Frostbite - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FROSTBITE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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FROSTBITE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Frostbite: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84428-3 1. Frostbite-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on frostbite. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FROSTBITE ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Frostbite ........................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FROSTBITE ....................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Finding Nutrition Studies on Frostbite ....................................................................................... 33 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 34 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON FROSTBITE .............................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Patents on Frostbite ..................................................................................................................... 37 Patent Applications on Frostbite ................................................................................................. 41 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON FROSTBITE ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 43 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 44 Chapters on Frostbite ................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FROSTBITE .................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 48 Academic Periodicals covering Frostbite...................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 51 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 52 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 69 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 69 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 75 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 77 FROSTBITE DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 79 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 107

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with frostbite is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about frostbite, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to frostbite, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on frostbite. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to frostbite, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on frostbite. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FROSTBITE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on frostbite.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and frostbite, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Preventing Amputations in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease: Whatever Happened to Foot Care? Source: ANNA Journal. American Nephrology Nurses Association Journal. 25(1): 13-20. February 1998. Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses Association. Box 56, East Holly Avenue, Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 256-2320. Summary: Lower extremity amputations in patients with diabetes are largely preventable through proper foot hygiene, routine foot surveillance, and patient education about proper foot care. People with diabetes who also have end stage renal disease (ESRD) are at especially high risk for foot complications, but nephrology nursing has been largely silent about the importance of foot care for people with diabetes. This

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article discusses the diabetes pathophysiology underlying the development of most foot complications and outlines the basic principles of safe and effective foot care. The author outlines neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease and how they can lead to foot ulcers. The hallmark of neuropathic foot ulcers is painlessness. The protective pain sensation is lost, which is why people with diabetes with neuropathy are at such high risk for foot ulcerations. The first step in the development of a foot ulcer is usually a break in the skin from some kind of environmental trauma, such as shoe-related pressure, accidental cuts or wounds, thermal trauma (frostbite or burns), or decubitus ulcerations. Proper foot hygiene renders feet less susceptible to skin breakdown. Daily surveillance of the feet and routine nursing surveillance prevents or uncovers skin breakdowns. The author outlines basic foot care, including assessing the foot, circulation, sensations, and footwear, and assessing the patient's ability to perform foot care (this includes patient education). The author concludes with an argument in support of nephrology nurses adding foot care to their nursing care; the argument supports the need for foot care in order to limit amputations and their related costs in human and financial terms. 1 figure. 1 table. 51 references. (AA-M). •

Cutaneous Manifestations of Sports Participation Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 36(3):448-459; March 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reviews previously described cutaneous manifestations of sports participation and provides suggestions for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Problems of the skin associated with sports participation continue to increase as interest and participation in sports and recreational activities increase, so primary care physicians and dermatologists need additional knowledge about the relationship between sports participation and skin disorders. Traumatic skin injuries caused by sports participation include friction blisters, calluses, corns, ingrown toenails, black heel, piezogenic papules, tennis toe, turf toes, jogger's nipples, striae distensae, green hair, athlete's nodules, golfer's nails, mogul skier's palm, pulling boat hands, hooking thumb, swimmer's shoulder, runner's and rower's rump, jazz ballet bottom, and ping pong patches. Anabolic steroid use may also cause skin damage. Environmental injuries associated with sports participation include frostnip, frostbite, sunburn, phototoxicity, sun-induced skin injury, allergic contact dermatitis, and xerosis. Athletes may be exposed to infectious agents that cause pitted keratolysis, swimmer's ear, seabather's eruption, and swimmer's itch. They may also experience skin infections known as herpes gladiatorum and tinea pedis. Many skin conditions may also worsen with physical activity, including acne mechanica; exercise-induced anaphylaxis; and cholinergic, solar, and cold urticaria. 110 references, 5 figures, and 4 tables. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Frostbite The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to frostbite. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to frostbite. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore frostbite. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for frostbite: •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION AND CHEMOTAXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Prossnitz, Eric R.; Cell Biology and Physiology; University of New Mexico Albuquerque Controller's Office Albuquerque, Nm 87131 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Leukocytes play an important role in host defense against invading microorganisms. Their ability to generate superoxide radicals and release degradative enzymes following migration to sites of inflammation is essential for this function. However, these same responses can also participate in the formation of numerous pathological conditions. The re-introduction of blood flow to ischaemic tissues following myocardial thrombosis, stroke or frostbite is responsible for the observed tissue damage, which can be alleviated by the depletion of neutrophils. Chemoattractants elicit their effects on neutrophils by binding to cell surface receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins). The goal of this work is to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of leukocyte G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptors as they pertain to receptor signaling and processing, receptor interactions with the cytoskeleton and chemotaxis. The specific aims of this proposal include the determination of the role of the N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) activation I the physical binding of the receptor to G protein. The proposed experiments will also determine residues responsible for the interaction of the receptor with the cytoskeleton and one of its major components, actin. We will generate mutations in the intracellular domains of the recombinant FPR and express these in tissue culture cell lines for functional analysis. The roles of specific residues, including potentially phosphorylated residues, will be determined with respect to receptor processing and chemotaxis utilizing a novel system we have recently developed. These complex activities likely require interactions following receptor phosphorylation. Utilizing this system, we will also examine the role(s) of the low MW G proteins rho, rac and cdc42 in leukocyte chemotaxis. Information obtained from the proposed studies is expected to extend our knowledge of the activation of signal transduction pathways by chemoattractant receptors with the long term goal that such knowledge will lead to the development of therapeutic means to control neutrophil activation and prevent the tissue damage resulting from the excessive activation of neutrophils following reperfusion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National 3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for frostbite in the PubMed Central database: •

Out of the cold: management of hypothermia and frostbite. by Biem J, Koehncke N, Classen D, Dosman J.; 2003 Feb 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140473

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with frostbite, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for frostbite (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A black ear without frostbite. Author(s): Atkins MJ, Dawkins RS, Glick IW. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1986 September; 100(9): 1061-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3760688

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A case of bullous frostbite following recreational snowmobiling. Author(s): Nissen ER, Melchert PJ, Lewis EJ. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 January; 63(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951589

4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of frostbite or “it takes more than two pairs of socks to keep your feet warm”. Author(s): Brown JR. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1986 June; 132(2): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3735194

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A case of frostbite. Author(s): Hughes S. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1987 February; 133(1): 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3560055

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A case of nosocomial frostbite. Author(s): Nafziger DA, Kistler ME, Herwaldt LA. Source: Clinical Performance and Quality Health Care. 1993 July-September; 1(3): 177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10135631

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A cold burn: a third degree thermal injury complicating frostbite. Author(s): Burkhalter EL, Burkhalter JA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 July; 34(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6467980

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A history of frostbite treatment. Author(s): Paton BC. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 99-107. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998826

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A nasty case of frostbite on Kodiak Island (1808). Author(s): Fortuine R. Source: Alaska Med. 1990 April-June; 32(2): 89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2204291

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A nursing perspective on frostbite. Author(s): Wingate E. Source: Crit Care Update. 1983 January; 10(1): 8-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6549945

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A sample of personality profiles of frostbite patients in Alaska 1980-86. Author(s): Kappes BM, Mills WJ. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1988; 47 Suppl 1: 243-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3272612

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Acetazolamide (diamox) may cause frostbite at extreme altitude. Author(s): Laemmle T. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2001 Winter; 12(4): 290. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11769927

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Achilles peritendinosis: an unusual case due to frostbite in an elite athlete. Author(s): Saxena A. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1994 January-February; 33(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8162000

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Actionstat. Frostbite. Author(s): Day MW. Source: Nursing. 1998 January; 28(1): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451213

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Aerosol-induced frostbite injury. Author(s): Moser S. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 September; 48(9): 666-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10498070

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An algorithm for early aggressive treatment of frostbite with limb salvage directed by triple-phase scanning. Author(s): Greenwald D, Cooper B, Gottlieb L. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 September; 102(4): 1069-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734425

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Analysis of events leading to frostbite. Author(s): Molnar GW, Wilson O, Goldman RF. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 1972 August; 16(3): 247-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4652903

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Angiography in the diagnosis and therapy of frostbite. Author(s): Gralino BJ, Porter JM, Rosch J. Source: Radiology. 1976 May; 119(2): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1265260

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Arthritis after frostbite injury in children. Author(s): Carrera GF, Kozin F, McCarty DJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1979 October; 22(10): 1082-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=486219

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Assessment of bone viability by scintiscanning in frostbite injuries. Author(s): Lisbona R, Rosenthall L. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1976 December; 16(12): 989-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1003589

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Assessment of tissue viability in frostbite by 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. Author(s): Salimi Z, Vas W, Tang-Barton P, Eachempati RG, Morris L, Carron M. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1984 February; 142(2): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6141716

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Carcinoma after frostbite: a case report. Author(s): DiPirro E, Conway H. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1966 December; 38(6): 541-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5929052

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Carcinoma on old frostbites. Author(s): Katsas A, Agnantis J, Smyrnis S, Kakavoulis T. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1977 March; 133(3): 377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=848669

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Coffee, tea, or frostbite? A case report of inflight freezing hazard from dry ice. Author(s): Gamble WB, Bonnecarre ER. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1996 September; 67(9): 880-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9025807

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Cold exposure, frostbite and acute cerebral infarction. Author(s): Semsarian C. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1994 April; 24(2): 217. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8042952

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Cold injuries. Protecting your patients from the dangers of hypothermia and frostbite. Author(s): Kanzenbach TL, Dexter WW. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 January; 105(1): 72-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9924494

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Cold injuries: frostbite and hypothermia. Author(s): Lane RM. Source: J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1975 February; 23(3): 200-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1127182

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Cold injury in 2 patients with connective tissue disease--frostbite arthritis plus. Author(s): Chalmers IM, Bock GW. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2000 October; 27(10): 2526-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11036861

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Cold protecting ointments and frostbite. A questionnaire study of 830 conscripts in Finland. Author(s): Lehmuskallio E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 January; 79(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086864

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Continuous infusion of epidural morphine in frostbite. Author(s): Punja K, Graham M, Cartotto R. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1998 March-April; 19(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9556318

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Controlling the damage of frostbite. Author(s): Burks R. Source: Rn. 1985 January; 48(1): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3843906

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Dealing with hypothermia and frostbite. Author(s): LaVoy K. Source: Rn. 1985 January; 48(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3843905

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Delayed treatment of frostbite injury with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a case report. Author(s): Finderle Z, Cankar K. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 April; 73(4): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11952063

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Dermatology quiz #9. Frostbite. Author(s): Zanol K. Source: Mo Med. 1993 December; 90(12): 747-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8145697

