FLUVOXAMINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fluvoxamine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84425-9 1. Fluvoxamine-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fluvoxamine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FLUVOXAMINE .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Fluvoxamine.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 18 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FLUVOXAMINE ................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fluvoxamine ................................................................................ 63 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FLUVOXAMINE .......................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 72 General References ....................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FLUVOXAMINE ...................................................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patents on Fluvoxamine .............................................................................................................. 75 Patent Applications on Fluvoxamine........................................................................................... 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FLUVOXAMINE ............................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 81 Academic Periodicals covering Fluvoxamine............................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 85 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 86 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 89 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 91 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 99 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 99 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 99 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 105 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 105 FLUVOXAMINE DICTIONARY ................................................................................................ 107 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fluvoxamine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fluvoxamine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fluvoxamine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fluvoxamine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fluvoxamine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fluvoxamine. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FLUVOXAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fluvoxamine.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and fluvoxamine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Treating Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: Integration of Differing Guidelines Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 12(3): 353-358. September 2000. Summary: This article analyzes and integrates recommendations for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In May 1997, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published in their respective official journals supplements devoted to the management of patients with AD. References used by these publications were extracted, and those relevant to the pharmacological treatment of depression were reviewed. Seven references were cited by the AAN and 11 by the APA; of these, 2 were used by both publications. The analyzed guidelines recommend selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the treatment of choice for depression in AD patients. These drugs include fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and citalopram. Their side effect profile is more benign than
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Fluvoxamine
that of the tricyclic antidepressants, and they do not have the cardiac adrenolytic and anticholinergic adverse effects. 37 references. •
Managing Obesity with Drug Therapy Source: IM. Internal Medicine. 18(7): 37-38, 41-44, 52, 54-56, 58, 63-64. July 1997. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Summary: This article reviews the benefits and risks of using drug therapy to manage obesity. The author notes that pharmacologic therapy can be a useful adjunct to sensible weight loss. Ideally, an obesity medication should act chronically to maintain lower weight, and be nontoxic (with minimal side effects), inexpensive, long acting, and easy to use. However, as the article points out, none of the currently available medications meets all of these criteria. Topics include serotonergic agents (Dexfenfluramine, Fenfluramine, Fluoxetine; Citalopram, and Fluvoxamine); serotonergic-noradrenergic agents; catecholaminergic agents; and phentermine and fenfluramine in combination. Health care professionals should encourage patients to establish realistic weight loss goals and emphasize the importance of using medication in conjunction with diet, behavior modification, and exercise. The author concludes that people face the prospect of using medication for the long term, despite the lack of definitive long-term safety data. Two sidebars provide three clinical scenarios and steps to consider before prescribing phen-fen. 91 references. (AA-M).
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Treatment Strategies for Agitation and Psychosis in Dementia Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 57(Supplement 14): 21-29. 1996. Summary: This journal article reviews treatment strategies for agitation and psychosis in patients with dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease. It describes types of behavioral disturbances that are associated with dementia and a systematic approach used in evaluating and managing these behavioral complications. It discusses the treatment of psychosis in dementia using traditional antipsychotic agents (haloperidol and thioridazine), newer antipsychotic agents (clozapine and risperidone), and other drugs. It also discusses the benefits and side effects of treatment of agitation in dementia using antipsychotic agents; anticonvulsant agents (carbamazepine and valproic acid); anxiolytic agents (benzodiazepines and buspirone); antidepressants (trazodone and selegiline); serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (alaproclate, citalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, and sertraline); cholinergic therapy; and other therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy, hormonal therapy, and phototherapy. 4 tables, 97 references.
Federally Funded Research on Fluvoxamine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fluvoxamine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fluvoxamine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fluvoxamine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for fluvoxamine: •
Project Title: ADRENERGIC DEVELOPMENT
RECEPTORS
DURING
PERIADOLESCENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bylund, David B.; Professor and Chair; Pharmacology; University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Ne 681987835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The up-regulation or down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors has become one of the major, proposed mechanisms for a variety of therapeutic drugs. Drug-induced regulation of central catecholamine receptors has been extensively studied in adults, but little is known about their regulation in young animals. It is particularly important to understand the nature of drug-induced regulation of adrenergic receptors in young animals for two reasons. First, adrenergic agents are used clinically in children and adolescents. Our preliminary data show that the effects of adrenergic agents on the young adrenergic system are qualitatively different from their effects on the adult. Second, because the adrenergic system is late developing, and is still changing during periadolescent development, perturbations in this system are more likely to have greater, qualitatively different, and longer-lasting effects than on a mature system. The central hypothesis of the proposed studies is that CNS alpha-2 and beta adrenergic receptors are differentially regulated in periadolescent as compared to adult rats, as reflected by responses to two drugs that effect the noradrenergic and serotonin systems (the selective re-uptake inhibitors desipramine and fluvoxamine). The first specific hypothesis, that central adrenergic receptors will be up-regulated in periadolescent animals rather than down-regulated as observed in adult animals, will be tested using quantitative autoradiography to determine alpha-2 and beta adrenergic receptor density. The second hypothesis, that the functional coupling between the adrenergic receptors and their G proteins will be increased in the young animals as compared to adults, will be tested using cyclic AMP accumulation and GTPyS binding assays. The third hypothesis, that the functional responses to agonist stimulation will be increased in periadolescent animals as consequences of these alterations in regulation and coupling, will be studied using regulation of immediate early gene expression and agonist induced-hypothermia. These studies in rats will help provide the necessary foundation for understanding the regulation of the adrenergic receptor systems in young animals leading to an eventual understanding of the effects of chronic drug treatment in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN METABOLISM AND TREATMENT OUTCOME IN PANIC DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Dager, Stephen R.; Professor and Associate Medical Director; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2005
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Summary: Panic disorder is among the most common psychiatric disorders and is particularly prevalent among women. There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with panic disorder. Although effectively treated with medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), an approximately 60 percent relapse rate after treatment discontinuation suggests that panic disorder is a chronic illness for a subpopulation of affected individuals. Relapse rates off treatment also appear to be influenced by treatment duration as longer treatment with medication reduces the risk for subsequent relapse when medication-free. Our studies to date suggest that individuals with panic disorder have brain metabolic abnormalities, manifested as abnormal lactate elevations in response to challenges, such as lactate infusion or hyperventilation, that appear to have a trait-specific component. There also is evidence that the magnitude of abnormal brain lactate response decreases in relationship to duration of treatment. The goal of this research is to apply a recently developed dynamic, metabolic imaging technique, protein echo- planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI), to measure brain metabolic changes in response to lactate infusion in order to better understand neuropathological mechanisms underlying panic disorder, treatment response and relapse both during treatment and after treatment discontinuation. Symptomatic, mediation-free panic subjects (n=80) and healthy controls (n=32) will be studied with PEPSI during a standard lactate infusion, and then again at 12 weeks following randomization of the panic subjects into treatment with CBT (n=40) or fluvoxamine (n=40). Panic subjects will be restudied during lactate reinfusion at 1 year while in ongoing treatment and then followed clinically for 1 year after discontinuation of treatment. A clinical rater blinded to treatment will be responsible for independent assessment of clinical status. It is hypothesized that persistence of brain metabolic abnormalities during medication treatment, but not CBT treatment, is predictive of treatment course and vulnerability to relapse following treatment discontinuation. An attempt will be made to reassign treatment nonresponders to the opposite treatment arm and restudy those individuals (not included as additional subjects in the opposite treatment arm), in order to better understand mechanisms underlying treatment failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GAMBLING
BUPROPION
VS
PLACEBO
TO
TREAT
PATHOLOGICAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Donald W.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Pathological gambling (PG) has become a major health concern, particularly as gambling opportunities have proliferated. Despite its importance, there are few treatment options with proven efficacy. This application is submitted in response to PAR-99- 134 "Exploratory/Development Grants for MH Intervention/Research" The goal of the project is to conduct a randomized, double-blind comparison of bupropion-SR versus placebo in the treatment of PG. Bupropion will be used because of its reported efficacy in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and clinical similarities between PG and ADHD. This study will be one of the first of its kind, and has the potential to provide pilot data supporting the efficacy of a novel treatment for PG. We propose to recruit approximately 80 adults with DSM-IV PC during the first two years of the project, and to randomize subjects to bupropion-SR or placebo for a 12-week clinical trial. Subjects will be recruited through physician referral, advertisements in the local media, and by word-of-mouth. Subjects will be screened with the 20-item South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the NORC DSM Screen for
Studies
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Gambling Problems (NODS). Those screening positive for PG (SOGS score equal to or >5 and NODS score equal to or >5) will be offered inclusion in the trial provided they meet specified inclusion/exclusion criteria. Baseline assessments will include the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for PG (YBOCS-PG), the Hollingshead Scale, the NORC Gambling Self-Administered Questionnaire, and the Global Assessment Scale. Baseline assessment will also include a physical examination, an electrocardiogram, urine drug screen, and other screening laboratories. Measures to gauge improvement will include the YBOCS-PG, three Clinical Global Impression scale ratings, a patient self-rated scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptom Checklist. Following a two-week screening period, subjects will be randomized to medication or placebo. The dosage of bupropion-SR will begin at 100 mg twice daily and increased weekly to a total of 400 mg daily. Subjects on placebo will be administered a similar number o tablets. Subjects will be seen at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Adverse events and concomitant medications will be recorded at each visit. We hypothesize that the subjects receiving bupropion will have better symptomatic improvement than subjects receiving placebo. Further, we hypothesize that symptoms consistent with attention-deficit disorder will improve in parallel to the reduction in PG behavior. If bupropion is confirmed as an effective treatment, future studies will include larger samples to help test whether specific subgroups will improve preferentially, and comparisons of bupropion with the SSRI fluvoxamine, and naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, both shown to have efficacy in treating PG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CAREER PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
AWARD
IN
PEDIATRIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Andres S.; Child Study Center; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: The proposed Mentored Scientist Development Award for New Minority Faculty (K01-MSDA-NMF) outlines a program of career development in clinical, patient-centered research in pediatric psychopharmacology, and specifically focused on the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). Over the past two years, and while supported by a grant from the Program for Minority Research Training in Psychiatry (PMRTP), I have been productively engaged in this area of clinical research. I have participated in Yale s successful application for a Research Unit in Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) contract focused on the PDDs, been involved in the design and implementation of multi-site collaborative efforts, conducted smaller scale clinical trials, and completed naturalistic studies in psychopharmacology and in other developmental disabilities, such as Prader-Willi syndrome. The proposed K01 would provide me with an opportunity to acquire the necessary additional skills and training to become an independent researcher in pediatric psychopharmacology. To achieve my long-term goal of scientific independence, a comprehensive training plan has been designed to complement my proposed research activities. Under the primary mentorship of James F. Leckman, M.D., I have developed a curriculum of formal didactics, seminars, tutorials and extramural site visits that will focus on the key areas of: 1) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic principles; 2) PDD nosology and assessment; 3) Clinical trial methodology; 4) Ethical conduct of science; 5) Statistics and quantitative skills; 6) Basic aspects of health services and effectiveness research; and 7)
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Fluvoxamine
Organizational, administrative, and grant-writing skills. Two studies that build on preliminary clinical trials in the field are proposed as the context and the practical substrate for the training plan described: 1) A double-blind, placebo- controlled study of low-dose fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive, compulsive, and general anxiety symptoms in adolescents diagnosed with Asperger s syndrome; and 2) A pilot, openlabel study of ziprasidone, conducted under Investigational New Drug (IND) approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in the treatment of aggressive, impulsive and self- injurious behaviors associated with autistic disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHILD /ADOLESCENT ANXIETY MULTIMODAL TREATMENT STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Albano, Anne Marie.; Recanati Family Assistant Professor of p; Anesthesiology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): With point prevalence estimates ranging from 12 percent to 20 percent, anxiety disorders are among the most common conditions affecting children and adolescents. The three most commonly impairing childhoodonset anxiety disorders are separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. As a group, these disorders routinely co-occur and cause clinically significant distress and impairment affecting school, social, and family functioning. Left untreated, these disorders leave children at risk for anxiety disorders, major depression and, in some cases, substance abuse extending into late adolescence and adulthood. Hence, effective treatments for childhood-onset anxiety disorders promise to alleviate and perhaps to prevent long-term morbidity and even mortality. In randomized controlled trials, we have shown that two monotherapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluvoxamine (FLV), are effective treatments for separation anxiety, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Even though the monotherapies are effective a substantial number of patients remain symptomatic following treatment and, might have benefited from combined treatment. There are as yet no systematic, controlled studies comparing CBT and an SSRI, alone or in combination, against a control condition in the same patient population. This revised application proposes a four-year, six site, randomized controlled efficacy trial comparing cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and pharmacological treatment for youth ages 7 to 16 years with anxiety disorders. Phase 1 is a 12-week, random assignment acute efficacy study comparing CBT, FLV, their combination (n=90, each condition), and pill placebo control (n=48) in 318 (53/site) youth with DSM-IV primary diagnoses of separation anxiety, social phobia, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. Phase II involves a 6-month treatment maintenance period for Phase I responders. All subjects regardless of response status will be evaluated at all scheduled assessment points. In addition to comprehensive parent, child, clinician, and teacher reports, the primary outcome variables will be assessed by blind independent evaluators. Manualized intervention and assessment protocols plus state-of-the-art quality assurance and adverse event monitoring procedures insure uniform cross-site administration of the study protocol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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•
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Project Title: CHILD AND ADOLESCENT ANXIETY MULTISITE STUDY (CAMS) Principal Investigator & Institution: March, John S.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): With point prevalence estimates ranging from 12 percent to 20 percent, anxiety disorders are among the most common conditions affecting children and adolescents. The three most commonly impairing childhoodonset anxiety disorders are separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. As a group, these disorders routinely co-occur and cause clinically significant distress and impairment affecting school, social, and family functioning. Left untreated, these disorders leave children at risk for anxiety disorders, major depression and, in some cases, substance abuse extending into late adolescence and adulthood. Hence, effective treatments for childhood-onset anxiety disorders promise to alleviate and perhaps to prevent long-term morbidity and even mortality. In randomized controlled trials, we have shown that two monotherapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluvoxamine (FLV), are effective treatments for separation anxiety, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Even though the monotherapies are effective a substantial number of patients remain symptomatic following treatment and, might have benefited from combined treatment. There are as yet no systematic, controlled studies comparing CBT and an SSRI, alone or in combination, against a control condition in the same patient population. This revised application proposes a four-year, six site, randomized controlled efficacy trial comparing cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and pharmacological treatment for youth ages 7 to 16 years with anxiety disorders. Phase 1 is a 12-week, random assignment acute efficacy study comparing CBT, FLV, their combination (n=90, each condition), and pill placebo control (n=48) in 318 (53/site) youth with DSM-IV primary diagnoses of separation anxiety, social phobia, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. Phase II involves a 6-month treatment maintenance period for Phase I responders. All subjects regardless of response status will be evaluated at all scheduled assessment points. In addition to comprehensive parent, child, clinician, and teacher reports, the primary outcome variables will be assessed by blind independent evaluators. Manualized intervention and assessment protocols plus state-of-the-art quality assurance and adverse event monitoring procedures insure uniform cross-site administration of the study protocol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CHILD/ADOLESCENT ANXIETY MULTIMODAL TREATMENT STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Birmaher, Boris; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): With point prevalence estimates ranging from 12 percent to 20 percent, anxiety disorders are among the most common conditions affecting children and adolescents. The three most commonly impairing childhoodonset anxiety disorders are separation anxiety disorder, social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. As a group, these disorders routinely co-occur and cause clinically significant distress and impairment affecting school, social, and family functioning. Left untreated, these disorders leave children at risk for anxiety disorders, major depression and, in some cases, substance abuse extending into late adolescence and adulthood.
