First Aid - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FIRST AID A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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FIRST AID A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960First Aid: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84284-1 1. First Aid-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on first aid. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FIRST AID .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on First Aid........................................................................................ 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 Academic Periodicals covering First Aid ..................................................................................... 44 Dissertations on First Aid............................................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FIRST AID ........................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on First Aid....................................................................................... 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FIRST AID .................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 51 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 General References ....................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND FIRST AID............................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Recent Trials on First Aid............................................................................................................ 57 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FIRST AID ............................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on First Aid..................................................................................................................... 61 Patent Applications on First Aid ................................................................................................. 76 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FIRST AID .................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 Chapters on First Aid................................................................................................................... 82 Directories.................................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FIRST AID........................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 111 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 113 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 113 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 122 FIRST AID DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with first aid is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about first aid, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to first aid, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on first aid. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to first aid, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on first aid. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FIRST AID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on first aid.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and first aid, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Ready, Set, Summer Source: Outside. 23(7):111-113. July 1998. Summary: Goodman offers several healthful tips for summer. These include: water intake; awareness of heat stroke and heat exhaustion; vitamin intake; first aid for feet; and exercises to prepare for summer exercise.

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Diabetic Mothers and Pregnancy Loss: Implications for Diabetes Educators Source: Diabetes Educator. 19(1): 35-39. January/February 1993. Summary: Perinatal deaths among women with diabetes are sufficiently common that nearly all diabetes educators eventually care for someone who loses a baby. This case report and discussion identifies ways in which diabetes educators can promote patients'

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health and provide emotional first aid in the immediate aftermath of perinatal loss. Psychological reactions of both mothers and health care providers are considered. The authors also present practical ways to assist patients and suggest pitfalls to avoid. 18 references. (AA). •

Low Blood Glucose Reactions: A Review of the Basics Source: Diabetes Forecast. 48(8): 28-29. August 1995. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: The author reviews the basics of low blood glucose reactions (hypoglycemia). Written in a question and answer format, the article covers a definition of hypoglycemia; how to know if a reaction is occurring; the causes of hypoglycemia; treating an insulin reaction; securing the help of family and friends in case of a hypoglycemic reaction; the role of glucagon; emergency first aid for hypoglycemia; what to do after recovering from an episode of hypoglycemia; and preventing reactions. The author stresses the importance of frequently monitoring blood glucose levels at various times of the day, and using those numbers to help make decisions about adjusting the management plan to avoid hypoglycemia. 1 figure.

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Beating Burnout Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 8(5): 33-35. September-October 1991. Summary: This article discusses burnout, emotional exhaustion that results when too much stress, pressure, or routine takes a toll on mental and physical health. Not only can the stress of burnout affect blood glucose levels, but the symptoms themselves can undermine good diabetes management. This article is intended to help people with diabetes learn to recognize the source and symptoms of such stress and to administer the appropriate psychological first aid in order to stay mentally and physically fit. The author uses two case examples to show likely candidates for burnout. Suggestions for avoiding burnout are also presented.

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Nice Play, but Does It Hurt?: The Treatment of Dental Trauma Requires Immediate Attention, as Well as a Little Preparation Before the Game Even Starts Source: RDH. 23(8): 76,78,103. August 2003. Contact: Available from Penwell Corporation. 1421 South Sheridan, Tulsa, OK 74112. Website: www.rdhmag.com. Summary: This article reminds dental hygienists of how to care for patients who present with dental trauma. Trauma can range from small chips to shattered alveolar bone and lost teeth. The author notes that prevention is always best, and mouthguards do a great job of preventing dental injuries, but they are not always used, particularly by children. The author reviews common dental injuries, tooth concussions, tooth reimplantation, dental first aid on the site of an injury, and the psychological impact of tooth loss. The author concludes with a brief list of suggestions for injury prevention, in the home as well as during recreational activities.

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Avulsed Permanent Incisors: Knowledge and Attitudes of Primary School Teachers with Regard to Emergency Management Source: International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 11(5): 327-332. September 2001.

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Contact: Available from Blackwell Science Ltd. Journal Subscriptions, P.O. Box 88, Oxford OX2 0NE, United Kingdom. 44 1865 206180. Fax 44 1865 206219. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article reports on a study designed to examine the knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers with regard to the emergency management of avulsed (lost from the mouth) permanent incisors. A total of 388 teaches in 31 participating schools were asked to complete a questionnaire; 274 teachers returned completed questionnaires (response rate of 70.6 percent). Of the respondents, 181 (60.1 percent) had received no advice about the emergency management of dental avulsion. Of the 133 teachers (48.5 percent) who possessed a first aid certificate, 39 (29.3 percent) had been given relevant advice as part of this training. Less than one-third of respondents (85 teachers, 31 percent) cited an optimum extra-oral time of 30 minutes or less, with only 43 (15.7 percent) considering that this should be 10 minutes or less. However, 125 (45.6 percent) knew milk to be the best transport medium. Most teachers (204; 74.5 percent) stated that they would not be prepared to replant an avulsed tooth themselves, 133 (80 percent) basing this decision on lack of expertise and training. Nearly all teachers (262; 95.6 percent) expressed a desire for further information. The authors conclude that the majority of respondents possessed, at best, rudimentary knowledge of the emergency management of dental avulsion. Teachers, and other individuals who supervise children in schools, should receive simple instruction in dental first aid. 3 tables. 14 references. •

Traveling Far and Wide with Diabetes Source: Diabetes Forecast. 54(5): 46, 48-49. May 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reviews steps people who have diabetes can take to ensure that they have a safe and healthy vacation in an exotic locale. Preparation is the key to a successful vacation, particularly when that vacation will be in the tropics or in developing nations. A visit to one's doctor at least 6 to 8 weeks prior to such a trip is important. At this visit, the person should request a medical history summary and ask for a signed and dated letter on the doctor's letterhead outlining one's diabetes care. A traveler who has diabetes needs to carry twice the amount of medication and monitoring supplies necessary for the number of days of the vacation and allow for increased blood glucose monitoring and any sudden change in plans. In addition, a person traveling to a developing nation or the tropics should consider visiting a travel medicine advisor at least 8 weeks before departure. An advisor will focus on the areas of the administration of pretravel immunizations; the prevention of malaria; prevention and self treatment of traveler's diarrhea; the prevention of injuries, infections, and accidents; and the compilation of a travel first aid kit. The article offers advice on packing insulin, administering insulin when traveling by airplane, dealing with time zone changes, avoiding certain foods, staying hydrated, avoiding sunburn, and preventing foot problems. The article includes a list of travel clinics and a diabetes travel checklist.

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Treat Your Feet With Loving Care While You're Traveling Source: Diabetes in the News. 11(4): 40-42. July-August 1992. Summary: This article, written by a podiatrist, discusses the importance of good foot care while traveling. The author discusses ways to take extra care of the feet both before

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leaving and during the trip in order to prevent painful foot problems. The article covers different footwear for different activities; socks; and daily foot inspections. One sidebar discusses first aid for feet, including a toll-free referral service for locating a podiatrist. •

Evaluating the Outcomes of AIDS Education Source: AIDS Education and Prevention; Vol. 2, no. 1. Contact: University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Louisville, KY, 40292. Summary: This journal article examines a survey that evaluated the outcomes of receiving Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education. The authors say that AIDS provides a unique challenge to health educators since it requires continuous evaluation and modification of educational strategies. They used both pretest and posttest questionnaires to measure the outcomes of AIDS training sessions. They show that the hour-long sessions resulted in an increase in knowledge among a demographically representative sample of 3,966 U.S. trainees. The largest improvement in knowledge came in the area of casual contact transmission, specifically in learning that no risk was associated with sharing a glass or food, and with being sneezed on. However, other types of casual contact transmission seemed more resistant to training, such as eating in a restaurant where the cook is infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), being bitten by a mosquito, giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, and providing first aid. Erroneous beliefs about the danger of receiving blood transfusions also persisted. The authors recommend that repeat training sessions take into account the diverse needs of adult learners.

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The Efficacy of Educational Movies on AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Among College Students Source: Journal of American College Health; Vol. 37. Contact: Howard University, School of Education, 2411 Fourth ST NW, Washington, DC, 20059, (202) 806-5780. Summary: This journal article examines the efficacy of educational movies on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) knowledge and attitudes among college students. University students from five classes were randomly assigned to see either a movie on AIDS or a movie on first aid. Six weeks later, both groups of students filled out a questionnaire measuring their knowledge of AIDS, attitudes toward AIDS, and homosexuals. In general, the differences between the two groups on the knowledge and attitudes measures were slight. In particular, there was little effect on social attitudes. The article says the showing of one educational movie on AIDS appears to be insufficient to educate students on this issue.

Federally Funded Research on First Aid The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to first aid. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration

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database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to first aid. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore first aid.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for first aid in the PubMed Central database: •

First Aid, Surgical and Medical. by Wright FS.; 1943 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=194245

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Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behavior. by Kitchener BA, Jorm AF.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130043

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The World Trade Center Attack: Similarities to the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: time to teach the public life-supporting first aid? by Crippen D.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137377

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with first aid, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for first aid (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

“First aid for scalds” campaign: reaching Sydney's Chinese, Vietnamese, and Arabic speaking communities. Author(s): King L, Thomas M, Gatenby K, Georgiou A, Hua M. Source: Injury Prevention : Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention. 1999 June; 5(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385828&dopt=Abstract

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“Helps for Suddain accidents”: Stephen Bradwell and the origin of the first aid guide. Author(s): Gevitz N. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1993 Spring; 67(1): 51-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8461638&dopt=Abstract

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“Mouse Calls:” a storytelling approach to teaching first aid skills to young children. Author(s): Marchand NE, McDermott RJ. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1986 December; 56(10): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3642114&dopt=Abstract

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“Nurse at work” first aid training for industrial workers. Author(s): Shedlick L. Source: Am Assoc Ind Nurses J. 1966 January; 14(1): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5900764&dopt=Abstract

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A history of first aid in Australia: the evolution of prehospital care. Author(s): Pearn J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 January 5; 168(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451395&dopt=Abstract

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A lesson from travel: first aid is needed before medical knowledge in emergency elderly care. Author(s): Qureshi B. Source: J R Soc Health. 2002 March; 122(1): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989135&dopt=Abstract

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A unified emergency care system from first aid to definitive care. Author(s): Morgan-Jones D, Hodgetts TJ. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1999 October; 145(3): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579167&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of first aid. Author(s): Castledine G, Walton J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1992 October 8-21; 1(11): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1472847&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of healthy travel. First aid while abroad. Author(s): Walker E, Williams G. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 March 26; 286(6370): 103942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6403181&dopt=Abstract

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ABC of ophthalmology: accidents and first aid. Author(s): Gardiner PA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 November 11; 2(6148): 1347-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=719386&dopt=Abstract

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Accidental hypothermia: an apparatus for central re-warming as a first aid measure. Author(s): Lloyd EL, Conliffe NA, Orgel H, Walker PN. Source: Scott Med J. 1972 March; 17(3): 83-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5057343&dopt=Abstract

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Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. Author(s): Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2004 February; 198(2): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14759779&dopt=Abstract

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Adequate first aid supplies, training can lessen effects of emergencies. Author(s): Higham M. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1987 November; 56(12): 44-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3684161&dopt=Abstract

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Administering first aid at the Live Aid concert in Philadelphia: an ENA nurse's perspective. Author(s): Redheffer G. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1985 November-December; 11(6): 21A-24A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3908765&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in first aid. Author(s): London PS. Source: Nurs Times. 1966 April 15; 62(15): 494-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5908911&dopt=Abstract

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All nurses should be able to provide first aid. Author(s): Castledine G. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 June 13-26; 11(11): 787. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070382&dopt=Abstract

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An audit of first aid qualifications and knowledge among team officials in two English youth football leagues: a preliminary study. Author(s): Cunningham A. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2002 August; 36(4): 295-300; Discussion 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145121&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual complication of basic first aid. Author(s): Bhatti MA, Chesney DJ, Ferrier GM. Source: Injury. 2002 July; 33(6): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12098557&dopt=Abstract

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Arctic first aid. Author(s): Adler AI. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 January 30; 326(5): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1728752&dopt=Abstract

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Artificial ventilation for basic life support leads to hyperventilation in first aid providers. Author(s): Thierbach AR, Wolcke BB, Krummenauer F, Kunde M, Janig C, Dick WF. Source: Resuscitation. 2003 June; 57(3): 269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804804&dopt=Abstract

Studies 11

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Assessing breathing patterns in first aid training. Author(s): Kittleson MJ. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1990 February; 60(2): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2299824&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of physical education faculty students' knowledge about first aid. Author(s): Aly SA, Ahmed NI. Source: J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1993; 68(1-2): 101-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8245743&dopt=Abstract

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Audit for first aid at work. Author(s): Rivett J. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1988 April; 40(4): 516-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3133618&dopt=Abstract

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Australian work in first aid of poisonous snakebite. Author(s): Oxer HF. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1982 April; 11(4): 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7073042&dopt=Abstract

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Band aid, first aid, lucozade. Author(s): Waugh PJ, Boulton K, Thompson M. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 2000; 86(1): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892036&dopt=Abstract

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Basic first aid is not too much to ask. Author(s): Macpherson I. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2002 June 5-11; 16(38): 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12077951&dopt=Abstract

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Battlefield First Aid: a simple, systematic approach for every soldier. Author(s): Hodgetts TJ, Hanlan CG, Newey CG. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1999 June; 145(2): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10420339&dopt=Abstract

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Bring your first aid kit: an unannounced mock drill. Author(s): Grant TW. Source: J Sch Nurs. 2002 June; 18(3): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079182&dopt=Abstract

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British Burn Association recommended first aid for burns and scalds. Author(s): Lawrence JC. Source: Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1987 April; 13(2): 153. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580939&dopt=Abstract

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Burn wounds: assessment and first aid treatment. Author(s): Harulow S. Source: Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993). 2000 March; 7(8): Suppl 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11894242&dopt=Abstract

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Burns treatment for children and adults: a study of initial burns first aid and hospital care. Author(s): Skinner A, Peat B. Source: N Z Med J. 2002 October 11; 115(1163): U199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552305&dopt=Abstract

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Catfish and stingrays: hot water is first aid. Author(s): Pacy H. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 May; 27(5): 343-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9612995&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in airway function and bronchial responsiveness after acute occupational exposure to chlorine leading to treatment in a first aid unit. Author(s): Leroyer C, Malo JL, Infante-Rivard C, Dufour JG, Gautrin D. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 May; 55(5): 356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764114&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical burns: effect of prompt first aid. Author(s): Leonard LG, Scheulen JJ, Munster AM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1982 May; 22(5): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7077702&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical burns: first aid and prevention. Author(s): Wale R. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1986 April; 15(4): 425-6, 428. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3718356&dopt=Abstract

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Chromosome first aid. Author(s): Greider CW. Source: Cell. 1991 November 15; 67(4): 645-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1934066&dopt=Abstract

Studies 13

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Clinical trial of intramuscular anti-snake venom administration as a first aid measure in the field in the management of Russell's viper bite patients. Author(s): Win-Aung, Tin-Tun, Khin-Maung-Maung, Aye-Kyaw, Hla-Pe, Tin-Nu-Swe, Saw-Naing. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1996 September; 27(3): 494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185259&dopt=Abstract

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Comments on first aid for victims of choking. An extension of remarks made upon receiving the 1986 Howland award. Acceptance of the Howland award 1986. Author(s): Day RL. Source: Pediatric Research. 1986 October; 20(10): 1013-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3774403&dopt=Abstract

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Contents of first aid boxes. Author(s): Kidd S. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1990 August; 42(8): 242. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2395583&dopt=Abstract

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Cooling for first aid in snake bite. Author(s): Glass TG Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 October 29; 305(18): 1095. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7278932&dopt=Abstract

