215, 217, 250 Humoral, 55, 213, 215 Humour, 215, 216 Hydrocortisone, 14, 31, 216 Hydrogen, 183, 185, 190, 194, 195, 212, 216, 222, 225, 228, 230, 237, 245 Hydrogen Peroxide, 195, 212, 216, 222, 245 Hydrolysis, 23, 189, 191, 192, 196, 197, 216, 234, 237 Hydrophilic, 44, 203, 216 Hydrophobic, 34, 203, 216 Hydroxylation, 216, 248 Hydroxylysine, 198, 216 Hydroxyproline, 198, 216 Hygienic, 106, 216, 242 Hyperaemia, 200, 216 Hyperglycemia, 9, 118, 125, 216 Hyperlipidemia, 28, 118, 216 Hypersensitivity, 101, 135, 141, 185, 186, 200, 203, 216, 240 Hypertension, 15, 16, 37, 40, 73, 104, 105, 108, 127, 128, 152, 194, 196, 216, 219 Hypertrophy, 190, 216 Hyperuricemia, 213, 216 Hypnotic, 117, 216 Hypoglycemic, 58, 136, 216 Hypothalamus, 190, 193, 216, 233, 235 I Ice Cream, 97, 121, 217 Id, 39, 71, 172, 178, 180, 217 Iliac Artery, 95, 217 Imidazole, 192, 215, 217 Immune function, 29, 45, 110, 117, 118, 138, 139, 140, 217 Immune response, 44, 101, 141, 183, 188, 213, 217, 245, 249, 250 Immune system, 3, 107, 120, 129, 138, 139, 140, 205, 217, 223, 232, 249, 251 Immunity, 53, 55, 138, 139, 149, 183, 217, 223 Immunodeficiency, 27, 43, 183, 217 Immunodiffusion, 184, 217 Immunoelectrophoresis, 184, 217 Immunoglobulin, 10, 101, 187, 217, 225 Immunologic, 217, 223, 239, 251 Immunological adjuvant, 46, 217 Immunology, 26, 34, 37, 44, 56, 183, 184, 217

260 Ginseng

Immunomodulator, 23, 217 Immunosuppressive, 131, 212, 217 Immunotherapy, 203, 217 Impairment, 102, 112, 126, 138, 139, 153, 191, 217, 224 Implant radiation, 217, 219, 238 Impotence, 4, 13, 74, 94, 152, 158, 207, 217, 251 In vitro, 8, 15, 16, 22, 24, 37, 45, 53, 55, 59, 62, 63, 92, 116, 131, 192, 217, 247 In vivo, 5, 9, 60, 62, 98, 217, 223, 229 Incineration, 135, 217 Incision, 218, 220 Incontinence, 207, 218 Incubation, 132, 218 Indicative, 146, 218, 230, 249 Induction, 8, 21, 22, 36, 38, 54, 60, 218 Infarction, 105, 122, 128, 196, 218, 219, 239 Infertility, 74, 98, 103, 218 Influenza, 74, 83, 138, 139, 218 Ingestion, 8, 17, 25, 35, 52, 103, 106, 212, 218, 224 Initiation, 109, 218 Inorganic, 103, 117, 197, 218, 241 Insecticides, 218, 232 Insomnia, 102, 218, 235 Insulin, 9, 19, 35, 52, 83, 95, 117, 125, 153, 188, 212, 218, 221, 248 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 125, 218 Insulin-like, 35, 52, 117, 218 Interferon, 171, 218, 219 Interferon-alpha, 219 Interleukin-1, 135, 219 Interleukin-2, 219 Interleukin-8, 29, 219 Interleukins, 219, 223 Intermittent, 4, 119, 219 Internal Medicine, 4, 6, 11, 26, 27, 32, 70, 210, 219 Internal radiation, 219, 238 Intestinal, 22, 23, 24, 28, 48, 56, 71, 114, 124, 135, 195, 212, 219, 250 Intestine, 37, 191, 193, 199, 219, 221 Intracellular, 97, 112, 193, 218, 219, 228, 234, 236, 239, 241 Intracranial Aneurysm, 196, 219 Intracranial Arteriosclerosis, 196, 219 Intracranial Hypertension, 214, 219, 247 Intraperitoneal, 45, 220 Intrinsic, 102, 126, 184, 220 Inulin, 205, 220