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Fluvoxamine
Hence, effective treatments for childhood-onset anxiety disorders promise to alleviate and perhaps to prevent long-term morbidity and even mortality. In randomized controlled trials, we have shown that two monotherapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluvoxamine (FLV), are effective treatments for separation anxiety, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Even though the monotherapies are effective a substantial number of patients remain symptomatic following treatment and, might have benefited from combined treatment. There are as yet no systematic, controlled studies comparing CBT and an SSRI, alone or in combination, against a control condition in the same patient population. This revised application proposes a four-year, six site, randomized controlled efficacy trial comparing cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and pharmacological treatment for youth ages 7 to 16 years with anxiety disorders. Phase 1 is a 12-week, random assignment acute efficacy study comparing CBT, FLV, their combination (n=90, each condition), and pill placebo control (n=48) in 318 (53/site) youth with DSM-IV primary diagnoses of separation anxiety, social phobia, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. Phase II involves a 6-month treatment maintenance period for Phase I responders. All subjects regardless of response status will be evaluated at all scheduled assessment points. In addition to comprehensive parent, child, clinician, and teacher reports, the primary outcome variables will be assessed by blind independent evaluators. Manualized intervention and assessment protocols plus state-of-the-art quality assurance and adverse event monitoring procedures insure uniform cross-site administration of the study protocol. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUG INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rettie, Allan E.; Professor and Chair; Medicinal Chemistry; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1983; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Metabolically-based drug-drug interactions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the therapeutic treatment of disease. Although significant advances have been made in our understanding of the etiology of such adverse drug reactions, quantitative prediction of these events at early stages of drug development and clinical use remains elusive. This Program Project Grant focuses on understanding the in vitro to in vivo relationships for drug-drug interactions involving the human cytochrome P450 family of enzymes and drug transporters. In the current proposal, we will investigate several emerging factors that complicate our ability to accurately predict changes in drug metabolizing enzyme and drug transporter activity that result from the co-administration of multiple interacting species; (i) nonhyperbolic kinetics and cooperative ligand binding to human P450s, (ii) sequential oxidative metabolism and the formation of metabolic-intermediate (MI) complexes, (iii) the variable contribution made by Type II binding to inhibitor Ki, (iv) the role(s) of drug transporters such as the human OCTs, MDRs and MRPs, and (v) the interplay of drugmetabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in drug interactions associated with induction mechanisms. In Project 1 we will synthesize novel high affinity inhibitors for human CYP2C enzymes and combine this with site-directed mutagenesis studies to enable construction of discriminating computational and structural models for the prediction of inhibitor Ki. In Project 2, we will explore the mechanistic basis for 'allosteric' kinetic behavior with CYP3A4, towards a variety of ligands including caffeine, acetaminophen, pyrene and hypericin using fluorescence and NMR-based approaches. In Project 3, we will explore reasons for the discrepancy between in vivo
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and in vitro Kis for the test compounds, itraconazole and fluvoxamine and develop new kinetic models for sequential metabolism and MI complex formation with macrolides and antidepressants. In Project 4 we will determine the molecular and genetic factors that influence, both in vivo and in vitro, the magnitude and spectrum of human P450 enzymes and drug transporters induced by the anti-HIV protease inhibitors, nelfinavir and ritonavir. Collectively, these studies should provide new conceptual and practical tools to achieve quantitative predictions of drug-drug interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUVOXAMINE CR IN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hollander, Eric; Associate Professor; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Cuny New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FLUVOXAMINE IN CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS WITH ANXIETY DISOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Scahill, Lawrence D.; Associate Professor; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to develop new and better treatments for children and adolescents with autism and related disorders. To this end, we plan to evaluate both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to reduce target behavioral problems and/or core symptoms of autism. Another long-term goal is identify biological predictors (e.g., specific genotypes) of treatment outcome. The third long-term goal is to develop better outcome measures in order to improve the precision of assessing treatment effects. The first aim of the current project is to compare low dose fluvoxamine to placebo in children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) accompanied by prominent anxiety symptoms. This drug was recently shown to be effective in the treatment of typically developing children with anxiety, but has not been well studied in children with PDD. Exploratory aims include: to examine the effect of fluvoxamine on social functioning in children and adolescents with PDD and anxiety symptoms; to examine the relationships between fluvoxamine level, extent of transporter blockade and clinical response (therapeutic effects and adverse effects such as behavioral activation); to examine the relationship between serotonin transporter genotypes and treatment response; to examine the distribution of anxiety symptoms in a large sample of children and adolescents with higher functioning forms of PDD and compare to normative data in typically developing children. Sixty subjects with PDD and an anxiety disorder will be recruited (30 per group) over a 4 1/2 year period (approximately 1 per month) and randomly assigned to low dose fluvoxamine or placebo for 8 weeks. Placebo non-responders will be offered open-label treatment after the double-blind phase. The primary outcome measure will be the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale scored by a blinded clinician. All subjects will be genotyped in order to evaluate the association between the serotonin transporter and clinical response. To address Aim # 5, we will survey 100-200 children between the ages of 10 and 18 years with higher functioning forms of PDD with 2 commonly used childhood anxiety questionnaires. These subjects will be ascertained from other projects in this
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Fluvoxamine
Center and from ongoing projects here at Yale. Aims #1-4 will be accomplished by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of parallel groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUVOXAMINE ON RAT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Lamb, Richard J.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): There appears to be an inverse relationship between synaptic serotonergic throughput and alcohol consumption. A key piece of evidence for this is the effects of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on ethanol consumption. However, because the mechanism(s) of these effects of SSRIs on ethanol consumption remains unknown, interpretation of these data remains ambiguous. Recently, we observed that the SSRI fluvoxamine reduces responding for ethanol at lower doses than those required to reduce responding for either food or sucrose solutions in rats. In this application, we propose to study the mechanism of these selective effects of fluvoxamine through three specific aims: I) extending our findings on fluvoxamine's selective effects; II) investigating the neurobiologic mechanisms of these selective effects; and III) investigating the behavioral mechanisms of the selective effects. We extend our findings by A) using a within-subject experimental design; B) showing clinically relevant ethanol consumption and C) determining if fluvoxamine and ethanol interact pharmacokinetically. Aim I systematically replicates our earlier findings and extends these findings by examining three explanations of our results: i) that the potency of fluvoxamine increases with chronic exposure to ethanol; ii) self-administered ethanol has direct pharmacological effects that act synergistically with fluvoxamine to decrease response-rates; and iii) fluvoxamine and ethanol interact pharmacokinetically. We examine the neurobiologic mechanisms of fluvoxamine's selective effects by A) examining if other antidepressants have selective effects; B) examining whether these selective effects, previously observed in Lewis rats, are also observed in Fischer and Sprague Dawley rats; and C) examining if repeated fluvoxamine has selective effects. These experiments narrow the field of potential neurobiologic mechanisms. We investigate possible behavioral mechanisms of fluvoxamine's selective effects by examining A) whether fluvoxamine has effects consistent with the hypothesis that fluvoxamine produces its selective effects by attenuating ethanol reinforcement, and B) whether fluvoxamine has effects consistent with other alternative hypotheses for these selective effects. Only by conducting experiments such as these can we delineate what the behavioral actions of fluvoxamine are that result in selective decreases in ethanolseeking behavior and thus, what these selective decreases mean with regards to 1) the role of serotonin in the control of alcohol consumption and alcoholism, and 2) the treatment of alcoholism with SSRIs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CHILDREN
FLUVOXAMINE
THERAPY
OF
ANXIETY
DIOSRDERS
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Labellarte, Michael; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Although anxiety disorders are relatively common in children & adolescents, there are no controlled studies that have demonstrated efficacy of any treatment, either
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pharmacologic or psychosocial, for children & adolescents with anxiety disorders. Fluvoxamine is an SSRI that is marketed in the US for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. Fluvoxamine has been used extensively throughout the world to treat a variety of anxiety & mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FLUVOXAMINE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Riddle, Mark A.; Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Although anxiety disorders are relatively common in children & adolescents, there are no controlled studies that have demonstrated efficacy of any treatment, either pharmacologic or psychosocial, for children & adolescents with anxiety disorders. Fluvoxamine is an SSRI that is marketed in the US for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. Fluvoxamine has been used extensively throughout the world to treat a variety of anxiety & mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MDMA METABOLITES & DOPAMINE & SEROTONIN TRANSPORTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heyliger, Simone O.; Assistant Professor; Hampton University E Queen & Tyler Sts Hampton, Va 23668 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: 3,4-(+)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-(+)methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are analogs of amphetamines that are toxic to rodent and primate serotonergic neurons. The mechanism underlying the neurotoxic effect is not well defined, however toxicity may be due to the production of toxic metabolites. In recent studies, several investigators have identified putative MDMA/MDA metabolites, which damage serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons. However, very little is known about the mechanism by which MDMA/MDA metabolites induce neurotoxicity or the mechanism(s) by which these metabolites gain entry into the neuron to produce their deleterious effects. Presumably, these metabolites enter the neuron through the serotonin transporter (SERT). This assumption is made because MDMA binds to SERT and SERT inhibitors such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are able to attenuate the toxic effects of MDMA. However, no studies have been conducted which conclusively demonstrate that MDMA/MDA metabolites interact with the serotonin transporter. Therefore, the primary objective of this proposal is to determine whether the toxic metabolites MDMA/MDA interact with the serotonin transporter. Moreover, this project will also determine if polymorphic forms of the promoter region of SERT predisposes cells to varying susceptibility to MDMA toxicity. These objectives will accomplished by (1) demonstrating that MDMA metabolites bind to SERT, (2) demonstrating that metabolite-induced toxicity is mediated through SERT and (3) demonstrating that cells over expressing SERT are more susceptible to MDMA and MDMA-metabolite toxicity. The clinical application is two-fold, the proposal will further elucidate the mechanisms by which MDMA produces neurotoxicity and provide insight into which individuals may be at risk of developing MDMA-induced toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF INHIBITORY DRUG INTERACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kunze, Kent L.; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: The long-term objective of the research described in this grant proposal is to better understand metabolism-based drug-drug interactions that are underpredicted from in vitro data. This is important because underprediction of effect has negative consequences for drug therapy and the development of new drugs. It is also important because these outliers represent a significant fraction of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. An in-depth understanding of why predictions fail should improve predictive efforts. The interactions we propose to study are drawn from the larger class of interactions that appear to arise as the result concentrative cell uptake and/or metabolites of the interactant drug. Predictive quality is degraded because the magnitude of the inhibition depends not only on the concentration of the interactant drug at the active site, but also on the activity of the enzymes involved in converting the drug to the proximate inhibitory metabolite as well as the mechanism of metabolite inhibition. The first section of this proposal investigates two potent inhibitors of P450catalyzed drug metabolism, fluvoxamine and itraconazole, who's in vivo effects are 10to 100- fold higher than predicted. Fluvoxamine causes potent and differential inhibition of at least 4 important human P450' s in vivo. Aims 1-3 will identify the sources of the underprediction for each enzyme by examining the importance of concentrative uptake as well as direct inhibitory effects of fluvoxamine, itraconazole and their major metabolites on enzyme activities in microsomal preparations and human hepatocytes. The finding that time dependent, persistent inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by itraconazole is observed in microsomes and intestinal cells further suggests that itraconazole is a mechanism-based inhibitor of this important enzyme. Aim 4 will assess if other factors, such as concentrative uptake, are required to fully explain the effect of itraconazole and, if so, to identify them. The second section of the proposal addresses the propensity of alkylamine containing drugs to elicit irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity via formation of MI complexes in vivo and in vitro. This process requires that the alkylamine undergo as many as 4 rounds of oxidation to the corresponding C-nitroso metabolite prior to the inhibitory event. This very complex type of inhibition has not been fully characterized and a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms is critical for meaningful and reproducible in vitro-in vivo predictions of inhibitory effect. Aims 5 and 6 of this proposal set out to fully describe the kinetics of the system and evaluate the limits and advantages of a less complex empirical approach. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OPIOID DEPENDENCE AND PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanco, Carlos; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: The goal of this mentored clinical scientist award is to promote the developing research skills of Carlos Blanco, M.D., Ph.D. a board- certified psychiatrist, by focusing in on the evaluation and treatment of methadone-maintained patients with comorbid pathological gambling. As a resident and fellow, Dr. Blanco has studied the course of substance abuse disorders with comorbid psychiatric disorders, and conducted preliminary studies on the biological basis and pharmacological treatment of
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pathological gambling. Over the course of this award, Dr. Blanco plans to carry out a program of research including cross-sectional studies of clinical severity and neuropsychological functioning in opiate dependent patients with and without pathological gambling and controls, and a randomized clinical trial of fluvoxamine combined with manual- guided cognitive-behavioral relapse-prevention therapy (CBT/RP) in methadone maintained patients with pathological gambling. This proposed research will be complemented by a training plan, under the sponsorship and guidance of Dr. Edward Nunes, together with the faculty and resources available at Columbia University. Dr. Blanco's training plan combines formal course work with individual tutorials with a range of expert consultants. He will receive training in the following areas: design and methods of clinical studies; controlled medication trials; methods of behavioral therapy research; neuropsychology; biostatistics and epidemiology. Together with the planned research, this program will provide Dr. Blanco with a unique training that will prepare him to conduct independent clinical research in the field of addictions and to achieve his long-term research career goal of increasing our understanding and improving the treatment of patients with substance abuse with comorbid pathological gambling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS CHILDREN/ADOLESCENTS
OF
FLUVOXAMINE
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Desmond; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A recent study on safety and efficacy of fluvoxamine have resulted in an FDA indication for treatment of OCD in the pediatric population. We are currently conducting an efficacy trial of fluvoxamine in childhood anxiety disorders. This proposed PK study of fluvoxamine is an important opportunity to obtain PK data from a pediatric group already scheduled to receive fluvoxamine treatment. One practical application of pediatric PK data is to help guide clinical practice, and determine a rational dosing regimen for fluvoxamine in the pediatric population. Pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine have been studied extensively in adults. In adults, PKs of fluvoxamine are non-linear, which appear dose-dependent, not time-dependent. In young adults, the steady-state half-life is between 13-15 hours. The PKs do not appear polymorphic. There is currently no PK data for fluvoxamine in the pediatric population. There is little data available regarding the relationship between fluvoxamine plasma levels and clinical response or adverse events in any age group. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS CHILDREN/ADOLESCENTS
OF
FLUVOXAMINE
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Connor, James D.; Professor; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: R21 PROJECT: ST. JOHN'S WORT VS. PLACEBO IN OCD Principal Investigator & Institution: Kobak, Kenneth A.; Senior Research Scientist; Dean Fdn for Health, Research & Educatn Research and Education Middleton, Wi 53562 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), a syndrome characterized by obsessions and compulsions, has a lifetime prevalence of 1-2%. Accumulating evidence in support of the serotonergic hypothesis on the etiology of OCD led to several serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being approved as a treatment for this disorder. However, even with adequate dose and duration non-response or partial response is the role. In addition, side effects with the SSRIs prompt the search for better tolerated compounds (e.g., drop-out rates in the multi-center trials of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, and paroxetine were 23%, 24%, 27%, and 20% respectively. There has been considerable worldwide interest in St. John's Wort (SJW) (Hypericum perforatum) as a treatment from mild to moderate depression. To date, there have been 23 randomized trials suggests SJW is more effective than placebo for the treatment of outpatients with mild to moderate depression. SJW is very well tolerated with mild side effects observed in only 2.5% of cases in a large drug monitoring study. SJW's mechanism of action is postulated by be via inhibition of the synaptosomal uptake of serotonin, and thus there is a suggestion that SJW may be effective for OCD. A recent 12- week open-label trial with 123 subjects with a fixed dose of 450 mg of hypericin twice daily found a significant change from baseline to endpoint, with a mean Y-BOCS change of 7.4 points (p=.002). Five of the 12 subjects previously failed to respond to a trial with an SSRI. The current study will be a 12-week, double-blind, placebo controlled parallel group study. The purpose of the study is to examine the efficacy and safety of SJW compared to placebo. Fifty subjects will be randomly assigned to SJW (Alterra bran, 450 mg, 1.35 hypericin) or matching placebo. This will be a fixed-dose design at 450 mg bid. An intent-to- treat analysis will be employed Subjects will be evaluated weekly for two weeks than biweekly thereafter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RUPP-PI AT DUKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wells, Karen C.; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overriding scientific goal of this application for Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Psychosocial Interventions (RUPP-PI) is to provide reliable estimates of mental health outcomes in mentally ill children and adolescents treated with widely used single and combined psychosocial and drug treatments for which randomized evidence is absent. The pragmatic goal of the application is to make the case that Duke University is ideally suited to participate in RUPP-PI. To meet these linked goals, we structured the application as follows: First, we define our specific aims in the context of the goals of the RFA. Second, we summarize the literature on the treatment of mentally ill youth, pointing out gaps in the literature that justify our specific aims. Third, we document the exceptional expertise and leadership experience that Duke brings to RUPP-PI. We specifically highlight our capability in research design, trials management, psychometrics, family and individual CBT, psychopharmacology, and, most importantly, our ability to work collaboratively on multidisciplinary, multicenter comparative treatment trials. Fourth, we propose a research protocol designed to illustrate our expertise in trial design and to point toward
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our relatively unique experience in evidence-based family therapy. Our work in the RUPP fluvoxamine anxiety trial suggests that partial responders to SSRI trials are not uncommon. Work by us and others suggests that the addition of a family treatment component to individual CBT improves outcomes in children with internalizing disorders. In this context, we propose to use a balanced 5 (site) by 3 (treatment) by 6 (repeated measures) experimental design to answer the following question: "In children and adolescents age 7-14 with separation, generalized or social anxiety who are partial responders to an SSRI, does the addition of CBT or CBT/FAM as compared to continued treatment with the SSRI (cSSRI) improve anxiety and functional outcomes acutely and at 6 month follow-up." Fifth, we propose several mechanisms to accomplish the training aim in the RFA. Finally, we document our willingness to work with other sites in selecting trial(s) to run on RUPP-PI and, in so doing, highlight the senior leadership and communication skills that we bring to RUPP-PI, skills that are critical to insuring that network members come together as stakeholders for the chosen scientific agenda. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE OF AUTISM AND RELATED DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Volkmar, Fred R.; Associate Professor; Child Study Center; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests five years of support for a collaborative, multidisciplinary program of research on social neuroscience in autism and related disorders. This application, submitted as a STAART autism center, builds on important resources and research programs. It is concerned with increasing the understanding of the processes underlying the social-communicative and socialaffective functioning of individuals with autism and related conditions. The focus of the grant is on integrating advances in neuroscience and genetics in understanding specific neurodevelopmental processes and risk factors and using this understanding in treatment studies. Objectives include characterization of visual scanning patterns of social stimuli, development of simple behavioral screening methods for young children at risk for autism, to determine whether young children with symptoms of autism display distinctive listening preferences as compared to developmentally delayed children, to assess the potential utility of computer assisted face training in autism with a goal of improving face perception skills and enhancing fusiform face area activity as seen on fMRI facial expression and normalization of visual scanning. In addition we propose to characterize the nature of anxiety disorders, particularly social anxiety disorder, in children and adolescents with PDD and to evaluate the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluvoxamine, in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Finally we plan to conduct a series of interrelated genetic studies with the overarching aim of identifying genetic mechanisms of social disability. Six projects and two core resources are proposed. Projects include: (I) Eye tracking studies of social engagement in infants and toddlers with autism, (II) Behavioral indices of joint attention in autism in young children, (III) Precursors to social communication in autism and related disorder, (IV) Molecular and family genetic studies of social phenotypes in autism, (V) Behavioral and neural plasticity in face recognition, and (VI) Fluvoxamine in the treatment of children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for fluvoxamine in the PubMed Central database: •
Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. by Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, Guidotti A.; 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19726
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Manic-switch induced by fluvoxamine in abstinent pure methamphetamine abusers. by Won M, Minabe Y, Sekine Y, Takei N, Kondo N, Mori N.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161735
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Violent acts associated with fluvoxamine treatment. by Okada F, Okajima K.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167189
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fluvoxamine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fluvoxamine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A case of adolescent body dysmorphic disorder treated with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Khan S, Decker D. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2001 Spring; 11(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322739&dopt=Abstract
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A case of fluvoxamine intoxication demonstrating nonlinear elimination pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Spigset O, Ohman R. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 June; 16(3): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8784660&dopt=Abstract
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A case of resistant trichotillomania treated with risperidone-augmented fluvoxamine. Author(s): Gabriel A. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 April; 46(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11320684&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of fluvoxamine, cognitive therapy, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Black DW, Wesner R, Bowers W, Gabel J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993 January; 50(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8422221&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind comparison of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Author(s): Kiev A, Feiger A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 April; 58(4): 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9164424&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind comparison of fluvoxamine versus placebo in the treatment of compulsive buying disorder. Author(s): Black DW, Gabel J, Hansen J, Schlosser S. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2000 December; 12(4): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140921&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, Marazziti D, Cassano GB. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 May; 12(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248868&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind study of long-term treatment with sertraline or fluvoxamine for prevention of highly recurrent unipolar depression. Author(s): Franchini L, Gasperini M, Perez J, Smeraldi E, Zanardi R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 March; 58(3): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9108811&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of controlledrelease fluvoxamine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Hollander E, Koran LM, Goodman WK, Greist JH, Ninan PT, Yang H, Li D, Barbato LM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 June; 64(6): 640-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823077&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in binge eating disorder: a high placebo response. Author(s): Pearlstein T, Spurell E, Hohlstein LA, Gurney V, Read J, Fuchs C, Keller MB. Source: Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2003 April; 6(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720065&dopt=Abstract
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A fluvoxamine-caffeine interaction study. Author(s): Jeppesen U, Loft S, Poulsen HE, Brsen K. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1996 June; 6(3): 213-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807660&dopt=Abstract
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A fluvoxamine-induced frontal lobe syndrome in a patient with comorbid Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): George MS, Trimble MR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 October; 53(10): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1429480&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine for pathological gambling. Author(s): Blanco C, Petkova E, Ibanez A, Saiz-Ruiz J. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2002 March; 14(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046642&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized double-blind fluvoxamine/placebo crossover trial in pathologic gambling. Author(s): Hollander E, DeCaria CM, Finkell JN, Begaz T, Wong CM, Cartwright C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 May 1; 47(9): 813-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812040&dopt=Abstract
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A single dose of fluvoxamine associated with an acute psychotic reaction. Author(s): Sim FH, Massabki RA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2000 October; 45(8): 762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086561&dopt=Abstract