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Corneal foreign bodies--first aid, treatment, and outcomes. Skills review for an occupational health setting. Author(s): Owens JK, Scibilia J, Hezoucky N. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 2001 May; 49(5): 226-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760304&dopt=Abstract

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Death on the battlefield and the role of first aid. Author(s): Bellamy RF. Source: Military Medicine. 1987 December; 152(12): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122096&dopt=Abstract

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Demographic differences in the resuscitation knowledge and skills of the Standard First Aid Class ambulance crews in Japan. Author(s): Tanigawa K, Tanaka K. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1998 March; 5(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10406418&dopt=Abstract

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Dental injuries: “first aid” knowledge of Southampton teachers of physical education. Author(s): Newman LJ, Crawford PJ. Source: Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 1991 December; 7(6): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1820858&dopt=Abstract

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Depression first aid for the professional homemaker. Author(s): Vasey IT. Source: Child Welfare. 1971 February; 50(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5164337&dopt=Abstract

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Designing of NBC protective gear to allow for adequate first aid. Author(s): Bennion SD. Source: Military Medicine. 1982 November; 147(11): 960-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6817186&dopt=Abstract

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Discussion: first aid or euthanasia for psychiatric classification? Author(s): Dohrenwend BP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1969 April; 10 Suppl: 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4953062&dopt=Abstract

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Do you offer first aid? Author(s): Justham D. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1985 March; 37(3): 119-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3846179&dopt=Abstract

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Domestic burns prevention and first aid awareness in and around Jamshedpur, India: strategies and impact. Author(s): Ghosh A, Bharat R. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2000 November; 26(7): 605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925182&dopt=Abstract

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Education research on life-supporting first aid (LSFA) and CPR self-training systems (STS). Author(s): Safar P, Berkebile P, Scott MA, Esposito G, Medsger A, Ricci E, Malloy CL. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1981 May; 9(5): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7214973&dopt=Abstract

Studies 15

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Effects of assertion training and first aid instruction on children's autonomy and selfcare agency. Author(s): Moore JB. Source: Research in Nursing & Health. 1987 April; 10(2): 101-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3646716&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of bystander first aid, defibrillation and advanced life support on neurologic outcome and hospital costs in patients after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Author(s): Bur A, Kittler H, Sterz F, Holzer M, Eisenburger P, Oschatz E, Kofler J, Laggner AN. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 September; 27(9): 1474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685340&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency first aid for allergic reactions to insect stings or bites. Author(s): Frazier CA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1977 June; 19(6): 770-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=872620&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency services and first aid: the nurse's point of view. Author(s): Grested N. Source: Am Assoc Ind Nurses J. 1966 April; 14(4): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5908691&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! First aid for burns. Author(s): Fonger L. Source: Nursing. 1982 September; 12(9): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6921534&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! First aid for cardiopulmonary arrest. Author(s): Matheny L. Source: Nursing. 1982 June; 12(6): 34-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6919790&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! First aid for choking. Author(s): Sumner SM, Grau PE. Source: Nursing. 1982 July; 12(7): 40-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6920570&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! First aid for fractures. Author(s): Bailey M. Source: Nursing. 1982 November; 12(11): 72-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6924100&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! First aid for spinal cord injury. Author(s): Buchanan LE. Source: Nursing. 1982 August; 12(8): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6920587&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! First aid for wounds. Author(s): Fritz CP. Source: Nursing. 1982 October; 12(10): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6922424&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency! Part 2: First aid for open wounds, severe bleeding, shock, and closed wounds. Author(s): Boericke PH, Boericke CH. Source: Nursing. 1975 March; 5(3): 40-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1037969&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional first aid. Author(s): Billings CV. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1980 November; 80(11): 2006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6903411&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional first aid. Author(s): Frankel FH. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1965 December; 11(6): 824-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5846078&dopt=Abstract

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Emotional first aid. Author(s): Birley JL. Source: Nurs Times. 1973 December 6; 69(48): 1666. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4784550&dopt=Abstract

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Employers' liability & first aid. Author(s): Black M. Source: Occup Health Saf. 2000 August; 69(8): 10, 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664858&dopt=Abstract

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Employers, workers should be trained in first aid for burns. Author(s): Symm NK. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1986 September; 55(9): 34-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3763097&dopt=Abstract

Studies 17

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Endodontic first aid for the patient with odontalgia. Author(s): Ludlow MO. Source: Dent Surv. 1979 August; 55(8): 42-5, 54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=298555&dopt=Abstract

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Endodontic first aid. Author(s): Glodman M. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1981 May-June; 2(3): 129-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6950855&dopt=Abstract

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Ethical implications of first aid. Author(s): Castledine G. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1993 February 25-March 10; 2(4): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8467193&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a first aid and home safety program for Hispanic migrant adolescents. Author(s): Campbell NR, Ayala GX, Litrownik AJ, Slymen DJ, Zavala F, Elder JP. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2001 May; 20(4): 258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331113&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of consumer uses of first aid recommendations on pesticide labels. Author(s): O'Malley M, Alsop J, Esser TE. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989 June; 31(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2741311&dopt=Abstract

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Eyewash stations provide first aid for chemical contamination. Author(s): Cox WR. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1986 September; 55(9): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3763101&dopt=Abstract

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Fads, fallacies and fundamentals in industrial first aid. Author(s): Waller JA. Source: Am Assoc Ind Nurses J. 1965 November; 13(11): 22-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5839636&dopt=Abstract

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First aid anaphylaxis management in children who were prescribed an epinephrine autoinjector device (EpiPen). Author(s): Gold MS, Sainsbury R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 July; 106(1 Pt 1): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887321&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and basic life support skills training early in the medical curriculum: curriculum issues, outcomes, and confidence of students. Author(s): Das M, Elzubeir M. Source: Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 2001 Fall; 13(4): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727390&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and early care in craniocerebral trauma. Author(s): Tonnis W, Frowein RA. Source: Triangle. 1966; 7(8): 308-19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5967213&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and emergencies in nursing. Author(s): Walton J, Castledine G. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1992 October 22-November 11; 2(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1472857&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and emergency care at a major-league baseball stadium. Author(s): Buns LS, Ellison PA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1992 August; 18(4): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1495217&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and emergency care education for chiropractic students: a course at Macquarie University. Author(s): Woo CC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 NovemberDecember; 23(9): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145805&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and first aiders who work in health food, processing and light engineering in Nottingham. Author(s): Foulis W, Mayberry JF, Doran J. Source: J R Soc Health. 1991 June; 111(3): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1861269&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and fruit farming. Author(s): Bamford M. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1985 April; 37(4): 162-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3852186&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and general principles of treatment of urethral injuries accompanying pelvic fractures. Author(s): Zielinski J. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1975; 7(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1237476&dopt=Abstract

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First Aid and Health Kamp for Kids: combining learning with service. Author(s): Schell K, Herrman JW, Plowfield L. Source: The Journal of Nursing Education. 2001 November; 40(8): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725996&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and home safety training in the community. Author(s): McKenna S, Blaylock S. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1983 March; 35(3): 122-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6551731&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and the mentally retarded. Author(s): Hauser C, Cockson A, Redican KJ, Olsen LK. Source: Health Educ. 1979 May-June; 10(3): 3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=116980&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and the unconscious diabetic patient. Author(s): Phillipp R, Harvey K, Hughes A, Fletcher G, Hoghton M, Cox CB. Source: Community Med. 1987 August; 9(3): 305-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3665413&dopt=Abstract

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First aid and transportation of burned patients during mass disasters. Author(s): Hadjiiski O, Dimitrov D. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 October; 14(6): 613-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857818&dopt=Abstract

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First aid at work under review. Author(s): Bangs M. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1986 August; 38(8): 244-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3639367&dopt=Abstract

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First aid by the numbers. Author(s): Johnson LF. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1999 April; 68(4): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214724&dopt=Abstract

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First aid courses. Author(s): Cullen M. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1990 September; 42(9): 272. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216283&dopt=Abstract

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First aid education. Author(s): Heywood A, Andrews T. Source: Nyssnta J. 1977 Summer; 8(4): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=586525&dopt=Abstract

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First aid first. Author(s): Jones IH. Source: Nurs Times. 1980 July 10; 76(28): 1236. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6902194&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for acute cerebral stroke. Author(s): Parsons-Smith BG. Source: The Practitioner. 1979 October; 223(1336): 553-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=523408&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for children--household standbys. Author(s): Tucker L. Source: Am Pharm. 1979 October; 19(11): 33-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=517393&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for choking children: back blows and chest thrusts cause complications and death. Author(s): Heimlich HJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1982 July; 70(1): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7088611&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for choking: a successful community education program. Author(s): Schadt E. Source: Nurs Health Care. 1982 December; 3(10): 547-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6925150&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for drivers. Author(s): Pacy H. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 March 5; 223(10): 1151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4739375&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for jellyfish envenomation. Author(s): Burnett JW, Rubinstein H, Calton GJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1983 July; 76(7): 870-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6135257&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for meetings. Author(s): Evans CL. Source: Nurs Success Today. 1985 January; 2(1): 21-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3845330&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for nurses. Author(s): Tyler EP. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1980 August; 9(9): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6904223&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for riding accidents. Author(s): Thrower R. Source: Nurs Times. 1972 July 20; 68(29): 900-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5040970&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for rural healthcare. Educating hospital boards. Author(s): Meadors AC, Hamilton CL. Source: Adm Radiol. 1989 August; 8(8): 52-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10294557&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for school athletic emergencies. Author(s): Greensher J, Mofenson HC, Merlis NJ. Source: N Y State J Med. 1979 June; 79(7): 1058-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=287901&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for shark attack victims. Author(s): Goodwin NM, White JA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1977 December 3; 52(24): 981-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=565082&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for snake bite. Author(s): Anker RL, Straffon WG, Loiselle DS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982 February 6; 1(3): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7132844&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for snakebite. Author(s): Jelly M. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1986 December; 80(8): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3786276&dopt=Abstract

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First aid for suspected myocardial infarction. Author(s): Knight AL. Source: J Occup Med. 1973 April; 15(4): 364. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4695063&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in burn injuries: treatment at home with cold water. Author(s): Sorensen B. Source: Mod Treat. 1967 November; 4(6): 1199-202. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6080145&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in disasters. Author(s): Phillips GD. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1980 October 18; 2(8): 420-1, 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7207319&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in envenomation. Author(s): Fisher M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982 March 6; 1(5): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7087828&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in epilepsy. Author(s): Beran RG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 December 9-23; 143(12-13): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3831764&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in mental distress. 1. Mental functions. Author(s): Sheahan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1971 December 16; 67(50): 1559-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5126347&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in mental distress. 2. Thinking and intelligence. Author(s): Sheahan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1971 December 23; 67(51): 1608-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5126358&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in mental distress. 3. Emotion and personality. Author(s): Sheahan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1971 December 30; 67(52): 1638-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5126363&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in mental distress. 4. Signs of mental distress. Author(s): Sheahan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1972 January 6; 68(1): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5007908&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in mental distress. 6. Some states of mental distress. Author(s): Sheahan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1972 January 20; 68(3): 94-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5008023&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in psychiatry and psychoses. Author(s): Zapletalek M, Pazdirek S, Preiningerova O, Svejkovsk j. Source: Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove. 1976; 19(3-4): 347-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1072527&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in snake bite; comment on mock venom. Author(s): Pearn JH, Morrison JJ, Charles NT. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982 July 24; 2(2): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7121362&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in the air. Author(s): Donaldson E, Pearn J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1996 July; 66(7): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8678870&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in the era of primary health care. Author(s): Dick B. Source: World Health Forum. 1990; 11(2): 202-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2271101&dopt=Abstract

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First aid in the street and home. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1980 June; (14): 615-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6902099&dopt=Abstract

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First aid kits in the workplace. Author(s): Older J. Source: N Z Med J. 1984 May 23; 97(756): 333-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6587232&dopt=Abstract

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First aid kits: the good, the bad, and the downright ugly. Author(s): Burton BC. Source: Occup Health Saf. 2003 April; 72(4): 66-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12710282&dopt=Abstract

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First aid knowledge of alpine mountaineers. Author(s): Kuepper T, Wermelskirchen D, Beeker T, Reisten O, Waanders R. Source: Resuscitation. 2003 August; 58(2): 159-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909378&dopt=Abstract

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First aid last? Author(s): Jones IH. Source: Nurs Times. 1988 August 24-30; 84(34): 16-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3419980&dopt=Abstract

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First aid management of snake bite. Author(s): Komesaroff D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 February 5; 1(3): 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6571534&dopt=Abstract

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First aid management of sports injuries. Author(s): Harbinger EW. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1971 December; 71(4): 349-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5210738&dopt=Abstract

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First aid on the road. Author(s): Tyler E. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1982 October; 11(9): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6925968&dopt=Abstract

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First aid on the ski slopes. Author(s): Allan JB. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1976 January; 7(1): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1256792&dopt=Abstract

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First aid procedures for dental emergencies. Author(s): Barsky NH, Londeree K. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1982 January; 52(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6915285&dopt=Abstract

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First aid services in industry. Author(s): Lear BJ. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1982 October; 11(9): 6-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6925971&dopt=Abstract

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First aid therapy: a new concept in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Author(s): Hershberg PI. Source: Med Times. 1968 June; 96(6): 575-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5657582&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training and its effect on safety. Author(s): McKenna SP. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1977 October; 29(10): 426-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=244815&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training for the blind. Author(s): Howell CJ. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1982 July; 11(6): 13-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6924843&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training. Author(s): Vernon G. Source: J R Soc Health. 1994 August; 114(4): 224. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932507&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training. Author(s): Jefferson TO. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1991 October; 137(3): 152. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1801810&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training: a holistic approach. Author(s): Cooper I. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1995 April; 47(4): 128-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7731631&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training: the hidden dimension of injury control for school-based injuries. Author(s): Nguyen LH. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1998 October; 88(10): 1557. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772864&dopt=Abstract

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First aid training--some questions answered. Author(s): Ruddick-Bracken H, Davidson G, Rowson A. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1991 April; 43(4): 118-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2020486&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment for burns in children--a call for education. Author(s): Theunissen D, Rode R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1998 November; 88(11): 1367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861938&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment for cervical vertebral injuries. Author(s): Elrick WL, Redhead TJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 September 20; 2(12): 488. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1196189&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment of burns. Author(s): Solomon JR, Brooksbank M, Swift W. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1979 July; 8(7): 785-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=485967&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment of critically acute epidural hematoma complicated by cerebra l hernia using cranial trepanation and drainage decompression: a report of 16 cases. Author(s): Chen N. Source: Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Chung-Hua Ch'uang Shang Tsa Chih / Chinese Medical Association. 2002 February; 5(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11835762&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment of electric shock. Author(s): Morley R, Carter AO. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1972 October; 25(4): 276-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5055679&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment of epistaxis--are the patients well informed? Author(s): Lavy JA, Koay CB. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1996 May; 13(3): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8733658&dopt=Abstract

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First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Response to a newly differentiated species. Author(s): Fenner PJ, Williamson JA, Burnett JW, Rifkin J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 April 5; 158(7): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8469205&dopt=Abstract

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First aid using hypnosis: a clinical note. Author(s): Lazar BS. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1974 April; 22(2): 116-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4424363&dopt=Abstract

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First aid when contaminated infusion fluid is suspected. Author(s): Wyatt HV. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1978; 10(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=635482&dopt=Abstract

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First aid. Author(s): Blackwood L, Blackwood RA. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1983 March; 2(11): 298-301. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6554502&dopt=Abstract

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First aid. 5. Injuries to bones, joints and muscles. 2. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 September 18; 71(38): 1502-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1161519&dopt=Abstract