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Destruction of phalangeal epiphyses by frostbite. Author(s): Selke AC Jr. Source: Radiology. 1969 October; 93(4): 859-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5824241

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Detrimental effects of ethanol on murine frostbite. Author(s): Barillo DJ, Spillert CR, LoVerme PJ, Lazaro EJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1984 December; 50(12): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6542330

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Diagnosis, characterisation and evaluation of treatment response of frostbite using pertechnetate scintigraphy: a prospective study. Author(s): Bhatnagar A, Sarker BB, Sawroop K, Chopra MK, Sinha N, Kashyap R. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2002 February; 29(2): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926378

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Digital deformities from frostbite. Author(s): Leung AK, Lai PC. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1985 January 1; 132(1): 14-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3965056

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Digital deformity: an effect of frostbite in children. Author(s): Brown FE, Spiegel PK, Boyle WE Jr. Source: Pediatrics. 1983 June; 71(6): 955-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6856409

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Does ketanserin relieve frostbite? Author(s): Vayssairat M, Priollet P, Hagege A, Housset E, Foray J. Source: The Practitioner. 1986 May; 230(1415): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2944086

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Doppler ultrasound and digital plethysmography to determine the need for sympathetic blockade after frostbite. Author(s): Rakower SR, Shahgoli S, Wong SL. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1978 October; 18(10): 713-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=702609

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Early assessment of amputation level in frostbite by 99mTc-pertechnetate scan. Case report. Author(s): Ristkari SK, Vorne M, Mokka RE. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1988 May-June; 154(5-6): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2844045

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Early data suggest clot-dissolving drug may help save frostbitten limbs from amputation. Author(s): Skolnick AA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1992 April 15; 267(15): 2008-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1552624

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Early sympathetic blockade for frostbite--is it of value? Author(s): Bouwman DL, Morrison S, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1980 September; 20(9): 744-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7411663

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Emergency! Quick response to hypothermia and frostbite. Author(s): Jackson L. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1995 March; 95(3): 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7717440

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Emollients in the prevention of frostbite. Author(s): Lehmuskallio E. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 122-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998829

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Epidural neurostimulation in the treatment of frostbite. Author(s): Arregui R, Morandeira JR, Martinez G, Gomez A, Calatayud V. Source: Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace. 1989 April; 12(4 Pt 2): 713-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2470056

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Epiphyseal destruction following frostbite. Report of three cases. Author(s): Lindholm A, Nilsson O, Svartholm F. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1968 October; 17(4): 681-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5682271

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Epiphyseal destruction following frostbite. Report of three cases. Author(s): Lindholm A, Nilsson O, Svartholm F. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1968; 134(1): 37-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5673462

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Epiphyseal destruction from frostbite of the hands. Author(s): Wenzl JE, Burke EC, Bianco AJ Jr. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1967 December; 114(6): 668-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6060032

Studies

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Epiphyseal destruction of children's hands after frostbite: a report of two cases. Author(s): Nakazato T, Ogino T. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1986 March; 11(2): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3958467

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Evaluation of hand frostbite blister fluid as a clue to pathogenesis. Author(s): Robson MC, Heggers JP. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 1981 January; 6(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7204918

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Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Author(s): Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, Smith DJ Jr, Sachs RJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1987 September; 16(9): 1056-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3631670

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Free flap coverage of bilateral frostbite of the feet. Author(s): Classen DA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 November; 106(6): 1316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11083562

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French vanilla frostbite. Author(s): Peterson LR, Peterson LC, Peterson AK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 October 14; 307(16): 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7110298

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Frostbite and bone scanning: the use of 99m-labeled phosphates in demarcating the line of viability in frostbite victims. Author(s): Ikawa G, dos Santos PA, Yamaguchi KT, Stroh-Recor C, Ibello R. Source: Orthopedics. 1986 September; 9(9): 1257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3020533

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Frostbite and hypothermia--current concepts. 1973. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214377

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Frostbite arthritis consequence of first papal visit to Scotland? Author(s): Buchanan WW. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1987 September; 6(3): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3327644

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Frostbite arthritis of the foot. Author(s): Annunziato EJ, Pressman MM, Gorecki GA. Source: J Foot Surg. 1984 March-April; 23(2): 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6725857

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Frostbite arthritis. Author(s): Solomon SD. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1980 November; 23(11): 1332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7447974

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Frostbite arthritis. Author(s): Glick R, Parhami N. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1979 July-August; 6(4): 456-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=522094

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Frostbite arthritis. Author(s): McKendry RJ. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 November 15; 125(10): 1128-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7034917

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Frostbite at the gym. Author(s): Kerr K. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999 December; 33(6): 436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597861

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Frostbite at the gym: a case report of an ice pack burn. Author(s): O'Toole G, Rayatt S. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999 August; 33(4): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10450486

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Frostbite at the gym: it's not the ice but the temperature that matters! Author(s): de Cree C. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1999 December; 33(6): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597860

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Frostbite desquamation of the soles as the presenting sign of leukemia. Author(s): Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1986 October; 38(4): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3780306

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Frostbite due due to improper use of frozen gel pack. Author(s): Stevens DM, D'Angelo JV. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 December 21; 299(25): 1415. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=714122

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Frostbite in a pre-Columbian mummy. Author(s): Post PW, Donner DD. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1972 September; 37(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4563753

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Frostbite in Oxfordshire: the impact of a severe winter on an unprepared civilian population. Author(s): Bishop HM, Collin J, Wood RF, Morris PJ. Source: Injury. 1984 May; 15(6): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724680

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Frostbite in reindeer herders. Author(s): Ervasti O, Virokannas H, Hassi J. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1991; 50 Suppl 6: 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1811588

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Frostbite in Saskatoon: a review of 10 winters. Author(s): Miller BJ, Chasmar LR. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1980 September; 23(5): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7437954

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Frostbite in the prairies: a 12-year review. Author(s): Valnicek SM, Chasmar LR, Clapson JB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 September; 92(4): 633-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8356126

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Frostbite injuries during winter maneuvers: a long-term disability. Author(s): Taylor MS, Kulungowski MA, Hamelink JK. Source: Military Medicine. 1989 August; 154(8): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2505172

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Frostbite injuries of the hand. Author(s): Strohecker B, Parulski CJ. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1997 Winter; 17(4): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460447

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Frostbite injuries of the hand. Author(s): Vogel JE, Dellon AL. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1989 July; 16(3): 565-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2673636

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Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. Author(s): McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1983 February; 23(2): 143-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6827634

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Frostbite injury: appearance on three-phase bone scan. Author(s): Kenney A 3rd, Vyas P. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1998 March; 23(3): 188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509944

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Frostbite injury: prediction of tissue viability with triple-phase bone scanning. Author(s): Mehta RC, Wilson MA. Source: Radiology. 1989 February; 170(2): 511-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2911677

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Frostbite of the ear. Author(s): Sessions DG, Stallings JO, Mills WJ Jr, Beal DD. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1971 August; 81(8): 1223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5569674

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Frostbite of the extremities. Author(s): Carter JM, Bevin AG. Source: N C Med J. 1970 December; 31(12): 447-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5278214

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Frostbite of the eyelids following inappropriate application of ice compresses. Author(s): Quist LH, Peltier G, Lundquist KJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1996 February; 114(2): 226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8573033

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Frostbite of the face after recreational misuse of nitrous oxide. Author(s): Hwang JC, Himel HN, Edlich RF. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1996 March; 22(2): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8634126

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Frostbite of the face and ears: epidemiological study of risk factors in Finnish conscripts. Author(s): Lehmuskallio E, Lindholm H, Koskenvuo K, Sarna S, Friberg O, Viljanen A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 December 23-30; 311(7021): 1661-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8541749

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Frostbite of the gingiva: a case report. Author(s): Andors L, Cox DS, Baer PN. Source: Periodontal Case Rep. 1981; 3(1): 6-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6951211

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Frostbite of the gluteal region. Author(s): Azad SM, Allison K, Khwaja N, Moiemen N. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2003 November; 29(7): 739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14556736

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Frostbite of the hands. Author(s): Welch GS, Gormly PJ, Lamb DW. Source: Hand. 1974 February; 6(1): 33-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4825395

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Frostbite of the human face as a selective force. Author(s): Steegmann AT Jr. Source: Human Biology; an International Record of Research. 1967 May; 39(2): 131-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6056270

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Frostbite of the mouth: a case report. Author(s): Elliott DC. Source: Military Medicine. 1991 January; 156(1): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1900110

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Frostbite of the upper extremity. Author(s): Su CW, Lohman R, Gottlieb LJ. Source: Hand Clin. 2000 May; 16(2): 235-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10791170

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Frostbite with main reference to the feet: a case report. Author(s): Gurkoff JF, Jones RO. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981 April; 71(4): 219-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7217600

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Frostbite with rhabdomyolsis and renal failure: radionuclide study. Author(s): Rosenthall L, Kloiber R, Gagnon R, Damtew B, Lough L. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1981 August; 137(2): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6455050

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Frostbite, a common cold injury: challenges in treatment and prevention. Author(s): Hassi J. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 90-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998824

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Frostbite, fractures, sunburn, insomnia. inhospitable Antarctica. Author(s): Rodgers JE. Source: Am Med News. 1979 March 23; 22(12): Suppl 1-2, 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10240764

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Frostbite. Author(s): Gage AM, Gage AA. Source: Compr Ther. 1981 September; 7(9): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6171379

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Frostbite. Author(s): Welch GS. Source: The Practitioner. 1974 December; 213(1278): 801-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4156587

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Frostbite. Author(s): Holm PC, Vanggaard L. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 November; 54(5): 544-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4424455

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Frostbite. Author(s): Ward M. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 January 12; 1(897): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4812396

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Frostbite. Author(s): Beal JM. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1969 November; 136(5): 592-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4393543

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Frostbite. Author(s): Hickey R, Jaeschke W. Source: Wis Med J. 1966 November; 65(11): 437-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5979648

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Frostbite. Author(s): Millard IL. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1985 May; 81(12): 644-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2975650

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Frostbite. Author(s): Christenson C, Stewart C. Source: American Family Physician. 1984 December; 30(6): 111-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6507230

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Frostbite. Author(s): Rowlingson JC, Carron H. Source: Pediatrics. 1984 April; 73(4): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6608716

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Frostbite. A discussion of the problem and a review of an Alaskan experience. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr. Source: Alaska Med. 1973 March; 15(2): 27-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4201158

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Frostbite. A discussion of the problem and a review of the Alaskan experience. 1973. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 29-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214378

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Frostbite. A method of management including rapid thawing. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr. Source: Northwest Med. 1966 February; 65(2): 119-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5902738