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A subtype of auditory verbal hallucinations responds to fluvoxamine. Author(s): Stephane M, Polis I, Barton SN. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 Summer; 13(3): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514657&dopt=Abstract
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A therapeutic use of the methadone fluvoxamine drug interaction. Author(s): DeMaria PA Jr, Serota RD. Source: Journal of Addictive Diseases : the Official Journal of the Asam, American Society of Addiction Medicine. 1999; 18(4): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631960&dopt=Abstract
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Acute dystonia associated with fluvoxamine-metoclopramide. Author(s): Palop V, Jimenez MJ, Catalan C, Martinez-Mir I. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1999 March; 33(3): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10200869&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of low-dose fluvoxamine to low-dose clozapine monotherapy in schizophrenia: drug monitoring and tolerability data from a prospective clinical trial. Author(s): Szegedi A, Anghelescu I, Wiesner J, Schlegel S, Weigmann H, Hartter S, Hiemke C, Wetzel H. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 July; 32(4): 148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10505485&dopt=Abstract
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Add-on fluvoxamine improves primary negative symptoms: evidence for specificity from response analysis of individual symptoms. Author(s): Silver H, Aharon N, Kaplan A. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2003; 29(3): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609247&dopt=Abstract
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Aggravation of food-related behavior in an adolescent with Prader-Willi syndrome treated with fluvoxamine and fluoxetine. Author(s): Kohn Y, Weizman A, Apter A. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2001 July; 30(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439417&dopt=Abstract
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Amenorrhea and galactorrhea associated with fluvoxamine in a loxapine-treated patient. Author(s): Jeffries J, Bezchlibnyk-Butler K, Remington G. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 August; 12(4): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1527236&dopt=Abstract
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An interaction between carbamazepine and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Martinelli V, Bocchetta A, Palmas AM, Del Zompo M. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1993 December; 36(6): 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12959283&dopt=Abstract
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An open clinical trial of fluvoxamine treatment of psychogenic excoriation. Author(s): Arnold LM, Mutasim DF, Dwight MM, Lamerson CL, Morris EM, McElroy SL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 February; 19(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9934938&dopt=Abstract
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An open study of fluvoxamine augmentation of neuroleptics in schizophrenia with obsessive and compulsive symptoms. Author(s): Reznik I, Sirota P. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2000 May-June; 23(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895399&dopt=Abstract
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An open trial of fluvoxamine for hypochondriasis. Author(s): Fallon BA, Qureshi AI, Schneier FR, Sanchez-Lacay A, Vermes D, Feinstein R, Connelly J, Liebowitz MR. Source: Psychosomatics. 2003 July-August; 44(4): 298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832595&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of milnacipran, a dual serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor: a comparison with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Clerc G; Milnacipran/Fluvoxamine Study Group. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 May; 16(3): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11354236&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant response and fluvoxamine plasma concentrations: a pilot study. Author(s): Schwarzenbach F, Netillard C, Demoly P, Bisschop D, Limat S, Bouquet S, Vandel S, Bel AM, Woronoff-Lemsi MC. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 2003 February; 25(1): 27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661474&dopt=Abstract
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Are adverse drug reactions attributed to fluvoxamine caused by concomitant intake of caffeine? Author(s): Spigset O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 October; 54(8): 665-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860156&dopt=Abstract
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Automated determination of fluvoxamine in plasma by column-switching highperformance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Hartter S, Wetzel H, Hiemke C. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1992 October; 38(10): 2082-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1394994&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral side effects in obsessive-compulsive patients treated with fluvoxamine: a clinical description. Author(s): Diaferia G, Mundo E, Bianchi Y, Ronchi P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 February; 14(1): 78-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151009&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effect of low-dose mianserin on fluvoxamine-induced akathisia in an obsessive-compulsive patient. Author(s): Poyurovsky M, Meerovich I, Weizman A. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 June; 10(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7673653&dopt=Abstract
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Bioavailability of fluvoxamine given with and without food. Author(s): Van Harten J, Van Bemmel P, Dobrinska MR, Ferguson RK, Raghoebar M. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1991 November; 12(8): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1801963&dopt=Abstract
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Biological dissection of anxiety disorders: the clinical role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with particular reference to fluvoxamine. Author(s): den Boer JA, Westenberg HG, De Leeuw AS, van Vliet IM. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 January; 9 Suppl 4: 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7622824&dopt=Abstract
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Blockade of HERG potassium currents by fluvoxamine: incomplete attenuation by S6 mutations at F656 or Y652. Author(s): Milnes JT, Crociani O, Arcangeli A, Hancox JC, Witchel HJ. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 July; 139(5): 887-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839862&dopt=Abstract
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Blood clozapine levels elevated by fluvoxamine: potential for side effects and lower clozapine dosage. Author(s): Armstrong SC, Stephans JR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 November; 58(11): 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413421&dopt=Abstract
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Brain elimination half-life of fluvoxamine measured by 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Strauss WL, Layton ME, Dager SR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 March; 155(3): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501749&dopt=Abstract
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Brain pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in vivo of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine by fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Bolo NR, Hode Y, Nedelec JF, Laine E, Wagner G, Macher JP. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 October; 23(4): 428-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10989270&dopt=Abstract
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Buspirone augmentation of fluvoxamine in the treatment of kleptomania. Author(s): Durst R, Katz G, Knobler HY. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 September; 185(9): 586-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9307623&dopt=Abstract
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Carbamazepine and/or fluvoxamine drug interaction with risperidone in a patient on multiple psychotropic medications. Author(s): Alfaro CL, Nicolson R, Lenane M, Rapoport JL. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 January; 34(1): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10669197&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular effects of fluvoxamine and maprotiline in depressed patients. Author(s): Hewer W, Rost W, Gattaz WF. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1995; 246(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8773212&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in platelet markers of obsessive-compulsive patients during a double-blind trial of fluvoxamine versus clomipramine. Author(s): Marazziti D, Pfanner C, Palego L, Gemignani A, Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, Presta S, Cassano GB. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 November; 30(6): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9442546&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of fluvoxamine-induced nausea. Author(s): Ueda N, Yoshimura R, Shinkai K, Terao T, Nakamura J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 November 30; 104(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728615&dopt=Abstract
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Chlorimipramine and nortriptyline but not fluoxetine and fluvoxamine inhibit human polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis in vitro. Author(s): Sacerdote P, Bianchi M, Panerai AE. Source: General Pharmacology. 1994 May; 25(3): 409-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7926582&dopt=Abstract
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Citalopram and fluvoxamine in Tourette's disorder. Author(s): Bajo S, Battaglia M, Pegna C, Bellodi L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 March; 38(3): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10087681&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Perucca E, Gatti G, Spina E. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1994 September; 27(3): 175-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7988100&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine: applications to dosage regimen design. Author(s): DeVane CL, Gill HS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997; 58 Suppl 5: 7-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184622&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine and fluvoxamine, a curious complexity. Author(s): Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 April; 18(2): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555594&dopt=Abstract
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Coadministration of clozapine and fluvoxamine in psychotic patients--clinical experience. Author(s): Lammers CH, Deuschle M, Weigmann H, Hartter S, Hiemke C, Heese C, Heuser I. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 March; 32(2): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333167&dopt=Abstract
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Coadministration of fluvoxamine increases serum concentrations of haloperidol. Author(s): Daniel DG, Randolph C, Jaskiw G, Handel S, Williams T, Abi-Dargham A, Shoaf S, Egan M, Elkashef A, Liboff S, et al. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 October; 14(5): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7806690&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Author(s): van Balkom AJ, de Haan E, van Oppen P, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, van Dyck R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998 August; 186(8): 492-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717867&dopt=Abstract
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Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo. Results of a multicentre study. Author(s): Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Ruchle H, Hand I, Konig A, Munchau N, Hiss H, Geiger-Kabisch C, Kappler C, Schramm P, Rey E, Aldenhoff J, Berger M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 1998; (35): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829029&dopt=Abstract
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Combination treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: drug monitoring, safety, and tolerability data. Author(s): Szegedi A, Wetzel H, Leal M, Hartter S, Hiemke C. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 June; 57(6): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8666564&dopt=Abstract
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Comment: neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with risperidone and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Isbister GK, Dawson AH, Whyte IM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 July-August; 36(7-8): 1293; Author Reply 1294. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086569&dopt=Abstract
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Comment: serotonin syndrome induced by fluvoxamine and mirtazapine. Author(s): Isbister GK, Dawson AH, Whyte IM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 December; 35(12): 1674-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11793645&dopt=Abstract
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Comments on in vitro and in vivo studies of fluvoxamine-clozapine interaction. Author(s): Olesen OV, Linnet K. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 October; 22(5): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352280&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacodynamic studies with the novel serotonin uptake-enhancing tianeptine and -inhibiting fluvoxamine utilizing EEG mapping and psychometry. Author(s): Saletu B, Grunberger J, Anderer P, Linzmayer L, Zyhlarz G. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1996; 103(1-2): 191-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9026373&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of buspirone with diazepam and fluvoxamine on aversive classical conditioning in humans. Author(s): Hellewell JS, Guimaraes FS, Wang M, Deakin JF. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999; 13(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475716&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of Fluvoxamine alone, Fluvoxamine and cognitive psychotherapy and psychotherapy alone in the treatment of panic disorder in Kelantan--implications for management by family doctors. Author(s): Azhar MZ. Source: Med J Malaysia. 2000 December; 55(4): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11221150&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of fluvoxamine, imipramine, and placebo in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder. Author(s): Nair NP, Bakish D, Saxena B, Amin M, Schwartz G, West TE. Source: Anxiety. 1996; 2(4): 192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160622&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of in vitro and in vivo inhibition potencies of fluvoxamine toward CYP2C19. Author(s): Yao C, Kunze KL, Trager WF, Kharasch ED, Levy RH. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2003 May; 31(5): 565-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695344&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the antidepressants reboxetine, fluvoxamine and amitriptyline upon spontaneous pupillary fluctuations in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Phillips MA, Bitsios P, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 March; 149(1): 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789885&dopt=Abstract
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Complex movement disorder associated with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Bronner IM, Vanneste JA. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1998 September; 13(5): 848-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9756160&dopt=Abstract
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Compulsive exhibitionism successfully treated with fluvoxamine: a controlled case study. Author(s): Zohar J, Kaplan Z, Benjamin J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 March; 55(3): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071253&dopt=Abstract
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Cost effectiveness of fluvoxamine in the treatment of recurrent depression in France. Author(s): Nuijten M, Hadjadjeba L, Evans C, van den Berg J. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1998 October; 14(4): 433-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344910&dopt=Abstract
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CPT performance in major depressive disorder before and after treatment with imipramine or fluvoxamine. Author(s): Koetsier GC, Volkers AC, Tulen JH, Passchier J, van den Broek WW, Bruijn JA. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2002 November-December; 36(6): 391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393308&dopt=Abstract
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CYP2C9 is a principal low-affinity phenacetin O-deethylase: fluvoxamine is not a specific CYP1A2 inhibitor. Author(s): Venkatakrishnan K, von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1999 December; 27(12): 1519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10627170&dopt=Abstract
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CYP2D6 status of extensive metabolizers after multiple-dose fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, or sertraline. Author(s): Alfaro CL, Lam YW, Simpson J, Ereshefsky L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 19(2): 155-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211917&dopt=Abstract
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CYP2D6*10 alleles do not determine plasma fluvoxamine concentration/dose ratio in Japanese subjects. Author(s): Ohara K, Tanabu S, Ishibashi K, Ikemoto K, Yoshida K, Shibuya H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 659-61. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610741&dopt=Abstract
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Deliberate self-poisoning following fluvoxamine-neuroleptics combination. Author(s): Chong SA, Cheong A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 December; 60(12): 869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665638&dopt=Abstract
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Delusionality and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Dwight MM, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 February; 62(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247107&dopt=Abstract
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Detailed characterization of experimentally derived human hepatic CYP1A1 activity and expression using differential inhibition of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Sy SK, Tang BK, Pastrakuljic A, Roberts EA, Kalow W. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 August; 57(5): 377-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599655&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of interindividual variability and extent of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 inhibition by paroxetine and fluvoxamine in vivo. Author(s): Ozdemir V, Naranjo CA, Shulman RW, Herrmann N, Sellers EM, Reed K, Kalow W. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 June; 18(3): 198-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617978&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of fluvoxamine concentration in plasma by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Author(s): Wong SH, Kranzler HR, DellaFera S, Fernandes R. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1994 November-December; 8(6): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7888729&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of fluvoxamine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Author(s): Pullen RH, Fatmi AA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1992 February 7; 574(1): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1629272&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of fluvoxamine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Foglia JP, Birder LA, Perel JM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1989 October 27; 495: 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2515199&dopt=Abstract
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Differences between in vitro and in vivo determinations of fluvoxamine-clozapine interaction. Author(s): Lu ML, Lane HY, Chang WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 December; 21(6): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763018&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin. Author(s): Hartter S, Wang X, Weigmann H, Friedberg T, Arand M, Oesch F, Hiemke C. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270913&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of milnacipran and fluvoxamine, especially in patients with severe depression and agitated depression: a case-control study. Author(s): Fukuchi T, Kanemoto K. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 March; 17(2): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11890186&dopt=Abstract
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Differential period of onset of action of fluvoxamine, paroxetine and milnacipran for depression. Author(s): Morishita S, Arita S. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 August; 18(6): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923828&dopt=Abstract
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Disposition of fluvoxamine in humans is determined by the polymorphic CYP2D6 and also by the CYP1A2 activity. Author(s): Carrillo JA, Dahl ML, Svensson JO, Alm C, Rodriguez I, Bertilsson L. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 August; 60(2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823236&dopt=Abstract
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Distinction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activity by selective inhibition using fluvoxamine and isosafrole. Author(s): Pastrakuljic A, Tang BK, Roberts EA, Kalow W. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1997 February 21; 53(4): 531-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105404&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Author(s): Jeppesen U, Gram LF, Vistisen K, Loft S, Poulsen HE, Brosen K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996; 51(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880055&dopt=Abstract
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Dosing strategies of clozapine-fluvoxamine cotreatment. Author(s): Lu ML, Lane HY, Jann MW, Chang WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 22(6): 626-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454566&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind comparative multicentre study of fluvoxamine and mianserin in the treatment of major depressive episode in elderly people. Author(s): Phanjoo AL, Wonnacott S, Hodgson A. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 June; 83(6): 476-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1909083&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Palatnik A, Frolov K, Fux M, Benjamin J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 June; 21(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386498&dopt=Abstract
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Drug binding to HERG channels: evidence for a 'non-aromatic' binding site for fluvoxamine. Author(s): Mitcheson JS. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 July; 139(5): 883-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839860&dopt=Abstract
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Drug plasma levels and platelet 5-HT uptake inhibition during long-term treatment with fluvoxamine or lithium in patients with affective disorders. Author(s): Wood K, Swade C, Abou-Saleh M, Milln P, Coppen A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 15 Suppl 3: 365S-368S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6407498&dopt=Abstract
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Dyskinesia associated with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Arya DK, Szabadi E. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 October; 13(5): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8227498&dopt=Abstract
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Dystonic reaction associated with fluvoxamine. Author(s): George MS, Trimble MR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 June; 13(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8354740&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adjuvant pindolol on the antiobsessional response to fluvoxamine: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Mundo E, Guglielmo E, Bellodi L. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 September; 13(5): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9817627&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of coadministration of clozapine and fluvoxamine versus clozapine monotherapy on blood cell counts, plasma levels of cytokines and body weight. Author(s): Hinze-Selch D, Deuschle M, Weber B, Heuser I, Pollmacher T. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 April; 149(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805611&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of mexiletine in healthy Japanese men. Author(s): Kusumoto M, Ueno K, Oda A, Takeda K, Mashimo K, Takaya K, Fujimura Y, Nishihori T, Tanaka K. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 March; 69(3): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240973&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Author(s): Damkier P, Hansen LL, Brosen K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 August; 55(6): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492058&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fluvoxamine on total serum cholesterol levels during weight reduction. Author(s): de Zwaan M, Nutzinger DO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 August; 57(8): 346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752016&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fluvoxamine therapy on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A as determined by phenotyping. Author(s): Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Kearns GL, Leeder JS, Gotschall R, Rocci ML Jr, Kulawy RW, Beck DJ, Bertino JS Jr. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 September; 64(3): 257-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757149&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of fluvoxamine, imipramine and placebo on catecholamine function in depressed outpatients. Author(s): Johnson MR, Lydiard RB, Morton WA, Laird LK, Steele TE, Kellner CH, Ballenger JC. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1993 April-June; 27(2): 161-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8396179&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of SSRI antidepressants on ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study with fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. Author(s): Waldinger MD, Hengeveld MW, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 August; 18(4): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9690692&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine on CCK-4 induced panic attacks. Author(s): van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG, den Boer JA, Slaap B, Scheepmakers A. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1997 February; 129(4): 357-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9085405&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of concomitant fluvoxamine on the metabolism of alprazolam in Japanese psychiatric patients: interaction with CYP2C19 mutated alleles. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Shioiri T, Muratake T, Kawashima Y, Sato S, Hagiwara M, Inoue Y, Shimoda K, Someya T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 April; 58(12): 829-33. Epub 2003 March 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698310&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluconazole and fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride. Author(s): Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 April; 69(4): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309547&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluvoxamine and citalopram in maintaining abstinence in a sample of Italian detoxified alcoholics. Author(s): Angelone SM, Bellini L, Di Bella D, Catalano M. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1998 March-April; 33(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9566477&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluvoxamine and dothiepin on psychomotor abilities in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Fairweather DB, Ashford J, Hindmarch I. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1996 February; 53(2): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8808130&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine on sleep structure in normal subjects: a homebased Nightcap evaluation during drug administration and withdrawal. Author(s): Silvestri R, Pace-Schott EF, Gersh T, Stickgold R, Salzman C, Hobson JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 August; 62(8): 642-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561938&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluvoxamine on depression, anxiety, and other areas of general psychopathology in bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Fichter MM, Leibl C, Kruger R, Rief W. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 May; 30(3): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9211569&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluvoxamine on whole-blood serotonin and platelet number. Author(s): Hoeksema T, Goekoop JG, Van Kempen GM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 February; 13(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8486822&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of fluvoxamine treatment on cognitive functioning in the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. Author(s): O'Carroll RE, Moffoot AP, Ebmeier KP, Goodwin GM. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1994 September; 116(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7862935&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the CYP 2D6 genotype and cigarette smoking on the steady-state plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine and its major metabolite fluvoxamino acid in Japanese depressed patients. Author(s): Gerstenberg G, Aoshima T, Fukasawa T, Yoshida K, Takahashi H, Higuchi H, Murata Y, Shimoyama R, Ohkubo T, Shimizu T, Otani K. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2003 August; 25(4): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883230&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 April; 59(4): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9590666&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and tolerability of citalopram in comparison with fluvoxamine in depressed outpatients: a double-blind, multicentre study. The LUCIFER Group. Author(s): Haffmans PM, Timmerman L, Hoogduin CA. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 September; 11(3): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923094&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of fluvoxamine in the treatment of major depression with comorbid anxiety disorders. Author(s): Sonawalla SB, Spillmann MK, Kolsky AR, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 September; 60(9): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520975&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessivecompulsive disorder: a single-blind study. Author(s): Mundo E, Bianchi L, Bellodi L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 August; 17(4): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241005&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated clozapine levels after fluvoxamine initiation. Author(s): Dequardo JR, Roberts M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 June; 153(6): 840-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8633707&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated clozapine plasma concentrations after fluvoxamine initiation. Author(s): DuMortier G, Lochu A, Colen de Melo P, Ghribi O, Roche-Rabreau D, DeGrassat K, Desce JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 May; 153(5): 738-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615436&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated levels of clozapine in serum after addition of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Hiemke C, Weigmann H, Hartter S, Dahmen N, Wetzel H, Muller H. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1994 August; 14(4): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7962687&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated plasma levels of clozapine after concomitant use of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Heeringa M, Beurskens R, Schouten W, Verduijn MM. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 1999 October; 21(5): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550852&dopt=Abstract