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First aid. Glamour, champagne. and heart disease. Author(s): de Wreede S. Source: Nurs Times. 1986 June 18-24; 82(25): 48-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3637822&dopt=Abstract

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First aid. Helping them to help each other. Author(s): Rutledge M. Source: Health Visit. 1992 November; 65(11): 412-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1294544&dopt=Abstract

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First aid. The new code: a case of plus ca change. Author(s): Kelly P. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1990 August; 42(8): 234-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2395580&dopt=Abstract

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First aid. When casualties are critical. Author(s): Bangs M. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1987 January; 39(1): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3645511&dopt=Abstract

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FIRST AID: a design philosophy and a program for on-line symptom processing. Author(s): Barber DC, Fox J. Source: International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing. 1981 May; 12(3): 249-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7019104&dopt=Abstract

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First aid: answering the call at work. Author(s): Manuel J. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1980 November; 32(11): 573-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6906629&dopt=Abstract

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First aid: essential skills for nurses. Author(s): Baillie L. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1995 January 18-24; 9(17): 33-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7888333&dopt=Abstract

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First aid: no longer an ephemeral feminine fashion. Author(s): Castledine G. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1992 September 24-October 7; 1(10): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1421990&dopt=Abstract

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First aid: teaching the teacher. Author(s): Thomas P, Schild M. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1980 October; 32(10): 532-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6904923&dopt=Abstract

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First aid-1. Main maxims. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 August 21; 71(34): 1322-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1165995&dopt=Abstract

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First aid-2. Cardiac and respiratory arrest. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 August 28; 71(35): 1367-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1166003&dopt=Abstract

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First aid-3. Haemorrhage and shock. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 September 4; 71(36): 1409-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1161503&dopt=Abstract

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First aid-4. Injuries to bones, joints and muscles-1. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 September 11; 71(37): 1462-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1161509&dopt=Abstract

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First aid-7. Chest injuries. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 October 2; 71(40): 1582-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1178537&dopt=Abstract

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First aid-8: road accidents. Author(s): Bradley D. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 October 9; 71(41): 1622-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1196910&dopt=Abstract

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Fostering first aid. Author(s): Hensel J. Source: Occup Health Saf. 2000 April; 69(4): 48-50, 52, 54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396027&dopt=Abstract

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From first aid to paramedical: ambulance officers in the health division of labour. Author(s): Willis E, McCarthy L. Source: Community Health Stud. 1986; 10(1): 57-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3516556&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized effects of a peer-delivered first aid program for students with moderate intellectual disabilities. Author(s): Marchand-Martella NE, Martella RC, Agran M, Salzberg CL, Young KR, Morgan D. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Winter; 25(4): 841-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1478906&dopt=Abstract

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Hazard detection through first aid. Author(s): Leedke H. Source: Am Assoc Ind Nurses J. 1966 April; 14(4): 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5908688&dopt=Abstract

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Health education for the preadolescent: basic first aid. Author(s): Parker MC. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1979 May; 49(5): 266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=256602&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal first aid. Author(s): Shamosh JA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1998 December; 24(6): 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9836817&dopt=Abstract

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Homoeopathy: first aid treatments. Author(s): Trevelyan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1995 March 29-April 4; 91(13): 67-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7724383&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of a child first aid wall calendar on lay people's skills and knowledge of infant CPR. Author(s): Sunde K, Wik L, Naess AC, Steen PA. Source: Resuscitation. 1998 January; 36(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547845&dopt=Abstract

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Improvisational dental first aid used by American prisoners of war in Southeast Asia. Author(s): Diem CR, Richlin M. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1979 April; 98(4): 535-537. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=285128&dopt=Abstract

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Industrial burns in Jamshedpur, India: epidemiology, prevention and first aid. Author(s): Sunder S, Bharat R. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1998 August; 24(5): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725685&dopt=Abstract

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Ink used as first aid treatment of a scald. Author(s): Johnson D, Coleman DJ. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2000 August; 26(5): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812280&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous propafenone for suppression of symptomatic atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in a first aid hospital. Author(s): Liguori A, di Ieso N, D'Armiento FP, Furia L, Napoli C, Bruzzese G, Piatto A, Varriale A. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1992 July-August; 14(4): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1305996&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge and acceptance of first aid and travel insurance in hostelers from north and central Queensland, Australia. Author(s): Leggat PA, Leggat FW. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2002 SeptemberOctober; 9(5): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962603&dopt=Abstract

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Knowledge of paediatric first aid in the general population. Author(s): Conrad RP, Beattie TF. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 1996 April; 4(2): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8716421&dopt=Abstract

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Late first aid. Author(s): Brennan EP. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 March 23; 170(6): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2021490&dopt=Abstract

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'Late first aid'. Author(s): Skinner BD. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 May 11; 170(9): 327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049216&dopt=Abstract

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Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 1. Author(s): Barber J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1993 June 24-July 7; 2(12): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348010&dopt=Abstract

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Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 2. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1993 July 8-21; 2(13): 692-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8364307&dopt=Abstract

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Legal aspects of first aid and emergency care: 3. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1993 July 22-August 11; 2(14): 736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8364317&dopt=Abstract

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Legal first aid. Author(s): Jarvis J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1998 August 26-September 1; 12(49): 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823188&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Cooling as first aid for burns. Author(s): Kravitz H. Source: Pediatrics. 1974 May; 53(5): 766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4826735&dopt=Abstract

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Life support and first aid in a mental health setting. Author(s): Pinington-Webb I. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 May 12-18; 95(19): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437493&dopt=Abstract

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Life supporting first aid (LSFA) teaching to Brazilians by television spots. Author(s): Capone PL, Lane JC, Kerr CS, Safar P. Source: Resuscitation. 2000 November; 47(3): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11114455&dopt=Abstract

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Life supporting first aid training of the public--review and recommendations. Author(s): Eisenburger P, Safar P. Source: Resuscitation. 1999 June; 41(1): 3-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459587&dopt=Abstract

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Life-supporting first aid self-training. Author(s): Breivik H, Ulvik NM, Blikra G, Lind B. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1980 November; 8(11): 654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7428391&dopt=Abstract

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Maintaining first aid skills, a question of time? Author(s): Pettifer S. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1996 April; 48(4): 126-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8716061&dopt=Abstract

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Management of head injury is a vital first aid measure. Author(s): Bouzarth WF. Source: Ims Ind Med Surg. 1973 October; 42(9): 28-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4518306&dopt=Abstract

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Management of pediatric poisoning: update on first aid management. Author(s): Ford PS. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 1980 September-October; 6(5): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6902825&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of cardiac failure in Irukandji syndrome and first aid treatment for stings. Author(s): Tibballs J, Hawdon G, Winkel K. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2001 October; 29(5): 552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11669442&dopt=Abstract

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Medical training in the army from first aid to advanced trauma life support the development of an integrated package. Author(s): Bolton JP. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1994 February; 140(1): 3-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904495&dopt=Abstract

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Medical training in the army from first aid to advanced trauma life support. The development of an integrated package. Author(s): Gale RG. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1994 June; 140(2): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8907842&dopt=Abstract

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Mental first aid. Author(s): Foss OT. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 February; 38(3): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153755&dopt=Abstract

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Mental handicap nursing. Foresight and first aid. Author(s): Franchetti B. Source: Nurs Times. 1988 April 27-May 3; 84(17): 73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3375102&dopt=Abstract

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Mini-marathon groups: psychological “first aid” following disasters. Author(s): Terr LC. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1992 Winter; 56(1): 76-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1555013&dopt=Abstract

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Mother's knowledge of first aid--an exploratory study. Author(s): Langley J, Silva P. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1986 February; 22(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3718372&dopt=Abstract

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Network construction of first aid for electrical injury in the east China area of China Power. Author(s): Zhao C, Yu J, Zhong M, Wu Y. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999 October 30; 888: 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842614&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing and the law. First aid law. Author(s): Tingle J. Source: Nurs Times. 1991 August 28-September 3; 87(35): 48-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1881809&dopt=Abstract

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Obstetric first aid in the community--partners in safe motherhood. A strategy for reducing maternal mortality. Author(s): Sibley L, Armbruster D. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1997 March-April; 42(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9107120&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational first aid-- a personal view. Author(s): Moseley DR. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1981 April; 33(4): 193-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6909649&dopt=Abstract

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Ocular first aid. Author(s): Permezel S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 March; 27(3): 192-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9529709&dopt=Abstract

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On-site first aid, CPR responders need to make fast, vital decisions. Author(s): Hine LK, Pedone M. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1993 March; 62(3): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8464600&dopt=Abstract

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OSHA first aid training regulations. Author(s): Goodman G. Source: Exec Housekeep Today. 1996 July; 17(7): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10158682&dopt=Abstract

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Our organization of first aid to burned patients, readiness for the treatment of mass burns. Author(s): Troshev K, Vlasakov V, Petrov A, Nedkov N. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1981; 23(1): 42-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6165178&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of war-injured patients treated at first aid posts of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Author(s): Korver AJ. Source: Injury. 1994 January; 25(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8132307&dopt=Abstract

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Pain relievers in first aid cabinets. Author(s): Lloyd K. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1996 November; 65(11): 10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8948105&dopt=Abstract

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Panel reports on first aid ointments. Author(s): Hecht A. Source: Fda Consumer. 1977 March; 11(2): 10-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10304986&dopt=Abstract

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Pneumatic device for first aid and as transport dressing in faciocranial injuries. Author(s): Zemla J, Kiszkurno Z. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1979 April-June; 11(2): 188-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=513842&dopt=Abstract

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Practical therapeutics: first aid and therapy of poisoning from agricultural insecticides and herbicides. Author(s): Obel AO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1984 April; 61(4): 335-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6489238&dopt=Abstract

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Prehospital care for road traffic casualties. Untrained doctors' first aid kit is simple. Author(s): Coates MJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 3; 325(7358): 279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153931&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary evaluation of PAMFA: Psychological Assist to Medical First Aid. Author(s): Schuster DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1975 January; 31(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112910&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. Coronary occlusion and other emergencies. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 February 23; 146(8): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=245666&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. Fractures. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 March 30; 146(13): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246553&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. Poisoning and other emergencies. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 April 27; 146(17): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=247395&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. Preventing the need for first aid. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 March 2; 146(9): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=245675&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. Road accidents. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 March 16; 146(11): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246234&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. The control of bleeding. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 April 20; 146(16): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=349516&dopt=Abstract

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Principles and practice of first aid. Transport of casualties. Author(s): Skeet M. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1978 March 23; 146(12): I-Iv. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=246544&dopt=Abstract

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Priorities in first aid. Author(s): Playfair AS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 March 13; 306(6879): 715-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8471935&dopt=Abstract

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Provision and awareness of first aid in five luxury hotels in Cardiff. Author(s): Iannace R, Evans EP. Source: J R Soc Health. 1991 August; 111(4): 131-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1941872&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric first aid in an emergency. Author(s): Renshaw DC. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1972 March; 72(3): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4480817&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological first aid. Author(s): McMillan I. Source: Nurs Times. 1995 May 3-9; 91(18): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7753671&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial first aid for refugees (an essay in social psychiatry). Author(s): Tyhurst L. Source: Ment Health Soc. 1977; 4(5-6): 319-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=615937&dopt=Abstract

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Putting fun into healing. First aid. Interview by Amanda Tattam. Author(s): Teicher L. Source: Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993). 1999 May; 6(10): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568408&dopt=Abstract

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Recall of first aid knowledge and skills. Author(s): Ruddick-Bracken H, MacNeil M, Davidson G, Graham C. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1987 March; 39(3): 91-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3648616&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition of scuba diving accidents and the importance of oxygen first aid. Author(s): Shinnick MA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1994 April; 20(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7807780&dopt=Abstract

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Reflections on first aid teaching. Author(s): Gardner AW, Roylance PJ. Source: Trans Soc Occup Med. 1967 January; 17(1): 15-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6044797&dopt=Abstract

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Rescue and first aid for our highways. Author(s): Pacy H. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1972 April 1; 1(14): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5029993&dopt=Abstract

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Rock climbers' self-perceptions of first aid, safety, and rescue skills. Author(s): Attarian A. Source: Wilderness Environ Med. 2002 Winter; 13(4): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510779&dopt=Abstract

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Role of escharotomy and fasciotomy as a first aid measure in the early treatment of an electrically burned arm and wrist. Author(s): Wang XW, Sang HH, Davies JW, MacMillan BG, Robinson WA. Source: Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1985 August; 11(6): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4041943&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and first aid behavioral intentions of supervised and unsupervised third grade students. Author(s): Frederick RA, White DM. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1989 April; 59(4): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2716288&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and first aid curriculum for circumpolar and developing rural areas. Author(s): Taylor C, Morris H. Source: Arctic Med Res. 1988; 47 Suppl 1: 398-402. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272649&dopt=Abstract

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Safety warnings and first aid instructions on consumer and pharmaceutical products in Nigeria: are they adequate? Author(s): Orisakwe OE. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1992 November; 11(6): 546-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1361147&dopt=Abstract

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Safety: attitudes to first aid. Author(s): Glendon I, McKenna S. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1978 December; 30(12): 605-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=252665&dopt=Abstract

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School policies for first aid. Author(s): Kunstadter RH. Source: N C Med J. 1973 November; 34(11): 887-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4521616&dopt=Abstract

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Snake bite in Australia: first aid and envenomation management. Author(s): Stewart CJ. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 2003 April; 11(2): 106-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633629&dopt=Abstract

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Snake venom extractors: a valuable first aid tool. Author(s): Gold BS. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1993 June; 35(3): 255. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8351800&dopt=Abstract

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Snakebite in the tarheel state. Guidelines for first aid, stabilization, and evacuation. Author(s): Moorman CT 3rd, Moorman LS, Goldner RD. Source: N C Med J. 1992 April; 53(4): 141-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1594053&dopt=Abstract

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Snakebite: first aid & hospital management. Author(s): Talpers SS, Bergin JJ. Source: Kans Med. 1985 May; 86(5): 155-7, 167. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3999508&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal injuries: first aid and acute nursing. Author(s): Blake S, Healee D, Lamont S. Source: N Z Nurs J. 1989 March; 82(2): 26-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2704489&dopt=Abstract

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St. John and first aid for the weak leg. Author(s): Donald JC. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1996 May; 171(5): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651381&dopt=Abstract

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Standardization of the first aid treatment of burn injuries in Vorarlberg, Austria. Author(s): Beer GM, Kompatscher P. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1996 March; 22(2): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634120&dopt=Abstract

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Suicide first aid. Author(s): Moore B. Source: Aust J Holist Nurs. 1999 April; 6(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11898203&dopt=Abstract

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Teaching first aid to children. Author(s): Ward Gardiner A. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 October 22; 2(6094): 1088. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=922448&dopt=Abstract

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Teaching the four C's of first aid. Author(s): Kittleson MJ. Source: Health Educ. 1983 November-December; 14(7): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443985&dopt=Abstract

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The duty of a commercial dental laboratory to administer first aid to an employee. Author(s): Evans DC. Source: Trends Tech Contemp Dent Lab. 1984 January; 1(1): 34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6587499&dopt=Abstract

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The earliest days of first aid. Author(s): Pearn J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 December 24-31; 309(6970): 1718-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7820000&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of first aid training on Australian construction workers' occupational health and safety motivation and risk control behavior. Author(s): Lingard H. Source: Journal of Safety Research. 2002 Summer; 33(2): 209-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216447&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of respiratory and cardiac resuscitation as a first aid measure. Author(s): Copplestone JF. Source: N Z Med J. 1969 November; 70(450): 302-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5264454&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of the pressure/immobilization first aid technique in the case of a tiger snake bite. Author(s): Murrell G. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 September 19; 2(6): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7300764&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of first aid training on public awareness of the management of a seriously injured patient. Author(s): Steele JA. Source: J R Soc Health. 1994 April; 114(2): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8021893&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray (polymyxin B sulfate and bacitracin zinc) against clinical burn wound isolates. Author(s): Walton MA, Carino E, Herndon DN, Heggers JP. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1991 March-April; 12(2): 116-9. Erratum In: J Burn Care Rehabil 1991 July-August; 12(4): 384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2050717&dopt=Abstract