Invasive, 21, 217, 220 Involuntary, 200, 220, 227, 242 Iodine, 96, 220 Ion Channels, 220, 228, 246 Ion Exchange, 110, 196, 220 Ionization, 220 Ionizing, 67, 134, 185, 220, 238 Ions, 190, 206, 216, 220, 241 Iris, 200, 220, 238 Ischemia, 122, 190, 202, 220, 226, 239 Isoflavones, 6, 220 Isothiocyanates, 6, 220 K Kainic Acid, 65, 220 Kava, 4, 69, 97, 130, 171, 220 Kb, 164, 221 Keratin, 100, 221 Keratinocytes, 116, 219, 221 Ketone Bodies, 183, 221 Kidney Disease, 74, 90, 146, 164, 221 Kidney Failure, 8, 125, 221 Kidney Failure, Acute, 221 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 221 Kinetic, 220, 221 L Lactation, 97, 221 Lanolin, 114, 221 Large Intestine, 199, 204, 219, 221, 239, 242 Latent, 122, 221 Laxative, 131, 184, 206, 222, 247 Lesion, 50, 222, 248 Leukemia, 197, 205, 222 Leukocytes, 31, 193, 207, 213, 219, 222, 228 Leukopenia, 222, 251 Levorphanol, 203, 222 Libido, 153, 222 Library Services, 178, 222 Life cycle, 184, 192, 210, 222 Ligament, 222, 236 Linkages, 214, 222, 231, 251 Lipid, 53, 64, 65, 66, 194, 197, 212, 218, 222, 230, 248 Lipid Peroxidation, 66, 222, 230 Lipophilic, 35, 44, 61, 117, 222 Lipopolysaccharide, 62, 213, 222 Liposome, 133, 222 Liver cancer, 45, 105, 134, 222 Liver Cirrhosis, 105, 134, 222 Liver Regeneration, 69, 222 Lobe, 187, 196, 222, 236 Localized, 94, 207, 218, 222, 233, 248, 249 Locomotion, 222, 233

Index 261

Lubricants, 222, 223, 232 Lubrication, 94, 222 Lycopene, 98, 223 Lymph, 207, 216, 223 Lymphatic, 207, 218, 223, 243 Lymphocyte, 22, 31, 37, 58, 68, 139, 183, 187, 188, 223 Lymphocyte Count, 183, 223 Lymphocyte Subsets, 31, 223 Lymphocyte Transformation, 22, 223 Lymphoid, 187, 201, 223 Lymphokines, 223 M Macrophage, 34, 45, 59, 187, 219, 223 Macrophage Activation, 34, 45, 223 Malignant, 110, 183, 188, 222, 223, 227, 238 Malignant tumor, 110, 223 Mammary, 47, 223 Mania, 42, 223 Manic, 13, 24, 58, 223 Manifest, 141, 223 Mastitis, 51, 93, 223 Mediator, 219, 223, 233, 241 Medicament, 119, 185, 223, 245 MEDLINE, 165, 223 Medullary, 203, 224 Megaloblastic, 209, 224 Meiosis, 224, 245 Melanin, 220, 224, 232, 248 Melanocytes, 224 Melanoma, 38, 224 Memory, 4, 7, 31, 36, 74, 102, 112, 117, 118, 119, 131, 152, 187, 203, 224 Meninges, 196, 201, 224 Menopause, 74, 95, 224, 234 Menstrual Cycle, 98, 103, 224, 235 Menstruation, 97, 202, 205, 224, 235 Mental Disorders, 90, 98, 102, 126, 130, 224 Mental Fatigue, 108, 224 Mental Retardation, 112, 224 Mephenytoin, 8, 224 Metabolic disorder, 204, 213, 224 Metabolite, 13, 22, 36, 43, 54, 56, 60, 70, 192, 224 Metastasis, 38, 224, 227 Methanol, 12, 224 Methionine, 98, 224, 236, 245 Methyl Methanesulfonate, 49, 224 Methylphenidate, 130, 225 MI, 96, 181, 225 Mice Minute Virus, 225, 230