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Frostbite. Assessment of tissue viability by scintigraphy. Author(s): Salimi Z. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1985 January; 77(1): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2981420

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Frostbite. Diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Leecost TB. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1981 November; 71(11): 599-603. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7299015

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Frostbite. Methods to minimize tissue loss. Author(s): McCauley RL, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 December; 88(8): 67-8, 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2243830

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Frostbite: a case illustration of conservative treatment resulting in minimum surgical intervention. Author(s): Sansoy OM, Wilner RJ. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1967 October; 57(10): 472-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6065806

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Frostbite: a review and case study. Author(s): Vanore JV, Rosenthal DC, Mercado OA. Source: J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1980 December; 70(12): 619-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7229259

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frostbite: a review of pathophysiology and newest treatments. Author(s): Rasmusen DL, Zook EG. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1972 December; 65(12): 1237-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5086678

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Frostbite: an orthopedic perspective. Author(s): McAdams TR, Swenson DR, Miller RA. Source: Am J Orthop. 1999 January; 28(1): 21-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10048354

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Frostbite: an overview with case presentations. Author(s): Pulla RJ, Pickard LJ, Carnett TS. Source: The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official Publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 1994 January-February; 33(1): 53-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8161994

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Frostbite: current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment. Author(s): Jarrett F. Source: Rev Surg. 1974 March-April; 31(2): 71-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4595133

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Frostbite: epidemiology at high altitude in the Karakoram mountains. Author(s): Hashmi MA, Rashid M, Haleem A, Bokhari SA, Hussain T. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1998 March; 80(2): 91-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9623370

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Frostbite: experience with rapid rewarming and ultrasonic therapy. 1960-1. Author(s): Mills WJ, Whaley R. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1998 Winter; 9(4): 226-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990197

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Frostbite: experience with rapid rewarming and ultrasonic therapy. Part II. 1960. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr, Whaley R, Fish W. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 10-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214372

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Frostbite: experience with rapid rewarming and ultrasonic therapy. Part III. 1961. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr, Whaley R, Fish W. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 19-27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214376

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Frostbite: experience with rapid rewarming and ultrasonic therapy: Part I. 1960. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr, Whaley R. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 6-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214382

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Frostbite: general observations and report of cases treated by hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Ward MP, Garnham JR, Simpson BR, Morley GH, Winter JS. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1968 August; 61(8): 787-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4970581

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Frostbite: its diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Peterson G, Hugar DW. Source: J Foot Surg. 1979 Spring; 18(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=263015

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Frostbite: occurrence, risk factors and consequences. Author(s): Hassi J, Makinen TM. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 92-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998825

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Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. Author(s): Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, McGrouther DA. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2000 January; 48(1): 171-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10647591

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Frostbite: predisposing factors and predictors of poor outcome. Author(s): Urschel JD. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1990 March; 30(3): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2313755

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Frostbite: review and current concepts. Author(s): Reamy BV. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1998 January-February; 11(1): 34-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9456445

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Frozen chips: an unusual cause of severe frostbite injury. Author(s): Graham CA, Stevenson J. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000 October; 34(5): 382-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049150

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Growth disturbances in the hands following thermal injuries in children. 2. Frostbite. Author(s): Reed MH. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1988 June; 39(2): 95-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2967846

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Hazards of working in cold weather include frostbite, hypothermia. Author(s): Sinks T. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1988 February; 57(2): 20-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3357673

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Host factors in human frostbite. Author(s): Sumner DS, Criblez TL, Doolittle WH. Source: Military Medicine. 1974 June; 141(6): 454-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4208720

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How severe is this frostbite? Author(s): Sullivan SA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1993 February; 93(2): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8470703

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Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in deep frostbite of both hands in a boy. Author(s): von Heimburg D, Noah EM, Sieckmann UP, Pallua N. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2001 June; 27(4): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11348755

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Hypothermia and frostbite treated with peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Grossheim RL. Source: Alaska Med. 1973 March; 15(2): 53-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4747725

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Hypothermia and frostbite. Author(s): Bangs CC. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1984 August; 2(3): 475-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6534738

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Identification and management of frostbite injuries. Author(s): Bird D. Source: Emergency Nurse : the Journal of the Rcn Accident and Emergency Nursing Association. 1999 December-2000 January; 7(8): 17-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10847005

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Images. Prognostic indicators in frostbite. Author(s): Zafren K. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 1999 Summer; 10(2): 115-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10442160

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Imaging of frostbite injury by technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy: a case report. Author(s): Aygit AC, Sarikaya A. Source: Foot & Ankle International / American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society [and] Swiss Foot and Ankle Society. 2002 January; 23(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822694

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Incidence of frostbite and ambient temperature in Finland, 1986-1995. A national study based on hospital admissions. Author(s): Juopperi K, Hassi J, Ervasti O, Drebs A, Nayha S. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2002 November; 61(4): 352-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546193

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Intra-arterial sympathetic blockade in the treatment of clinical frostbite. Author(s): Porter JM, Wesche DH, Rosch J, Baur GM. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1976 November; 132(5): 625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=984309

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Intractable foot pain following frostbite: case report. Author(s): Kumar VN. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1982 June; 63(6): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6979320

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Is urban frostbite a psychiatric disorder? Author(s): Pinzur MS, Weaver FM. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 January; 20(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9122052

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Late sequela of the frostbites of the lower extremities (the State Accident Office, Helsinki, the Central Hospital, University of Helsinki and the Kainuu Central Hospital, Finland). Author(s): Ervasti E. Source: Acta Sociomed Scand Suppl. 1972; Suppl 6: 269-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4536503

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Life-threatening airway obstruction from nitrous oxide induced frostbite of the oral cavity. Author(s): Svartling N, Ranta S, Vuola J, Takkunen O. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1996 December; 24(6): 717-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8971324

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Localized facial telangiectasias following frostbite injury. Author(s): Huh J, Wright R, Gregory N. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 February; 57(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8646862

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Long term sequelae of frostbite. Author(s): Crouch C, Smith WL. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1990; 20(5): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2349021

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Lumbar epidural sympathectomy for frostbite injuries of the feet. Author(s): Taylor MS. Source: Military Medicine. 1999 August; 164(8): 566-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10459266

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Magnetic resonance imaging of severe frostbite injuries. Author(s): Barker JR, Haws MJ, Brown RE, Kucan JO, Moore WD. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 March; 38(3): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9088467

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Management of frostbite injuries. Author(s): Espinosa GA. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1981 December; 73(12): 1125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7328687

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Miscellaneous burns and frostbite. Author(s): Naranjo R. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980 October; 6(10): 839-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7229172

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Mountain frostbite. Current trends in prognosis and treatment (from results concerning 1261 cases). Author(s): Foray J. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992 October; 13 Suppl 1: S193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1483773

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New horizons in management of hypothermia and frostbite injury. Author(s): Britt LD, Dascombe WH, Rodriguez A. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1991 April; 71(2): 345-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2003255

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Objective evaluation of wind chill index by records of frostbite in the antarctica. Author(s): Wilson O. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 1967 March; 11(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6075551

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Oral frostbite injury from intentional abuse of a fluorinated hydrocarbon. Author(s): Kuspis DA, Krenzelok EP. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1999; 37(7): 873-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10630273

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Out of the cold: management of hypothermia and frostbite. Author(s): Biem J, Koehncke N, Classen D, Dosman J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 February 4; 168(3): 305-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566336

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Pediatric management problems: frostbite. Author(s): Belkengren R, Sapala S. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1981 January-February; 7(1): 46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6906655

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Penile frostbite, an unforeseen hazard of jogging. Author(s): Waugh RJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977 January 20; 296(3): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=556640

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Pentoxifylline. Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of pedal frostbite. Author(s): Hayes DW Jr, Mandracchia VJ, Considine C, Webb GE. Source: Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2000 October; 17(4): 715-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070801

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Perichondritis following conchal harvest in a patient with prior frostbite. Author(s): Churukian MM, Palmer FR 3rd. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992 May; 89(5): 991. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1561274

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Pinch reconstruction by hand to hand finger transfer associated with hallux transfer after a severe frostbite injury. Author(s): Foucher G, Nagel D. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1999 October; 24(5): 617-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10597947

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Position paper: on-site treatment of frostbite for mountaineers. Author(s): Syme D; ICAR Medical Commission. Source: High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2002 Fall; 3(3): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12396885

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Possible efficacy of treatment of frostbite of the ears with flurandrenolide ointment: a preliminary report. Author(s): Kobak MW. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1975 January; 54(1): 68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1109352

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Prediction of tissue loss in human frostbite with Xenon-133. Author(s): Sumner DS, Boswick JA Jr, Briblez TL, Doolittle WH. Source: Proc Inst Med Chic. 1972 March; 29(2): 83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5016748

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Prediction of tissue loss in human frostbite with xenon-133. Author(s): Sumner DS, Boswick JA Jr, Doolittle WH. Source: Surgery. 1971 June; 69(6): 899-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4931137

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Predisposing factors and prevention of frostbite. Author(s): Rintamaki H. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 114-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998828

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Prognostic factors in the management of frostbite. Author(s): Knize DM, Weatherley-White RC, Paton BC, Owens JC. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1969 September; 9(9): 749-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5808558

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Pyrophosphate scanning in early frostbite injury. Author(s): Purdue GF, Lewis SA, Hunt JL. Source: The American Surgeon. 1983 November; 49(11): 619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6638703

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Radiographic changes in the hands following childhood frostbite injury. Author(s): Carrera GF, Kozin F, Flaherty L, McCarty DJ. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1981; 6(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7466414

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Radiologic case study. Late sequelae of frostbite. Author(s): Galloway H, Suh JS, Parker S, Griffiths H. Source: Orthopedics. 1991 February; 14(2): 191, 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2008388

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Retrospective study of 70 cases of severe frostbite lesions: a proposed new classification scheme. Author(s): Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Marchand V, Marsigny B. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2001 Winter; 12(4): 248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11769921

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Risk of frostbite in vibration-induced white finger cases. Author(s): Virokannas H, Anttonen H. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1993 April; 52(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8318122

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Salvage of avascular bone from frostbite with free tissue transfer. Author(s): Leonard LG, Daane SP, Sellers DS, Zamora S, Swensen LS. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2001 April; 46(4): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11324888

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Sequelae of moderate finger frostbite as assessed by subjective sensations, clinical signs, and thermophysiological responses. Author(s): Ervasti O, Hassi J, Rintamaki H, Virokannas H, Kettunen P, Pramila S, Linna T, Tolonen U, Manelius J. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998831

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Severe frostbite caused by Freon gas. Author(s): Wegener EE, Barraza KR, Das SK. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1991 September; 84(9): 1143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1891741