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The first aid management of epistaxis by accident and emergency department staff. Author(s): McGarry GW, Moulton C. Source: Arch Emerg Med. 1993 December; 10(4): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110319&dopt=Abstract

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The liabilities of physicians rendering first aid at the scene of an accident. Author(s): Raney JL. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1973 January; 62(1): 23-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4686964&dopt=Abstract

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The Ohio State University Standard First Aid and Personal Safety achievement test. Author(s): Gilbert GG, Windsor R. Source: The Journal of School Health. 1977 January; 47(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=583786&dopt=Abstract

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The Poswillo Report: first aid. Author(s): Hitchcock RC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1991 April 20; 170(8): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2036272&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention of accidents at work. The role of first aid training. Author(s): Atherley GR, Hale AR, McKenna SP. Source: R Soc Health J. 1973 August; 93(4): 192-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4793744&dopt=Abstract

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The right first aid for poisoning. Author(s): Gossel TA, Wuest JR. Source: Rn. 1981 March; 44(3): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6908135&dopt=Abstract

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The right to health care: first aid in the emergency room. Author(s): Dougherty CJ. Source: Public Law Forum. 1984; 4(1): 101-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11655821&dopt=Abstract

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The sea, stingers, and surgeons: the surgeon's role in prevention, first aid, and management of marine envenomations. Author(s): Pearn J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1995 January; 30(1): 105-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7722810&dopt=Abstract

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The significance of a name. Employee health service vs. first aid room. Author(s): Travers D. Source: Am Assoc Ind Nurses J. 1966 February; 14(2): 20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5901144&dopt=Abstract

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The special features of road first aid. Author(s): Arnaud M. Source: Australas Nurses J. 1975 February; 3(8): 13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1040531&dopt=Abstract

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The use and cost of first aid in the food and drink manufacturing industry. Author(s): Ferriday D. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 1995 August; 45(4): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662934&dopt=Abstract

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The World Trade Center attack. Similarities to the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: time to teach the public life-supporting first aid? Author(s): Crippen D. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2001 December; 5(6): 312-4. Epub 2001 November 06. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737915&dopt=Abstract

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Times past. First aid in asphyxia (1941). Author(s): Wilkinson D. Source: The Practitioner. 1989 March 22; 233(1465): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2687835&dopt=Abstract

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Training for first aid teams or first aid responders. Author(s): Burton BC, Halprin LP. Source: Occup Health Saf. 2003 July; 72(7): 68-78. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12929216&dopt=Abstract

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Training in first aid at the workplace. Author(s): van Sprundel M. Source: Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia. 1996; 47(1-4): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101051&dopt=Abstract

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Training workers in first aid/CPR improves plant accident rates. Author(s): West R. Source: Occup Health Saf. 1987 July; 56(7): 29, 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3627639&dopt=Abstract

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Trauma prevention in rural Alaska: the development of safety and first aid curriculum for young children. Author(s): Taylor C. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1988 September-October; 14(5): 36A-39A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3059019&dopt=Abstract

•

Traumatic spinal injuries: first aid and casualty management. Author(s): Kroeber MJ. Source: Aust Nurses J. 1979 December-1980 January; 9(6): 45-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=263751&dopt=Abstract

•

Using accident injury data to assess the impact of community first aid training. Author(s): Glendon AI, McKenna SP. Source: Public Health. 1985 March; 99(2): 98-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3843448&dopt=Abstract

•

Using distance training to deliver first aid training. Author(s): Reichle CW, Cearns M. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6 Suppl 2: S63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10975106&dopt=Abstract

•

Using the ability to perform CPR as a standard of fitness: a consideration of the influence of aging on the physiological responses of a select group of first aiders performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Author(s): Bridgewater FH, Bridgewater KJ, Zeitz CJ. Source: Resuscitation. 2000 July; 45(2): 97-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950317&dopt=Abstract

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•

Vaseline and burns: vaseline should not be used as first aid for burns. Author(s): De Souza BA, Furniss D, Olaofe G, Jawad M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 November 29; 327(7426): 1289; Discussion 1289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14644988&dopt=Abstract

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When do you remove first aid measures from an envenomed limb? Author(s): Sutherland SK. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 May 16; 1(10): 542, 544. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7254027&dopt=Abstract

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When first aid fails--what? Author(s): Flagg PJ. Source: Int Surg. 1966 March; 45(3): 338-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5906883&dopt=Abstract

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Who accepts first aid training? Author(s): Pearn J, Dawson B, Leditschke F, Petrie G, Nixon J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1980 September; 9(9): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7213253&dopt=Abstract

Academic Periodicals covering First Aid Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to first aid. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

Dissertations on First Aid ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to first aid. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “first aid” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure:

Studies 45

•

A Behavioral Modification Analysis of the Effects of Multimedia First Aid Training on Injuries in an Industrial Setting by Sturrock, James Lee, PhD from University of North Texas, 1987, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8713984

•

Effects of First Aid Training on Seeking Adult Assistance in Response to Simulated Injuries by Young Children with Disabilities by Timko, Tamara C., PhD from The Ohio State University, 1996, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9639360

•

The Effects of Review Programs on the Ability of College Students to Retain Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills by Sowby, Sherman Kent, PhD from The University of Utah, 1982, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8221989

47

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FIRST AID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and first aid.

Finding Nutrition Studies on First Aid The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. Once you have entered the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “first aid” (or a synonym): •

Aloe: The living first aid kit. Source: Bezuidenhout, R. Farmer's-Weekly (South Africa). (30 July 1999). page 28-29. aloe vera medicinal properties south africa

•

First aid: poisonous plants and mushrooms. Source: Ayotte, E. Soden, M. comp. Publ-Univ-Alaska-Coop-Ext-Serv-Div-StatewideServolume Fairbanks : The Services. June 1985. (A-00129) 7 page

•

Herbal first aid. Author(s): Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, USA. Source: Shamosh, J A J-Emerg-Nurs. 1998 December; 24(6): 553-4 0099-1767

•

Recent achievements and present controversies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Source: Chamberlain, D A Gattiker, R Hart, H N Holmberg, S Kulbertus, H E Marsden, A Meursing, B T Mogensen, L Eur-Heart-J. 1987 May; 8(5): 438-43 0195-668X

•

The use of pressure immobilization bandages in the first aid management of cubozoan envenomings. Author(s): Department of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, McGregor Road, Cairns 4878, Australia. [email protected] Source: Seymour, J Carrette, T Cullen, P Little, M Mulcahy, R F Pereira, P L Toxicon. 2002 October; 40(10): 1503-5 0041-0101

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition 49

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to first aid; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Food and Diet Homeopathic Remedies for Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

51

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FIRST AID Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to first aid. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to first aid and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to first aid: •

Advances and controversies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the young. Author(s): Hazinski MF. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 1992 April; 6(3): 74-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1556588&dopt=Abstract

•

Chemical burns: effect of prompt first aid. Author(s): Leonard LG, Scheulen JJ, Munster AM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1982 May; 22(5): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7077702&dopt=Abstract

•

Community-wide cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Author(s): SAFAR P.

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Source: J Iowa Med Soc. 1964 November; 54: 629-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14221073&dopt=Abstract •

Emergency! Part 1: on-the-spot cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Author(s): Pribble AH, Tyler ML. Source: Nursing. 1975 February; 5(2): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=46114&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid and emergency care education for chiropractic students: a course at Macquarie University. Author(s): Woo CC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 NovemberDecember; 23(9): 645-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11145805&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid and first aiders who work in health food, processing and light engineering in Nottingham. Author(s): Foulis W, Mayberry JF, Doran J. Source: J R Soc Health. 1991 June; 111(3): 92-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1861269&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid for district nurses. 4. Emergency resuscitation. Author(s): Taylor-Young S. Source: Dist Nurs. 1968 September; 11(6): 126-7 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5188067&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid for drivers. Author(s): Pacy H. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1973 March 5; 223(10): 1151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4739375&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid therapy: a new concept in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Author(s): Hershberg PI. Source: Med Times. 1968 June; 96(6): 575-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5657582&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid to repertorize that case. Author(s): HUBBARD EW.

Alternative Medicine 53

Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1964 November-December; 57: 335-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14234770&dopt=Abstract •

First aid training: a holistic approach. Author(s): Cooper I. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1995 April; 47(4): 128-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7731631&dopt=Abstract

•

First aid treatment of electric shock. Author(s): Morley R, Carter AO. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1972 October; 25(4): 276-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5055679&dopt=Abstract

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First aid using hypnosis: a clinical note. Author(s): Lazar BS. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1974 April; 22(2): 116-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4424363&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal first aid. Author(s): Shamosh JA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1998 December; 24(6): 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9836817&dopt=Abstract

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Homoeopathy: first aid treatments. Author(s): Trevelyan J. Source: Nurs Times. 1995 March 29-April 4; 91(13): 67-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7724383&dopt=Abstract

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Life support and first aid in a mental health setting. Author(s): Pinington-Webb I. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 May 12-18; 95(19): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437493&dopt=Abstract

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Mental first aid. Author(s): Foss OT. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 February; 38(3): 479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153755&dopt=Abstract

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•

New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Author(s): March NF, Matthews RC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 September 12; 244(11): 1229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7411787&dopt=Abstract

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Of 153 attempted--cardiopulmonary resuscitations by trained ambulance personnel-no fatal injuries were produced. Author(s): WILDER RJ, JUDE JR, KOUWENHOVEN WB, MCMAHON MC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1964 November 9; 190: 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14198008&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary evaluation of PAMFA: Psychological Assist to Medical First Aid. Author(s): Schuster DH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1975 January; 31(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1112910&dopt=Abstract

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Putting fun into healing. First aid. Interview by Amanda Tattam. Author(s): Teicher L. Source: Australian Nursing Journal (July 1993). 1999 May; 6(10): 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568408&dopt=Abstract

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Razi's treatise Bar-us-sa'ah on first aid and some medicinal plants used to assist such conditions. Author(s): Zubairy N, Saeed A, Afzal Rizvi M. Source: Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 1992 July; 22(2): 121-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11612963&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of respiratory and cardiac resuscitation as a first aid measure. Author(s): Copplestone JF. Source: N Z Med J. 1969 November; 70(450): 302-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5264454&dopt=Abstract

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Training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Author(s): SCHROGIE JJ. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1965 January; 80: 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14255455&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 55

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to first aid; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothermia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Alternative Therapy Acupressure Alternative names: G-jo [GEE-joh] Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html

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G-jo Acupressure Alternative names: G-Jo [GEE-joh] Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/g.html •

Herbs and Supplements Yarrow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND FIRST AID Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning first aid.

Recent Trials on First Aid The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to first aid.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Study of the Effect of Four Methods of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instruction on Psychosocial Response of Parents with Infants at Risk of Sudden Death Condition(s): Pulmonary Hypertension; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Respiratory Distress Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of California, Los Angeles Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Describe the psychosocial response of parents and caretakers who learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques for infants at high risk for respiratory or cardiac arrest. II. Compare the effect of 4 methods of CPR instruction on psychosocial response. III. Evaluate a psychological intervention based on social support theory designed to offset the potential adverse psychological outcomes of CPR instruction. IV. Evaluate a self-paced CPR learning module using the principles of adult learning theory. V. Document the level of CPR knowledge and skill retention over time. VI. Document the frequency of CPR and its outcome following a witnessed respiratory or cardiac arrest. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004805

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “first aid” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

Clinical Trials 59

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FIRST AID Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “first aid” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on first aid, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on First Aid By performing a patent search focusing on first aid, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on first aid: •

Administration of an.alpha.2-adrenergic receptor agonist to enhance cardiopulmonary resuscitation Inventor(s): Bisera; Jose (Camarillo, CA), Tang; Wanchun (Palm Desert, CA), Weil; Max Harry (Northbrook, IL) Assignee(s): Institute of Critical Care Medicine (palm Springs, Ca) Patent Number: 6,369,114 Date filed: November 30, 1999 Abstract: Methods, formulations and kits are described for resuscitating a patient suffering from cardiac arrest, for enhancing the efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, for treating post-resuscitation hypotension, and for reducing the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction in a patient following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Prior methods and agents often cause inotropic or chronotropic effects, which can lead to undesirable post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. The invention comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an.alpha.sub.2 -receptor agonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, such as.alpha.-methylnorepinephrine, to enhance cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, i.e., restoration of a patient's respiration and blood circulation following cardiac arrest. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for enhancing cardiopulmonary resuscitation by systemic administration of an.alpha.sub.2 -adrenergic receptor agonist. The invention finds utility in the areas of pharmacology, cardiology and general medicine. In cardiac arrest, a patient's heart ceases its normal pumping action and frequently devolves into ventricular fibrillation. Without restoration of circulation, death from anoxia is rapid. Cardiac arrest is a major cause of death and can arise from a variety of circumstances, including heart disease, electric shock and other trauma, suffocation, and the like. To improve the likelihood of patient survival and reduce the likelihood of damage to the brain and heart resulting from oxygen deprivation, it is essential that a patient's respiration and blood circulation be restored as soon as possible. A number of resuscitation techniques have been developed with the aforementioned objectives in mind. Generally, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques are used that rely on external chest compression. Standardized cardiopulmonary restoration (CPR) techniques are described in "Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiac Care," J. Am. Med. Assoc. 268:2205-2211 (1992), which sets out in detail the recommended procedures for administration of drugs and physical intervention in CPR. Manual CPR techniques rely on the application of a downward force on the patient's chest in order to force blood from the heart and expel air from the lungs. Ventilation by either mouth-to-mouth or mechanical techniques is performed concurrently with chest compression in order to force air back into the patient's lungs. Such manual CPR techniques, however, rely in large part on the natural elasticity of the chest in order to actively draw venous blood back into the heart, which is generally inefficient. Long-term survival in cardiac arrest patients who have undergone manual CPR is usually below 10%. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06369114__

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Automated retrograde inflation cardiopulmonary resuscitation trousers Inventor(s): Albery; William B. (Spring Valley, OH), Tripp; Lloyd D. (Dayton, OH) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Air (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 6,010,470 Date filed: July 10, 1995 Abstract: A new portable apparatus and method for sequentially pumping blood headward to assist cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other medical procedures is disclosed. A pair of autocycling retrograde inflation trousers comprise calf and thigh encircling air bladders and abdomen covering air bladders connected in pneumatic series so that as the air bladders are filled starting with the furthermost (from the heart) calf encircling air bladders, the bladders sequentially fill to force, or milk, blood headward. The trousers are filled from an adjustable autocycling air pressure regulator connected to a standard fire department self-contained breathing apparatus air bottle. The air pressure regulator adjusts the air pressure between a higher pressure sufficient to force blood flow headward and a lower pressure sufficient to maintain peripheral vascular resistance. The autocycling inflation and deflation controlled by the air pressure regulator aids a heath care provider in timing CPR. A pulmonary face mask can also be made part of the CPR apparatus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to anti-shock trousers, and more specifically to trousers that sequentially pump blood headward to aid cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other medical procedures. Shock is a state of massive physiological reaction to severe physical or emotional trauma, usually characterized by marked loss of blood pressure and depression of vital processes. Anti-shock trousers apply pressure to the lower body (primarily the abdomen and legs) of an injured person to increase blood return to the heart and to decrease blood perfusion in the lower body. Typical anti-shock trousers for use immediately following trauma, such as Military Anti Shock Trousers (MAST), utilize inflatable bladders to squeeze the legs and abdomen. U.S. Pat. No. 4,577,622 to Jennings teaches an improvement to conventional anti-shock trousers that includes wrapping elastic bands from the ankles to the waist to "milk" blood to the upper body. Similar to anti-shock trousers are external cardiac assistance apparatus which sequentially fill lower body air bladders to pump blood toward the heart. An example is U.S. Pat. No. 3,866,604 to Curless et al. Also similar to anti-shock trousers are anti-G suits, a number of which include sequential application of pressure through air bladders to force blood flow to continue in the upper body. An example is U.S. Pat. No. 4,583,522 to Aronne. Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 2,495,316 to Clark et al. which, by its bladder arrangement and design, eliminates the need for complicated valving to achieve peristaltic pumping. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06010470__