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Emergence of symptoms of Tourette's syndrome during fluvoxamine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Fennig S, Fennig SN, Pato M, Weitzman A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 June; 164(6): 839-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7952995&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and physiological effects of fluvoxamine in social phobia. Author(s): DeVane CL, Ware MR, Emmanuel NP, Brawman-Mintzer O, Morton WA, Villarreal G, Lydiard RB. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 November; 14(6): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565801&dopt=Abstract
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Excretion of fluvoxamine into breast milk. Author(s): Hagg S, Granberg K, Carleborg L. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 March; 49(3): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718788&dopt=Abstract
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Extrapyramidal symptoms after addition of fluvoxamine to clozapine. Author(s): Kuo FJ, Lane HY, Chang WH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 December; 18(6): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9864083&dopt=Abstract
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Factors affecting fluvoxamine antidepressant activity: influence of pindolol and 5HTTLPR in delusional and nondelusional depression. Author(s): Zanardi R, Serretti A, Rossini D, Franchini L, Cusin C, Lattuada E, Dotoli D, Smeraldi E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 September 1; 50(5): 323-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543734&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of brain fluvoxamine and fluoxetine in pediatric patients treated for pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Strauss WL, Unis AS, Cowan C, Dawson G, Dager SR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 May; 159(5): 755-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986128&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine combined with individual cognitive-behaviour therapy in binge eating disorder: a one-year follow-up study. Author(s): Ricca V, Mannucci E, Mezzani B, Moretti S, Di Bernardo M, Bertelli M, Rotella CM, Faravelli C. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 November-December; 70(6): 298-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598429&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine and aggression in mental retardation. Author(s): La Malfa G, Bertelli M, Conte M. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2001 August; 52(8): 1105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474064&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine and enuresis. Author(s): Kano K, Arisaka O. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 December; 39(12): 1464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128320&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine and fluoxetine do not interact in the same way with the metabolism of the enantiomers of methadone. Author(s): Eap CB, Bertschy G, Powell K, Baumann P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 April; 17(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950475&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine and sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Neylan TC, Metzler TJ, Schoenfeld FB, Weiss DS, Lenoci M, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Marmar CR. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2001 July; 14(3): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11534878&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine as an adjunctive agent in schizophrenia. Author(s): Silver H. Source: Cns Drug Rev. 2001 Fall; 7(3): 283-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11607044&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine augmentation increases serum mirtazapine concentrations three- to fourfold. Author(s): Anttila AK, Rasanen L, Leinonen EV. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 October; 35(10): 1221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675851&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine augmentation of antipsychotics improves negative symptoms in psychotic chronic schizophrenic patients: a placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Silver H, Barash I, Aharon N, Kaplan A, Poyurovsky M. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 September; 15(5): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993127&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine but not sertraline inhibits the metabolism of olanzapine: evidence from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Author(s): Weigmann H, Gerek S, Zeisig A, Muller M, Hartter S, Hiemke C. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2001 August; 23(4): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11477325&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine concentrations in breast milk and in maternal and infant sera. Author(s): Arnold LM, Suckow RF, Lichtenstein PK. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 20(4): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917415&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Author(s): Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Yang HM, Claghorn JL, Gaffney G, Greist JH, Holland D, McConville BJ, Pigott T, Walkup JT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 February; 40(2): 222-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211371&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine for postpartum depression. Author(s): Suri R, Burt VK, Altshuler LL, Zuckerbrow-Miller J, Fairbanks L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1739-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579021&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine for psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Levkovitz Y, Bloch Y, Kaplan D, Diskin A, Abramovitchi I. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 February; 189(2): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225688&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Author(s): Isaacs E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 August 9; 345(6): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496864&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine in the treatment of panic disorder: a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in outpatients. Author(s): Asnis GM, Hameedi FA, Goddard AW, Potkin SG, Black D, Jameel M, Desagani K, Woods SW. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 August 5; 103(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472786&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine increases plasma and urinary levels of clozapine and its major metabolites in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Author(s): Fabrazzo M, La Pia S, Monteleone P, Mennella R, Esposito G, Pinto A, Maj M. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 December; 20(6): 708-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106150&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine inhibits the CYP2C9 catalyzed biotransformation of tolbutamide. Author(s): Madsen H, Enggaard TP, Hansen LL, Klitgaard NA, Brosen K. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 January; 69(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11180037&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine modulates pain sensation and affective processing of pain in human brain. Author(s): Nemoto H, Toda H, Nakajima T, Hosokawa S, Okada Y, Yamamoto K, Horiuchi R, Endo K, Ida I, Mikuni M, Goto F. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 May 6; 14(6): 791-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858034&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in later life: preliminary opentrial data. Author(s): Wylie ME, Miller MD, Shear MK, Little JT, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2000 Spring; 13(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10753007&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine reduces the clozapine dosage needed in refractory schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Lu ML, Lane HY, Chen KP, Jann MW, Su MH, Chang WH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 August; 61(8): 594-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10982203&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine strongly inhibits melatonin metabolism in a patient with low-amplitude melatonin profile. Author(s): Grozinger M, Hartter S, Wang X, Roschke J, Hiemke C, Rose DM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 August; 57(8): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10920471&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine treatment of mixed anxiety and depression: evidence for serotonergically mediated anxiolysis. Author(s): Rausch JL, Hobby HM, Shendarkar N, Johnson ME, Li J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270909&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine versus fluoxetine in major depressive episode: a double-blind randomised comparison. Author(s): Dalery J, Honig A. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 July; 18(5): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858325&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders. Author(s): Figgitt DP, McClellan KJ. Source: Drugs. 2000 October; 60(4): 925-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11085201&dopt=Abstract
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Fluvoxamine: safety profile in extensive post-marketing surveillance. Author(s): Buchberger R, Wagner W. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 May; 35(3): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107854&dopt=Abstract
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Grapefruit juice-fluvoxamine interaction--is it risky or not? Author(s): Hori H, Yoshimura R, Ueda N, Eto S, Shinkai K, Sakata S, Ohmori O, Terao T, Nakamura J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 August; 23(4): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920426&dopt=Abstract
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Griseofulvin and fluvoxamine interactions with the metabolism of theophylline. Author(s): Rasmussen BB, Jeppesen U, Gaist D, Brosen K. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1997 February; 19(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029748&dopt=Abstract
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Hair loss associated with fluvoxamine use. Author(s): Parameshwar E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 April; 153(4): 581-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8599419&dopt=Abstract
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Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Lee NC, Heninger GR, Price LH. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994 April; 51(4): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8161290&dopt=Abstract
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Herbal medicine in the treatment of fluvoxamine-induced nausea and dyspepsia. Author(s): Yamada K, Kanba S, Yagi G, Asai M. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 December; 53(6): 681. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687751&dopt=Abstract
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High levels of serotonin transporter occupancy with low-dose clomipramine in comparative occupancy study with fluvoxamine using positron emission tomography. Author(s): Suhara T, Takano A, Sudo Y, Ichimiya T, Inoue M, Yasuno F, Ikoma Y, Okubo Y. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 April; 60(4): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695316&dopt=Abstract
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High performance liquid chromatographic determination of fluvoxamine in human plasma. Author(s): Pommery J, Lhermitte M. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1989 July; 3(4): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511937&dopt=Abstract
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High performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection used for laboratory routine determination of fluvoxamine in human plasma. Author(s): Belmadani A, Combourieu I, Bonini M, Creppy EE. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1995 January; 14(1): 34-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748614&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of fluvoxamine and fluvoxamino acid in human plasma. Author(s): Ohkubo T, Shimoyama R, Otani K, Yoshida K, Higuchi H, Shimizu T. Source: Anal Sci. 2003 June; 19(6): 859-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834224&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperphagia in dementia: fluvoxamine takes the biscuit. Author(s): Hope RA, Allman P. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1991 January; 54(1): 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1901350&dopt=Abstract
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If a patient does not respond to a full dose of fluvoxamine for at least 12 weeks, what alternatives should be considered? Author(s): Ravindran AV. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1998 March; 23(2): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549254&dopt=Abstract
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Improved outcome in fluvoxamine-treated patients with SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Author(s): Banov MD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 December; 60(12): 866-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665636&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro interactions between fluoxetine or fluvoxamine and methadone or buprenorphine. Author(s): Iribarne C, Picart D, Dreano Y, Berthou F. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1998; 12(2): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565774&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo inhibition of CYP2C19 but not CYP2D6 by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Xu ZH, Xie HG, Zhou HH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 October; 42(4): 518-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904628&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of sexual dysfunction in healthy volunteers on fluvoxamine therapy. Author(s): Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr, Goss-Bley AI, Kashuba AD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 March; 60(3): 187-90. Erratum In: J Clin Psychiatry 1999 May; 60(5): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192595&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Author(s): Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, Guidotti A. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998 March 17; 95(6): 3239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501247&dopt=Abstract
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Increased bioavailability of oral melatonin after fluvoxamine coadministration. Author(s): Hartter S, Grozinger M, Weigmann H, Roschke J, Hiemke C. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 January; 67(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668847&dopt=Abstract
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Increased libido in a woman treated with fluvoxamine: a case report. Author(s): Hori H, Yoshimura R, Nakamura J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 103(4): 312-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328247&dopt=Abstract
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Increased sexual desire during fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Okada F, Okajima K. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2000 October; 45(8): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086562&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of the CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine on tacrine pharmacokinetics in humans. Author(s): Becquemont L, Ragueneau I, Le Bot MA, Riche C, Funck-Brentano C, Jaillon P. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 June; 61(6): 619-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209244&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region on the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in Japanese depressed patients. Author(s): Yoshida K, Ito K, Sato K, Takahashi H, Kamata M, Higuchi H, Shimizu T, Itoh K, Inoue K, Tezuka T, Suzuki T, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K, Otani K. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 February; 26(2): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817517&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter genes on fluvoxamine antidepressant activity. Author(s): Serretti A, Zanardi R, Rossini D, Cusin C, Lilli R, Smeraldi E. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 September; 6(5): 586-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526473&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of antidepressant demethylation and hydroxylation by fluvoxamine in depressed patients. Author(s): Hartter S, Wetzel H, Hammes E, Hiemke C. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1993; 110(3): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7831423&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of imipramine N-demethylation by fluvoxamine in Chinese young men. Author(s): Xu ZH, Huang SL, Zhou HH. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1996 September; 17(5): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863158&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction between fluvoxamine and cotinine or caffeine. Author(s): Yoshimura R, Ueda N, Nakamura J, Eto S, Matsushita M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45(1): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803239&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of fluvoxamine with warfarin in an elderly woman. Author(s): Yap KB, Low ST. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 July; 40(7): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560276&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of olanzapine with fluvoxamine. Author(s): de Jong J, Hoogenboom B, van Troostwijk LD, de Haan L. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 May; 155(2): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401013&dopt=Abstract
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In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of the drug-drug interaction between fluvoxamine and clozapine. Author(s): Chang WH, Augustin B, Lane HY, ZumBrunnen T, Liu HC, Kazmi Y, Jann MW. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 July; 145(1): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10445377&dopt=Abstract
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Is fluvoxamine safe and effective for treating anxiety disorders in children? Author(s): Burke JM, Baker RC. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2001 August; 50(8): 719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11509170&dopt=Abstract
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Issues in the assessment of treatment response in panic disorder with special reference to fluvoxamine. Author(s): Ninan PT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997; 58 Suppl 5: 24-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184624&dopt=Abstract
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Kinetics and inhibition by fluvoxamine of phenacetin O-deethylation in V79 cells expressing human CYP1A2. Author(s): Jensen KG, Poulsen HE, Doehmer J, Loft S. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1995 April; 76(4): 286-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7617560&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of correlation between fluvoxamine clearance and CYP1A2 activity as measured by systemic caffeine clearance. Author(s): Spigset O, Hagg S, Soderstrom E, Dahlqvist R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 February; 54(12): 943-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192755&dopt=Abstract
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Life-threatening fluvoxamine overdose in a 4-year-old child. Author(s): Fraser J, South M. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 May; 25(5): 548. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401959&dopt=Abstract
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Limited therapeutic effect of addition of buspirone in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Holzer JC, Barr LC, McCance-Katz E, Heninger GR, Price LH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 April; 150(4): 647-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8465885&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term study of fluvoxamine: a new rapid-acting antidepressant. Author(s): Feldmann HS, Denber HC. Source: Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 1982; 17(2): 114-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6809683&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term treatment of psychotic (delusional) depression with fluvoxamine: an open pilot study. Author(s): Zanardi R, Franchini L, Gasperini M, Smeraldi E, Perez J. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 July; 12(4): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347379&dopt=Abstract
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Low daily 10-mg and 20-mg doses of fluvoxamine inhibit the metabolism of both caffeine (cytochrome P4501A2) and omeprazole (cytochrome P4502C19). Author(s): Christensen M, Tybring G, Mihara K, Yasui-Furokori N, Carrillo JA, Ramos SI, Andersson K, Dahl ML, Bertilsson L. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 March; 71(3): 141-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907488&dopt=Abstract
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Low dosage of levomepromazine did not increase plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Yoshimura R, Ueda N, Nakamura J. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 July; 15(4): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954064&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose fluvoxamine treatment of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders: a prospective, open-label study. Author(s): Martin A, Koenig K, Anderson GM, Scahill L. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2003 February; 33(1): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708582&dopt=Abstract
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Mania and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Burrai C, Bocchetta A, del Zompo M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 September; 148(9): 1263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1909099&dopt=Abstract
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Manic-switch induced by fluvoxamine in abstinent pure methamphetamine abusers. Author(s): Won M, Minabe Y, Sekine Y, Takei N, Kondo N, Mori N. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2003 March; 28(2): 134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670131&dopt=Abstract
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MAO-A and MAO-B activities in rat striatum, frontal cortex and liver are unaltered after long-term treatment with fluvoxamine and desipramine. Author(s): Silver H, Youdim MB. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000 March; 10(2): 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10706994&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of plasma serotonin by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection as an index of the in vivo activity of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Keating J, Dratcu L, Lader M, Sherwood RA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1993 June 2; 615(2): 237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8335701&dopt=Abstract
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Melatonin and cortisol increase after fluvoxamine. Author(s): Demisch K, Demisch L, Bochnik HJ, Nickelsen T, Althoff PH, Schoffling K, Rieth R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 November; 22(5): 620-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3098271&dopt=Abstract
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Melatonin secretion during fluvoxamine treatment in medicated chronic schizophrenic patients: evidence for the development of tolerance to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. Author(s): Silver H, Barash I, Odnopozov N, Jahjah N, Mizruhin A. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 July 1; 40(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780859&dopt=Abstract
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Memory improvement in Korsakoff's disease with fluvoxamine. Author(s): McEntee WJ, Mair RG. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1990 October; 47(10): 978-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2121117&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic interaction between tricyclic antidepressant and fluvoxamine and fluoxetine, a pharmacogenetic approach. Author(s): Bertschy G, Vandel S, Francois T, Bonin B, Bouquet S, Baumann P, Volmat R, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1992; 15 Suppl 1 Pt A: 78A-79A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1499004&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism of ropivacaine in humans is mediated by CYP1A2 and to a minor extent by CYP3A4: an interaction study with fluvoxamine and ketoconazole as in vivo inhibitors. Author(s): Arlander E, Ekstrom G, Alm C, Carrillo JA, Bielenstein M, Bottiger Y, Bertilsson L, Gustafsson LL. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 November; 64(5): 484-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9834040&dopt=Abstract
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Mild serotonin syndrome on fluvoxamine. Author(s): Kaneda Y, Ishimoto Y, Ohmori T. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2001 August; 109(3-4): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699328&dopt=Abstract
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Mirtazapine, but not fluvoxamine, normalizes the blunted REM sleep response to clonidine in depressed patients: implications for subsensitivity of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in depression. Author(s): Schittecatte M, Dumont F, Machowski R, Fontaine E, Cornil C, Mendlewicz J, Wilmotte J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 January 31; 109(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850045&dopt=Abstract
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Missing data perspectives of the fluvoxamine data set: a review. Author(s): Molenberghs G, Goetghebeur EJ, Lipsitz SR, Kenward MG, Lesaffre E, Michiels B. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1999 September 15-30; 18(17-18): 2449-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474152&dopt=Abstract
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Mode of inheritance in mood disorder families according to fluvoxamine response. Author(s): Serretti A, Franchini L, Gasperini M, Rampoldi R, Smeraldi E. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 December; 98(6): 443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9879785&dopt=Abstract
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Modification of 35% carbon dioxide hypersensitivity across one week of treatment with clomipramine and fluvoxamine: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Perna G, Bertani A, Gabriele A, Politi E, Bellodi L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 June; 17(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169961&dopt=Abstract
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Monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphism, 5-HT 2A receptor gene polymorphism and incidence of nausea induced by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Yoshida K, Naito S, Takahashi H, Sato K, Ito K, Kamata M, Higuchi H, Shimizu T, Itoh K, Inoue K, Suzuki T, Ohkubo T. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 48(1): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886034&dopt=Abstract
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Monoamine oxidase: A gene polymorphism, tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphism and antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder. Author(s): Yoshida K, Naito S, Takahashi H, Sato K, Ito K, Kamata M, Higuchi H, Shimizu T, Itoh K, Inoue K, Tezuka T, Suzuki T, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K, Otani K. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December; 26(7-8): 1279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502014&dopt=Abstract
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More on fluvoxamine and enuresis. Author(s): Kano K, Arisaka O. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 August; 40(8): 865. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501679&dopt=Abstract
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Movement disorders associated with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Lenti C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 August; 38(8): 942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434483&dopt=Abstract
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Multicentre, double-blind, comparison of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Mundo E, Maina G, Uslenghi C. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 March; 15(2): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759337&dopt=Abstract
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Near-fatal skin picking from delusional body dysmorphic disorder responsive to fluvoxamine. Author(s): O'Sullivan RL, Phillips KA, Keuthen NJ, Wilhelm S. Source: Psychosomatics. 1999 January-February; 40(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989126&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroleptic addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Heninger GR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 May; 147(5): 652-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1970224&dopt=Abstract
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Neurotoxic syndrome associated with risperidone and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Reeves RR, Mack JE, Beddingfield JJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 March; 36(3): 440-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895057&dopt=Abstract
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No association between the serotonergic polymorphisms and incidence of nausea induced by fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Takahashi H, Yoshida K, Ito K, Sato K, Kamata M, Higuchi H, Shimizu T, Ito K, Inoue K, Tezuka T, Suzuki T, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 October; 12(5): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208565&dopt=Abstract
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Non-competitive inhibition of clomipramine N-demethylation by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Hartter S, Arand M, Oesch F, Hiemke C. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1995 January; 117(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7753960&dopt=Abstract
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Non-linear fluvoxamine disposition. Author(s): Spigset O, Granberg K, Hagg S, Soderstrom E, Dahlqvist R. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 March; 45(3): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517369&dopt=Abstract