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Severe frostbite of the upper extremities--a psychosocial problem mostly associated with alcohol abuse. Author(s): Antti-Poika I, Pohjolainen T, Alaranta H. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1990; 18(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2094228

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Snakebite or frostbite: what are we doing? An evaluation of cryotherapy for envenomation. Author(s): Frank HA. Source: Calif Med. 1971 May; 114(5): 25-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5087879

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Some aspects on death in the cold and concomitant frostbites. Author(s): Hirvonen J. Source: Int J Circumpolar Health. 2000 April; 59(2): 131-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10998830

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Southern California frostbite. Author(s): Proulx RP. Source: Jacep. 1976 August; 5(8): 618. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1018391

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Spray-induced frostbite in a child: a new hazard with novel aerosol propellants. Author(s): Lacour M, Le Coultre C. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1991 September; 8(3): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1745629

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Squamous cell carcinoma of the heel developing at site of previous frostbite. Author(s): Rossis CG, Yiacoumettis AM, Elemenoglou J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1982 September; 75(9): 715-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7120256

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Studies on cold pressor response of subjects who suffered from frostbite at high altitude. Author(s): Nair CS, Singh I, Malhotra MS, Dasgupta A, Dass SK. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 1977 December; 21(4): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598946

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Studies on heat output from the hand of frostbite subjects. Author(s): Nair CS, Singh I, Malhotra MS, Mathew L, Dasgupta A, Purakayastha SS, Shanker J. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1977 March; 48(3): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=857795

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Summary of treatment of the cold injured patient. Frostbite. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr. Source: Alaska Med. 1983 April-June; 25(2): 33-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6614400

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Summary of treatment of the cold injured patient: frostbite. 1983. Author(s): Mills WJ Jr. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 61-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214383

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Taking the bite out of frostbite and other cold-weather injuries. Author(s): DeLapp TD. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1980 January; 80(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6898095

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Tetanus complicating frostbite. Author(s): Chan TY, Smedley FH. Source: Injury. 1990 July; 21(4): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2228198

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The effect of frostbite on the reconstructed ear. Author(s): Yousif NJ, Denny AD, Forte R, Matloub HS, Sanger JR, Neimat J. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1994 February; 32(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8192360

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The effect of regional intravenous guanethidine block in acute frostbite. Case report. Author(s): Engkvist O. Source: Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 20(2): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3798039

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The pathogenesis and treatment of frostbite. Author(s): Cavanaugh DG. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1970 January; 71(1): 11-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5410122

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The possible value of arteriography supplemented by a vasodilator agent in the early assessment of tissue viability in frostbite. Author(s): Erikson U, Ponten B. Source: Injury. 1974 November; 6(2): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4443076

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The role of alcohol in frostbite injury. Author(s): Urschel JD, Urschel JW, Mackenzie WC. Source: Scand J Soc Med. 1990 December; 18(4): 273. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2291102

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The role of bone scanning in severe frostbite of the extremities: a retrospective study of 88 cases. Author(s): Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Lefevre M, Kerelou E, Marsigny B. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 May; 27(5): 497-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853803

•

The soft-tissue and bone changes in frostbite injuries. Author(s): Tishler JM. Source: Radiology. 1972 March; 102(3): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4400667

•

The specific arterial lesions in mild and severe frostbite: effect of sympathectomy. Author(s): Martinez A, Golding M, Sawyer PN, Wesolowski SA. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1966 November-December; 7(6): 495-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5958436

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The value of technetium 99 scintigraphy in the prognosis of amputation in severe frostbite injuries of the extremities: A retrospective study of 92 severe frostbite injuries. Author(s): Cauchy E, Marsigny B, Allamel G, Verhellen R, Chetaille E. Source: The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2000 September; 25(5): 969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11040315

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Thermographic assessment of burns and frostbite. Author(s): Buwalda G. Source: Bibl Radiol. 1969; 5: 178-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5762022

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Toe-to-hand transfers in the rehabilitation of frostbite injury. Author(s): Borovikov A. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1993 September; 31(3): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239415

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Treatment of frostbite with guanethidine. Author(s): Kaplan R, Thomas P, Tepper H, Strauch B. Source: Lancet. 1981 October 24; 2(8252): 940-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6117725

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Treatment of frostbite with iloprost. Author(s): Groechenig E. Source: Lancet. 1994 October 22; 344(8930): 1152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7523812

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Treatment of frostbite with Tetran-hydrocortisone ointment. Author(s): Szego L, Lakos T. Source: Ther Hung. 1966; 14(1): 33-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5946509

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Treatment of frostbite. Author(s): Bass M. Source: Alaska Med. 1993 January-March; 35(1): 141. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8214375

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Treatment of frostbites of the upper extremities with prolonged blockade of axillary plexus. Author(s): Syposs T, Novak J, Barna B, Nagy L, Sucs A. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1989; 31(3): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2481923

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Treatment of patients with frostbite. Author(s): Arledge RL. Source: Physical Therapy. 1973 March; 53(3): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4685099

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Unilateral osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joints following frostbite: a case report. Author(s): Ellis R, Short JG, Simonds BD. Source: Radiology. 1969 October; 93(4): 857-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5824240

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Unusual and memorable. Erosive nodal osteoarthritis after frostbite. Author(s): Turner M, Smith RW. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1998 May; 57(5): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9741309

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Upper aerodigestive tract frostbite complicating volatile substance abuse. Author(s): Albright JT, Lebovitz BL, Lipson R, Luft J. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999 June 15; 49(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10428406

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When cold can be a killer: prevention and treatment of hypothermia & frostbite. Author(s): Gedrose J. Source: Nursing. 1980 February; 10(2): 34-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6898889

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FROSTBITE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and frostbite.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Frostbite The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “frostbite” (or a synonym): •

Effect of a butter-rich diet on murine frostbite. Author(s): Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark. Source: Spillert, C R Flanagan, J J Rosa, D M Lazaro, E J J-Invest-Surg. 1988; 1(2): 125-8 0894-1939

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Efficacy of pentoxifylline with aspirin in the treatment of frostbite in rats. Author(s): Department of Cold Physiology, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Delhi. Source: Purkayastha, S S Roy, A Chauhan, S K Verma, S S Selvamurthy, W Indian-JMed-Res. 1998 May; 107239-45 0971-5916

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Experimental studies on the treatment of frostbite in rats. Author(s): Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Delhi Cantt. Source: Purkayastha, S S Chhabra, P C Verma, S S Selvamurthy, W Indian-J-Med-Res. 1993 August; 98178-84 0971-5916

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Immediate treatment of frostbite using rapid rewarming in tea decoction followed by combined therapy of pentoxifylline, aspirin & vitamin C. Author(s): Cold Physiology Department, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India. Source: Purkayastha, S S Bhaumik, G Chauhan, S K Banerjee, P K Selvamurthy, W Indian-J-Med-Res. 2002 July; 116: 29-34 0971-5916

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Protective effects of ascorbic acid on murine frostbite. Source: Spillert, C.R. Hollinshead, M.B. Lazaro, E.J. Ann-N-Y-Acad-Sci. New York, N.Y. : The Academy. 1987. volume 498 page 517-518. 0077-8923

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Treatment of experimental frostbite with pentoxifylline and aloe vera cream. Author(s): Division of Otolaryngology, Albany (NY) Medical College, USA. Source: Miller, M B Koltai, P J Arch-Otolaryngol-Head-Neck-Surg. 1995 June; 121(6): 678-80 0886-4470

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

Nutrition

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON FROSTBITE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “frostbite” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on frostbite, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Frostbite By performing a patent search focusing on frostbite, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on frostbite: •

Method and composition for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of trauma to the skin Inventor(s): Beitner; Rivka (Raanana, IL) Assignee(s): Bar-ilan University (ramat-gan, Il) Patent Number: 4,777,171 Date filed: May 15, 1985 Abstract: A novel method and composition is disclosed for the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of trauma to the skin. In particular, burns, sunburn and frostbite are treated with compounds that have the ability to interfere with the action of calcium calmodulin complex. A preferred compound is thioridazine. Excerpt(s): In the prior art there is no known therapeutic agent that has been specifically used in the treatment of trauma to the skin, for example burns, sunburn and frostbite. The general prior art approach to skin trauma therapy has been limited to symptomatic treatment and the use of specific medicaments for the alleviation of pain, infection and electrolyte imbalances. Various types of bandages have been used as protective layers for the affected areas of the body and these have contained different anesthetic and antiinfective agents. The applicant has discovered that a certain class of chemical substances is capable of exerting a profound effect on traumatized tissue, particularly burns, sunburn and frostbite. These compounds promote healing of skin tissue and aid in preventing or alleviating the damaging effects of trauma on the skin of the mammalian body. These chemical substances are characterized by an ability to interfere with the action of the calcium calmodulin complex in vivo in the mamaliam body. This effect has been observed when these chemical substances have been utilized topically or parenterally. Compounds that may be utilized for this purpose include those phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, diphenylbutylamines, dibenzodiazepines, benzodiazepines, dibenzazepines and naphthalenesulfonamides, which have the aforesaid activity to interfere with calcium calmodulin activity. Accordingly it is a primary object of this invention to provide a novel composition and methods for treating trauma to the skin. It is also an object of this invention to provide novel compositions and methods for preventing or alleviating the damaging effects of thermal and radiant energy produced by fire, steam, heated metal objects, hot fluids, thermonuclear explosions, exposure to sunlight, exposure to industrial ultra-violet sources and the like that cause burns and sunburn. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04777171__

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Method of manufacturing the burn and frostbite plaster Inventor(s): Lee; Bae Y. (#271 Ma-Chun Dong, Gang Nam Ku, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,312,925 Date filed: October 23, 1979

Patents 39

Abstract: This invention, improved the means of making the ointment or the emulsion and others which traditionally used for Burn and Frostbite, is for a new method of making the burn and frostbite plaster and it provides with the most safety. Excerpt(s): It, by mixing Paraffine, Resin, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate, Fluid Paraffine, is a method softening the mixtures to 38.degree.-42.degree. C. by the automatic reducing mixer. The traditional medicinal water used for Burn and Frostbite, as a relaxant to the affected part of about 1 degree, were made in a single ointment of sebaceous oil, Ranotine, Vaseline, Gliseline, Zinc Oil, Zinc Vaseline etc., and in order to prevent 2nd infection of the affected part, Vaseline Guarze or Prusine Guarze was being used for curing the injuries by covering the affected part. The ointment of fluids made by such method may relieve some pains and tensions caused by minor injuries of 1 degree, but had little effect to cover 2 degree injuries or 2nd infection. It is because the customary ointment and fluids are lack of distinctive features, in the processing, such as inflammation-relief, anodyne, sterrilization, effete matter evacuation etc. in the medications and these features are very difficult in treating such injuries, though a composite medicine has really been required for the said medicinal features. In this invention, developed a new method for plaster of Burn and Frostbite in the result of resolving the pertinent difficulties. Hardened Paraffine Plaster is made by mixing Paraffine-2%, Zinc Oxide-1.5%, Fat Acid-0.5%, Pine Resin-0.3%, Rubber-0.6%, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate-3.1%, Liquid Paraffine-2% (Weight Rate), and the hardened Paraffine Plaster-10% is mixed with Resin-3%, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate-52%, Paraffine Liquid-35% (Weight Rate), then soften for 2-3 hours at less one time mixing rotation per second at the temperature 38.degree.-42.degree. C. by using Automatic Reducing Mixer, and then if required, other key chemicals may be added. This drugs are to be spreaded on oil-paper and vinyl for use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04312925__ •