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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ventilator and methods Inventor(s): Lurie; Keith G. (Minneapolis, MN), Zielinski; Todd M. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): Cprx Llc (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,155,257 Date filed: October 7, 1998

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Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for ventilating a patient in association with cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures. In one exemplary embodiment, a system comprises a ventilator to periodically supply respiratory gases to a patient's lungs. A sensor is provided to detect chest compressions by sensing changes in intrathoracic pressure. A controller is coupled to the sensor and controls actuation of the ventilator after a predetermined number of chest compressions have been detected by the sensor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In particular, the invention relates to devices and methods for ventilating a patient in association with cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures. Worldwide, sudden cardiac arrest is a major cause of death and is the result of a variety of circumstances, including heart disease and significant trauma. In the event of a cardiac arrest, several measures have been deemed to be essential in order to improve a patient's chance of survival. These measures must be taken as soon as possible to at least partially restore the patient's respiration and blood circulation. One common technique, developed approximately 30 years ago, is an external chest compression technique generally referred to as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR techniques have remained largely unchanged over the past two decades. With traditional CPR, pressure is applied to a patient's chest in order to increase intrathoracic pressure. An increase in intrathoracic pressure induces blood movement from the region of the heart and lungs towards the peripheral arteries. Such pressure partially restores the patient's circulation. Traditional CPR is performed by actively compressing the chest by direct application of an external pressure to the chest. After active compression, the chest is allowed to expand by its natural elasticity which causes expansion of the patient's chest wall. This expansion allows some blood to enter the cardiac chambers of the heart. The procedure as described, however, is insufficient to ventilate the patient. Consequently, conventional CPR also requires periodic ventilation of the patient. This is commonly accomplished by mouth-to-mouth technique or by using positive-pressure devices, such as a self-inflating bag which relies on squeezing an elastic bag to deliver air via a mask, endotracheal tube or other artificial airway. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06155257__ •

Combined liquid ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation method Inventor(s): Federowicz; Michael G. (Rancho Cucamonga, CA), Klatz; Ronald M. (Chicago, IL) Assignee(s): Life Resuscitation Technologies, Inc. (chicago, Il) Patent Number: 5,927,273 Date filed: March 7, 1997 Abstract: A method and apparatus utilize liquid ventilation to increase the efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The method involves replacing gas in the lungs with an oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying liquid to eliminate the decreased pumping efficiency of the heart seen during conventional or active compression-decompression (ACD) closed-chest CPR. A further advantage during ACD-CPR is the ability to perform liquid ventilation without a mechanical respirator. A further advantage is provided by supplying a continuous flow of liquid (or gaseous) ventilation medium throughout the entire chest compression/re-expansion cycle, dramatically accelerating both gas exchange and cooling or warming of the patient or animal subject.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus and method for treating patients suffering from trauma such as cardiac arrest. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method utilizing liquid ventilation to increase the efficacy of resuscitation techniques, i.e., cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The method involves replacing gas in the lungs with an oxygen carrying liquid. The method can act to greatly increase the effectiveness of conventional resuscitation techniques. The invention also relates to a method and apparatus for continuously providing liquid ventilation fluid, i.e., breathing liquid, to a patient. The methods can be used to rapidly cool and/or rewarm the patient. During cardiac arrest, the heart does not pump blood, and thus the brain does not receive freshly oxygenated blood. Irreversible neurological damage begins soon after circulation stops. Thus, it is imperative that oxygenated blood be continuously supplied to the brain and other vital organs by artificial means during cardiac arrest to insure that the patient will survive neurologically intact and without significant brain damage after resumption of cardiac function. Conventional resuscitation techniques such as CPR, heart massage and electroshock treatments are notoriously inefficient in maintaining the supply of oxygenated blood within the body. Among cardiac arrest victims overall, less than 10% survive neurologically intact and without significant brain damage. Presently, the majority of patients die or sustain some neurological injury from ischemia (lack of blood flow to the brain) or anoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain). Additional disadvantages of the conventional techniques are discussed in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,806, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05927273__ •

Device to facilitate the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation Inventor(s): Ray, II; Philip W. (13441 SW. 97th Ct., Miami, FL 33176) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,427,685 Date filed: March 27, 2000 Abstract: An alignment device in the form of a flexible material disk having a planar configuration is removably adhered to the sternum of a person on whom cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is being performed, wherein the disk includes indicia formed on an outer surface thereof. The indicia is at least partially defined by an alignment indicator disposed and configured to accurately orient the disk on the person in a position which facilitates the proper performance of CPR. The indicia further includes a position indicator disposed and oriented to indicate the accurate positioning of at least one hand of one performing the CPR on the person. The indicia may also include instructional information setting forth the required or preferred step necessary to correctly perform CPR. One or more of the disks may be included in a kit assembly along with other components or products intended to facilitate the performing of CPR. Each of the plurality of disks are structured for use on a person within a different age group, and further wherein each of the plurality of disks include collectively variable indicia so as to set forth the correct procedural steps in performing CPR on individuals or persons within a particular age group. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a device which facilitates the proper performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), particularly by untrained or semi-trained individuals and includes the use of at least one alignment device including a disk having indicia formed thereon which indicates the proper alignment of the device

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on a person's body as well as the accurate positioning of at least one hand of the individual performing CPR, relative to the sternum of the person on whom CPR is being performed. The disk and associated indicia are adapted to accommodate different sizes and age groups of patients and may further include instructional information relating to performance of the CPR procedure. One or more of the devices may be included in a kit assembly along with other products which facilitate the performance of CPR. By most reliable accounts, the concept and practice of emergency care originated in France, during the period of Napoleon, when medical personnel first began to enter the battlefields for the express purpose of retrieving and providing care for wounded military personnel. From that period on, the principle of providing early aid or emergency medical services to the wounded grew fairly rapidly among the military services around the world. Sometime later, around the mid to late eighteen hundreds, the concept of making emergency treatment available to the general population, rather than just to the military, began to be implemented in various countries throughout the world, including the majority of most of the larger American cities. Of course, the quality and availability of emergency medical aid which was provided was rudimentary by today's standards. For example, the transporting of the critically ill by horse and buggy was less than a satisfactory means of transportation, but did play a significant roll in the development of the modern day ambulance services, which are called upon to respond to those in acute need of emergency medical services. As American cities continued to grow, the need for better trained medical personnel became evident. In particular, it became apparent that proper response to emergency medical situations required the presence of personnel which were well trained to handle a number of critical medical conditions. Eventually, legislation was passed to require state and municipal agencies to mandate more efficient and capable systems to provide emergency care to the general population. The providing of medical services and care on an emergency basis has currently developed to the point where such services are almost taken for granted. In recent years a universal telephone number "911" has become recognized by the majority of the population, as an emergency call number on which people can rely for immediate response in the treatment of critical or life threatening situations. However, in spite of the significant advances and reliable performance of emergency care services which have developed over the last 150 years, thousands of lives are still lost each year due to the fact that emergency medical treatment was not performed immediately. By way of example, people who experience cardiac arrest must receive immediate treatment, in order for their lives to be saved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06427685__ •

Dummy for practicing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a human being Inventor(s): Aske; Ove (Mosteroy, NO), Egelandsdal; Einar (Forus, NO), McKinney; Larry T. (Katonah, NY), Mohberg; Russell R. (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Asmund S. Laerdal A/s (no) Patent Number: 6,227,864 Date filed: September 9, 1998 Abstract: A dummy for practicing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a human being has a simulation of the thorax in the form of a torso, a head simulation and a trachea/lungs simulation in the form of a bag. The thorax simulation formed by the torso is made of an elastically compressively deformable foam and further includes a chest plate accommodated under the chest side of the torso. The back of the torso is

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shaped to provide support bodies, such that compressive deformation of the foam of the torso and flexural deformation of the chest plate upon compression in the context of cardiac massage jointly simulate the natural deformation of a human thorax. That design can allow the dummy to be economically produced in spite of a realistic simulation and natural deformation characteristics. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a dummy for practising cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a human being, including simulations of the head, lungs and thorax of a human being. The lungs are simulated by a bag, and the thorax has the structure of foam and is made of flexurally elastic material. Satisfactory mastery of CPR presupposes adequate training. As CPR, that is to say heart massage and artificial respiration, cannot be practised on a healthy human being, dummies have long been known, that is to say simulations at least of the upper body and the head of a human being, on which CPR is learnt and practised. Correct performance of CPR naturally makes a clearer and longer-lasting impression on the person learning or practising CPR, the more the performance of the training dummy, in terms of heart massage and artificial respiration but also in regard to the preparatory procedures for that purpose, approaches the behaviour of the human body. The known dummies of the kind set forth in the opening part of this specification (see the prospectus `Resusci Anne` from Laerdal) have for that purpose at least a simulation of the thorax, head and lungs, while a spring means is disposed in the thorax simulation to simulate the compression resistance of the thorax and the lungs simulation is a flat bag which is communicated with a mouth opening of the head simulation. The lungs bag is disposed in the thorax in such a way that, when air is blown into the bag, the bag causes a visible lifting movement of the front side of the thorax. In addition the known dummy includes means to provide that, when effecting mouth-to-mouth respiration, air is blown in against a resistance which corresponds to the respiration resistance of the human lungs, and that furthermore artificial respiration is not possible when the head simulation assumes a position which, in the case of a human being, would result in blockage of the airways and thus ineffective artificial respiration. Furthermore the face simulation is of such a realistic configuration that, when carrying out mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, the person learning or practising the procedure is obliged to close the nose openings of the face simulation by clamping them shut, as is also required when dealing with artificial respiration for example of an accident casualty. The known dummies which comply with those requirements are comparatively expensive to produce and therefore costly. Therefore it was and is hitherto the practice for CPR to be learnt and practised under the guidance of expert personnel, for example doctors, in institutes which possess a training dummy of that kind. As correct mastery of CPR however presupposes constant practice, learning success is in many cases lower than is desirable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06227864__ •

Electrical and manual pressing device of automated air blowing for first-aid cardiopulmonary resuscitation Inventor(s): Tien-Tsai; Chang (5F, 28 Kuo-Hsiao Road, Hsin-Tien City, Taipei Hsien, TW) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,397,843 Date filed: February 17, 2000

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Abstract: An electrical and manual pressing device of automatic air blowing for first-aid cardiopulmonary resuscitation comprises pressing unit, an air storage tank, a control chamber, air levels, and a sucking disk. The device has the following functions: filling the air by way of electrical actuation or manual pressing, offering a great deal of air, maintaining a constant pressing force against the heart, quickly fixing the sucking disk at a proper pressing position based on the size of the bust line, checking a breathing reaction of the patient by way of the air level, checking the heart beat by way of the stethoscope, offering oxygen or the fresh air after the heat beat restoring by way of the pumping ball. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device of first-aid air blowing for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and particularly to an automatic device of first-aid air blowing for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which can be operated electrically and manually. An object of the present invention is to provide an automatic blowing air device of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with which a constant force to press the heart can be maintained, an easy operation can be performed, a more oxygen can be obtained, and air blowing can be executed electrically and manually. Another object of the present invention is to provide an automatic blowing air device of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which is adjustable to adapted for the bust line of a patient swiftly and can be fixed at a correct position by sucking disks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06397843__ •

Fingernail and toenail drill Inventor(s): Wymond; Tyler R. (2694 Stony Fork Way, Boise, ID 83706) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,015,418 Date filed: November 19, 1997 Abstract: Embodiments of a fingernail or toenail drilling instrument are described for relieving the pressure of an injured appendage beneath the finger- or toenail. The drilling instrument has a shaft with a sharp, pointed tip and preferably has a generally concave surface, that may be part of an interior hollow surface near the tip point or that may be a concave outer surface near the tip point, making the shaft an effective piercing and drilling instrument. The invented drill may include a holder covered by a removable case, and the case may be adapted to snap onto the holder as an extension for use as a handle. Preferably, the case exterior surface has texture or protrusions for creating a gripping surface for improving accuracy and preventing the drill from slipping the user's fingers. This drilling instrument can be available without a prescription because it conceivably is not usable or adaptable to be a fluid-injection shaft. The drilling instrument is hand-powered by the user's fingers rotating it around its longitudinal axis and gently pressing it into the nail; therefore, no motor or other power source is needed. The invented drilling instrument allows an injured party or the person giving first aid to save the expense of a doctor visit and to save time and expense over obtaining a prescription. Also, with this invention, the doctor will be spared the time involved with dealing with a minor problem that could be easily handled by the injured individual without his assistance. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of relieving swelling of a human appendage, such as a finger or toe, when the swelling occurs underneath the finger- or toenail. More specifically, this invention is a non-motorized drill that is fashioned to

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safely perforate a nail and/or skin to relieve the swelling pressure of the wound. A common type of human injury occurs when an appendage is smashed. Some circumstances under which such an event happens are when wielding a hammer and missing the mark, inadvertently having fingers slammed by a closing door, or dropping a heavy object on one's toe, etc. In all such cases, but not relegated to those just mentioned, the ultimate result is a very painful bruise and attendant swelling of the affected appendage. If the area were not covered by a fingernail or toenail, gaining relief would be relatively simple, but, in order to relieve the swelling under a nail, the nail needs to be perforated in order to also perforate the skin of the swollen area beneath the nail. Once the nail and skin are perforated, fluids may ooze out to relieve pressure. In the past, people have burned the nail with a red-hot wire, or doctors in emergency rooms have used the tip of a hypodermic needle to poke through the nail and thus perforate the nail and/or skin tissue in the injured area. Still, there is needed an overthe-counter drill for swelling under a human nail. A drill is needed that is economical and easy and safe to use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06015418__ •

Healthful dissolvable oral tablets, and mini-bars Inventor(s): Hartman; Judy S. (130 Orion Cir., Jupiter, FL 33477), Strumor; Mathew A. (158 Key Heights Dr., Tavernier, FL 33070) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,149,939 Date filed: October 19, 1998 Abstract: Dissolvable oral tablets and mini-bars which contain healthful ingredients. The products contain a multitude of discrete, extruded sections containing different healthful ingredients. A wide variety of active ingredients includes oxygen enhancers, vitamins, enzymes, dehydrated foods, pycnogenols, food supplements, soy proteins, herbs, roots, and mints. The tablets and mini-bars may be prepared by extruding discrete sections and matrix, all containing active ingredients, cutting the resulting shape for the tablet and mini-bar, and coating with dehydrated food. The tablets and mini-bars may supply needed active ingredients following natural disasters or prior to surgery or may be taken for general use. The products may be contained in a thermal insulating wrapper having an inner piece, an outer piece, and a corrugated piece between the inner and outer pieces. The products may be stored in a thermally insulating luminous canteen container having a primary container having a removable cover and a plurality of secondary containers affixed to the outer wall of the primary container, which containers have removable attached covers. The container may be constructed of hypoallergenic thermoplastic rubber, and may contain a compass and a signaling mirror. These containers also hold water and first aid supplies. The canteen containers may be supplied to survivors of natural disasters or used for general utility. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is healthful tablets and mini-bars which will dissolve in the mouth. The tablets and mini-bars contain active ingredients which maintain or improve health. The tablets may be mounted on lollipop sticks. The ingredients are oxygen supplement, vitamins, minerals, healthful herbs, and dehydrated healthful foods. This invention is also directed to wrappers which fit around a plurality of the tablets stacked end-to-end, around the bars, or around a single tablet on a lollipop stick. Additionally, the field of this invention is thermally insulating containers for everyday use and for emergency canteen containers for disasters. The canteen