Microbe, 225, 247 Microcirculation, 222, 225, 233 Microorganism, 198, 225, 230, 251 Migration, 223, 225 Milk Thistle, 42, 170, 171, 225, 242 Mitochondrial Swelling, 225, 227 Mitosis, 16, 189, 225 Modification, 62, 211, 225, 238, 251 Modulator, 45, 225 Molecule, 109, 188, 190, 194, 198, 199, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213, 216, 225, 229, 230, 234, 238, 239, 241, 248 Monoclonal, 225, 238 Monocyte, 187, 225 Mononuclear, 64, 225 Monophosphate, 94, 108, 225 Morphological, 115, 184, 206, 224, 225 Morphology, 118, 223, 225 Motility, 37, 226, 241 Motor Activity, 226, 237 Mucosa, 122, 210, 226 Multidrug resistance, 66, 226 Muscle Contraction, 226, 240 Muscle Fibers, 97, 226 Muscle Relaxation, 226 Mutagen, 225, 226 Mutagenic, 204, 226 Myalgia, 218, 226 Mydriatic, 204, 226, 251 Myeloma, 43, 226 Myocardial infarction, 191, 201, 225, 226, 251 Myocardial Ischemia, 186, 226 Myocardial Reperfusion, 226, 239 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 226, 239 Myocarditis, 110, 226 Myocardium, 69, 186, 225, 226, 227, 240 N Narcolepsy, 203, 207, 225, 227 Nasal Mucosa, 218, 227 Nausea, 188, 211, 227, 235, 249 NCI, 1, 41, 90, 163, 227 Necrosis, 8, 122, 189, 196, 218, 225, 226, 227, 239 Need, 3, 9, 99, 103, 115, 116, 123, 145, 152, 166, 173, 184, 227, 247 Neonatal, 24, 227 Neoplasms, 183, 188, 193, 194, 202, 227, 238 Neoplastic, 216, 227 Nephropathy, 221, 227

262 Ginseng

Nerve, 8, 102, 112, 117, 125, 184, 190, 203, 211, 223, 227, 239, 244, 248, 250 Nervous System, 47, 102, 123, 135, 183, 186, 190, 193, 196, 197, 203, 207, 210, 212, 214, 223, 225, 227, 231, 241, 245, 246, 249 Neural, 152, 186, 188, 215, 227 Neuralgia, 108, 227 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 112, 227 Neuromuscular, 183, 227 Neuromuscular Junction, 183, 227 Neuronal, 7, 29, 61, 112, 123, 227 Neurons, 8, 56, 61, 63, 112, 203, 208, 210, 227, 228, 238, 245, 250 Neurotic, 187, 227, 249 Neurotoxicity, 65, 203, 220, 227 Neurotransmitters, 98, 225, 228, 243 Neutrons, 185, 228, 238 Neutrophils, 213, 219, 222, 228 Niacin, 109, 228, 248 Nicotine, 137, 228 Nitric Oxide, 26, 51, 57, 67, 94, 108, 109, 228 Nitrogen, 117, 185, 212, 221, 228, 248 Nitroglycerin, 109, 228 Norepinephrine, 184, 207, 228 Nuclear, 190, 206, 208, 210, 227, 228, 246 Nuclei, 185, 187, 206, 211, 225, 228, 237, 250 Nucleic acid, 122, 211, 228, 229, 238, 251 Nucleus, 187, 189, 197, 202, 207, 208, 210, 224, 225, 228, 229, 236, 237, 243, 250 O Ointments, 196, 229, 242, 243 Oligosaccharides, 118, 229 Oliguria, 221, 229 Oocytes, 50, 52, 229 Opacity, 203, 229 Opioid Peptides, 229 Opportunistic Infections, 183, 229 Organ Culture, 229, 247 Orgasm, 94, 129, 206, 229 Osteoporosis, 36, 53, 74, 229 Ovary, 201, 229, 234 Overactive bladder, 98, 229 Overweight, 39, 95, 229 Ovum, 201, 202, 211, 222, 229, 235, 251 Oxidants, 104, 132, 229 Oxidation, 100, 118, 136, 183, 188, 192, 202, 212, 222, 229, 230 Oxidation-Reduction, 136, 192, 229, 230 Oxidative Stress, 47, 230