Method of preventing frostbite Inventor(s): Mack; Alphonso L. (9 McCormick Pl., Bloomfield, CT 06002) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,041,284 Date filed: September 8, 1989 Abstract: A method for preventing frostbite of body portions is disclosed. The method includes applying an antiperspirant composition to the body portion and covering the body portion with a thermally insulating material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the protection of portions of a human body from damage to exposure to a low temperature environment. Exposure of the human body to a low temperature environment may result in discomfort and, under extreme circumstances, localized tissue destruction, i.e. "frostbite", to inadequately protected bodily extremities. Hands and feet are particularly susceptable to frostbite due to their high surface area to volume ratio. It is desirable that any thermal protection for the hands and feet not be unduly restrictive. Conventional methods which are adequate to protect hands and feet from low temperature damage can be cumbersome, particularly when the wearer is engaged in cold weather pursuits which require intermittent vigorous physical activity, such as skiing and mountaineering. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05041284__

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Frostbite

Synthetic peptides and their use in cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Greff; Daniel (Mere, FR) Assignee(s): Sederma S.a. (le Perray-en-yvelines, Fr) Patent Number: 6,372,717 Date filed: February 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention concerns the use of peptides of general formula R1-L-Tyr-LArg-R2 in which R1=H or a R3-C=0 with R3=a C1 to C20 alkyl chain, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturate, hydroxylated or not, or with R3=an aryl, aryl-alkyl or alkyloxy or aryloxy or arylalkyloxy group, and in which R2=OH or a O-R4 group with R4=a C1 to C20 alkyl chain, or R2=a NH2, NHX or NXX group with X=a C1 to C4 alkyl chain. The peptides have a soothing effect on the skin, including by topical application, and attenuates the effects of benign skin sores (after shave irritation, sunstroke, frostbite, chaps, depilation). They are used in acceptable cosmetic excipients and in effective in vivo concentrations. Excerpt(s): The skin is the largest organ of the body, but also the most exposed to various sources of harm: irritation due to the environment (pollution, allergies), to the weather (wind, rain, cold, solar radiation, drying), to physical treatments (shaving, epilation, abrasions, shocks). Whilst being a protective member of the whole organism against dehydration, against bacterial or molecular invasion, the skin serves also to communicate with the environment and to register sensations of touch. It is therefore completely provided with nerves, the sensations of pain or discomfort or quite localized in the epidermis of the entire body. Anatomical, histological and physiological analyses have shown cells connected to the nervous system which could be the cells responsible, at least partially, for the trans- mission of the sensations of touch, and above all of pain. These cells are called "Merkel cells". Recent studies have shown by immunoreactivity, the presence of a certain number of neuropeptides at the level of the epidermis, adjacent the Merkel cells. Among these neuropeptides are enkephaline, a peptide of the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu(Seq ID No:1), whose activity known at present is suppression of pain (analgesic effect) by action on the receptor of morphine in the brain. This peptide has been discovered, apart from cerebral tissue, in other places in the body, at the periphery, and hence also in the skin. Its role is not yet known. Other studies have shown that the release of the peptide in the brain, upon an inherent need with an analgesic effect, takes place by means of another peptide of the sequence Tyr-Arg. This peptide is not connected to the morphine receptor itself, but it induces the synthesis or the release of enkephaline and thereby provokes a rapid--but fleeting--suppression of pain. This peptide has until now only been found in the brain, and its activity has not been described other than by direct intracerebral administration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372717__

•

Vasodilating agent Inventor(s): Aizawa; Katsunori (Okazaki, JP), Hotta; Mitsuyuki (Kaminokawa, JP), Kamiya; Tetsuro (Utsunomiya, JP), Kikuta; Seiji (Tanashi, JP), Kosemura; Seiji (Utsunomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Kao Corporation (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,288,485 Date filed: May 24, 1991

Patents 41

Abstract: A vasodilating agent and a hair growth promoting agent comprising an extract of hypericum erectum thunb as an effective component are disclosed. The hypericum erectum thunb extract is prepared from ground leaf, stem, root, fruit, seed, or flower of hypericum erectum thunb by extraction with an organic solvent. It is effective for curing or preventing diseases caused by disorder in blood circulation such as hypertension, angina pectories, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, frostbite, chilblain, cold constitution, and alopecia. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a vasodilating agent and a hair growth promoting agent, and, more particularly, to a vasodilating agent and a hair growth promoting agent comprising an extract of hypericum erectum thunb as an effective component. Skin diseases such as frostbite or chilblain and hair problems such as alopecia have conventionally been considered to be caused or exacerbated by insufficient blood circulation around the site of the diseases. A variety of vasodilating agents have been used in order to prevent or cure these diseases. Many of these conventional vasodilating agents, however, involved side effects such as exanthema and tachycardia, and thus had problems from the aspect of safety. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05288485__

Patent Applications on Frostbite As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to frostbite: •

Ergonomic systems and methods providing intelligent adaptive surfaces and temperature control Inventor(s): Bailey, Richard F. SR.; (Pennington, NJ), Fisher, Ronald A.; (New Haven, CT), Hoffberg, Steven M.; (West Harrison, NY) Correspondence: Milde, Hoffberg & Macklin, Llp; Counselors IN Intellectual Property Law; 10 Bank Street, Suite 460; White Plains; NY; 10606; US Patent Application Number: 20010045104 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: Ergonomic systems which provide medical therapy, comfort and enhanced function are provided. Surfaces are provided with adjustable contour, transient force damping and temperature. The technologies are applied to footwear, seating surfaces an cryotherapy devices. The cooling and cryotherapy system employ an evaporator in close proximity to skin, and therefore employ methods to reduce risk of frostbite. Advanced control and power supply options are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/911,261, filed Aug. 14, 1997, and a continuation-in-part of U S. patent application Ser. No 08/349,509, filed Dec. 2, 1994, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/227,634, filed Apr. 14, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,658,324, issued Aug. 19, 1997, all of which are expressly incorporated herein in their entirety. The present invention relates to the field of ergonomic systems, having intelligent adaptive

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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surfaces and temperature control, for providing comfort and cryotherapy, and apparatus and methods therefore. The advantages and general design of intelligent adaptive surfaces are well known, as are various methods for implementation in particular articles, such as seating surfaces, mattresses, and the like. However, miniaturization and ruggedization of these systems remains an issue. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with frostbite, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on frostbite. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning frostbite. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON FROSTBITE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to frostbite. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on frostbite include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on frostbite: •

Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide Contact: Future Medicine Publishing, 10124 18th Ct E, Puyallup, WA, 98371, (206) 9521130. Summary: This manual provides extensive information on alternative therapies and treatments for a range of health conditions, including HIV/AIDS. Part One gives the reader current information about alternative medicine, and discusses the relationship between homeostasis, stress adaptation, and illness. It provides helpful hints on how to select appropriate treatments. Part One also discusses medical freedom and the politics of health care, focusing on regulations by the FDA, medical establishments, and state medical boards. Part Two defines the practice of various alternative therapies, and their benefits. The manual discusses flower remedies, guided imagery, juice therapy, Qigong, and sound therapy. Each health condition reference suggests appropriate uses for the treatment; lists helpful hints; identifies treatment variations; notes related treatments; provides recommendations for treatments at home; comments on the future of the

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particular treatment; and refers to additional sources of information. The third part of the manual discusses a number of health conditions, such as AIDS, cancer, heart disease, stress, chronic fatigue syndrome, STDs, respiratory conditions, and vision disorders. Additional information is provided for other health problems, such as hair loss, muscular cramps, bruises, and frostbite. Illustrations of body systems and a glossary are also included. Appendices provide a list of antibiotics and probiotics.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Frostbite; translations from the Russian of a collection of sixteen papers published between 1939 & 1944. Author: Hope, Earl R; Year: 1950

Chapters on Frostbite In order to find chapters that specifically relate to frostbite, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and frostbite using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on frostbite: •

Blunt and Penetrating Injuries to the Ear and Temporal Bone Source: in Canalis, R.F. and Lambert, P.R., eds. Ear: Comprehensive Otology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2000. p. 785-800. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030. Fax (301) 223-2300. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 078171558X. Summary: The ear and temporal bone are frequently involved in head and neck trauma, either as isolated sites or in association with other skull and systemic injuries. This chapter on blunt and penetrating injuries to the ear and temporal bone is from a textbook that offers complete coverage of the field of clinical otology (study of the ear).

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

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The book is oriented to serve both the otolaryngology resident as a practical learning tool and the practicing otolaryngologist as an updated reference source of clinical and basic information. In this chapter, the authors review the diagnosis and management of injuries that affect all components of the temporal bone and external ear. Topics include auricular trauma, including lacerations, avulsion, closed injury, frostbite, and burns; injuries to the external ear canal; traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum), including its etiology, diagnosis, management, and complications; slag injury; injury to the ossicular chain; temporal bone fractures, including longitudinal fractures, transverse fractures, mixed fractures, temporal bone fractures in children, gunshot injuries, and the management of temporal bone fractures; blast injury; labyrinthine concussion; lightning injuries; barotrauma (from barometric pressure changes, e.g., from diving), and irradiation. 12 figures. 57 references. •

Diseases of the External Ear and Tympanic Membrane Source: in Jafek, B.W.; Stark, A.K., eds. ENT Secrets: Questions You Will Be Asked On Rounds, In the Clinic, In the OR, On Exams. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1996. p. 34-39. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus. Medical Publishers, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. (800) 962-1892 or (215) 546-7293; Fax (215) 790-9330; http://www.hanleyandbelfus.com. PRICE: $35.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1560531592. Summary: This chapter on diseases of the external ear and tympanic membrane is from a book that utilizes a question and answer format to review details of the specialty of otorhinolaryngology (ear, nose and throat, or ENT). Topics covered include the parts of the auricle (outer ear), complications of an auricular hematoma (untreated), management of auricular hematoma, perichondritis of the auricle, keratitis obturans, signs and symptoms of frostbite to the external auricle, otitis externa, differences between exostoses and auditory canal osteoma, malignant otitis externa, otomycosis, Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster otiticus), microtia (small external ear), aural atresia, keloids, cerumen (earwax) impaction and its removal, removal of foreign bodies from the ear canal (generally in children), abnormal signs of the tympanic membrane (eardrum), causes of traumatic eardrum perforations, Prussak's space, chronic otitis media and eardrum perforations, three layers of the tympanic membrane, patching an eardrum perforation, myringerosclerosis, and bullous myringitis. The chapter focuses on helping readers acquire the vocabulary required to discuss these diseases of the external ear and tympanic membrane. 2 figures. 1 table. 6 references.