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containers protect their ingredients from temperature changes and are useful for distributing the tablets and mini-bars of this invention, water, dehydrated food, vitamins, supplements, a first aid kit, and necessary supplies in times of disasters. The art is aware of administering active ingredients to people by means of products which will dissolve in the mouth. U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,496 to Stapler et al discloses antibacterial mints wherein the active ingredient is contained in microcapsules and will be released in the oral cavity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,748 to Egy describes the topical application to the oral cavity of medicaments to shorten the duration of colds by means of dissolvable tablets. The use of lollipops as carriers for medicaments is also known in the art. Thermally insulating storage containers are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,324 to Grenell shows compartmentalized thermally insulating containers for food, etc. The oral compositions of the prior art use large quantities of non-therapeutic carriers and minor amounts of active ingredients. One reason for this is that in any one product, only a small amount of active ingredient is needed and the tablets must be of a size which can be handled. The tablets of the prior art are not appealing to children or adults who enjoy a multiplicity of different food tastes such as mother's chicken soup, pizza, fish, turkey and vegetables in that the prior art tablets and mini-bars are made up of a single flavor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06149939__ •

Method and means for portable emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation Inventor(s): Schneider, Sr.; Charles W. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): Cardi-act, L.l.c. (kalamazoo, Mi) Patent Number: 5,833,711 Date filed: April 1, 1996 Abstract: A portable device and method for the application of emergency CPR in remote or field locations comprises the use of a vest-like thoracic garment with straps for quickly fastening it about the chest area of a heart-attack victim. The vest contains bladders to provide pneumatic pressure to effect cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and has integrated-circuit controls for inflation; various functions are set at an initailrate which can be changed during operation. Inflation of the bladders is provided by bottled air or oxygen, or a gas generator. In one embodiment, a mechanical method of flexing the bladders eliminates dependence on stored air. Means for controlling and monitoring the cardiac and/or pulmonary functions of a victim include built-in defibrillation contacts and gauges to observe cardiac and lung functions. Breathing-assistance apparatus is preferably included. Power to operate the device can he supplemented until transfer of the victim to a primary-care facility. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of medical apparatus, and the method of its use. More specifically, the present invention is in the field of portable apparatus and the method for providing emergency field cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) support for a person whose vital functions may require such emergency assistance. Although one person can apply CPR for a limited time in an emergency, the acceptable manual application of CPR involves a minimum of two people due at least in part to the physical exertion involved in the application of manual CPR, it is desirable to have at least one additional person available to serve as a relief. However, especially where field operations are concerned, the availability of persons trained in CPR is likely to he quite limited. For this reason, mechanical systems to apply CPR have been developed, including those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,806 to Newman et al. (Newman). The Newman apparatus comprises a vest circumscribing the torso of a victim, the vest

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containing a first inflatable bladder overlying the victim's chest and a second inflatable bladder overlying the abdominal region. Portable or easily-stored CPR apparatus is of particular utility for use in field applications, such as rescue-team and ambulance work, life-guard stations and the like, and such apparatus is known in the art, such as described by Bucur, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,797. However, the Bucur apparatus employs a plunger to provide what is substantially a single-point compression on the sternum for cardiac stimulation, and requires a fixed mounting for its use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05833711__ •

Needlestick first response kit and method of using same Inventor(s): Bell; Craig J. (E. Swanzey, NH) Assignee(s): Medcare Medical Group, Inc. (e. Swanzey, Nh) Patent Number: 6,234,980 Date filed: August 27, 1999 Abstract: A method and apparatus for treatment of inadvertent sharps/needlestick injuries to healthcare workers and the like. The method and apparatus provide a tourniquet for restricting blood flow to the site of the sharps injury, an apparatus for mechanically applying a negative pressure directly to the site of the sharps injury and removing bodily fluids and blood therefrom, a mechanism for delivering an antimicrobial/antiviral agent(s) to the site, and bandage for covering the site of the sharps injury following treatment. The first aid components are preferable all contained within a convenient time saving kit to facilitate ease of use by an injured individual. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an improved treatment for inadvertent sharps/needlestick injuries to healthcare workers and the like, and, more particularly, to an apparatus for restricting blood flow to the area of the sharps injury, an apparatus for mechanically applying a sub-atmospheric pressure directly to the site of the sharps injury, a mechanism for delivering an antimicrobial/antiviral agent(s) to the site, and a convenient time saving kit for containing all of these components. There are approximately 1 million sharps and/or needlestick related injuries reported in the United States annually. This equates to about two needlestick injuries every minute. However, it is also reported that about 50% of the injuries that occur go unreported. Taking the unreported injuries into consideration, there could be upwards of 2 million sharps and/or needlestick injuries per year in this country. Sharps related injuries carry the potential of infecting the injured person with a host of diseases which include, for example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). According to a 1997 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the risk of HIV seroconversion, after a needlestick or cut exposure to HIVinfected blood is 0.3%. This risk increases with: 1) an increase in the quantity of infected blood being introduced into the injured tissue, 2) a higher viral load in the source of the contaminated blood at the time of the exposure, 3) an increased depth of the wound, and 4) if no post exposure treatment was administered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06234980__

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Packaging of disposable gloves with consumer tissue products Inventor(s): Hussain; Munir A. (619 Andover Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803), Madhat; Maher N. (3305 Grasmere Dr., Lexington, KY 40503) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,095,326 Date filed: June 21, 1999 Abstract: Packaging of disposable gloves with consumer tissue products in order: To provide first aid protection (disposable gloves) in every type of package of consumer tissue products, and To utilize the widely used consumer tissue products as a vehicle to deliver the disposable gloves to end user. A new package form for consumer tissue products and particularly facial tissue for containing infectious body fluids resulting from the said injuries comprising: a) Any form of consumer package tissue products, b) One or more protective disposable gloves, c) Said gloves package having dimensions allowing said package to be incorporated in any existing forms and shapes of consumer tissue products and particularly facial tissue. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of containment of infectious body fluids, and more particularly to packaging of disposable gloves with consumer tissue products. The danger of infection from AIDS and other diseases which are transmitted by contact with body fluids are well known. It is a common practice for medical personnel and other treating open wounds in the human body to wear gloves and other protective devices. Protective measures are necessary because a person requiring treatment may unknowingly be a carrier of viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In some instances the victim of an accident may be unconscious and unable to warn others of possible hazards of infection. It has been shown that barrier type product such as protective gloves provide protection especially in case of emergency rescues and on site first aid treatment where the increased risks of contamination are likely the greatest. Rubber gloves (latex or vinyl) are the most functional and widely used of current protection devices and typically remains with care givers. Many forms of personal protection devices and first aid packages were disclosed in order to provide a consumer products that can be used to contain contamination of body fluids (Leo Utech U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,841; Rodney Horn U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,245; Fang Liu U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,832; Irvine Kalb U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,960). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06095326__

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Portable cardiopulmonary resuscitation device with precise compression depth and uniformity Inventor(s): Young; Charles (121 N. Almansor St., Alhambra, CA 91801) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,332,872 Date filed: June 26, 2000 Abstract: Portable cardiopulmonary resuscitation device with precise compression depth and uniformity, including a frame body and a compression mechanism associate with the frame body. The compression mechanism includes a handle and a connecting bar connected between the handle and a coupling seat. An adjusting bolt is passed through the coupling seat and movably screwed in a locating block. At least one

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movable sleeve is disposed on one side of, above or below the locating block. The movable sleeve slide along a retaining shaft which is vertically jointed to a fixing frame. A lower end of adjusting bolt is connected with a plunger. The other end of the coupling seat is further connected with another connecting bar which is connected to the frame body. Two sitting bars are connected between the two transverse beams of the frame body. When rescuing a victim, a rescuer can sit on the sitting bars with the rescuer's weight offsetting a reaction force produced in compression of the heart. The frame body can be associated with a base board which is fixed on an emergency litter, enabling a rescuer to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a moving ambulance. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a portable cardiopulmonary resuscitation device with precise compression depth and uniformity, and more particularly to a cardiopulmonary resuscitation device by which the compression depth is settable. With the cardiopulmonary resuscitation device, the chest compression can be precisely performed at the preset compression depth by a less experienced or non-expert person. Also, the chest compression can be performed in a running ambulance when transferring a victim. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation device is composed of few components and has a light weight structure so that it can be easily carried and the manufacturing cost of the cardiopulmonary resuscitation device is relatively low. The compression stroke depth is critical in cardiopulmonary resuscitation chest compression. For example, the stoke depth is generally 2 inches for an adult and 1.5 inches for a child. Numerous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) devices have heretofore been proposed. A major disadvantage of many of these is that no provision is made for applying the exact and repeatable compression stroke depth which are recommended by the American Heart Association. This problem has heretofore been recognized and several attempts have been made to solve it. For example, U.S. patent Ser. No. 05/589,639 discloses the use of electrical sensor to determine the force applied when victim's chest is being compressed. The amount of force exerted onto victim did not correspond exactly to the stroke depth acquired. The deciding factor is the stroke depth, not the force applied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06332872__ •

Stimulatory device and methods to enhance venous blood return during cardiopulmonary resuscitation Inventor(s): Benditt; David G. (Edina, MN), Lurie; Keith G. (Minneapolis, MN), Patterson; Robert (Minneapolis, MN), Voeckel; Wolfgang (Telfs, AT), Zielinski; Todd M. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): Cprx, Llc (minneapolis, Mn) Patent Number: 6,312,399 Date filed: May 20, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides exemplary devices and methods for increasing cardiopulmonary circulation when performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In one exemplary method, a patient's chest is actively compressed during a compression phase. At least some of the respiratory muscles are stimulated to contract during a decompression phase to cause an increase in the magnitude and duration of negative intrathoracic pressure during the decompression phase. In this way, the amount of venous blood flow into the heart and lungs is enhanced.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial ventilation. In particular, the present invention relates to devices and methods for increasing cardiopulmonary circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures involving. Worldwide, sudden cardiac arrest is a major cause of death and is the result of a variety of circumstances, including heart disease and significant trauma. In the event of a cardiac arrest, several measures have been deemed to be essential in order to improve a patient's chance of survival. These measures must be taken as soon as possible to at least partially restore the patient's respiration and blood circulation. One common technique, developed approximately 30 years ago, is an external chest compression technique generally referred to as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR techniques have remained largely unchanged over the past two decades. With traditional CPR, pressure is applied to a patient's chest to increase intrathoracic pressure. An increase in intrathoracic pressure induces blood movement from the region of the heart and lungs towards the peripheral arteries. Such pressure partially restores the patient's circulation. Traditional CPR is performed by active compressing the chest by direct application of an external pressure to the chest. This phase of CPR is typically referred to as the compression phase. After active compression, the chest is allowed to expand by its natural elasticity which causes expansion of the patient's chest wall. This phase is often referred to as the relaxation or decompression phase. Such expansion of the chest allows some blood to enter the cardiac chambers of the heart. The procedure as described, however, is insufficient to ventilate the patient. Consequently, conventional CPR also requires periodic ventilation of the patient. This is commonly accomplished by a mouth-to-mouth technique or by using positive pressure devices, such as a self-inflating bag which delivers air through a mask, an endotracheal tube, or other artificial airway. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312399__ •

System for transporting a sick or injured person to a medical facility Inventor(s): Muin; Andrew (Harsefeld, DE), Schumacher; Markus (Buxtehude, DE) Assignee(s): Daimlerchrysler Aerospace Airbus Gmbh (hamburg, De) Patent Number: 6,175,977 Date filed: May 11, 1999 Abstract: A system for transporting an ill or injured patient includes a stretcher in combination with a plurality of medical care modules that respectively include medical devices such as an infusion pump, an oxygen supply device, a defibrillator, an EKG unit, or the like, and medical and first aid supplies such as bandages, splints, IV supplies, drugs, medical instruments, and the like. The stretcher includes a frame and a patient support surface, as well as module bays provided under the frame or a module carrier removably mounted on the frame. The several medical care modules each have the same dimensions and configuration so that they are modularly interchangeable to be received in any one of the module bays or on the module carrier. When the medical care modules are slidingly pushed into the module bays, electrical contacts are engaged to connect the modules with an electrical power supply and a data transfer bus, through the stretcher. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a system for transporting a sick or injured person between a location at which the person became ill or injured and a medical facility, essentially including a stretcher for carrying the patient as well as medical care devices such as an infusion pump, an oxygen supply device, and a defibrillator, for example.

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According to the current state of the art and current practice, a person who is sick or injured in an accident for example, generally called a "patient" herein, is typically transported the location at which he became ill or injured to a hospital or other medical facility by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or other medical or rescue personnel, in a transport vehicle such as an ambulance or medical evacuation aircraft. The patient is carried and supported on a stretcher from the location of illness or injury into the ambulance, during transport in the ambulance, and then from the ambulance into the hospital. During such transportation of the patient, and especially a seriously ill or seriously injured patient, various first aid and emergency medical response procedures are carried out and administered to the patient. For this purpose, it is often necessary for the EMTs or other personnel to carry along various medical devices such as an infusion pump, an oxygen supply device, a defibrillator, an electrocardiograph (EKG), intravenous (IV) equipment and the like, as well as medical supplies. Conventionally, these medical accessories must be carried by an additional attendant, or in many cases, these devices are simply laid on the stretcher next to the patient or directly onto the body of the patient. Moreover, due to the lack of portability and the limitations of the medical personnel in carrying all of the possibly needed medical accessories, certain medical devices or supplies will not even be carried along, and thus will not be utilized for treating the patient during transport from the location of injury or accident to the medical facility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06175977__ •

Universal topical antiseptic first aid spray Inventor(s): Holland; Dennis A. (16461 Big Oak Bay Rd., Tyler, TX 75707) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,827,523 Date filed: April 29, 1997 Abstract: This first aid spray is different from any other first aid spray. It has an indefinite shelf life, is safe for the environment, and is unaffected by heat or cold. It doesn't use conventional methods to accomplish its objectives of relieving pain and, reducing swelling, and allowing the skin to neutralize. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a convenient topical first spray needed to save time and money, and safely correct problems. In this day and time it is more and more important that what is used to solve problems shouldn't add different elements to the problem. Previous and current conventional first aid sprays are ineffective in allowing the skin to repair itself, and are selective in use. They quite often contain materials that are ultimately harmful to the individual using them and to the environment, and have a limited shelf life. Some of them contain aerosol gases that often run out before the material, and such gases can be dangerous around flame and heat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05827523__

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Patent Applications on First Aid As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to first aid: •

AUTOMATED CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION INSTRUCTION DEVICE Inventor(s): DOHERTY, JAMES; (GALVA, IL) Correspondence: Reese Taylor Esq; Renner Kenner Grieve Bobak Taylor; & Weber; Sixteenth Floor First National Tower; Akron; OH; 443081456 Patent Application Number: 20020007832 Date filed: October 21, 1999 Abstract: A device for assisting in the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation includes a case having a latch that is normally closed. The case carries a circuit which has a switch that is normally open. The switch is coupled to the latch and is closed when the case is opened. The case includes a rescue aid, such as a ventilation mask, wherein opening of said latch causes closure of said switch which energizes an instruction circuit that immediately provides verbal instructions for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation and use of the rescue aid. Excerpt(s): None. This invention relates in general to safety devices and, in particular, to devices which provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions to a lay-person rescuer. Cardiopulmonary rescue procedures have been developed by the American Heart Association in conjunction with the American Red Cross. As is well known, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a combination of artificial respiration and artificial circulation utilized as an emergency procedure when cardiac arrest occurs. When properly performed, CPR can save lives. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