Oxygen Consumption, 110, 230 P Palliative, 230, 246 Panacea, 18, 26, 114, 230 Pancreas, 183, 192, 204, 211, 218, 230 Pancreatic, 39, 68, 195, 230 Paraganglia, Chromaffin, 197, 230 Parasite, 230 Parasitic, 141, 230 Parenchyma, 102, 126, 230 Paroxysmal, 186, 230 Particle, 222, 230 Parvovirus, 56, 225, 230 Pathogen, 218, 230 Pathologic, 189, 193, 201, 216, 230 Pathologic Processes, 189, 230 Pathologies, 119, 231 Patient Education, 170, 176, 178, 181, 231 Pelvic, 95, 231, 236 Pemoline, 130, 231 Penis, 94, 108, 206, 231, 235 Pentylenetetrazole, 45, 231 Pepsin, 231 Pepsin A, 231 Peptic, 118, 231 Peptic Ulcer, 118, 231 Peptide, 63, 209, 210, 221, 229, 231, 234, 236, 237 Perception, 213, 231 Perennial, 118, 199, 205, 231 Perfusion, 191, 231 Perineal, 95, 231 Perineum, 231 Peripheral blood, 31, 64, 121, 219, 231 Peripheral Nervous System, 135, 227, 231, 245 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 9, 125, 127, 231 Peritoneal, 220, 232 Peritoneal Cavity, 220, 232 Pernicious, 151, 224, 232 Pesticides, 49, 218, 232 Petrolatum, 206, 232 Petroleum, 15, 193, 232 Phagocyte, 229, 232 Phagocytosis, 30, 36, 232 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 196, 208, 211, 232, 236 Pharmacokinetic, 232 Pharmacologic, 213, 232, 247 Pharynx, 218, 232 Phenolphthalein, 206, 232

Index 263

Phenotypes, 57, 232 Phenylalanine, 231, 232, 248 Phosphodiesterase, 94, 232 Phospholipids, 209, 232 Phosphorus, 194, 232 Phosphorylated, 198, 232 Physiologic, 108, 184, 191, 198, 213, 220, 224, 232, 236, 239, 248 Physiology, 16, 36, 56, 62, 65, 66, 98, 118, 125, 210, 233 Phytohemagglutinins, 223, 233 Pigment, 223, 224, 233 Pigmentation, 92, 115, 233 Piracetam, 13, 233 Pituitary Gland, 209, 233, 235 Placebos, 7, 233 Placenta, 60, 103, 233, 235 Plana, 233, 242 Plasma, 23, 60, 64, 106, 187, 191, 195, 209, 211, 212, 214, 221, 226, 233, 241 Plasma cells, 187, 226, 233 Plasmin, 122, 233 Plasminogen, 233 Plasminogen Activators, 233 Platelet Aggregation, 15, 35, 52, 228, 233, 234 Platelet Factor 4, 219, 233 Platelets, 17, 191, 228, 233, 234, 246 Platinum, 197, 234 Pleated, 221, 234 Policy Making, 213, 234 Pollen, 98, 184, 234, 238 Polydipsia, 153, 234 Polymorphic, 43, 46, 203, 234 Polymorphism, 46, 49, 234 Polypeptide, 185, 198, 209, 231, 233, 234 Polyphagia, 153, 234 Polyporaceae, 136, 234 Polyposis, 199, 234 Polysaccharide, 30, 34, 45, 59, 188, 196, 234 Polyuria, 153, 234 Posterior, 196, 205, 220, 230, 234 Postmenopausal, 16, 30, 229, 234 Postoperative, 53, 234 Postprandial, 11, 29, 71, 234 Potassium, 96, 234, 243 Potentiate, 49, 235 Potentiating, 95, 138, 235 Practice Guidelines, 167, 235 Precancerous, 47, 197, 235 Preclinical, 41, 235