•

Mountain Hiking Source: in Devlin, J.T. and Schneider, S.H., eds. Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2002. p.649-653. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400191. Summary: This chapter on mountain hiking is from a book that provides a practical, comprehensive guide to diabetes and exercise for health care professionals involved in patient care. The author reviews the hazards of mountain hiking, including dehydration, sun radiation, frostbite and hypothermia, avalanche, lightning, and mountain sickness syndrome; insulin conservation; self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) equipment;

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Frostbite

diabetic complications, including hypoglycemia (low blood glucose), retinopathy (eye disease), and neuropathy (nerve disease); and self management. The author concludes that, if performed during good conditions, mountain hiking is an endurance sport. The exercise is aerobic and lasts many hours to several days. Under these circumstances, insulin needs usually decrease substantially, and carbohydrate consumption increases. Therefore, climbers should regularly monitor their blood glucose levels and keep a record of the duration and quality of their exercise in relation to their body's reactions. 1 table. 5 references. •

Chapter 128: Cold Injury Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 1495-1505. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on skin changes as a result of exposure to cold. Cold can affect the skin by cooling down the entire body so much that it ceases to function efficiently, causing injury when the tissue temperature is just above freezing for long periods, and freezing tissues. The chapter explains how cold injury causes tissue damage and how the stiffening effects of cooling impair the capacity of the skin to move. This is followed by a discussion of the skin as an organ for thermoregulation, skin blood flow responses to cooling, and the hunting phenomenon of Lewis. In addition, the chapter describes various cold injuries, including frostbite, nonfreezing cold injuries, chilblains, pulling boat hands, acrocyanosis, erythrocyanosis, livedo reticularis, cold urticaria, cold erythema, and cold panniculitis and related entities. The chapter concludes by discussing sclerema neonatorum and subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. 8 figures, 1 table, and 66 references.

•

Diseases of the External Ear Source: in Ballenger, J.J.; Snow, J.B., Jr., eds. Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 15th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1996. p. 974-988. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 64686, Baltimore, MD 212644786. (800) 638-0672; Fax (800) 447-8438. PRICE: $179.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0683003151. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook on otorhinolaryngology, summarizes diseases of the external ear. Topics covered include problems of the auricle, including trauma, frostbite, and perichondritis; tumors of the external ear; benign tumors of the auricle, including angiomas, cysts, fibroma, papilloma, and Winkler's disease; the external auditory canal, including cerumen (earwax), foreign bodies, external otitis, malignant external otitis, chronic stenosing external otitis, and keratosis obliterans; benign tumors of the external auditory canal, including exostosis and adenoma; benign tumors of the middle ear, including glomus jugulare tumor; and malignant tumors of the ear, including carcinoma, ceruminoma, cystic adenoid carcinoma (Brooke's tumor), and malignant melanoma. 17 figures. 19 references.

47

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FROSTBITE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover frostbite. The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “frostbite” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to frostbite, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “frostbite” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on frostbite: •

Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow--But Be Aware of Winter Hazards Source: Fit Society Page. p. 4,6. Winter 2001. Contact: American College of Sports Medicine. P.O. Box 1440, Indianapolis, IN 462061440. www.acsm.org. Summary: Cold weather exercisers can benefit from safety tips, according to this article. Sun damage occurs in the winter as well as in summer. Sunscreen and sunglasses or ski goggles are important winter activity equipment. The authors discuss the prevention of frostbite and hypothermia. They describe the best clothing for wind protection and insulation. Eating nutritious meals before activity and snacks at regular times during the activity increase needed heat production. Whenever possible, persons should perform warm-up exercises indoors before going into the cold for outdoor activity.

•

Get Ready for Outdoor Winter Play: Prepare Yourself for the Cold Source: Fit Society Page. p. 1,6. Winter 2001. Contact: American College of Sports Medicine. P.O. Box 1440, Indianapolis, IN 462061440. www.acsm.org. Summary: Enjoying winter activities entails preparing yourself for the cold. The main physiological difference between exercising in the cold rather than in a warmer climate is the loss of body heat. Exercising in the cold also uses more energy as you move over

Periodicals and News

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the snow in heavy clothing and boots. Moreover, the drier cold air in winter is responsible for an increased water loss through breathing, which can lead to long-term dehydration unless you increase your water intake. Cold weather health risks include chilblains (a swelling and burning sensation in the hands, ears, face, legs, and toes), 'immersion foot,' frostnip, frostbite, and hypothermia. To minimize the risks of developing cold weather injuries, use proper clothing to protect against cold, wind, and moisture.

Academic Periodicals covering Frostbite Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to frostbite. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering frostbite that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for frostbite. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with frostbite. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to frostbite: Nicotine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Habitrol; Nicorette; Nicotrol; Prostep http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202407.html

Pentoxifylline •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Trental http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202450.html

Tetanus Toxoid •

Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202450.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

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If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1492 57 32 0 279 1860

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “frostbite” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on frostbite can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to frostbite. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to frostbite. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “frostbite”:

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•

Frostbite

Other guides Amputees http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amputees.html Back Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/backinjuries.html Farm Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/farmsafety.html Motor Vehicle Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/motorvehiclesafety.html Safety Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/safetyissues.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Sports Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportssafety.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to frostbite, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Hypothermia Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00333

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Is it Hypothermia? Look for the “Umbles” -- Stumbles, Mumbles, Fumbles, and Grumbles Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2003/nia-23.htm

•

Treatment Hypothermia: First Aid Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=FA00017

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Frostbite Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=FA00023 Gangrene Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00737

Patient Resources

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Outdoor Action Guide to Hypothermia and Cold Weather Injuries Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001201-d001300/d001216/d001216.html •

Children Cold Weather Cautions For Kids Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00446 Frostbite Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/emergencies/frostbite.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Hypothermia: A Cold Weather Hazard Source: National Institute on Aging http://www.niapublications.org/engagepages/hypother.asp

•

Organizations National Center for Environmental Health http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html National Institute on Aging http://www.nia.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Extreme Cold: A Prevention Guide to Promote Your Personal Health and Safety Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/extremecold/ Protecting Workers in Cold Environments Source: Occupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FACT_SH EETS&p_id=186&p_text_version=FALSE

•

Statistics Hypothermia-Related Deaths -- Philadelphia, 2001, and United States, 1999 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5205a3.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating

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unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on frostbite. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Questions and Answers About Growth Plate Injuries Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 2001. 24 p. Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: 1 to 25 copies free. Order Number: AR-203 QA (booklet), or AR-203L QA (large print). Summary: This booklet uses a question and answer format to provide the parents of children who have growth plate injuries with information on their causes, diagnosis, and treatment. The growth plate is the area of developing tissue near the end of the long bones in children and adolescents, and it is replaced with solid bone when bone growth is complete. The growth plate is the weakest area in the growing skeleton. Most injuries to the growth plate are fractures, which occur most often in the long bones of the finger, followed by the outer bone of the forearm at the wrist. The causes of growth plate injuries include an acute event or overuse. Other causes include child abuse, injury from cold or frostbite, radiation, and various neurological and inherited disorders. Diagnosis is based on information obtained from the medical history, a physical examination, and X rays. One classification system divides most growth plate fractures into five categories based on the type of damage. A newer classification system adds a sixth type of fracture in which a portion of the epiphysis, growth plate, and metaphysis is missing. Methods of treating growth plate injuries include immobilization, manipulation or surgery, strengthening or range of motion exercises, and long term followup. Prognosis depends on the severity of the injury, the age of the child, the growth plate that is injured, and the type of fracture. Research is focusing on diagnosis and treatment. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is currently supporting both a study to evaluate the use of magnetic resonance imaging to visualize young bones and enable prompt treatment and a research initiative in the area of skeletal growth and development. The fact sheet includes a list of additional sources of information. 1 figure.

•

Winter Sports and Your Feet Source: Bethesda, MD: American Podiatric Medical Association. 1994. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Podiatric Medical Association. 9312 Old Georgetown Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-1698. (800) 275-2762 or (301) 581-9277. Fax (301) 530-2752. Website: www.apma.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available at cost.

Patient Resources

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Summary: This pamphlet provides the general public with information on the effect of various winter sports on the feet. Other topics are guidelines on preventing cold feet while participating in winter sports; ways to ensure correct fit in ski boots, ice skates, and cross-country footwear; and prevention of injuries through proper warmups. The pamphlet also discusses the biomechanics of winter sports and suggests ways to correct minor biomechanical imbalances. In addition, it describes the features and treatment of various winter sport-related foot problems, including frostbite, blisters, neuromas, sprains and strains, subungual hematoma, and bone problems. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to frostbite. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to frostbite. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with frostbite.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about frostbite. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “frostbite” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “frostbite”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “frostbite” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “frostbite” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 71 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 73 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

75

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on frostbite: •

Basic Guidelines for Frostbite Dehydration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000982.htm Frostbite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000057.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Frostbite Blister Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Blisters Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003939.htm Bullae Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003239.htm

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Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Pale Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Pallor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Frostbite Angiography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003327.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm Bone scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003833.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Plethysmography Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003771.htm

Online Glossaries 77 Radioisotope Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003827.htm •

Background Topics for Frostbite Alcohol use Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Burn Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm CPR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000010.htm Distal Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002346.htm Frostbite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000057.htm Hypothermia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000038.htm Physical activity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FROSTBITE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrocyanosis: A condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discoloration of the skin of the digits, wrists, and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. Called also Raynaud's sign. [EU] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH]

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Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue

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cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Aural: Pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. [EU] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH]

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Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the

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bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing

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specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerumen: The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chilblains: Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold. It is also called pernio. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic

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substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH]

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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU]

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Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dry Ice: A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epiphyseal: Pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. [EU] Epiphyses: The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epoprostenol: A prostaglandin that is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue. It is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The

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sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exostoses: Benign hypertrophy that projects outward from the surface of bone, often containing a cartilaginous component. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Necrosis: A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical,

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characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH]

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Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth Plate: The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis within which bone growth occurs. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at

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sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of epoprostenol, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induration: 1. The quality of being hard; the process of hardening. 2. An abnormally hard spot or place. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the

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microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA

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fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthine: A vestibular nystagmus resulting from stimulation, injury, or disease of the labyrinth. [NIH] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lightning Injuries: Accidental injuries caused by brief high-voltage electrical discharges during thunderstorms. Cardiopulmonary arrest, coma and other neurologic symptoms, myocardial necrosis, and dermal burns are common. Prompt treatment of the acute sequelae, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, is indicated for survival. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Livedo: A discoloured spot or patch on the skin, commonly due to passive congestion; commonly used alone to refer to l. reticularis. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU]

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Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Mountaineering: A sport involving mountain climbing techniques. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH]

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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptides: Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil Activation: The process in which the neutrophil is stimulated by diverse substances, resulting in degranulation and/or generation of reactive oxygen products, and culminating in the destruction of invading pathogens. The stimulatory substances, including opsonized particles, immune complexes, and chemotactic factors, bind to specific cellsurface receptors on the neutrophil. [NIH] Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. [NIH]

Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal

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transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otolaryngologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also called an ENT doctor. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Otorhinolaryngology: That branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. [EU] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH]

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Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine

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(sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an

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antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

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are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rewarming: Application of heat to correct hypothermia, accidental or induced. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose.