BELT WITH DETACHABLE BLADDER RESUSCITATION AND CIRCULATORY ASSIST

FOR

CARDIOPULMONARY

Inventor(s): GELFAND, MARK; (BALTIMORE, MD), ROTHMAN, NEIL S.; (BALTIMORE, MD) Correspondence: Crockett & Crockett; 24012 Calle DE LA Plata; Suite 400; Laguna Hills; CA; 92653; US Patent Application Number: 20020007132 Date filed: April 20, 1998 Abstract: An inflatable vest design for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and for cardiac assist. The vest may include a belt that wraps around the chest of a patient, and a removable bladder that is placed against the chest and held in place by the belt. The inflatable bladder expands radially to first conform to a patient's chest, and to apply circumferential pressure to the thorax of the patient. By cyclically inflating the bladder, the vest can be used in CPR and cardiac assist treatments. In addition, alternative vest designs are disclosed showing removable bladders. These vest improvements lower the 10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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energy consumption and make smaller and portable cardiopulmonary resuscitation systems more practical. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part application claiming priority to co-pending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 08/404,442, filed Mar. 15, 1995, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. ______ on ______. The present invention relates to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and circulatory assist systems, and in particular to an improved inflatable vest for those systems that is easy to apply to patients and reduces the energy consumed during inflation. Cardiac arrest is generally due to ventricular fibrillation. which causes the heart to stop pumping blood. The standard treatment of ventricular fibrillation is defibrillation. Defibrillation applies an electrical shock to restart the heart, but does not by itself cause oxygenated blood to flow through the heart or the venous system of the patient. If more than a few minutes have lapsed since the onset of ventricular fibrillation, the heart will be sufficiently deprived of oxygen and nutrients such that defibrillation will generally be unsuccessful. Accordingly, it is necessary to restore the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle by cardiopulmonary resuscitation in order for defibrillation to be successful. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION MANIKIN Inventor(s): KOPCO, JAMES J.; (MENTOR-ON-THE-LAKE, OH), LINDSETH, STEVEN W.; (GATES MILL, OH), NOTTINGHAM, JOHN R.; (HUNTING VALLEY, OH), PASTRICK, JOHN J.; (UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS, OH), PLANTZ, JEFFREY S.; (SEVEN HILLS, OH) Correspondence: Calfee Halter & Griswold, Llp; 800 Superior Avenue; Suite 1400; Cleveland; OH; 44114; US Patent Application Number: 20010012609 Date filed: September 21, 1998 Abstract: An adult/child and infant manikin for cardiopulmonary resuscitation including a torso simulation having an arcuate mounting surface, a head simulation having a neck attachment connected thereto. The neck attachment has an arcuate connection that is congruent to said arcuate mounting surface. Mounting members adapted to secure the head simulation to the torso simulation with the arcuate connection in contact with the arcuate mounting surface are also provided. The mounting members are movable in an arc across the arcuate mounting surface. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improved manikins for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation including ventilation and external heart message. Manikins are often used as an instructional aid in teaching students cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Training manikins are also used as a practice aid to simulate conditions under which rescue personnel may be required to treat injured persons. As both teaching or demonstration aids and practice aids, manikins enable the realistic application of proper emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation ("CPR") techniques including ventilation and external heart massage. Also manikins can be utilized for teaching and practicing other rescue techniques such as the Heimlich maneuver. In order to provide effective CPR training through use of a manikin, many complex and interrelated functions and structures of the human body must be simulated so that the training is as realistic as possible. Also, the manikin needs to be safe and hygienic so that multiple persons can learn rescue techniques on a single manikin. The manikin should also be designed so

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that it can aid in the teaching of pulmonary ventilation or "mouth-to-mouth resuscitation" as well as external heart massage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compartmentalized device to enable a process of liquefying and administering aspirin as a first aid to heart attack victims Inventor(s): Pappalardo, Edward; (Albertson, NY) Correspondence: Edward Pappalardo; 37 Garden Drive; Albertson; NY; 11507; US Patent Application Number: 20020025917 Date filed: April 23, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel process of creating an admixture of liquefied aspirin or other heart attack medication and administering said admixture to the buccal mucosa of the cheek pouch (mouth), and or the nasal passages of heart attack victims.A process of delivering medication to the mucus and respiratory membranes of the mouth and or nasal passages and respiratory system, using a compartmentalized device whose contents will remain anhydrous until used.This process is faster acting and more versatile than conventional oral or nasal medication, especially in emergencies where liquid admixtures would need to be prepared at the time of use.The novelty of this invention is that it allows heart attack victim immediate access to a liquefied aspirin or heart attack medication. This is done with a convenient, pre packaged, compartmentalized device and applicator that is suitable for heart attack victims in a Varity of circumstances. Excerpt(s): It is accepted knowledge that the early administration of aspirin to a heart attack victim limits the damage to heart muscle due to the easing of platelet aggregation in the arteries. The suggested first aid for heart attack victums is the chewing of aspirin tablet. For various reasons, chewing a dry tablet can be a poor way of administering aspirin during a heart attack. Many cases of heart attack will result in partial or total loss of consciousness making it difficult or impossible to administer a dry tablet. In the remaining cases the physiological reaction to heart attacks will be stress and fear, causing a lack of saliva. Due to this lack of saliva, a substantial amount of aspirin tablet will remain unsoluable. The resulting large particles of tablet will slow or inhibit the absorption of the medication. If a heart attack victim chews a dry tablet with a lack of saliva they will be inclined to take liquid if available, this would encourage swallowing of the aspirin particles, and thus slow the rate of absorption. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with first aid, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on first aid.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning first aid. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FIRST AID Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to first aid. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on first aid include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on first aid: •

Medical Sign Language: Easily Understood Definitions of Commonly Used Medical, Dental and First Aid Terms Source: Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. 1983. 711 p. Contact: Available from Charles C Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (800) 258-8980 or (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $102.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0398048053. Summary: This book offers a multitude of medical and dental terms, accurately defined and translated, through description and illustration, in American Sign Language (ASL). The book is designed to help medical practitioners, people who are deaf, interpreters, and people studying sign language with a guide to communicating medical information. The book can be used by a person who is deaf as a medical dictionary, as it provides clear, nontechnical definitions of commonly used medical, dental, and first aid terms. The book also offers suggestions for interpreting medical terms. In cases where

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the authors were unable to equate a specific sign with some terms, the interpreter may sign the accompanying definitions, which were written in a manner to facilitate interpreting English into ASL. Each entry states the term, defines it in a simple English sentence, then offers one to three sentences that describe in English words how the sign language should look. Most terms are accompanied by one or two line illustrations demonstrating the appropriate sign. 26 figures (medical illustrations). 11 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the link below, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “first aid” (or a synonym) in their titles. •

Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/externalsearch?tag=icongroupinterna&keyword=first aid&mode=books

Chapters on First Aid In order to find chapters that specifically relate to first aid, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and first aid using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on first aid: •

Dental Emergencies Source: in Sutton, A.L. Dental Care and Oral Health Sourcebook. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 2003. p. 261-268. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics. 615 Griswold Street, Detroit, MI 48226. (313) 961-1340. Fax: (313) 961-1383. E-mail: [email protected]. www.omnigraphics.com. PRICE: $78.00; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 780806344. Summary: This chapter on dental emergencies is from a book that provides information about dental care and oral health at all stages of life. The chapter offers four sections: saving a knocked-out tooth, facial injuries, mouth protectors, and sports safety. The section on saving a knocked-out tooth emphasizes that, with proper emergency action, a tooth that has been entirely knocked out of its socket often can be successfully replanted and last for years. Specific emergency first aid steps are outlined. The section on facial injuries encourages readers to consult with a specialist (oral and maxillofacial surgeon) for any injuries to the mouth, face and jaw. These types of injuries can encompass a wide range, from facial cuts and lacerations to more serious problems, such as broken teeth and fractured facial bones. The section on mouth protectors discusses the rationale for using mouthguards, when they are recommended, and how to choose a mouthguard for a child. The final section, on sports safety, reiterates the need for mouthguards, listing

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some specialized equipment for a variety of sports. The chapter concludes that a mouth protector should be evaluated from the standpoint of retention, comfort, ability to speak and breathe, tear resistance, and protection provided to the teeth, gums, and lips. •

Medications for Traveling Performers Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 471-475. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, discusses the use of medications for traveling performers. The author notes that physicians are often called on to care for actors and singers who must travel in foreign countries for prolonged periods of time. The chapter contains suggestions on what medications to include and suggestions to the performer on how and when they should be used. The author recommends that a copy of this chapter be given to a performer as a written guideline to safe use of medications in the travel kit. The chapter provides a list of medications reasonable for a first aid kit and guidelines for their administration, but the author emphasizes that self medication is fraught with hazards and should be avoided whenever a doctor is available. Individual medications discussed include aspirin, antacids, antibiotics, antiviral agents, vaginal medications, nose sprays, antihistamines and decongestants, mucolytic agents, steroids, antidizziness medications, antidiarrheal medications, ear drops, sleeping pills, topical medications, nonmedicinal items, and medications that are intentionally excluded. The author concludes by reiterating that professional voice users should be extremely careful about self medication and should avoid it whenever possible. However, during extended travel, particularly outside the U.S., intelligent use of a properly stocked first aid kit with the consent of one's personal physician may be better than the available alternatives.

•

Diabetes Source: in Resources for Rehabilitation. Resources for People With Disabilities and Chronic Conditions. 3rd ed. Lexington, MA: Resources for Rehabilitation. 1996. p. 142166. Contact: Available from Resources for Rehabilitation. 33 Bedford Street, Suite 19A, Lexington, MA 02173. (617) 862-6455. Fax (617) 861-7517. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping. ISBN: 0929718178. Summary: This chapter, from a large-print (14 point) book of resources for people with disabilities and chronic conditions, addresses diabetes. The chapter is designed to give information about diabetes and to lead readers to a wide variety of other information sources. Topics include types of diabetes, diabetes in children, diabetes in elders, psychological aspects of diabetes, professional service providers, where to find services, assistive devices, and how to recognize an insulin reaction and give first aid. The author notes that it is essential that everyone with diabetes be aware of its proper management and complications. Good control of blood glucose levels can help prevent longterm complications. Individuals with diabetes and their family members must discuss diabetes and its potential effects so that they understand the importance of prescribed nutrition regimens, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. The author reminds family members that they should even allow children and elders to have the maximum

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responsibility possible for caring for themselves. The resource lists include information about 17 organizations, 38 publications and tapes, and 4 major distributors of special equipment for people with visual impairment. 20 references. (AA-M). •

Packing for Your Trip Source: in Kruger, D.F. Diabetes Travel Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. p. 19-37. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400418. Summary: This chapter, part of a diabetes travel guide, explains how to pack clothing, diabetes supplies, snacks, and items for an emergency. The book advises readers to select their suitcase based on their destination and activities; pack twice as much diabetes medication and supplies as they think they will need; pack supplies to treat low blood glucose and healthy snack foods; pack extra blood glucose monitoring supplies; keep all diabetes medications, supplies, and snacks in a carry on bag regardless of the mode of travel; use a sunscreen; bring a first aid kit; wear comfortable, well made shoes; and take several pairs of shoes. In addition, the chapter offers tips for preventing foot infections and other complications from happening. 3 appendices. 1 table.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to first aid have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:11 •

How Can I Help My Child?: Early Childhood Resource Directory for Parents and Professionals Caring About Children Ages 2 Through 5 in the Washington Metro Area Source: Silver Spring, MD: Early Childhood Consultation Center. 1997. 313 p. Contact: Available from Early Childhood Consultation Center. Resource Directory Order, 11506 Michale Court, Silver Spring, MD 20904-2704. (301) 593-5992. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0965824403. Summary: This directory lists a wealth of resources serving the needs of families with young children in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The resource includes more than 1500 local listings and more than 400 national listings. The manual includes six sections of information for parents, health care professionals, and educators. The General Resources section covers agencies and associations related to young children; catalogs and stores for children's books, magazines and audiovisual materials; educational videos for adults; computer online services and software for adults and

11

You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “first aid” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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children; conferences and speaker series for adults; government resources; helplines, hotlines, newsletters and newspapers about young children; play equipment and playgrounds; toys and craft supplies; and educational supplies. The second section, Health Resources, includes pediatric CPR and first aid courses; pediatric dental care; hospitals and clinics; health helplines; pediatric nutritionists and nutritional resources; pediatric optometrists; pediatricians; and pediatric speech and hearing specialists. The Mental Health Resources section includes counseling centers for families; mental health centers, agencies and associations for families; child psychiatrists and psychologists; helplines; social workers; and specialists in special needs, testing, and assessment. The Child Care and School Resources section offers referral sources, special needs information, Head Start information, nanny agencies, insurance, and babysitting services. The Parent Resources section covers child safety, computer online services, family consultants, parent helplines, parent education classes, and information and support groups (for adoption, allergy, ADD, disabilities, divorce, fathers, gay parents, grandparents, learning disabilities, mothers, multicultural families, playgroups, single parents, special needs children). The final section offers Early Childhood Professional Resources, including business management resources, educational resources and curriculum, catalogs and stores for professional books and audiovisual materials, conferences, consultants, continuing education, job clearinghouses, professional organizations, and professional publications. Most entries include the name, address, and telephone number of the resource listing. A glossary of terms and a brief subject index conclude the directory.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON FIRST AID Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on first aid. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on first aid is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “first aid” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on first aid: •

America at Work: Living with HIV Contact: American Red Cross National Headquarters, American Red Cross, National Headquarters, Health and Safety Services, Office of HIV/AIDS Education, 8111 Gatehouse Rd 6th Fl, Falls Church, VA, 22042-1203, (703) 206-6707, http://www.redcross.org/. Summary: This videorecording is for use in a workplace education program about Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The major portion of the videorecording provides education about HIV and the workplace. Narrated by James Earl Jones, this segment discusses HIV transmission, its prevention through condom use, and how American workplaces are coping with HIV-related discrimination. A large portion of this segment features interviews with two persons with HIV infection, their co-workers, and their supervisors. The six remaining tracks use brief dramatizations to address issues of discrimination, casual contact transmission, fear, first aid, and HIV transmission. Their titles are Todd

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and Cindy, Teamwork, Restaurant Kitchen, Fran Returns to Work, Mother and Son, and Happy Hour. •

The Risk of Contracting AIDS Through High School Athletic Participation Contact: Iowa High School Athletic Association, PO Box 10, Boone, IA, 50036-0010, (515) 432-2011. Summary: This videorecording, addressing topics related to sports, was made at a workshop sponsored by the Iowa High School Athletic Association. In it, Alan Beste, Wellness Coordinator for the association, first gives a 10-minute presentation, then answers questions from the audience. His speech covers ways in which HIV is and is not transmitted, emphasizing the only risk during athletic competition comes when blood from one open wound comes into contact with another, or with mucous membranes such as the eyes or mouth. He points out that the universal precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV should have been put in practice years ago to prevent the transmission of other, more contagious viruses. Beste lists 11 steps to follow during athletic events or practices: 1, Cover all open wounds; 2, render first aid to oneself whenever possible; 3, wear rubber gloves when giving first aid to others; 4, wear rubber gloves and use a clean towel disinfected with bleach when cleaning one person's blood off another's body; 5, stop play whenever there is blood; 6, clean bloodstained surfaces with bleach, wearing gloves; 7, wash hands upon removing gloves; 8, shower after every event; 9, don't use common towels; 10, wash all uniforms and towels in hot soapy water with bleach; and 11, don't share cups and water bottles to prevent the spread of colds and the flu. During the question-and-answer session, the audience (which consists mostly of students) asks about situations involving wrestlers with nosebleeds, changing clothes in public restrooms, blood in swimming pools, and transmission through sweat and mosquitoes. Beste says it must be decided on a case-by-case basis whether or not students known to have AIDS will be allowed to continue competing in athletics. He also explains that because of the need for confidentiality, athletes could not be told if someone on an opposing team has AIDS, and that mandatory HIV testing for studentathletes is not practical.