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Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine and gender differences. Author(s): Hartter S, Wetzel H, Hammes E, Torkzadeh M, Hiemke C. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1998 August; 20(4): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712472&dopt=Abstract
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Non-response to citalopram in depressive patients: pharmacokinetic and clinical consequences of a fluvoxamine augmentation. Author(s): Bondolfi G, Chautems C, Rochat B, Bertschy G, Baumann P. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1996 December; 128(4): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986013&dopt=Abstract
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Notes on the use of fluvoxamine as treatment of depression in HIV-1-infected subjects. Author(s): Grassi B, Gambini O, Scarone S. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1995 May; 28(3): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7568371&dopt=Abstract
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Observations of the interaction between tricyclic antidepressants and fluvoxamine in poor metabolizers of dextromethorphan and mephenytoin. Author(s): Vandel P, Bonin B, Bertschy G, Baumann P, Bouquet S, Vandel S, Sechter D, Bizouard P. Source: Therapie. 1997 January-February; 52(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183927&dopt=Abstract
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Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial with fluvoxamine and neuroleptics. Author(s): Reznik I, Sirota P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 20(4): 410-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917401&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine augmentation of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a 12-week open trial. Author(s): Bogetto F, Bellino S, Vaschetto P, Ziero S. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 October 30; 96(2): 91-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063782&dopt=Abstract
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Open trial of fluvoxamine in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. Author(s): Ayuso-Gutierrez JL, Palazon M, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 April; 15(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199604&dopt=Abstract
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Open trial of fluvoxamine treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Marmar CR, Schoenfeld F, Weiss DS, Metzler T, Zatzick D, Wu R, Smiga S, Tecott L, Neylan T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 8: 66-70; Discussion 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698684&dopt=Abstract
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Overdose and safety with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Henry JA. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 December; 6 Suppl 3: 41-5; Discussion 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1806634&dopt=Abstract
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Overview of the pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine. Author(s): van Harten J. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1995; 29 Suppl 1: 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8846617&dopt=Abstract
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Parental obsessive-compulsive disorder as a prognostic factor in a year long fluvoxamine treatment in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Yaryura-Tobias JA, Grunes MS, Walz J, Neziroglu F. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 May; 15(3): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870874&dopt=Abstract
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Paroxetine, sertraline, and fluvoxamine: new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Author(s): Grimsley SR, Jann MW. Source: Clin Pharm. 1992 November; 11(11): 930-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1464219&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetic fluvoxamine-clomipramine interaction with favorable therapeutic consequences in therapy-resistant depressive patient. Author(s): Conus P, Bondolfi G, Eap CB, Macciardi F, Baumann P. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 May; 29(3): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8738315&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetic interaction of fluvoxamine and thioridazine in schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Carrillo JA, Ramos SI, Herraiz AG, Llerena A, Agundez JA, Berecz R, Duran M, Benitez J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 December; 19(6): 494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10587283&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetic interactions of clozapine with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: differential effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in a prospective study. Author(s): Wetzel H, Anghelescu I, Szegedi A, Wiesner J, Weigmann H, Harter S, Hiemke C. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 February; 18(1): 2-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472836&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine in relation to CYP2C19 phenotype and genotype. Author(s): Jan MW, ZumBrunnen TL, Kazmi YR, VanDenBerg CM, Desai HD, Weidler DJ, Flockhart DA. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2002; 19(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222750&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine maleate in patients with liver cirrhosis after singledose oral administration. Author(s): van Harten J, Duchier J, Devissaguet JP, van Bemmel P, de Vries MH, Raghoebar M. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 1993 February; 24(2): 177-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8453824&dopt=Abstract
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Phenytoin intoxication induced by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Mamiya K, Kojima K, Yukawa E, Higuchi S, Ieiri I, Ninomiya H, Tashiro N. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2001 February; 23(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206048&dopt=Abstract
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Placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in the treatment of patients with compulsive buying. Author(s): Ninan PT, McElroy SL, Kane CP, Knight BT, Casuto LS, Rose SE, Marsteller FA, Nemeroff CB. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 20(3): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831025&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Mauri MC, Ferrara A, Boscati L, Bravin S, Zamberlan F, Alecci M, Invernizzi G. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998; 37(3): 124-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597668&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine and maprotiline in major depression: implications on therapeutic efficacy and side effects. Author(s): Kasper S, Dotsch M, Kick H, Vieira A, Moller HJ. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 March; 3(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8471827&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma levels of catecholamine metabolites predict the response to sulpiride or fluvoxamine in major depression. Author(s): Ueda N, Yoshimura R, Shinkai K, Nakamura J. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 September; 35(5): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237788&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma prolactin response to d-fenfluramine in obsessive-compulsive patients before and after fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Monteleone P, Catapano F, Bortolotti F, Maj M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 August 1; 42(3): 175-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9232209&dopt=Abstract
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Polydipsia induced by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Benazzi F, Mazzoli M. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1993 March; 26(2): 63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8378415&dopt=Abstract
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Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Smeraldi E, Zanardi R, Benedetti F, Di Bella D, Perez J, Catalano M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 November; 3(6): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9857976&dopt=Abstract
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Possible predictors of response to fluvoxamine for depression. Author(s): Morishita S, Arita S. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 April; 18(3): 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672171&dopt=Abstract
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Predictive value of amino acids in the treatment of major depression with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Mauri MC, Boscati L, Volonteri LS, Scalvini ME, Steinhilber CP, Laini V, Zamberlan F. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2001; 44(3): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586053&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of fluvoxamine response in contamination-related obsessive compulsive disorder: a PET symptom provocation study. Author(s): Rauch SL, Shin LM, Dougherty DD, Alpert NM, Fischman AJ, Jenike MA. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 November; 27(5): 782-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431852&dopt=Abstract
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Prolactin response to d-fenfluramine in obsessive-compulsive patients, and outcome of fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Monteleone P, Catapano F, Di Martino S, Ferraro C, Maj M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1997 June; 170: 554-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9330023&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopharmacological treatment of social phobia; a double blind placebo controlled study with fluvoxamine. Author(s): van Vliet IM, den Boer JA, Westenberg HG. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1994 June; 115(1-2): 128-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7862884&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized double-blind study of fluvoxamine and maprotiline in treatment of depression. Author(s): de Jonghe F, Swinkels J, Tuynman-Qua H. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1991 January; 24(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1901418&dopt=Abstract
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Recent studies on selective serotonergic antidepressants: trazodone, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Schatzberg AF, Dessain E, O'Neil P, Katz DL, Cole JO. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1987 December; 7(6 Suppl): 44S-49S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3123528&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery from prolonged cerebral depression after fluvoxamine overdose. Author(s): Banerjee AK. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 June 25; 296(6639): 1774. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136836&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of central poststroke pain with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine. Author(s): Shimodozono M, Kawahira K, Kamishita T, Ogata A, Tohgo S, Tanaka N. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2002 October; 112(10): 1173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587520&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between clinical effects of fluvoxamine and the steady-state plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine and its major metabolite fluvoxamino acid in Japanese depressed patients. Author(s): Gerstenberg G, Aoshima T, Fukasawa T, Yoshida K, Takahashi H, Higuchi H, Murata Y, Shimoyama R, Ohkubo T, Shimizu T, Otani K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 June; 167(4): 443-8. Epub 2003 April 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682708&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between fluvoxamine and stress barometer for nocturnal enuresis. Author(s): Kano K, Arisaka O. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 December; 45(6): 688-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14651542&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between fluvoxamine pharmacokinetics and CYP2D6/CYP2C19 phenotype polymorphisms. Author(s): Spigset O, Granberg K, Hagg S, Norstrom A, Dahlqvist R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997; 52(2): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174682&dopt=Abstract
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Response to fluvoxamine augmentation for obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Author(s): Dwivedi S, Pavuluri M, Heidenreich J, Wright T. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Spring; 12(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014598&dopt=Abstract
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Response to risperidone addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: three cases. Author(s): Berigan TR, Harazin JS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 December; 57(12): 594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9010126&dopt=Abstract
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Response to total sleep deprivation before and during treatment with fluvoxamine or maprotiline in patients with major depression--results of a double-blind study. Author(s): Kasper S, Voll G, Vieira A, Kick H. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1990 May; 23(3): 135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2115680&dopt=Abstract
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Review of fluvoxamine safety database. Author(s): Wagner W, Plekkenpol B, Gray TE, Vlaskamp H, Essers H. Source: Drugs. 1992; 43 Suppl 2: 48-53; Discussion 53-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1378374&dopt=Abstract
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Risperidone addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: three cases. Author(s): McDougle CJ, Fleischmann RL, Epperson CN, Wasylink S, Leckman JF, Price LH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 November; 56(11): 526-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7592506&dopt=Abstract
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Schneiderian first-rank symptoms associated with fluvoxamine treatment: a case report. Author(s): Ueda N, Terao T, Ohmori O, Nakamura J. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 August; 18(6): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923827&dopt=Abstract
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Seizure possibly associated with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Kim KY, Craig JM, Hawley JM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 November; 34(11): 1276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11098342&dopt=Abstract
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Seizures induced by combined levomepromazine-fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Grinshpoon A, Berg Y, Mozes T, Mester R, Weizman A. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 Spring; 8(1): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8473723&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin and human information processing: an electromyographic study of the effects of fluvoxamine on choice reaction time. Author(s): Rihet P, Hasbroucq T, Blin O, Possamai CA. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1999 April 16; 265(2): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10327189&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin syndrome after a single dose of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Mullins ME, Horowitz BZ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 December; 34(6): 806-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10577418&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin syndrome in a child after a single dose of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Gill M, LoVecchio F, Selden B. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999 April; 33(4): 457-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092727&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin syndrome induced by fluvoxamine and mirtazapine. Author(s): Demers JC, Malone M. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 October; 35(10): 1217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675850&dopt=Abstract
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Serum beta-endorphin level in patients with depression on fluvoxamine. Author(s): Djurovic D, Milic-Askrabic J, Majkic-Singh N. Source: Farmaco (Societa Chimica Italiana : 1989). 1999 March 31; 54(3): 130-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371024&dopt=Abstract
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Serum fluvoxamine levels in breastfed infants. Author(s): Piontek CM, Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 February; 62(2): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247095&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual dysfunction and fluvoxamine therapy. Author(s): Waldinger MD, Olivier B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 February; 62(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247099&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual dysfunction on fluvoxamine therapy. Author(s): Laird LK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 January; 61(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695650&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous determination of plasma levels of fluvoxamine and of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Eap CB, Gaillard N, Powell K, Baumann P. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications. 1996 July 12; 682(2): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844419&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous plasma level analysis of clomipramine, N-desmethylclomipramine, and fluvoxamine by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Author(s): Palego L, Marazziti D, Biondi L, Giannaccini G, Sarno N, Armani A, Lucacchini A, Cassano GB, Dell'Osso L. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2000 April; 22(2): 190-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10774632&dopt=Abstract
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Single and multiple oral dose fluvoxamine kinetics in young and elderly subjects. Author(s): de Vries MH, Raghoebar M, Mathlener IS, van Harten J. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1992 December; 14(6): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1485372&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep and daytime sleepiness the next day following single night-time dose of fluvoxamine, dothiepin and placebo in normal volunteers. Author(s): Wilson SJ, Bailey JE, Alford C, Nutt DJ. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2000; 14(4): 378-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198056&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep changes during long-term treatment of depression with fluvoxamine--a homebased study. Author(s): Wilson SJ, Bell C, Coupland NJ, Nutt DJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 May; 149(4): 360-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867963&dopt=Abstract
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Successful electroconvulsive therapy in major depression with fluvoxamine-induced bruxism. Author(s): Miyaoka T, Yasukawa R, Mihara T, Shimizu Y, Tsubouchi K, Maeda T, Mizuno S, Uegaki J, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J, Tachibana H. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2003 September; 19(3): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972988&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of steroid-induced depression with low dosage of fluvoxamine. Author(s): Yoshimura R, Ueda N, Nakamura J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 December; 35(6): 855-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990900&dopt=Abstract
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Sulpiride addition in a case of fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder without comorbid psychopathology. Author(s): Sevincok L, Uslu A, Kaynak H, Dereboy F. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2000 March; 25(2): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10740992&dopt=Abstract
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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion due to fluvoxamine therapy. Author(s): Baliga RR, McHardy KC. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1993 March-April; 47(2): 62-3. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Br J Clin Pract 1993 May-June; 47(3): 119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8334062&dopt=Abstract
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The abrupt discontinuation of fluvoxamine in patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Black DW, Wesner R, Gabel J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1993 April; 54(4): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8486592&dopt=Abstract
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The amount of fluvoxamine in milk is unlikely to be a cause of adverse effects in breastfed infants. Author(s): Kristensen JH, Hackett LP, Kohan R, Paech M, Ilett KF. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2002 May; 18(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033075&dopt=Abstract
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The antidepressant fluvoxamine increases natural killer cell counts in cancer patients. Author(s): Ballin A, Gershon V, Tanay A, Brener J, Weizman A, Meytes D. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1997 November; 33(11): 720-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434807&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of chronic fluvoxamine on hormonal and psychological responses to buspirone in normal volunteers. Author(s): Anderson IM, Deakin JF, Miller HE. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1996 November; 128(1): 74-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8944409&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of erythromycin, fluvoxamine, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine. Author(s): Jokinen MJ, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ, Olkkola KT. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 November; 91(5): 1207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049910&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of fluvoxamine and behavior therapy on children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Walz J, McKay D. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Winter; 10(4): 295306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191690&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of fluvoxamine on serum prolactin and serum sodium concentrations: relation to platelet 5-HT2A receptor status. Author(s): Spigset O, Mjorndal T. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 August; 17(4): 292-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241009&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Author(s): Lamberg TS, Kivisto KT, Laitila J, Martensson K, Neuvonen PJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 November-December; 54(910): 761-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923581&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of fluvoxamine in patients with severe depression. Author(s): Ottevanger EA. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1994 July; 18(4): 731-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7938563&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of lithium on fluvoxamine therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics in depressed patients on combined fluvoxamine-lithium therapy. Author(s): Miljkovic BR, Pokrajac M, Timotijevic I, Varagic V. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 July; 12(4): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347381&dopt=Abstract
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The major fluvoxamine metabolite in urine is formed by CYP2D6. Author(s): Spigset O, Axelsson S, Norstrom A, Hagg S, Dahlqvist R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 November; 57(9): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791895&dopt=Abstract
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The onset and time course of response of negative symptoms to add-on fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Silver H, Nassar A, Aharon N, Kaplan A. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598819&dopt=Abstract
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The oral dose-effect relationship for fluvoxamine: a fixed-dose comparison against placebo in depressed outpatients. Author(s): Walczak DD, Apter JT, Halikas JA, Borison RL, Carman JS, Post GL, Patrick R, Cohn JB, Cunningham LA, Rittberg B, Preskorn SH, Kang JS, Wilcox CS. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1996 September; 8(3): 139-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899132&dopt=Abstract
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The serotonin syndrome and psychosis-like side-effects of fluvoxamine clinical use-an estimation of incidence. Author(s): Ebert D, Albert R, May A, Merz A, Murata H, Stosiek I, Zahner B. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997 February; 7(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088888&dopt=Abstract
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The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire as a predictor of relapse in detoxified alcohol dependents. The European Fluvoxamine in Alcoholism Study Group. Author(s): Meszaros K, Lenzinger E, Hornik K, Fureder T, Willinger U, Fischer G, Schonbeck G, Aschauer HN. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1999 March; 23(3): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10195822&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic effects and tolerability of fluvoxamine treatment in adolescents with dysthymia. Author(s): Rabe-Jablonska J. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Spring; 10(1): 9-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755577&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of fluvoxamine-induced anorgasmia with a partial drug holiday. Author(s): Nemeth A, Arato M, Treuer T, Vandlik E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 October; 153(10): 1365. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8831451&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Emmanuel NP, Lydiard RB, Crawford M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 May; 154(5): 711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137135&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of kleptomania with fluvoxamine. Author(s): Chong SA, Low BL. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 April; 93(4): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8712034&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment-resistance to clozapine in association with ultrarapid CYP1A2 activity and the C-->A polymorphism in intron 1 of the CYP1A2 gene: effect of grapefruit juice and low-dose fluvoxamine. Author(s): Ozdemir V, Kalow W, Okey AB, Lam MS, Albers LJ, Reist C, Fourie J, Posner P, Collins EJ, Roy R. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 December; 21(6): 603-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763009&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a standardized documentation system (BLIPS/BDP) in the conduct of a multicenter international trial comparing fluvoxamine, imipramine, and placebo. Author(s): Cassano GB, Conti L, Massimetti G, Mengali F, Waekelin JS, Levine J. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1986; 22(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3088668&dopt=Abstract
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Use of heterologously expressed human cytochrome P450 1A2 to predict tacrinefluvoxamine drug interaction in man. Author(s): Becquemont L, Le Bot MA, Riche C, Funck-Brentano C, Jaillon P, Beaune P. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1998 April; 8(2): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10022747&dopt=Abstract
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Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Author(s): Hendrick V, Fukuchi A, Altshuler L, Widawski M, Wertheimer A, Brunhuber MV. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 August; 179: 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11483479&dopt=Abstract
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Venlafaxine versus fluvoxamine in the treatment of delusional depression: a pilot double-blind controlled study. Author(s): Zanardi R, Franchini L, Serretti A, Perez J, Smeraldi E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 January; 61(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695642&dopt=Abstract
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Violent acts associated with fluvoxamine treatment. Author(s): Okada F, Okajima K. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 September; 26(4): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590975&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin C for paroxetine- and fluvoxamine-associated bleeding. Author(s): Tielens JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 June; 154(6): 883-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167526&dopt=Abstract
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When fluvoxamine treats only depression and clomipramine treats only obsessivecompulsive disorder--combine them? Author(s): Schaller JL, Behar D, Chamberlain T. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 Winter; 10(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547477&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FLUVOXAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fluvoxamine.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Fluvoxamine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fluvoxamine” (or a synonym): •
A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessivecompulsive disorder: lack of efficacy. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Source: McDougle, C J Price, L H Goodman, W K Charney, D S Heninger, G R J-ClinPsychopharmacol. 1991 June; 11(3): 175-84 0271-0749
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A fluvoxamine-caffeine interaction study. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University, Denmark. Source: Jeppesen, U Loft, S Poulsen, H E Brsen, K Pharmacogenetics. 1996 June; 6(3): 213-22 0960-314X
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A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Psychiatrische Universitatsklinik, Basel, Schweiz. Source: Poldinger, W Calanchini, B Schwarz, W Psychopathology. 1991; 24(2): 53-81 0254-4962
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Comparison of buspirone with diazepam and fluvoxamine on aversive classical conditioning in humans. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Trafford General Hospital, Davyhulme, Manchester, UK. Source: Hellewell, J S Guimaraes, F S Wang, M Deakin, J F J-Psychopharmacol. 1999; 13(2): 122-7 0269-8811
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Comparison of the effects of acute fluvoxamine and desipramine administration on melatonin and cortisol production in humans. Author(s): School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford. Source: Skene, D J Bojkowski, C J Arendt, J Br-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1994 February; 37(2): 181-6 0306-5251
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Contrasting actions of acute or chronic paroxetine and fluvoxamine on morphine withdrawal-induced place conditioning. Author(s): Welsh School of Pharmacy, UWCC, Cardiff, UK. Source: Rafieian Kopaei, M Gray, A M Spencer, P S Sewell, R D Eur-J-Pharmacol. 1995 March 6; 275(2): 185-9 0014-2999
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Detailed characterization of experimentally derived human hepatic CYP1A1 activity and expression using differential inhibition of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation by fluvoxamine. Author(s): DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE 19714, USA.