Precursor, 183, 189, 197, 205, 207, 210, 228, 232, 233, 235, 248, 250 Premalignant, 235 Premenstrual, 97, 235 Premenstrual Syndrome, 97, 235 Prenatal, 206, 235 Prepuce, 95, 235 Prevalence, 95, 101, 235 Prickle, 221, 235 Probe, 6, 89, 235 Progesterone, 103, 109, 235, 244 Progression, 15, 71, 152, 235 Progressive, 112, 126, 195, 203, 205, 208, 213, 221, 227, 235 Prokinetic Drugs, 123, 235 Proline, 198, 216, 235 Pro-Opiomelanocortin, 210, 229, 235 Prophase, 229, 236, 245 Prophylaxis, 121, 127, 236, 239, 251 Propylene Glycol, 115, 236 Prospective study, 6, 26, 34, 236 Prostaglandin, 5, 236 Prostaglandins A, 236 Prostate, 12, 75, 190, 236 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 236 Protease, 22, 141, 236 Protein C, 185, 221, 236, 248 Protein S, 19, 97, 151, 191, 211, 236, 240 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 211, 237 Proteolytic, 199, 209, 233, 237 Protocol, 68, 233, 237 Protons, 185, 216, 220, 237, 238 Protozoa, 106, 134, 225, 237 Proximal, 94, 204, 237 Pruritic, 205, 237 Psychic, 198, 222, 237 Psychomotor, 11, 19, 237 Psychomotor Performance, 11, 19, 237 Psychosomatic, 98, 237 Psychotropic, 131, 237 Psychotropic Drugs, 131, 237 Psyllium, 120, 237 Public Policy, 165, 237 Publishing, 9, 97, 146, 151, 237 Pulmonary, 13, 56, 192, 200, 221, 237, 238, 250, 251 Pulmonary Artery, 192, 237, 238, 250 Pulmonary Edema, 221, 237 Pulmonary Embolism, 238, 251 Pulse, 35, 238 Pupil, 200, 204, 226, 238 Purgative, 206, 222, 238

264 Ginseng

Purifying, 122, 203, 238 Purines, 238, 241 Pyramidal Cells, 203, 238 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 199, 238 Q Quality of Life, 14, 16, 53, 69, 152, 238 Quercetin, 95, 238 R Radiation, 62, 67, 126, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 186, 208, 210, 219, 220, 238, 242, 251 Radiation therapy, 138, 139, 208, 210, 219, 238 Radioactive, 135, 213, 216, 217, 219, 220, 228, 238 Radioimmunotherapy, 238, 239 Radiolabeled, 238 Radiotherapy, 118, 193, 238 Randomized, 4, 6, 56, 206, 239 Randomized clinical trial, 4, 56, 239 Reagent, 210, 239 Receptor, 21, 43, 50, 65, 66, 124, 188, 193, 203, 220, 239, 241 Receptors, Serotonin, 239, 241 Recombinant, 50, 135, 191, 239 Rectum, 193, 199, 204, 210, 218, 221, 236, 239, 245 Recurrence, 197, 239 Reductase, 6, 239 Refer, 1, 102, 111, 126, 199, 205, 210, 211, 215, 222, 228, 238, 239 Refraction, 239, 243 Regeneration, 112, 140, 209, 239 Regimen, 206, 239 Reperfusion, 122, 226, 239 Reperfusion Injury, 122, 239 Retina, 197, 239, 242 Retinoids, 239, 250 Retinol, 114, 239 Retroperitoneal, 183, 240 Rhamnose, 138, 240 Rheology, 93, 240 Rheumatic Heart Disease, 127, 240 Rheumatism, 240 Rheumatoid, 75, 101, 199, 229, 240 Rheumatoid arthritis, 101, 199, 240 Rhinitis, 101, 207, 240 Rhusiopathiae, 56, 207, 240 Ribonuclease, 27, 61, 240 Ribosome, 240, 248 Rickets, 240, 250 Rigidity, 4, 233, 240 Risk factor, 236, 240