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Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclerema Neonatorum: A severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. The skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH]

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Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subungual: Beneath a nail. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Sunstroke: Term confined to exposure to environmental conditions of heat and humidity causing the heat regulating mechanism to break down. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH]

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Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermoregulation: Heat regulation. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinea Pedis: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by

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other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translations: Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tympanic membrane: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrasonic Therapy: The use of focused, high-frequency sound waves to produce local hyperthermia in certain diseased or injured parts of the body or to destroy the diseased tissue. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds

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of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a

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radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 79, 96, 97 Acetylcholine, 79, 84, 95 Acne, 4, 79 Acrocyanosis, 46, 79 Actin, 5, 79 Adaptation, 43, 79 Adenoma, 46, 79 Adipose Tissue, 79, 88, 96, 101 Adjustment, 79 Adrenal Cortex, 79, 90, 98 Adrenergic, 79, 90 Adverse Effect, 79, 101 Aerobic, 46, 79 Aerosol, 8, 29, 79, 95 Airway, 24, 79 Algorithms, 79, 82 Alkaline, 80, 83, 97 Alkaloid, 80, 94 Aloe, 34, 80 Alopecia, 41, 80 Alpha Particles, 80, 99 Alternative medicine, 43, 47, 80 Amino acid, 80, 97, 99 Amputation, 11, 12, 31, 80 Analgesic, 40, 80, 94, 95, 96 Analog, 80, 91 Anaphylaxis, 4, 80 Anesthesia, 79, 80 Angina, 41, 80 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 80, 84 Antibiotics, 44, 80 Antibody, 80, 91, 92, 94, 99, 106 Antigen, 80, 91 Antihypertensive, 81, 90 Anti-infective, 38, 81 Anti-Infective Agents, 38, 81 Anti-inflammatory, 81, 89 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 81 Antioxidant, 81 Anus, 81, 85, 92 Aqueous, 81, 82, 86, 87, 93 Arachidonic Acid, 81, 91 Arterial, 24, 30, 81, 84, 91, 99, 103 Arteries, 81, 82, 85, 94 Arteriography, 30, 81 Artery, 80, 81, 82, 85, 94, 99, 100 Articular, 81, 96

Ascorbic Acid, 34, 81 Asphyxia, 81, 95 Aspirin, 34, 81 Atmospheric Pressure, 81, 90 Atresia, 45, 81 Atrium, 81 Auditory, 45, 46, 81, 87, 94, 104 Aural, 45, 81 Auricular, 45, 81 Avulsion, 45, 81 Axillary, 31, 82 B Bacterial Physiology, 79, 82 Bactericidal, 82, 88 Barotrauma, 45, 82 Base, 82, 88, 92, 97, 103 Benign, 40, 46, 79, 82, 88, 89, 95, 96, 99 Benzene, 82 Benzodiazepines, 38, 82 Bilateral, 13, 82 Bile, 82, 91, 93, 102 Bile duct, 82, 91 Biochemical, 82, 96 Biomechanics, 67, 82 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 44, 47, 59, 82 Blister, 13, 75, 82 Blood Coagulation, 82, 83 Blood Glucose, 45, 82, 92 Blood pressure, 81, 82, 91, 94, 97 Blood vessel, 82, 92, 97, 101, 102, 103, 105 Bone scan, 13, 16, 30, 76, 82 Brachytherapy, 83, 92, 99, 105 Branch, 73, 83, 94, 96, 102, 103 Breakdown, 4, 83, 89 Bullous, 6, 45, 83 Burns, 4, 16, 17, 23, 25, 31, 38, 45, 83, 93 Burns, Electric, 83 C Calcium, 38, 39, 83, 101 Callus, 83, 93 Calmodulin, 38, 83 Carbohydrate, 46, 83, 89 Carbon Dioxide, 83, 87, 100, 105 Carcinogenic, 82, 83, 102 Carcinoma, 9, 29, 46, 83 Cardiac, 83, 94, 102 Cardiopulmonary, 83, 93 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, 83, 93

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Case report, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 23, 24, 30, 32, 83 Cell, 5, 29, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105 Cell Differentiation, 83, 101 Cell proliferation, 84, 101 Cerebral, 9, 40, 80, 84, 89 Cerebral Infarction, 9, 84 Cerebrum, 84 Cerumen, 45, 46, 84 Chemotactic Factors, 84, 95 Chemotaxis, 5, 84 Chilblains, 46, 49, 84 Cholesterol, 82, 84, 102 Cholinergic, 4, 84 Chronic, 44, 45, 46, 84, 85, 91, 93, 102 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 44, 84 Citrus, 81, 84 Clinical trial, 5, 59, 84, 99 Cloning, 82, 84 Cod Liver Oil, 84, 87 Coenzyme, 81, 84 Cofactor, 84, 99 Collagen, 80, 84, 85, 90, 98 Collagen disease, 85, 90 Collapse, 80, 83, 85 Colon, 85, 91 Computational Biology, 59, 85 Concomitant, 28, 85 Congestion, 85, 88, 93 Congestive heart failure, 41, 85 Connective Tissue, 10, 81, 84, 85, 89, 93 Connective Tissue Cells, 85 Consciousness, 80, 85 Consumption, 46, 85, 100 Contact dermatitis, 4, 85 Contraindications, ii, 85 Cornea, 85, 93 Corneum, 85, 87 Coronary, 85, 94 Coronary Thrombosis, 85, 94 Cryotherapy, 28, 41, 42, 85 Curative, 86, 103 Cutaneous, 4, 6, 7, 14, 24, 85, 86 Cyanosis, 76, 79, 86 Cyclic, 83, 86, 97 Cytokine, 86, 97 Cytoplasm, 86, 90 Cytoskeleton, 5, 86 Cytotoxic, 86, 99, 101 D Decompression, 86, 87

Decubitus, 4, 86 Decubitus Ulcer, 4, 86 Degenerative, 86, 96, 100 Dehydration, 40, 45, 49, 75, 86 Depolarization, 86, 101 Dermal, 86, 93 Dermatitis, 86 Desquamation, 14, 86 Diagnostic procedure, 37, 47, 86 Diastolic, 86, 91 Direct, iii, 40, 51, 86, 90, 100 Disinfectant, 86, 88 Dislocation, 86, 102 Distal, 32, 77, 86, 99 Diving, 45, 87 Drug Interactions, 52, 87 Dry Ice, 9, 87 E Eardrum, 45, 87 Edema, 76, 85, 87 Efficacy, 26, 34, 87 Electrolyte, 38, 87 Emodin, 80, 87 Emollient, 87, 89, 96 Emulsion, 39, 87 Environmental Health, 12, 58, 60, 65, 87 Enzymatic, 80, 83, 87 Enzyme, 84, 87, 97, 101 Epidemiological, 17, 87 Epidermis, 40, 82, 85, 87, 90 Epidural, 10, 12, 24, 87 Epiphyseal, 12, 13, 87 Epiphyses, 10, 87 Epithelial, 79, 86, 87, 96 Epoprostenol, 87, 91 Erythema, 46, 84, 85, 88, 102, 105 Erythema Infectiosum, 88 Esophagus, 81, 88, 102 Ethanol, 11, 88 Eustachian tube, 82, 88 Evacuation, 39, 88 Exanthema, 41, 88 Excipients, 40, 88 Exfoliation, 86, 88 Exostoses, 45, 88 External-beam radiation, 88, 92, 99, 105 Extracellular, 85, 88 Extracellular Matrix, 85, 88 Extraction, 41, 88 Extravasation, 88, 90 Extremity, 3, 17, 88

Index 109

F Facial, 24, 88, 94 Family Planning, 59, 88 Fat, 39, 46, 79, 81, 86, 88, 93, 101 Fat Necrosis, 46, 88 Fatigue, 76, 84, 88, 90 Fatty acids, 88, 89 Fibroma, 46, 89 Flatus, 89 Foot Care, 3, 89 Foot Ulcer, 4, 89 Forearm, 66, 82, 89 Friction, 4, 89 Frontal Lobe, 80, 84, 89 G Ganglia, 79, 89, 95, 103 Gas, 28, 83, 89, 90, 95, 105 Gastrointestinal, 88, 89 Gastrointestinal tract, 88, 89 Gene, 44, 82, 89 Glomerular, 89, 100 Glucocorticoid, 89, 90 Glucose, 46, 81, 82, 89, 92, 100 Glycerol, 88, 89, 97 Gonadal, 89, 102 Governing Board, 89, 98 Graft, 89, 90 Granulocytes, 90, 101, 105 Growth, 22, 41, 66, 80, 84, 87, 90, 93, 95, 96, 98, 105 Growth Plate, 66, 90 Guanethidine, 30, 31, 90 Guanine, 5, 90 H Half-Life, 90, 91 Heart failure, 90 Hematoma, 45, 67, 90 Hemorrhage, 90, 102 Heredity, 89, 90 Herpes, 4, 45, 90 Herpes Zoster, 45, 90 Homeostasis, 43, 90 Hormone, 90, 92, 98, 101 Horny layer, 87, 90 Host, 5, 22, 90 Hydrocortisone, 31, 90 Hydrogen, 82, 83, 90, 94, 95, 99 Hydrogenation, 82, 90 Hyperbaric, 10, 21, 23, 90 Hyperbaric oxygen, 10, 21, 23, 90 Hypericum, 41, 91 Hypersensitivity, 80, 91