[email protected] Source: Sy, S K Tang, B K Pastrakuljic, A Roberts, E A Kalow, W Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 2001 August; 57(5): 377-86 0031-6970
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Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany. Source: Hartter, S Wang, X Weigmann, H Friedberg, T Arand, M Oesch, F Hiemke, C JClin-Psychopharmacol. 2001 April; 21(2): 167-74 0271-0749
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Disposition of fluvoxamine in humans is determined by the polymorphic CYP2D6 and also by the CYP1A2 activity. Author(s): Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden. Source: Carrillo, J A Dahl, M L Svensson, J O Alm, C Rodriguez, I Bertilsson, L ClinPharmacol-Ther. 1996 August; 60(2): 183-90 0009-9236
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Distinction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 activity by selective inhibition using fluvoxamine and isosafrole. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Pastrakuljic, A Tang, B K Roberts, E A Kalow, W Biochem-Pharmacol. 1997 February 21; 53(4): 531-8 0006-2952
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Dose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University, Denmark. Source: Jeppesen, U Gram, L F Vistisen, K Loft, S Poulsen, H E Brosen, K Eur-J-ClinPharmacol. 1996; 51(1): 73-8 0031-6970
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Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. Author(s): Ministry of Health Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel. Source: Palatnik, A Frolov, K Fux, M Benjamin, J J-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 2001 June; 21(3): 335-9 0271-0749
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Effect of fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Author(s): Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University.
[email protected] Source: Damkier, P Hansen, L L Brosen, K Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1999 August; 55(6): 451-6 0031-6970
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Effects of desipramine and fluvoxamine treatment on the prolactin response to tryptophan. Serotonergic function and the mechanism of antidepressant action. Author(s): Yale University School of Medicine, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, Conn. Source: Price, L H Charney, D S Delgado, P L Anderson, G M Heninger, G R Arch-GenPsychiatry. 1989 July; 46(7): 625-31 0003-990X
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Effects of fluvoxamine on food intake during rebound hyperphagia in rats. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan. Source: Inoue, K Kiriike, N Fujisaki, Y Kurioka, M Yamagami, S Physiol-Behavolume 1997 April; 61(4): 603-8 0031-9384
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Efficacy of fluvoxamine in treatment-refractory depression. Author(s): Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven 06508. Source: Delgado, P L Price, L H Charney, D S Heninger, G R J-Affect-Disord. 1988 JulAugust; 15(1): 55-60 0165-0327
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Fluvoxamine and lithium in long-term treatment of unipolar subjects with high recurrence rate. Author(s): Istituto Scientifico H. San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
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Source: Franchini, L Zanardi, R Gasperini, M Perez, J Smeraldi, E J-Affect-Disord. 1996 April 26; 38(1): 67-9 0165-0327 •
Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of the metabolism of caffeine in vitro. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Odense University, Denmark. Source: Rasmussen, B B Nielsen, T L Brosen, K Pharmacol-Toxicol. 1998 December; 83(6): 240-5 0901-9928
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Fluvoxamine: an open pilot study in moderately obese female patients suffering from atypical eating disorders and episodes of bingeing. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF (United Kingdom) Source: Gardiner, H.M. Freeman, C.P.L. Jesinger, D.K. Collins, S.A. InternationalJournal-of-obesity (United Kingdom). (1993). volume 17(5) page 301-305. mankind serotonin digestive disorders drug therapy
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Fluvoxamine-theophylline interaction: gap between in vitro and in vivo inhibition constants toward cytochrome P4501A2. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 981957610, USA. Source: Yao, C Kunze, K L Kharasch, E D Wang, Y Trager, W F Ragueneau, I Levy, R H Clin-Pharmacol-Ther. 2001 November; 70(5): 415-24 0009-9236
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In vitro interactions between fluoxetine or fluvoxamine and methadone or buprenorphine. Author(s): Laboratoires de Biochimie Nutrition EA-948, Faculte de Medecine, Brest, France. Source: Iribarne, C Picart, D Dreano, Y Berthou, F Fundam-Clin-Pharmacol. 1998; 12(2): 194-9 0767-3981
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Increased bioavailability of oral melatonin after fluvoxamine coadministration. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Hartter, S Grozinger, M Weigmann, H Roschke, J Hiemke, C Clin-PharmacolTher. 2000 January; 67(1): 1-6 0009-9236
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Interaction between fluvoxamine and cotinine or caffeine. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Yoshimura, Reiji Ueda, Nobuhisa Nakamura, June Eto, Seiji Matsushita, Masakazu Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45(1): 32-5 0302-282X
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Interaction of fluvoxamine with warfarin in an elderly woman. Author(s): Department of Geriatric Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore. Source: Yap, K B Low, S T Singapore-Med-J. 1999 July; 40(7): 480-2 0037-5675
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Lack of correlation between fluvoxamine clearance and CYP1A2 activity as measured by systemic caffeine clearance. Author(s): Norrland University Hospital, Umea, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Spigset, O Hagg, S Soderstrom, E Dahlqvist, R Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1999 February; 54(12): 943-6 0031-6970
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Low daily 10-mg and 20-mg doses of fluvoxamine inhibit the metabolism of both caffeine (cytochrome P4501A2) and omeprazole (cytochrome P4502C19). Author(s): Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
[email protected]
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Source: Christensen, Magnus Tybring, Gunnel Mihara, Kazuo Yasui Furokori, Norio Carrillo, Juan Antonio Ramos, Sara I Andersson, Katarina Dahl, Marja Liisa Bertilsson, Leif Clin-Pharmacol-Ther. 2002 Mar; 71(3): 141-52 0009-9236 •
Neuroleptic addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519. Source: McDougle, C J Goodman, W K Price, L H Delgado, P L Krystal, J H Charney, D S Heninger, G R Am-J-Psychiatry. 1990 May; 147(5): 652-4 0002-953X
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Phenytoin intoxication induced by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Hizen National Hospital, Saga, Japan. Source: Mamiya, K Kojima, K Yukawa, E Higuchi, S Ieiri, I Ninomiya, H Tashiro, N Ther-Drug-Monit. 2001 February; 23(1): 75-7 0163-4356
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Stimulus properties of the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine in conditioned taste aversion procedures. Author(s): Department of Psychopharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Source: Olivier, B Gommans, J van der Gugten, J Bouwknecht, J A Herremans, A H Patty, T Hijzen, T H Pharmacol-Biochem-Behavolume 1999 October; 64(2): 213-20 00913057
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The effect of fluvoxamine and sertraline on the opioid withdrawal syndrome: a combined in vivo cerebral microdialysis and behavioural study. Author(s): University Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX12 6HE, UK.
[email protected] Source: Gray, Alex M Eur-Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 June; 12(3): 245-54 0924-977X
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The major fluvoxamine metabolite in urine is formed by CYP2D6. Author(s): Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Norrland University Hospital, Umea, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Spigset, O Axelsson, S Norstrom, A Hagg, S Dahlqvist, R Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 2001 November; 57(9): 653-8 0031-6970
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Toxic effects of theophylline caused by fluvoxamine. Author(s): Department of Family Practice, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC. Source: van den Brekel, A M Harrington, L CMAJ. 1994 November 1; 151(9): 1289-90 0820-3946
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Toxic interaction between fluvoxamine and sustained release theophylline in an 11year-old boy. Author(s): Institute of Gastroenterology, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Source: Sperber, A D Drug-Saf. 1991 Nov-December; 6(6): 460-2 0114-5916
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Yohimbine augmentation of fluvoxamine in refractory depression: a single-blind study. Author(s): Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Source: Cappiello, A McDougle, C J Malison, R T Heninger, G R Price, L H BiolPsychiatry. 1995 December 1; 38(11): 765-7 0006-3223
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FLUVOXAMINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fluvoxamine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fluvoxamine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fluvoxamine: •
A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Author(s): Poldinger W, Calanchini B, Schwarz W. Source: Psychopathology. 1991; 24(2): 53-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1909444&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of buspirone with diazepam and fluvoxamine on aversive classical conditioning in humans. Author(s): Hellewell JS, Guimaraes FS, Wang M, Deakin JF. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999; 13(2): 122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475716&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis, neurobiology, and treatment of pathological gambling. Author(s): DeCaria CM, Hollander E, Grossman R, Wong CM, Mosovich SA, Cherkasky S.
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Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 8: 80-3; Discussion 83-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8698687&dopt=Abstract •
Herbal medicine in the treatment of fluvoxamine-induced nausea and dyspepsia. Author(s): Yamada K, Kanba S, Yagi G, Asai M. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 December; 53(6): 681. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10687751&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro metabolism of genistein and tangeretin by human and murine cytochrome P450s. Author(s): Breinholt VM, Rasmussen SE, Brosen K, Friedberg TH. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2003 July; 93(1): 14-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828569&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro metabolism of zolmitriptan in rat cytochromes induced with betanaphthoflavone and the interaction between six drugs and zolmitriptan. Author(s): Yu LS, Yao TW, Zeng S. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 December 15; 146(3): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14642738&dopt=Abstract
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L-5HTP in depression resistant to re-uptake inhibitors. An open comparative study with tranylcypromine. Author(s): Nolen WA, van de Putte JJ, Dijken WA, Kamp JS. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1985 July; 147: 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3933601&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of CYP3A4 inhibition by grapefruit juice and ketoconazole upon clozapine administration in vivo. Author(s): Lane HY, Chiu CC, Kazmi Y, Desai H, Lam YW, Jann MW, Chang WH. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2001; 18(3-4): 263-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11791889&dopt=Abstract
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My private--and sometimes, public--hell. Author(s): Canino L. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1998 February; 36(2): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498179&dopt=Abstract
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Pathological gambling. Author(s): Hollander E, Buchalter AJ, DeCaria CM.
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Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2000 September; 23(3): 629-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986732&dopt=Abstract •
Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of pathological gambling: a review. Author(s): Petry NM, Armentano C. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 August; 50(8): 1021-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10445649&dopt=Abstract
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Psycho-neuro-immunological treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with major depression--a single case report. Author(s): Jozuka H, Jozuka E, Suzuki M, Takeuchi S, Takatsu Y. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2003; 19(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661782&dopt=Abstract
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St. John's wort extract Ze 117 (Hypericum perforatum) inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin uptake into rat brain slices and reduces 3-adrenoceptor numbers on cultured rat brain cells. Author(s): Kientsch U, Burgi S, Ruedeberg C, Probst S, Honegger UE. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34 Suppl 1: S56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518078&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic effects of serotonin uptake inhibitors in depression. Author(s): Asberg M, Eriksson B, Martensson B, Traskman-Bendz L, Wagner A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1986 April; 47 Suppl: 23-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2937776&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone. Author(s): de Beurs E, van Balkom AJ, Lange A, Koele P, van Dyck R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 May; 152(5): 683-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726307&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment strategy in depression. II. MAO inhibitors in depression resistant to cyclic antidepressants: two controlled crossover studies with tranylcypromine versus L-5hydroxytryptophan and nomifensine. Author(s): Nolen WA, van de Putte JJ, Dijken WA, Kamp JS, Blansjaar BA, Kramer HJ, Haffmans J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1988 December; 78(6): 676-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3146891&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to fluvoxamine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (Mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clozapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluvoxamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON FLUVOXAMINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “fluvoxamine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on fluvoxamine, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Fluvoxamine By performing a patent search focusing on fluvoxamine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on fluvoxamine: •
Combination anorexiant drug therapy for obesity using phentermine and an SSRI drug Inventor(s): Anchors; J. Michael (16220 Frederick Rd. Suite 210, Gaithersburg, MD 20877) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,795,895 Date filed: June 13, 1997 Abstract: This is a new therapy and method used to treat moderate and severe exogenous obesity by combining generic phentermine with an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) drug in specific doses for a brief or even a long duration, 12 months or more. The preferred drugs for the combination are fluoxetine hydrochloride(Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), fluvoxamine maleate (Luvox) and trazodone hydrochloride (Desyrel). Excerpt(s): Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, et al. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:609-616. Anchors M. Fluoxetine Is a Safer Alternative to Fenfluramine in the Medical Treatment of Obesity. Arch Int Med. 1997;157:1270. Anchors M. Better Than Phen-Fen PRIMA Publishing, Sacramento Calif. 1997, 250 pages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05795895__
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Method for treating the premenstrual or late luteal phase syndrome Inventor(s): Wurtman; Judith J. (Boston, MA), Wurtman; Richard J. (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Massachusetts Institute of Technology (cambridge, Ma) Patent Number: 5,223,540 Date filed: August 9, 1990 Abstract: A method of treating disturbances of appetite, disturbances of mood, or both, associated with premenstrual syndrome. The method involves administering to the afflicted woman an effective quantity of a serotoninergic drug, such as d-fenfluramine, d,l-fenfluramine fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Excerpt(s): Each month, for a few days prior to the onset of menstruation, many millions of otherwise-healthy American women develop symptoms of disturbed mood and appetite that can be strikingly similar to those reported by patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), carbohydrate-craving obesity, or the non-anorexic variants of bulimia. This syndrome was first termed "premenstrual tension" by R. T. Frank in 1931 and is a very common phenomenon. According to Guy Abraham of UCLA, ". of every ten patients to walk into a gynecologist's office, three or four will suffer from premenstrual tension. ", and in some the symptoms will be of such severity as to include attempts at suicide. Current Progress in Obstetrics and Gyneocology, 3:5-39 (1980). Initial descriptions of the Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) focused on its association with "nervous tension", headache, and weight gain. The weight gain observed was initially attributed to excessive retention of salt and water, which does indeed occur in some
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PMS patients. However, it soon became evident that it was also a consequence of the widespread tendency of PMS individuals to crave and overconsume carbohydrates, particularly foods with a sweet taste. PMS is also now referred to as late luteal phase syndrome. D.N.S. III, Revised, American Psychiatric Association (1987). There have been numerous suggestions made about the etiology of PMS. For example, some hypothesized that it was caused by a uterine toxin. Others suggested its cause was overconsumption of sweets, which was presumably followed by excessive insulin secretion, hypoglycemia, and inadequate brain glucose and resulted in the often observed depression and anxiety. It has also been postulated that the behavioral symptoms result from the tissue edema often observed and that the psychological changes result from feelings of loss or the social complexities generated by the discomforts of menstruation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05223540__ •