Rodenticides, 232, 240 Rutin, 238, 240 Ryanodine, 240 S Salicylate, 196, 240 Salivary, 204, 240 Salivary glands, 204, 240 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 240 Scleroproteins, 221, 241 Screening, 92, 125, 198, 241 Second Messenger Systems, 228, 241 Secondary tumor, 224, 241 Secretion, 39, 47, 59, 68, 117, 215, 216, 218, 219, 221, 241 Secretory, 52, 197, 241, 245 Secretory Vesicles, 197, 241 Sedative, 117, 131, 141, 198, 220, 241, 249 Sedentary, 97, 241 Selenium, 40, 96, 98, 130, 134, 241 Selenium Compounds, 134, 241 Sella, 205, 233, 241 Semen, 111, 123, 137, 206, 236, 241 Semisynthetic, 14, 241 Senile, 75, 102, 112, 126, 229, 241 Serine, 153, 241 Serotonin, 50, 95, 123, 141, 183, 193, 239, 241, 248 Serrata, 81, 197, 242 Serrated, 242 Serum, 17, 28, 30, 35, 50, 51, 75, 117, 199, 221, 242 Sex Behavior, 57, 242 Sex Characteristics, 242, 246 Shock, 110, 186, 216, 242, 248 Silicon, 115, 122, 242 Silicon Dioxide, 242 Silymarin, 225, 242 Skeletal, 240, 242 Skeleton, 236, 242 Skin Aging, 133, 242 Skin Care, 115, 125, 242 Skull, 201, 242, 246 Small intestine, 16, 191, 205, 215, 219, 242 Smooth muscle, 101, 107, 108, 123, 141, 193, 215, 228, 242, 245 Sneezing, 101, 242 Soaps, 242, 243 Social Environment, 238, 243 Sodium, 138, 152, 213, 243 Soft tissue, 193, 209, 242, 243 Soft tissue sarcoma, 209, 243 Solid tumor, 205, 243

Index 265

Solitary Nucleus, 190, 243 Solvent, 111, 133, 142, 183, 190, 208, 212, 224, 236, 243 Soma, 238, 243 Somatic, 107, 108, 198, 206, 215, 224, 225, 231, 243 Somatic cells, 224, 225, 243 Soybean Oil, 114, 115, 243 Spatial disorientation, 205, 243 Specialist, 172, 204, 243 Spectrum, 6, 201, 243 Sperm, 15, 184, 234, 243, 244 Sperm Motility, 15, 244 Spermatozoa, 241, 244 Spermatozoon, 244 Spinal cord, 63, 102, 126, 193, 196, 197, 224, 227, 231, 244, 245 Spinal Nerves, 231, 244 Spinous, 207, 221, 244 Sporadic, 227, 244 Stasis, 52, 93, 244 Steatosis, 209, 244 Sterility, 218, 244 Sterilization, 34, 244 Steroid, 43, 191, 201, 212, 244 Stimulant, 121, 186, 193, 203, 215, 225, 231, 244 Stimulus, 205, 208, 219, 220, 244, 246 Stomach, 183, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212, 215, 227, 231, 232, 242, 244 Stomachic, 131, 244 Stroke, 9, 90, 93, 112, 125, 127, 153, 158, 164, 170, 194, 244 Stroma, 220, 230, 244 Subacute, 218, 244 Subclinical, 51, 218, 244 Subcutaneous, 51, 205, 244 Subiculum, 215, 244 Subspecies, 243, 245 Substance P, 224, 241, 245 Substrate, 31, 245 Sulfur, 224, 245 Superoxide, 32, 50, 245 Superoxide Dismutase, 32, 245 Supplementation, 19, 52, 152, 245 Suppositories, 211, 245 Suppression, 138, 139, 245, 251 Sympathetic Nervous System, 190, 197, 245 Sympathomimetics, 245 Symphysis, 236, 245 Symptomatic, 16, 140, 141, 187, 245