Hypertension, 41, 88, 91, 104 Hyperthermia, 91, 104 Hypertrophy, 88, 91 Hypoglycemia, 46, 91 Hypothermia, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 22, 23, 25, 32, 45, 48, 49, 64, 65, 77, 91, 100 I Id, 35, 64, 65, 67, 72, 74, 91 Iloprost, 31, 91 Immersion, 49, 91 Immunologic, 84, 91, 97, 99 Impaction, 45, 91 Implant radiation, 91, 92, 99, 105 In vitro, 91, 104 In vivo, 38, 40, 91 Indicative, 91, 105 Induration, 91, 101 Infarction, 84, 91, 100 Infection, 38, 39, 81, 84, 88, 91, 93, 95, 96, 102, 105 Inflammation, 5, 39, 79, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 98, 100 Infusion, 10, 92 Inhalation, 79, 92 Insomnia, 18, 92 Insulin, 45, 92 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 92 Intermittent, 39, 92, 97 Internal Medicine, 92, 95 Internal radiation, 92, 99, 105 Interstitial, 83, 92, 100, 105 Intestines, 79, 81, 89, 92 Intracellular, 5, 91, 92, 101 Intravenous, 30, 92 Invasive, 92, 93 Ions, 82, 83, 87, 90, 92 Irradiation, 45, 92, 106 Ischemia, 86, 92, 100 J Joint, 76, 81, 92, 96, 102 K Kb, 58, 92 Keratitis, 45, 93 Keratosis, 46, 93 L Labyrinth, 93 Labyrinthine, 45, 93 Lacerations, 45, 93 Lens, 93, 100 Leprosy, 89, 93 Leukemia, 14, 93 Library Services, 72, 93

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Ligament, 93, 102 Lightning Injuries, 45, 93 Lipid, 89, 92, 93 Livedo, 46, 93 Liver, 79, 81, 82, 87, 93 Lobe, 80, 84, 93 Localized, 24, 39, 40, 84, 90, 91, 93, 98, 104, 105 Lymph, 82, 93 Lymph node, 82, 93 Lymphatic, 92, 93, 98 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 66, 93 Malignant, 45, 46, 93, 95, 99 Malignant tumor, 46, 93 Mammary, 93, 95 Meatus, 87, 94, 96, 104 Medical Records, 94, 100 MEDLINE, 59, 94 Melanocytes, 94 Melanoma, 46, 94, 104 Membrane, 45, 86, 87, 88, 94, 98, 100, 101, 104 MI, 77, 94 Microbiology, 79, 94 Migration, 5, 94 Molecular, 5, 11, 40, 59, 61, 82, 83, 85, 94, 102 Molecule, 81, 82, 84, 86, 94, 99, 100, 101 Monitor, 46, 94 Monoclonal, 92, 94, 99, 106 Morphine, 10, 40, 94, 96 Mountaineering, 39, 94 Musculature, 94, 102 Myocardial infarction, 41, 85, 94 Myocardium, 94 N Narcotic, 94, 95 Need, 3, 4, 11, 40, 43, 44, 48, 68, 79, 94 Neoplasm, 95, 96 Neoplastic, 90, 95 Nephrology, 3, 95 Nerve, 46, 79, 80, 89, 90, 95, 98, 100, 102, 104 Nerve Endings, 90, 95 Nervous System, 40, 79, 82, 89, 94, 95, 103 Neurologic, 93, 95 Neuronal, 95 Neurons, 89, 95, 103 Neuropathy, 4, 46, 95 Neuropeptides, 40, 95 Neurotransmitter, 79, 80, 95, 101

Neutrons, 80, 92, 95, 99 Neutrophil, 5, 95 Neutrophil Activation, 5, 95 Nipples, 4, 95 Nitrous Oxide, 16, 24, 95 Norepinephrine, 79, 90, 95 Nosocomial, 7, 96 Nuclei, 80, 93, 95, 96, 99 Nursing Care, 4, 96 Nystagmus, 93, 96 O Ointments, 10, 96 Opiate, 94, 96 Opium, 94, 96 Organ Culture, 96, 104 Osteoarthritis, 32, 96 Otitis, 45, 46, 96 Otitis Media, 45, 96 Otolaryngologist, 45, 96 Otolaryngology, 34, 45, 96 Otorhinolaryngology, 32, 45, 46, 96 Outer ear, 45, 96 P Palliative, 96, 103 Pancreas, 79, 92, 96 Panniculitis, 46, 96 Papilloma, 46, 96 Patch, 93, 97 Pathogenesis, 13, 20, 22, 30, 97 Pathophysiology, 4, 16, 20, 97 Patient Education, 3, 66, 70, 72, 77, 97 Pentoxifylline, 26, 34, 52, 97 Peptide, 5, 40, 80, 97, 99 Perennial, 91, 97 Perforation, 45, 97 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 4, 97 Peritoneal, 23, 97 Peritoneal Cavity, 97 Peritoneal Dialysis, 23, 97 Peritoneum, 97 Petrolatum, 87, 97 Pharmacologic, 80, 90, 97, 104 Phenolphthalein, 87, 97 Phosphates, 13, 97 Phosphodiesterase, 97 Phospholipases, 97, 101 Phospholipids, 88, 97 Phosphorus, 83, 98 Phosphorylated, 5, 84, 98 Phosphorylation, 5, 98 Physical Examination, 66, 98 Physiologic, 90, 98, 100

Index 111

Physiology, 5, 34, 95, 98 Plant Oils, 96, 98 Plants, 80, 83, 84, 87, 89, 91, 96, 98, 100, 104 Platelet Activation, 98, 101 Platelet Aggregation, 87, 91, 97, 98 Plethysmography, 11, 76, 98 Plexus, 31, 98 Pneumonia, 85, 98 Postsynaptic, 98, 101 Potentiation, 98, 101 Practice Guidelines, 60, 98 Progesterone, 98, 102 Progressive, 83, 90, 96, 98, 99, 100 Prospective study, 11, 99 Protein S, 44, 82, 99 Proteins, 5, 80, 85, 94, 97, 99, 104 Protons, 80, 90, 99 Proximal, 86, 99 Pruritic, 99, 103 Psychiatric, 24, 99 Psychiatry, 99 Public Policy, 59, 99 Pulse, 94, 99 R Race, 94, 99 Radiation, 45, 66, 88, 91, 92, 99, 104, 105 Radiation therapy, 88, 91, 92, 99, 105 Radioactive, 82, 90, 91, 92, 99, 103, 105 Radiolabeled, 92, 99, 106 Radiotherapy, 83, 92, 99, 106 Randomized, 87, 99 Receptor, 5, 40, 79, 81, 100, 101 Recombinant, 5, 100 Rectum, 81, 85, 89, 100 Refer, 1, 90, 93, 95, 96, 100, 105 Regimen, 87, 100 Relaxant, 39, 100 Renal failure, 18, 100 Reperfusion, 5, 100 Reperfusion Injury, 100 Resolving, 39, 100 Respiration, 83, 94, 100 Retina, 93, 100 Retinopathy, 46, 100 Retrospective, 27, 30, 31, 100 Retrospective study, 27, 30, 31, 100 Rewarming, 21, 34, 100 Rheology, 97, 100 Risk factor, 17, 21, 99, 100 S Saponins, 100, 102

Sclerema Neonatorum, 46, 101 Screening, 65, 84, 101 Sebaceous, 39, 101 Sebum, 101 Sequela, 24, 101 Shedding, 86, 101 Shock, 80, 83, 90, 101, 104 Side effect, 41, 51, 79, 101, 104 Signal Transduction, 5, 101 Signs and Symptoms, 45, 101 Skeletal, 27, 66, 101 Skeleton, 66, 79, 92, 101 Skull, 44, 101, 103 Smooth muscle, 85, 94, 101 Soft tissue, 101 Solar radiation, 40, 101 Solvent, 41, 82, 88, 89, 102 Sound wave, 102, 104 Specialist, 68, 102 Species, 94, 99, 102 Spinal cord, 84, 87, 95, 102, 103 Spinous, 87, 102 Sprains and Strains, 67, 102 Steroid, 4, 100, 102 Stimulus, 81, 102, 103 Stomach, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 92, 97, 102 Stool, 85, 91, 102 Stress, 43, 102, 105 Stroke, 5, 58, 102 Subacute, 91, 102 Subclinical, 91, 102 Subcutaneous, 46, 87, 96, 102 Subungual, 67, 102 Sunburn, 4, 18, 38, 102, 104 Sunstroke, 40, 102 Superoxide, 5, 102 Suppression, 40, 103 Sweat, 84, 103 Sweat Glands, 84, 103 Sympathectomy, 24, 30, 103 Sympathetic Nervous System, 103 Symptomatic, 38, 103 Symptomatic treatment, 38, 103 Synaptic, 95, 101, 103 Systemic, 44, 52, 80, 82, 85, 91, 92, 99, 103, 105 Systolic, 91, 103 T Tachycardia, 41, 103 Technetium, 23, 31, 103 Temporal, 44, 94, 103 Therapeutics, 52, 103

112

Frostbite

Thermal, 4, 7, 22, 38, 39, 95, 103 Thermoregulation, 46, 103 Threshold, 91, 103 Thrombosis, 5, 99, 102, 103 Tinea Pedis, 4, 103 Tinnitus, 96, 103 Tissue Culture, 5, 104 Tooth Preparation, 79, 104 Topical, 40, 88, 97, 104 Toxic, iv, 82, 95, 104 Toxicity, 87, 104 Toxicology, 25, 60, 104 Toxins, 80, 91, 104 Transduction, 101, 104 Transfection, 82, 104 Translations, 44, 104 Trauma, 4, 9, 11, 12, 16, 22, 27, 38, 44, 46, 104 Tympanic membrane, 45, 104 U Ulcer, 4, 86, 104 Ulceration, 86, 104 Ultrasonic Therapy, 21, 104 Ultraviolet radiation, 102, 104

Unconscious, 91, 105 Uranium, 103, 105 Uremia, 100, 105 Urticaria, 4, 46, 80, 105 V Vascular, 80, 87, 91, 92, 105 Vasodilation, 91, 105 Vasodilator, 30, 105 Vein, 92, 105 Venous, 84, 99, 105 Venous blood, 84, 105 Vertigo, 96, 105 Vesicular, 90, 105 Vestibular, 93, 105 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 105 Vivo, 105 W Wart, 93, 105 White blood cell, 80, 95, 105 X Xenon, 26, 27, 105 X-ray, 81, 92, 99, 105 X-ray therapy, 92, 105

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