Pharmaceutical composition comprising mirtazapine and one or more selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Inventor(s): Nickolson; Victor Johannes (Hermelijnendreef, NL) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel, N.v. (arnhem, Nl) Patent Number: 5,977,099 Date filed: June 16, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising mirtazapine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliaries. In particular the SSRI is selected from fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, cericlamine, femoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, ifoxetine, cyanodothiepin and litoxetine. The composition which can be used to treat depressant patients has less side effects than treatment of the patients with mirtazapine or the SSRI alone. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising mirtazapine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's), to a package containing dosage units comprising mirtazapine and an SSRI, and to a method of treatment of depressive patients. Depression is a chronic illness that affects people of all ages. Although there are many effective antidepressant agents available, the current armamentarium of treatments is often not adequate, with unsatisfactory results in about one third of all subjects treated. Of the various classes of antidepressants which are currently available, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) are among the most successful. SSRI's have a high ratio of 5 HT reuptake inhibition over noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. SSRI's have been available since the early 1980s and the SSRI zimelidine was the first drug to be marketed. Other SSRI's on the market or under development are for example fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, cericlamine, femoxetine, ifoxetine, cyanodothiepin, sertraline, paroxetine, and litoxetine. Although launched as new break-through drugs due to their favourable profiles compared to the classical antidepressant drugs which preceded them, SSRI's are considered to have many troublesome side effects. These often preclude the use of SSRI's for treatment of depression. Furthermore, some investigators believe that in the subpopulation of melancholic depressed patients SSRI's may even be inferior to other antidepressants. The most obvious side effects of SSRI's are headache, nausea, appetite inhibition and disturbance of sexual functions, such as anorgasmia and loss of libido. These side effects of sexual dysfunction can easily interfere with long term compliance. It has now be found that administration of mirtazapine, which is one of the newest antidepressant
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agents and has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,848, is able to prevent or at least reduce significantly the side effects occurring when SSRI's are administered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05977099__ •
Potentiation of drug response Inventor(s): Oguiza; Juan Ignacio (Madrid, ES), Wong; David Taiwai (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (indianapolis, In) Patent Number: 6,169,105 Date filed: November 25, 1996 Abstract: The power of citalopram, fluvoxamine and paroxetine to increase the availability of sarotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, particularly serotonin, is augmented by administration in combination with a drug which is a serotonin 1A receptor antagonist. Excerpt(s): The present invention belongs to the fields of pharmacology, medicine and medicinal chemistry, and provides a method and compositions for increasing the availability of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain of patients to whom is administered citalopram, fluvoxamine or paroxetine. Over the past twenty years or more, the science of pharmacology has been particularly interested in the physiology of the neurons containing monoamines in the human brain. Discovery has followed discovery in the field and it has now been demonstrated that serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine interact with a great number of receptors in the brain and control or affect processes which regulate many bodily organs and functions. Serotonin, particularly, has been found to be the key to a large number of processes which reveal themselves in both physiological and psychological functions. Perhaps the most dramatic discovery in medicinal chemistry in the recent past are the serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which are extremely effective in the treatment of depression. They increase the availability of serotonin in the synapse by reducing the uptake of serotonin by the serotonin uptake carrier. Dysfunction of the serotonin neurons resulting from excessive uptake results in depression, as well as other pathologies of the central nervous system. Not only are these drugs spectacularly effective in depression, they are also effective in treating numerous other conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06169105__
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Process for the synthesis of alkoxyalkyl (trifluormethylphenyl) methanones Inventor(s): Chandra; Tilak (Baroda, IN), Deo; Keshav (Baroda, IN), Midha; Ajay Sohanlal (Baroda, IN), Patel; Vijay Muljihhai (Baroda, IN), Thennati; Rajamannar (Baroda, IN) Assignee(s): Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (in) Patent Number: 6,380,436 Date filed: February 23, 2001 Abstract: A new process is described for the preparation of (alkoxyalkyl)(4trifluoromethylphenyl)methanones. The process comprises reacting a 4trifluoromethylbenzonitrile with an alkoxyalkyl Grignard in the presence of a suitable polar aprotic solvent. The compound (4-methoxybutyl)(4-
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trifluoromethylphenyl)methanone is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of the antidepressant drug fluvoxamine. Excerpt(s): in which R is selected from a lower alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 3 to 6. U.S. Pat. No. 4,085,225 claimed oxime ether compounds including fluvoxamine and also disclosed a process for their preparation. The process made use of an intermediate of formula I wherein n=4 and R is --CH.sub.3. However, a process for the preparation of this intermediate was not disclosed. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,536,518 and 4,556,676 and EP 28,901 claimed tetrahydronaphthalenamine compounds, and disclosed a process for the preparation of the claimed compounds, in which process the starting materials were substituted benzophenones. The preparation of 4trifluoromethylbenzophenone from 4-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile and phenylmagnesium bromide was exemplified. The present invention however is materially different in that it does not claim a process for the preparation of 4trifluoromethylbenzophenones, but claims a process for the preparation of (alkoxyalkyl)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)methanones (I). Moreover the process reported in these prior art references was slow, requiring the reaction mixture to be stirred at room temperature for a period of 3 days giving 62% yield of 4-trifluoromethylbenzophenone. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06380436__
Patent Applications on Fluvoxamine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to fluvoxamine: •
Materials and methods for the treatment of depression Inventor(s): Druzgala, Pascal; (Santa Rosa, CA) Correspondence: Saliwanchik Lloyd & Saliwanchik; A Professional Association; 2421 N.W. 41st Street; Suite A-1; Gainesville; FL; 326066669 Patent Application Number: 20010056119 Date filed: April 24, 2001 Abstract: The subject invention provides compounds which are easily metabolized by the metabolic drug detoxification systems. Particularly, fluvoxamine analogs which have been designed to include esters within the structure of the compounds are taught. Also provided are methods of treating depression and affective disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder. Pharmaceutical compositions of the fluvoxamine analogs are also taught. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from provisional patent application U.S. Ser. No. 60/199,343, filed Apr. 24, 2000. Major depression represents one of the most common mental illness, affecting between 5-10% of the population. The disease is characterized by extreme changes in mood which may also be associated with psychoses. It has generally been found that most antidepressant agents exert significant effects on the regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin. A number of types of antidepressants have been developed in recent years. Many of these
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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compounds regulate serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Trazodone controls the actions of 5-HT while fluoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake. 3Chloroimipramine which inhibits both 5-HT and norepinephrine reuptake has been extensively used as an antidepressant in Europe and Canada. Other compounds which are of current interest or have been examined as antidepressants include fluvoxamine, citalopram, zimeldine, sertraline, bupropion and nomifensine. Fluvoxamine facilitates serotoninergic neurotransmission via potent and selective inhibition of serotonin reuptake into presynaptic neurons. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with fluvoxamine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on fluvoxamine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning fluvoxamine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FLUVOXAMINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover fluvoxamine.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on fluvoxamine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to fluvoxamine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for fluvoxamine: •
Treatment with fluvoxamine an option for children with anxiety disorders Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 25, 2001
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Fluvoxamine effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 19, 2001
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Barr wins approval of generic Luvox Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 26, 2001
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Faulding gets FDA approval for generic fluvoxamine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 29, 2000
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Eon Labs wins FDA approval to sell generic Luvox for obsessive compulsive disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 15, 2000
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Mylan gets FDA approval for generic fluvoxamine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 30, 2000
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Solvay's Luvox gets additional market exclusivity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 14, 2000
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Fluvoxamine treats severe social phobia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 13, 1999
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Fluvoxamine effective in patients with serious forms of social phobia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 11, 1999
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Solvay, Elan Developing Extended Release Fluvoxamine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 06, 1998
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Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine Equally Effective In Treatment Of Major Depression Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 1997
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FDA Approves Fluvoxamine For Pediatric OCD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 27, 1997 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Periodicals and News
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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to fluvoxamine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Fluvoxamine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to fluvoxamine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering fluvoxamine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for fluvoxamine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with fluvoxamine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to fluvoxamine: Fluvoxamine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Luvox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202919.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1595 4 418 0 9 2026
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fluvoxamine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fluvoxamine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fluvoxamine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fluvoxamine”:
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Other guides Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fluvoxamine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fluvoxamine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fluvoxamine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fluvoxamine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fluvoxamine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fluvoxamine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fluvoxamine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fluvoxamine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 101 •
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 103 •
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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FLUVOXAMINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU]
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Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors: Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (antidepressive agents, tricyclic) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. [NIH] Adrenolytic: Inhibiting the action of adrenergic nerves; inhibiting the response to epinephrine. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental
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process. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory
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and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexiant: A drug, process, or event that leads to anorexia. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the
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movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU]
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Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Behavioral Symptoms: Observable manifestions of impaired psychological functioning. [NIH]
Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological
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system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [NIH] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The
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hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]
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Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH]
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Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and
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C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Compulsive Behavior: The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates
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differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]
fumarate.
Stimulant
proposed
as
Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as
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cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demethylation: Process that releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide in the liver. [NIH]
Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively
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persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several
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systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dothiepin: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU]
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Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]
Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhibitionism: A disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH]
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Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Therapy: A form of group psychotherapy. It involves treatment of more than one member of the family simultaneously in the same session. [NIH] Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Femoxetine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug used in obese patients for weight loss. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH]
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Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genitals: Sex organs, including the penis and testicles in men and the vagina and vulva in women. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH]
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Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH]
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Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperphagia: Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypochondriasis: (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH]
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Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interindividual: Occurring between two or more individuals. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH]
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Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in schizophrenia. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH]
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
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Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy. It may cause blood dyscrasias. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two
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hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. [NIH]
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Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the
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chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH]
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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral
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sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of dextroamphetamine. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their
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cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a
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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that
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promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychometrics: Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures. [NIH] Psychometry: Investigation of the time factor in mental processes, mental measurement in general. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]
Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH]
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Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alphaadrenergic neurotransmission. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even
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numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Reassurance: A procedure in psychotherapy that seeks to give the client confidence in a favorable outcome. It makes use of suggestion, of the prestige of the therapist. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics
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when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Syndrome: An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor. [NIH] Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors: Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. These agents have been used in treatment of depression, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and alcoholism, as analgesics, and to treat obesity and bulimia. Many of the adrenergic uptake inhibitors also inhibit serotonin uptake; they are not included here. [NIH]
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Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sleep Deprivation: The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH]
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Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic
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postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH]
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Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]
Dictionary 147
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
148
Fluvoxamine
149
INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 64, 69, 71, 73, 107, 146 A Abdomen, 107, 113, 128, 129, 144 Abdominal, 107, 135, 137 Aberrant, 107, 116 Acceptor, 107, 134 Acetaminophen, 10, 107 Acetylcholine, 107, 115, 133 Adaptation, 107, 137 Adenocarcinoma, 107, 126 Adenosine, 107, 111, 114, 145 Adjuvant, 31, 107 Adolescence, 8, 9, 107 Adrenal Cortex, 107, 118, 138 Adrenal Medulla, 107, 114, 123, 133 Adrenergic, 5, 47, 107, 108, 109, 111, 121, 123, 140, 142, 144 Adrenergic Agents, 5, 108 Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, 108, 142 Adrenolytic, 4, 108 Adverse Effect, 4, 11, 58, 108, 116, 136, 143 Aerobic, 108, 134 Aerobic Metabolism, 108, 134 Aerobic Respiration, 108, 134 Affinity, 10, 28, 108, 111, 116, 120, 143 Agonist, 5, 108, 113, 114, 121, 132 Agoraphobia, 71, 108, 127, 135, 136 Akathisia, 23, 108, 111 Alertness, 108, 114 Algorithms, 108, 112 Alkaloid, 108, 113, 132, 140, 145 Alleles, 28, 33, 108 Alpha-1, 109 Alternative medicine, 83, 109 Ambulatory Care, 109 Amino acid, 52, 53, 109, 111, 112, 123, 125, 128, 131, 135, 138, 142, 144, 146 Amino Acid Sequence, 109, 112 Amitriptyline, 27, 109 Amnestic, 109, 124 Amphetamine, 109, 120 Anaesthesia, 109, 127 Analgesic, 107, 109, 113, 116, 129, 132, 134, 140 Analog, 109, 120 Anaphylatoxins, 109, 117