Synapses, 228, 245 Synapsis, 245 Synaptic, 102, 228, 245 Synaptic Transmission, 228, 245 Synergistic, 9, 246 Systemic, 186, 189, 192, 199, 207, 208, 218, 219, 238, 246, 251 Systolic, 105, 128, 216, 246 Systolic blood pressure, 105, 128, 246 T Temporal, 102, 215, 246 Temporal Lobe, 102, 246 Teratogenic, 157, 238, 246 Terminator, 246, 251 Testis, 56, 246 Testosterone, 8, 35, 52, 239, 246 Thalamus, 193, 246 Therapeutics, 15, 69, 137, 138, 139, 246 Thermoregulation, 133, 246 Threonine, 241, 246 Threshold, 216, 246 Thrombin, 209, 233, 236, 246 Thrombocytes, 234, 246 Thrombosis, 70, 105, 128, 191, 219, 237, 244, 246 Thrombus, 110, 201, 218, 226, 233, 246, 250 Thyroid, 220, 246, 247, 248 Thyroid Gland, 246, 247 Thyroxine, 35, 232, 247 Tinnitus, 4, 247, 250 Tissue Culture, 36, 131, 247 Tolerance, 57, 66, 130, 183, 212, 247 Tonic, 3, 104, 113, 117, 118, 119, 131, 132, 150, 194, 224, 244, 247 Tonicity, 214, 247 Topical, 103, 114, 115, 125, 135, 142, 208, 216, 232, 243, 247 Torsion, 218, 247 Toxic, iv, 42, 138, 139, 171, 190, 202, 204, 213, 215, 217, 224, 228, 241, 247, 251 Toxicity, 28, 56, 137, 205, 206, 247 Toxicokinetics, 247 Toxicology, 36, 49, 55, 56, 57, 62, 64, 66, 68, 166, 171, 247 Toxins, 188, 212, 218, 238, 247 Trace element, 15, 118, 193, 197, 242, 247 Tragacanth, 121, 247 Tranquilizing Agents, 237, 247 Transcriptase, 43, 248 Transfection, 191, 248 Transfusion, 214, 248 Translation, 27, 248

266 Ginseng

Transmitter, 183, 220, 223, 228, 245, 248 Trauma, 57, 227, 248 Tremor, 103, 248 Triglyceride, 30, 248 Tryptophan, 66, 109, 198, 241, 248 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 66, 248 Tuberculosis, 200, 248 Type 2 diabetes, 9, 11, 29, 125, 153, 248 Tyrosine, 130, 237, 248 U Ulcer, 50, 117, 118, 123, 142, 202, 231, 248 Ultrasonography, 4, 248 Unconscious, 217, 248 Urea, 115, 189, 221, 248 Uremia, 221, 248 Ureters, 249 Urethra, 190, 231, 236, 249 Uric, 213, 216, 238, 249 Urinary, 17, 98, 194, 207, 218, 229, 234, 248, 249 Urinary tract, 98, 249 Urine, 6, 7, 14, 152, 189, 190, 192, 201, 204, 212, 218, 221, 229, 234, 249 Urticaria, 186, 249 Uterus, 94, 196, 201, 202, 206, 224, 235, 249 V Vaccine, 55, 83, 183, 217, 237, 249 Vaccine adjuvant, 55, 249 Vagina, 94, 196, 203, 224, 249 Vaginal, 18, 19, 94, 136, 223, 249 Valerian, 42, 85, 98, 249 Valves, 240, 249 Vasodilation, 94, 101, 123, 249 Vasodilator, 193, 215, 226, 249 Vegetative, 191, 249 Vein, 25, 186, 189, 228, 249, 250 Venom, 122, 249 Venous, 24, 94, 189, 191, 196, 228, 237, 249, 250, 251 Venous blood, 196, 249

Venous Thrombosis, 191, 250, 251 Ventricle, 102, 126, 189, 215, 216, 237, 238, 246, 250 Ventricular, 54, 226, 250 Venules, 192, 194, 225, 250 Vertebrae, 244, 250 Vesicular, 189, 215, 250 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 247, 250 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 247, 250 Veterinary Medicine, 37, 51, 165, 250 Viral, 105, 110, 121, 134, 218, 250, 251 Viral Hepatitis, 105, 134, 250 Virulence, 247, 250 Virus, 27, 43, 83, 106, 121, 170, 171, 183, 205, 207, 211, 214, 219, 250 Viscera, 243, 250 Visceral, 190, 250 Visceral Afferents, 190, 250 Viscosity, 192, 240, 250 Vitamin A, 96, 97, 239, 250 Vitamin D, 98, 240, 250 Vitro, 250 Vivo, 9, 62, 251 W Warfarin, 23, 27, 70, 85, 251 Wart, 8, 251 White blood cell, 187, 190, 197, 222, 223, 225, 226, 233, 251 Womb, 249, 251 Wound Healing, 28, 142, 199, 209, 251 X Xenopus, 50, 52, 251 X-ray, 135, 210, 226, 228, 238, 251 Y Yeasts, 210, 251 Yohimbine, 152, 153, 251 Z Zidovudine, 61, 251

Index 267

268 Ginseng

Ginseng - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Ginseng - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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