Anatomical, 109, 115, 127, 131 Anorexia, 109, 110 Anorexiant, 76, 110 Antagonism, 110, 114, 116, 145 Antibacterial, 110, 144 Antibiotic, 110, 123, 144 Antibody, 108, 110, 116, 119, 125, 126, 130, 144 Anticholinergic, 4, 109, 110 Anticoagulant, 110, 147 Anticonvulsant, 4, 110, 114, 131, 136, 147 Antidiuretic, 58, 110 Antiemetic, 110, 111, 131 Antiepileptic, 107, 110 Antifungal, 110, 124, 128 Antigen, 108, 110, 117, 126, 127, 130, 131 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 110, 117 Anti-inflammatory, 107, 110 Antineoplastic, 110, 125 Antipsychotic, 4, 110, 111, 116, 129, 133, 141 Antipsychotic Agents, 4, 111 Antipyretic, 107, 111, 140 Antitussive, 111, 120, 134 Antiviral, 111, 132 Anxiety, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 23, 27, 33, 34, 38, 39, 44, 77, 81, 108, 111, 124, 134, 135, 136 Anxiety Disorders, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 23, 34, 38, 39, 44, 81, 111, 135 Anxiolytic, 4, 111, 114 Apathy, 111, 133 Aromatic, 31, 111 Arteries, 111, 113, 118, 131, 132, 140 Aspartate, 111, 120 Aspergillosis, 111, 128 Astrocytes, 111, 131, 132 ATP, 111, 120, 125, 138, 139 Atrial, 111, 147 Atrial Fibrillation, 111, 147 Attenuation, 23, 111 Atypical, 66, 111, 116, 133, 141 Auditory, 21, 111 Autonomic, 107, 111, 112, 133, 135, 142 Autoradiography, 5, 112 B Bacteria, 110, 112, 117, 119, 122, 131, 144, 146, 147
150
Fluvoxamine
Bactericidal, 112, 123 Bacteriostatic, 112, 123 Basal Ganglia, 111, 112, 115 Base, 112, 119, 128 Behavior Therapy, 59, 112 Behavioral Symptoms, 77, 112 Benign, 3, 112, 125 Benzene, 112 Benzodiazepines, 4, 112, 114 Beta-Endorphin, 56, 112 Bile, 112, 124, 129, 144 Bioavailability, 23, 42, 66, 112 Biochemical, 30, 108, 112, 136, 142 Biotechnology, 18, 83, 91, 112 Biotransformation, 30, 38, 64, 112 Bladder, 113, 117, 146, 147 Blastomycosis, 113, 128 Blood Cell Count, 32, 113, 125 Blood Platelets, 113, 142 Blood pressure, 113, 115, 127, 140, 143 Blood vessel, 113, 114, 115, 122, 135, 143, 145, 147 Blood-Brain Barrier, 113, 129, 145 Body Fluids, 113, 143 Bowel, 61, 113, 127, 128 Bowel Movement, 113, 127 Branch, 103, 113, 133, 135, 144, 145 Breakdown, 113, 120, 124 Bronchi, 113, 123, 145 Bronchial, 113, 126, 145 Bruxism, 58, 113 Bulimia, 33, 50, 76, 113, 142 Buprenorphine, 41, 66, 113 Bupropion, 6, 80, 113 Buspirone, 4, 24, 27, 44, 59, 64, 69, 114 C Caffeine, 10, 20, 23, 43, 44, 45, 64, 66, 114 Calcium, 114, 116, 143 Candidiasis, 114, 124 Carbamazepine, 4, 22, 24, 114 Carbohydrate, 76, 114 Carbon Dioxide, 47, 114, 119, 127, 141, 147 Carcinogenic, 112, 114, 128, 138, 144 Carcinoma, 114 Cardiac, 4, 111, 114, 123, 129, 132, 140, 144 Cardiovascular, 24, 109, 114, 142 Case report, 42, 55, 71, 114 Catecholamine, 5, 32, 52, 114, 120, 136 Cell Count, 58, 115 Cell Respiration, 108, 115, 134, 141 Central Nervous System Infections, 115, 125
Centrifugation, 115, 125, 131 Cerebral, 54, 67, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 123, 124, 139 Cerebrospinal, 18, 42, 115 Cerebrospinal fluid, 18, 42, 115 Cerebrum, 115 Chemoreceptor, 111, 115 Chemotactic Factors, 115, 117 Chemotaxis, 25, 115 Chin, 115, 130 Cholesterol, 32, 112, 115, 144 Cholinergic, 4, 109, 111, 115 Chorea, 111, 115 Chronic, 5, 6, 12, 37, 46, 59, 64, 77, 113, 115, 143 Citalopram, 3, 4, 25, 30, 33, 34, 49, 65, 77, 78, 80, 116 Clinical trial, 5, 6, 7, 21, 22, 91, 116, 118, 121, 139, 140 Clonic, 116, 131 Cloning, 112, 116 Clozapine, 4, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 51, 61, 70, 73, 116 Coagulation, 113, 114, 116, 126, 147 Codeine, 116, 120, 134 Cognition, 116, 133 Cognitive Therapy, 19, 116 Collagen, 109, 116 Complement, 7, 109, 116, 117 Complementary and alternative medicine, 69, 73, 117 Complementary medicine, 69, 117 Compliance, 77, 117 Compulsions, 16, 117, 134 Compulsive Behavior, 117, 142 Computational Biology, 91, 117 Concomitant, 7, 23, 33, 35, 117 Congestion, 111, 117 Conjugated, 117, 119 Conjugation, 113, 117 Consciousness, 109, 118, 119, 120, 139 Constipation, 111, 118 Consumption, 12, 118, 141 Contamination, 53, 118, 134 Contraindications, ii, 118 Controlled study, 8, 20, 31, 32, 37, 38, 40, 47, 52, 54, 62, 118 Convulsions, 110, 118, 121 Coronary, 118, 131, 132 Coronary Thrombosis, 118, 131, 132 Cortex, 46, 118 Cortisol, 46, 64, 118
Index 151
Cotinine, 43, 66, 118 Cranial, 118, 125, 135 Craniocerebral Trauma, 118, 125 Cross-Sectional Studies, 15, 118 Curative, 118, 133, 145 Cyclic, 5, 71, 114, 118, 145 Cytochrome, 10, 45, 61, 66, 70, 118 Cytokines, 32, 119, 131 D Delirium, 110, 119 Delusions, 119, 139 Dementia, 4, 41, 110, 111, 119 Demethylation, 43, 49, 119 Dendrites, 119, 133 Density, 5, 115, 119, 134 Dental Caries, 119, 124 Depersonalization, 119, 135, 142 Depressive Disorder, 28, 48, 119, 129 Derealization, 119, 120, 135 Desipramine, 5, 46, 64, 65, 120 Detoxification, 79, 120 Dextroamphetamine, 109, 120, 131, 136 Dextromethorphan, 50, 120 Diagnostic procedure, 75, 83, 120 Digestion, 112, 113, 120, 121, 128, 129, 144 Direct, iii, 12, 14, 85, 116, 120, 121, 126, 140, 141, 145 Disinfectant, 120, 123 Disposition, 23, 27, 28, 30, 49, 65, 120 Dissection, 23, 120 Dissociation, 108, 120 Diuresis, 114, 120, 145 Dizziness, 120, 135 DNA Topoisomerase, 120, 125 Dopamine, 78, 109, 111, 113, 116, 120, 129, 131, 132, 133, 141 Dose-dependent, 15, 30, 38, 65, 121 Dothiepin, 33, 57, 121 Double-blind, 6, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 47, 48, 54, 55, 62, 65, 121 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 63, 121, 129 Drug Interactions, 10, 14, 86, 121 Drug Monitoring, 16, 21, 26, 34, 37, 40, 49, 52, 57, 121 Drug Tolerance, 121, 145 Dyskinesia, 31, 111, 116, 121 Dyspepsia, 40, 70, 121 Dysphoric, 119, 121 Dyspnea, 121, 135 Dystonia, 21, 111, 121
E Eating Disorders, 21, 50, 66, 72, 121 Edema, 77, 121 Effector, 107, 116, 121 Efficacy, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 34, 35, 52, 53, 59, 64, 65, 114, 121, 146 Ejaculation, 32, 121, 142 Electrocardiogram, 7, 121 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 4, 58, 121 Electrolyte, 119, 121, 137, 143 Elementary Particles, 122, 130, 139 Emboli, 122, 147 Embolism, 122, 140, 147 Embolization, 122, 147 Embryo, 122, 127 Emesis, 111, 122 Empirical, 14, 122 Emulsion, 112, 122 Endogenous, 112, 120, 122, 138 Endopeptidases, 122, 138 Endorphins, 122, 133 Endotoxins, 117, 122 Enkephalin, 112, 122 Enuresis, 36, 48, 54, 122 Environmental Health, 66, 90, 92, 122 Enzymatic, 109, 114, 117, 119, 123, 126 Enzyme, 10, 14, 120, 121, 123, 132, 138, 143, 144, 146, 147 Epinephrine, 107, 108, 121, 123, 133, 146 Epithelial, 107, 123, 126 Epithelial Cells, 123, 126 ERV, 37, 123 Erythrocyte Indices, 113, 123 Erythrocytes, 113, 123 Erythromycin, 59, 123 Estrogen, 123, 138 Ethanol, 12, 116, 123 Ether, 79, 123 Excitability, 123, 140 Excitation, 115, 123, 133 Exhibitionism, 28, 123 Exogenous, 76, 112, 122, 123, 138 Expiratory, 123 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 123 Extracellular, 111, 123, 131, 143 Extracellular Space, 123, 131 Extrapyramidal, 36, 108, 111, 121, 124 F Facial, 17, 124 Facial Expression, 17, 124 Family Planning, 91, 124 Family Therapy, 17, 124
152
Fluvoxamine
Fats, 112, 115, 124 Femoxetine, 77, 124 Fenfluramine, 4, 53, 76, 124 Flatus, 124 Fluconazole, 33, 124 Fluorescence, 10, 29, 124 Fluorine, 24, 36, 124 Fluvoxamine, ii, iv, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 107, 124 Fold, 124 Frontal Lobe, 20, 124 G Gas, 57, 114, 123, 124, 126, 133, 140, 147 Gastric, 124, 126, 134 Gastrin, 124, 126 Gastrointestinal, 123, 124, 142, 144 Gastrointestinal tract, 123, 124, 142 Gene, 5, 43, 48, 53, 61, 108, 112, 124, 137 Gene Expression, 5, 124 Genetics, 17, 117, 124 Genistein, 70, 125 Genitals, 123, 125 Genotype, 34, 51, 125, 136 Gland, 107, 125, 129, 135, 142, 144 Glucose, 77, 125, 126, 128, 141 Glutamate, 120, 125 Glutamic Acid, 125, 133 Glycine, 109, 125, 133 Gonadal, 125, 144 Governing Board, 125, 137 Growth, 107, 110, 112, 125, 130, 131, 137, 146 H Half-Life, 15, 24, 125 Haptens, 108, 125 Headache, 76, 77, 114, 125, 137 Headache Disorders, 125 Health Services, 7, 125 Hematocrit, 113, 123, 125 Heme, 118, 125 Hemoglobin, 113, 123, 125, 126, 128 Hemorrhage, 118, 125, 126 Hemostasis, 126, 142 Hepatic, 29, 64, 119, 126, 129, 132 Hepatocellular, 71, 126
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 71, 126 Hepatocytes, 14, 126 Heredity, 124, 126 Heterogeneity, 108, 126 Histamine, 109, 111, 126 Homologous, 108, 126, 145 Hormonal, 4, 59, 126 Hormonal therapy, 4, 126 Hormone, 58, 112, 118, 123, 124, 126, 128, 138, 143 Hormone therapy, 126 Hydrogen, 107, 112, 114, 126, 127, 132, 134, 139 Hydrogenation, 112, 126 Hydrolysis, 113, 126, 139 Hydroxylation, 43, 127, 146 Hydroxyproline, 109, 116, 127 Hyperphagia, 41, 65, 127 Hypersensitivity, 47, 127 Hypertension, 125, 127 Hyperventilation, 6, 127 Hypochondriasis, 22, 72, 127 Hypoglycemia, 77, 127 Hypotension, 111, 118, 127 Hypothermia, 5, 127 I Id, 68, 72, 96, 102, 104, 127 Imipramine, 27, 28, 32, 43, 61, 127 Immune response, 107, 110, 125, 127, 144 Immunology, 107, 108, 127 Impairment, 8, 9, 119, 121, 127, 130, 139 In vitro, 10, 14, 25, 26, 27, 29, 41, 66, 70, 127 In vivo, 10, 14, 24, 26, 27, 29, 41, 46, 47, 66, 67, 70, 71, 127, 131 Induction, 10, 110, 127, 138 Infarction, 127 Infusion, 6, 127 Ingestion, 127, 128, 137 Inhalation, 128, 137 Initiation, 35, 128 Inositol, 31, 65, 128 Inotropic, 121, 128 Insight, 13, 128 Insomnia, 128, 137 Insulin, 77, 128 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 128 Interindividual, 29, 128 Intestinal, 14, 128 Intestine, 113, 128, 141, 143 Intoxication, 19, 52, 67, 119, 128, 147 Intracellular, 114, 128, 137, 141, 143
Index 153
Intravenous, 127, 128 Intrinsic, 108, 128 Involuntary, 115, 122, 128, 132 Itraconazole, 11, 14, 128 J Joint, 17, 128 K Kb, 90, 128 Ketoconazole, 47, 70, 128 Kinetic, 10, 128 L Labile, 116, 128 Lactation, 58, 128, 138 Leucine, 112, 128 Leukocytes, 113, 115, 119, 128 Levodopa, 129, 142 Levorphanol, 120, 129 Libido, 42, 77, 129 Library Services, 102, 129 Lidocaine, 129, 131 Life cycle, 108, 129 Ligands, 10, 129 Lipid, 128, 129 Lithium, 31, 59, 64, 65, 110, 129 Liver, 46, 52, 107, 112, 119, 122, 126, 129, 132 Liver Cirrhosis, 52, 129 Longitudinal Studies, 118, 129 Loxapine, 22, 129 Luteal Phase, 76, 77, 129 Lutein Cells, 129, 138 Lymph, 127, 129 Lymph node, 127, 129 M Macrolides, 11, 129 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 129, 130 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 24, 36, 130 Malignant, 26, 107, 110, 130 Manic, 18, 45, 110, 129, 130, 139 Manic-depressive psychosis, 130, 139 Maprotiline, 24, 52, 54, 55, 130 Mediate, 121, 130 Mediator, 130, 142 MEDLINE, 91, 130 Medullary, 120, 130 Meiosis, 130, 145 Membrane, 111, 117, 123, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 139, 140, 143 Memory, 46, 109, 119, 130 Meninges, 115, 118, 130 Meningitis, 124, 128, 130
Menstrual Cycle, 129, 130, 137, 138 Menstruation, 76, 129, 130, 137 Mental Disorders, 130, 139 Mental Health, iv, 4, 16, 20, 65, 67, 70, 90, 92, 96, 130 Mental Processes, 120, 130, 139 Mental Retardation, 36, 130 Mephenytoin, 50, 131 Mesolimbic, 111, 131 Metabolite, 13, 14, 34, 54, 60, 67, 113, 131, 133 Methamphetamine, 18, 45, 131 Methionine, 112, 131 Metoclopramide, 21, 131 Mexiletine, 32, 131 MI, 10, 14, 105, 131 Microbe, 131, 146 Microbiology, 107, 111, 131 Microcirculation, 129, 131 Microdialysis, 67, 131 Microglia, 111, 131, 132 Microorganism, 131, 147 Microsomal, 14, 131 Modification, 4, 47, 109, 131 Molecular, 11, 17, 43, 53, 91, 93, 112, 117, 131, 138, 141, 146 Molecular Structure, 131, 146 Molecule, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 131, 134, 141, 143 Monoamine, 48, 79, 109, 120, 132, 142 Monoamine Oxidase, 109, 120, 132, 142 Monotherapy, 21, 32, 132 Mood Disorders, 13, 132 Morphine, 64, 113, 116, 132, 134 Motility, 132, 142 Motion Sickness, 132 Movement Disorders, 27, 111, 132 Mucosa, 132, 138 Muscle Relaxation, 132 Myocardial infarction, 111, 118, 131, 132, 147 Myocardium, 131, 132 N Naloxone, 112, 132 Naltrexone, 7, 132 Narcotic, 129, 132 Nausea, 25, 40, 48, 49, 70, 77, 110, 111, 132, 135, 137 Need, 3, 97, 108, 132, 145 Nelfinavir, 11, 132 Nerve, 107, 109, 115, 119, 130, 132, 133, 144, 146
154
Fluvoxamine
Nervous System, 78, 107, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 120, 125, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 142, 145 Neural, 17, 27, 120, 131, 132, 133, 143 Neuroleptic, 26, 49, 67, 108, 110, 116, 133 Neuromuscular, 107, 133, 142 Neuronal, 116, 133 Neurons, 13, 78, 80, 119, 129, 133, 145 Neuropsychology, 15, 133 Neurosis, 127, 133, 136 Neurotoxic, 13, 49, 133 Neurotoxicity, 13, 120, 133 Neurotransmitter, 5, 107, 109, 120, 125, 126, 133, 143, 144 Niacin, 133, 146 Nitrogen, 108, 133, 146 Nonverbal Communication, 133, 139 Norepinephrine, 71, 78, 80, 107, 109, 120, 121, 133 Nortriptyline, 25, 133 Nuclei, 118, 129, 130, 133, 139 Nucleus, 118, 122, 130, 134, 138, 139 O Obsession, 117, 134 Odour, 111, 134 Omeprazole, 45, 66, 134 On-line, 49, 105, 134 Opacity, 119, 134 Opiate, 7, 15, 112, 122, 132, 134 Opium, 132, 134 Orgasm, 121, 134 Orthostatic, 111, 134 Outpatient, 134 Overdose, 44, 50, 54, 134 Ovulation, 129, 134 Ovum, 129, 134, 138 Oxidation, 14, 107, 113, 118, 134 Oxidation-Reduction, 113, 134 Oxidative metabolism, 10, 108, 134 P Palliative, 135, 145 Pancreas, 107, 128, 135 Panic, 6, 19, 27, 31, 33, 38, 44, 58, 65, 71, 96, 124, 127, 135, 142 Panic Disorder, 6, 19, 27, 31, 38, 44, 58, 65, 71, 96, 124, 127, 135, 142 Paresthesias, 135 Parietal, 134, 135 Parkinsonism, 111, 129, 135 Paroxetine, 3, 16, 19, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 51, 61, 62, 64, 65, 77, 78, 82, 135 Partial response, 16, 135
Parturition, 135, 138 Pathologic, 20, 118, 127, 135 Pathologies, 78, 135 Penis, 121, 125, 135 Peptide, 109, 112, 122, 135, 138, 139 Perception, 17, 119, 135, 142 Perfusion, 135, 145 Peripheral Nervous System, 133, 135, 144 Pharmacodynamics, 33, 59, 136 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 49, 51, 136 Pharmacologic, 4, 13, 125, 136, 145, 146 Pharmacotherapy, 21, 24, 26, 37, 39, 49, 56, 136 Phenotype, 51, 55, 136 Phentermine, 4, 76, 136 Phenytoin, 52, 67, 114, 136 Phobia, 8, 9, 35, 54, 82, 136 Phobic Disorders, 136 Phospholipids, 128, 136 Phototherapy, 4, 136 Physical Examination, 7, 136 Physiologic, 108, 125, 130, 136, 141 Physiology, 78, 107, 136 Pilot study, 22, 45, 66, 137 Plants, 108, 114, 125, 133, 137, 141, 146 Plasma, 15, 22, 23, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 57, 126, 137, 142, 145 Plasticity, 17, 137 Pneumonia, 118, 137 Poisoning, 28, 119, 128, 132, 137 Polymorphic, 13, 15, 30, 43, 65, 137 Polymorphism, 48, 53, 61, 137 Potassium, 23, 137, 140 Potentiates, 120, 137 Potentiating, 109, 137 Practicability, 137, 146 Practice Guidelines, 92, 137 Precursor, 107, 121, 122, 123, 129, 133, 137, 146 Premenstrual, 76, 137 Premenstrual Syndrome, 76, 137 Presynaptic, 80, 133, 137 Prevalence, 8, 9, 16, 71, 137 Probe, 131, 138 Progesterone, 138, 144 Prognostic factor, 51, 138 Progression, 138, 142 Progressive, 119, 121, 125, 138 Projection, 133, 138 Prolactin, 53, 59, 65, 138 Promoter, 13, 53, 138
Index 155
Prophase, 138, 145 Prophylaxis, 138, 147 Prospective study, 51, 138 Protease, 11, 132, 138, 141 Protease Inhibitors, 11, 138 Protein Binding, 138, 145 Protein S, 112, 123, 138 Proteins, 5, 109, 110, 116, 119, 123, 132, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 125, 138 Proteolytic, 109, 117, 138 Protocol, 8, 9, 10, 16, 139 Proton Pump, 134, 139 Protons, 126, 130, 139, 140 Proximal, 137, 139 Pruritus, 111, 139 Psychiatric, 3, 6, 14, 28, 32, 33, 36, 71, 77, 130, 139, 143 Psychic, 129, 130, 133, 139, 142 Psychoactive, 139, 147 Psychogenic, 22, 139 Psychology, 117, 120, 133, 139 Psychometrics, 16, 139 Psychometry, 27, 139 Psychomotor, 33, 114, 119, 133, 139 Psychopathology, 33, 58, 64, 69, 139 Psychophysiology, 133, 139 Psychosis, 4, 38, 60, 110, 111, 139 Psychotherapy, 27, 36, 116, 124, 139, 141 Psychotropic, 24, 140 Public Policy, 91, 140 Pulmonary, 76, 113, 118, 127, 140, 147 Pulmonary Embolism, 140, 147 Pulmonary hypertension, 76, 140 Pulmonary Ventilation, 127, 140 Q Quinidine, 32, 65, 140 Quinine, 140 R Radiation, 112, 122, 124, 140 Radioactive, 112, 125, 126, 140 Random Allocation, 140 Randomization, 6, 140 Randomized, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 32, 37, 47, 50, 54, 121, 140 Randomized clinical trial, 15, 140 Randomized Controlled Trials, 8, 9, 10, 140 Reaction Time, 56, 141 Reality Testing, 139, 141 Reassurance, 127, 141
Receptor, 5, 48, 59, 78, 107, 110, 114, 115, 116, 120, 121, 141, 142, 143 Receptors, Serotonin, 141, 142 Rectum, 113, 124, 141 Recurrence, 65, 130, 141 Refer, 1, 116, 120, 122, 133, 139, 141, 146 Refraction, 141, 144 Refractory, 39, 40, 44, 49, 50, 55, 58, 64, 65, 67, 141 Regimen, 15, 25, 121, 136, 141 Relapse, 6, 15, 60, 141 Remission, 130, 141 Research Design, 16, 141 Respiration, 114, 115, 141 Risk factor, 17, 138, 141 Risperidone, 4, 19, 24, 26, 49, 55, 141 Ritonavir, 11, 141 S Saponins, 141, 144 Schizoid, 142, 147 Schizophrenia, 21, 22, 37, 50, 55, 111, 121, 129, 141, 142, 147 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 119, 142, 147 Screening, 7, 17, 116, 142 Secretion, 46, 58, 77, 126, 128, 131, 134, 142 Secretory, 134, 142 Sedative, 109, 116, 127, 142 Seizures, 56, 114, 119, 136, 142 Selegiline, 4, 142 Semen, 121, 142 Senile, 111, 142 Serotonin Syndrome, 26, 47, 60, 142 Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, 71, 142 Sertraline, 3, 4, 16, 20, 28, 32, 37, 51, 61, 67, 76, 77, 80, 143 Serum, 26, 32, 35, 37, 56, 59, 109, 116, 143 Sex Characteristics, 107, 143 Side effect, 3, 4, 16, 23, 24, 52, 77, 85, 108, 111, 116, 130, 143, 146 Signal Transduction, 128, 143 Signs and Symptoms, 141, 143 Skeletal, 140, 143 Skeleton, 128, 143 Sleep Deprivation, 55, 143 Small intestine, 126, 128, 143 Smoking Cessation, 114, 143 Smooth muscle, 109, 114, 126, 132, 143, 144 Social Security, 141, 143 Sodium, 59, 140, 143, 147 Sodium Channels, 140, 143, 147
156
Fluvoxamine
Solvent, 78, 112, 123, 144 Somatic, 107, 130, 135, 144 Specialist, 97, 144 Species, 10, 123, 130, 140, 144, 147 Specificity, 21, 108, 122, 144, 145 Spectroscopic, 6, 130, 144 Spectrum, 11, 128, 131, 144 Spinal cord, 111, 115, 130, 133, 135, 144 Steroid, 58, 118, 141, 144 Stimulant, 109, 114, 118, 120, 126, 131, 136, 144, 145 Stimulus, 67, 121, 123, 135, 136, 141, 144 Stomach, 107, 124, 126, 132, 143, 144 Stress, 37, 50, 54, 72, 114, 118, 132, 144 Striatum, 46, 144 Subarachnoid, 125, 144 Subcutaneous, 121, 144 Subspecies, 144 Substance P, 123, 131, 142, 144 Substrate, 8, 144 Sympathomimetic, 109, 120, 121, 123, 131, 133, 136, 144 Symptomatic, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 145 Synapse, 78, 107, 120, 137, 145, 146 Synapsis, 145 Synaptic, 12, 133, 142, 143, 145 Synergistic, 138, 145 Systemic, 44, 66, 86, 113, 114, 119, 123, 145, 147 T Tacrine, 42, 61, 145 Tardive, 111, 116, 145 Theophylline, 40, 66, 67, 145 Therapeutics, 30, 32, 33, 38, 42, 45, 47, 86, 132, 145 Tidal Volume, 127, 145 Tissue Distribution, 24, 145 Tolerance, 46, 113, 145 Tomography, 40, 130, 145 Tonic, 131, 145 Tonicity, 121, 145 Topical, 123, 146 Toxic, iv, 13, 67, 112, 118, 146 Toxicity, 13, 121, 146
Toxicology, 41, 44, 70, 92, 146 Toxin, 77, 145, 146 Trace element, 124, 146 Transfection, 112, 146 Translation, 109, 123, 146 Translocation, 123, 146 Transmitter, 107, 111, 121, 130, 133, 146 Treatment Failure, 6, 146 Treatment Outcome, 11, 146 Trichotillomania, 19, 146 Tricyclic, 4, 46, 50, 108, 109, 116, 120, 121, 127, 130, 146 Trigger zone, 111, 146 Tryptophan, 43, 48, 65, 116, 142, 146 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 43, 48, 146 Tyrosine, 121, 138, 146 U Unconscious, 127, 146 Urethra, 135, 146, 147 Urinary, 38, 122, 146 Urine, 7, 60, 67, 110, 113, 120, 122, 146, 147 Uterus, 130, 138, 147 V Vaccine, 107, 139, 147 Vagina, 114, 125, 130, 147 Valproic Acid, 4, 147 Vascular, 125, 127, 129, 131, 147 Vasodilator, 121, 126, 147 Venous, 113, 138, 147 Venous blood, 113, 147 Venous Thrombosis, 147 Ventricles, 115, 147 Vesicular, 131, 147 Veterinary Medicine, 91, 147 Virulence, 146, 147 Vitamin A, 128, 147 Vitro, 11, 14, 44, 147 Vivo, 10, 14, 44, 147 W Warfarin, 43, 66, 147 Weight Gain, 76, 147 Withdrawal, 33, 64, 67, 119, 147 Y Yeasts, 136, 147