•

AIDS in the Workplace: Managing the AIDS Crisis Contact: Florida State University, College of Law, Center for Employment Relations and Law, R47, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1034, (904) 644-4287. Summary: This videorecording, hosted by William McHugh, professor of law at Florida State University, uses a question-and-answer format to discuss legal issues related to Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Florida law. McHugh, who is also director of the university's Center for Employment Relations and Law, says the purpose of the videorecording is to alert employers and managers to common legal pitfalls, so that they may identify problem areas and know when to seek out legal advice. Questions cover public health, employees' rights, an employer's obligation to protect the health and safety of all employees, maintaining reasonable performance expectations for all workers, and protecting the privacy and confidentiality of employees with AIDS. McHugh points out that anti-discrimination provisions cover both persons who actually have Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and those who may be suspected of having HIV infection because of their lifestyles (such as homosexuals). Issues involving reasonable accommodation, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) standards and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, are explored. Questions also look at why HIV-positive persons are also considered handicapped, why employers can't institute mandatory testing, what to

Multimedia 89

provide as first aid supplies, and how to respond when an employer learns that an employee has HIV infection. •

Saving kids' lives PSA's = Saving kids' lives public service announcements Source: Washington, DC: Emergency Medical Services for Children National Resource Center. [1996]. 1 videotape (4:30 minutes, VHS 1/2/ inch). Contact: Available from Joe Wise, M.B.A., EMSC National Resource Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010-2970. Telephone: (202) 884-4927 / fax: (301) 650-8045 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.ems-c.org. $15.00. Summary: This videotape contains eleven public service announcements (PSAs) which feature cast members from the television show, 'ER.' The PSAs review information that everyone should know when they are faced with childhood emergencies. Among others, the topics cover knowing emergency phone numbers; knowing where to take a child in an emergency situation; the importance of knowing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and first aid; and the role of prevention. Two of the PSAs are presented in English and Spanish. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

•

Universal Precautions for Child Care Facilities Contact: Indiana Board of Health, Division of Acquired Diseases, PO Box 1964, Indianapolis, IN, 46206-1964, (317) 633-0842. Summary: This vidorecording tells those who provide child care that they need to use universal precautions in any situation where blood is present. It gives background information on Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention, and dispels myths of transmission through casual contact. Viewers are warned they need to use universal precautions not only to protect themselves from HIV, but also from Hepatitis B and other infectious diseases. The videorecording points out that a 1988 Indiana law requires all employees who may come into contact with blood or body fluids to have training in universal precautions, and to use them on the job. It demonstrates how to give first aid to an injured child, and how to diaper a child when blood is present in the urine or stool. These techniques emphasize wearing gloves, cleaning up spills with bleach, and handwashing.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “first aid” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Sports Medicine Manual Contact: Missouri State High School Activities Association, PO Box 1328, Columbia, MO, 65205-1328, (573) 445-4443. Summary: The Missouri State High School Activities Association Sports Medicine Manual includes a 2-page infectious disease policy, covering universal precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV or other bloodborne diseases. The policy covers any injury that involves bleeding, and encourages member schools to adopt a similar policy that would cover physical education classes and other situations related to sports. The guidelines cover use of barrier precautions, hand washing, cleaning contaminated surfaces with disinfectant solutions, avoiding needlestick injuries, minimizing contact with saliva, and washing soiled linens. Persons with lesions or dermatitis are advised not to give first aid. It emphasizes that the transmission of HIV through saliva is unlikely, and that there is always a stronger chance of becoming infected with hepatitis than with HIV in a sports setting. The handbook also covers how to clean up blood spills during an athletic contest.

•

Student Health Strategies: A Handbook Contact: Claremont Colleges, Health Education Outreach, 919 N Columbia St, Claremont, CA, 91711, (909) 621-8000. Summary: This comprehensive student health handbook, assembled by students of the six Claremont Colleges and the Student Health Advisory Committee, begins with a brief quiz to check one's knowledge of current health facts. It then proceeds through sections with specific topics. The first of these discusses physical fitness, nutrition, how to lose weight, eating disorders, stress, depression, dealing with suicidal thoughts, sleep, alcohol, smoking, drugs, and health hazards. The second section discusses body care as well as men's and women's health. The third section discusses sexual health and includes information on sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. The fourth section includes topics related to sports, personal violence, injuries, common health problems, basic first aid, choking, CPR, and emergency procedures. Introductory comments, telephone numbers, and an index are also included.

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•

Evaluation report: Bright Smiles for Bright Futures Source: Atlanta, GA: Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1998. 96 pp. Contact: Available from Mailstop F-10, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Oral Health Division, 4770 Buford Highway, N.E., Mailstop F-10, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. Telephone: (770) 488-6054 / e-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This evaluation report assesses the effectiveness of Phase II of the Louisiana Oral Health Program. During this phase, 1435 third graders were screened for oral health problems by 88 school nurses. The report begins with an executive report explaining the program as a whole. It continues with the introduction to Phase II that explains the Early Periodic Screening Diagnostic and Treatment (EPSDT) program, problems providing access to health care, and how existing screening programs for vision and hearing served as a base for the dental screenings. The report has separate sections for the program objectives, methods, results, limitations, recommendations, and tables and figures of statistics. Appendices contain copies of all the forms used in the survey, responses to the survey, Healthy People 2000 goals, first aid for dental emergencies, a visual screening protocol, and MCH Title V Block Grant Measure 7.

•

Managing Returning 'Disabled' Employees : What Every Employer Should Know Contact: National AIDS Fund, 1400 Eye St NW Ste 1220, Washington, DC, 20005-2208, (202) 408-4848, http://www.aidsfund.org/. Summary: This guideline informs employers, businesses, and corporations about how to manage persons with disabilities who are returning to work. The guideline describes how the workplace has changed in relation to person with disabilities, and defines the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). It recommends that when hiring a returning disabled employee, the employer should assess the accessibility of the workplace to that individual, hire based on capability and merit, and make accommodations for the disability. The guideline advises the reader to set up a number of workplace training programs covering cultural diversity, bloodborne pathogens, first aid, and HIV. It states that the reader needs to make simple physical accommodations when necessary, and defines an employee's rights concerning confidentiality and disclosure. It provides information on how to create a benefits package to fit the disabled worker's needs. The guideline provides suggstions on how an employer can address issues concerning an employee facing disability. Documentation of all actions taken by the company and their outcomes to protect the company against litigation and to provide guidance for future interactions with employees with disabilities is suggested.

•

HIV in the Workplace: An Employee's Guidebook Contact: Oregon Department of Human Services, Health Division, Center for Disease Prevention and Epidemiology, HIV/STD/TB Program, PO Box 14450, Portland, OR, 97214-0450, (503) 731-4029, http://www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/hiv/welcome.htm. Oregon Department of Insurance and Finance, AIDS in the Workplace Program, 21 Labor & Industries Bldg, Salem, OR, 97310, (503) 378-3200. Summary: This manual presents guidelines for employees with regard to the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the workplace. Divided into four sections, it opens with a medical overview of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It addresses such topics as a definition of HIV disease, cause and development, symptoms and

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diagnosis, HIV transmission, risk behaviors and related statistics, HIV-antibody tests, informed consent and confidentiality, and risk reduction. In the second section, the manual examines employees' rights and responsibilities. It looks at physical handicaps and reasonable accommodation, employment discrimination and work disruption, workplace safety, harassment, disciplinary action, rumors, defamation and tort action, and insurance. The third section turns to basic infection control for the general work setting. In this section, the manual explains basic infection control, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, gloves, laundry, precautions for janitorial workers, emergency management of exposures, and general first aid guidelines. The final section presents HIV resources, including those that deal with workplace issues, employees at potential occupational risk, Persons with AIDS (PWA's), drugs, safer sex, caregivers, households, and employer/employee relations. •

AIDS in the Workplace: A Guide for Employers Contact: New Zealand Employers Federation, PO Box 1786, Wellington. Summary: This manual produces policies and guidelines about Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the workplace for employers in New Zealand. It outlines basic information about AIDS, risk factors for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, those at risk in the workplace, and suggested policies. The report deals with issues regarding the ability of a Person with AIDS (PWA) to work, and recruitment and dismissal procedures. It lists occupations with increased risk and risks faced by those who administer first aid in the workplace.

•

HIV/AIDS in Employment Contact: Health Education Authority, Programmes Management Division, HIV/AIDS and Sexual Health Programme, Trevelyan House, 30 Great Peter St, London, http://www.hea.org.uk. Summary: This paper is based on the proceedings of a national seminar on HIV/AIDS in Employment held in the United Kingdom on October 4, 1989. It says that the seminar had several objectives: To promote debate and discussion in employment circles about the impact of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the workplace; to brief employers, trade unions, and professionals in occupational health and industrial relations on the current and projected impact of AIDS in the workplace; to encourage the review and development of AIDS in the workplace policies and procedures; and to promote the role of the workplace in health education. The paper includes summaries of five presentations: "Evolution of AIDS public education in the United Kingdom", Dr. M. Kapila; "HIV and the workplace -- the American experience" Dr. J. Bunker; "Legal aspects of AIDS in the workplace", J. Gaymer; "Employee and employer perspectives on AIDS", A. Maddocks and Dr. R. Welch; and "Conclusions and Recommendations", Kapila. Appendixes include information on first aid and a sample employment policy.

•

Policy Regarding the Presence of Blood During Interscholastic Athletic Contests in Grades 7 - 12 Contact: Iowa High School Athletic Association, PO Box 10, Boone, IA, 50036-0010, (515) 432-2011. Summary: This policy statement covers a number of situations when blood might be present during an athletic contest. Addressing topics related to sports, it says that all open wounds should be covered before competition begins, and that contests should be stopped whenever an official observes an athlete bleeding. Specific injury rules for

Physician Resources 99

football, basketball, soccer, and wrestling are explained. The statement covers cleaning blood from players or playing surfaces, points out that athletes should render first aid to themselves whenever possible, and emphasizes that the risk of contracting HIV through athletic participation is minimal. •

Infectious Disease Policy of the Florida High School Activities Association: Guidelines for the Prevention of Infectious Diseases in High School Athletics Contact: Florida High School Activities Association, PO Box 1173, Gainesville, FL, 32602, (904) 372-9551. Summary: This policy statement presents guidelines adopted by the Florida High School Activities Association in an effort to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases during high school athletic events. The precautions discussed primarily address bloodborne pathogens such as HIV and the Hepatitis B virus, and also contain commonsense methods for preventing the spread of less serious contagions such as colds and flu. The guidelines focus on contact sports but are applicable to all athletics. Definitions and transmission methods of Hepatitis and HIV are presented, concentrating on the possible risk of transmission during exposure of open wounds or mucous membranes to contaminated blood. Athletes and coaches are advised about the proper handling of situations in which blood may be present, including: 1) covering open wounds before competition; 2) self-treating wounds whenever possible; 3) wearing protective gloves when giving first aid or wiping off another's blood; 4) stopping play and cleaning and decontaminating surfaces in case of bleeding; 5) using a disinfectant; 6) not sharing towels, cups or water bottles; 7) using disposable towels and discarding these in sealed plastic bags; and 8) washing soiled linen and uniforms in hot, soapy water with bleach.

•

AIDS and the Law Enforcement Officer: Concerns and Policy Responses Contact: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, PO Box 6000, Rockville, MD, 20849-6000, (800) 851-3420, http://www.ncjrs.org. Summary: This report deals with the impact on the law enforcement officer of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Basic information is given on HIV infection and its transmission, and the incidence of AIDS in the U.S. Policy recommendations are made on such issues as education and training for the law enforcement officer, policy guidance, assaults, police lockups, searches, and evidence handling. Also discussed are first aid, body removal, casual contact, and interagency coordination. Legal and labor relations issues are also discussed.

•

Resources for Comprehensive Health Programs: An Annotated List Contact: California Department of Education, California Healthy Kids Resource Center, 313 W Winton Ave Rm 180, Hayward, CA, 94544-1136, (510) 670-4581, http://www.californiahealthykids.org. Summary: This resource guide provides an annotated list of comprehensive health education materials, available to educators, child care, and school food service personnel in California. The list concentrates on abuse prevention; comprehensive health programs; food service training; HIV and AIDS education; human growth and development; mental and emotional health; nutrition education; oral health education; physical education and fitness; safety and first aid; substance abuse; and wellness and

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disease prevention. Certain materials are available in Spanish. A distributor list is included.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7012 2104 156 45 1502 10819

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “first aid” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 10 1

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on first aid can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to first aid. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to first aid. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “first aid”:

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•

Other guides AIDS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aids.html AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Death and Dying http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/deathanddying.html Eye Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinjuries.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to first aid, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Meet the Lifesavers: An Introduction to Emergency Medical Services Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/1%2C1017%2C0.html What to Do in an Emergency Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/1%2C402%2C0.html

•

Treatment Burns: Taking Care of Burns Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/638.xml Chain of Survival and Cardiac Arrest Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=6980 Cuts, Scrapes and Stitches: Caring for Wounds Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/041.xml Emergency Department Waiting Times Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/1%2C2084%2C0.html Emergency Department: What to Expect Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/1%2C241%2C0.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Anaphylaxis Source: American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZJYPD58CC&s ub_cat=530

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Automatic External Defibrillators Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/1%2C2891%2C0.html Chemical Emergencies Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/0%2C1082%2C0_581_%2C00.html Emergency Care: Know What Your Health Plan Covers http://www.acep.org/library/pdf/EmergencySafety.pdf First-Aid Guide Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/findinformation/firstaidandselfcare/index.cfm Is It Really an Emergency? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00946 Nosebleeds: What to Do When Your Nose Bleeds Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/132.xml Pets and Disasters Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency http://www.fema.gov/library/petsf.shtm Skin Emergencies http://www.ncfh.org/pateduc/en-skin.htm When Lightning Strikes: Know What to Do Before and After Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01662 •

Children Choking Prevention Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZSEN9YA7C& sub_cat=104 Choking: Common Dangers for Children Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ8QH03B7C& sub_cat=104 Emergency Care (for Child Dental Injuries) Source: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry http://www.aapd.org/publications/brochures/ecare.asp Emergency Medical Services Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZB6GJ1B7C&s ub_cat=104 How to Use 911 Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/er/911.html

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When It's Just You in an Emergency Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/er/emergency.html •

Latest News Emergency Rooms Fail Test on Treating Food Allergy Source: 02/09/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_15975 .html

•

Organizations American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/ American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/ Emergency Medical Services for Children Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.ems-c.org/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html

•

Prevention/Screening Home First Aid Kit http://www.acep.org/library/pdf/pi000500.pdf Keep Your Child Safe: Prevent Accidents and Injuries Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=FL00003 Traveler's First Aid Kit http://www.acep.org/library/pdf/pi000400.pdf Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency http://www.fema.gov/library/diskit.shtm

•

Research Automated External Defibrillator Found Accurate for Use with Infants and Children Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/index.cfm?id=32954 Emergency Department Visit May Mean a Long Wait Source: American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org/index.cfm?id=32951

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•

Statistics Acute Care Source: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/didop/didop.htm FASTATS: Emergency Department Visits Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/ervisits.htm More Americans Seek Medical Care in Hospital Emergency Rooms: Injuries Cause One in Three Visits Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/03news/ervisits.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on first aid. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Choking prevention and first aid for infants and children: Guidelines for parents Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1994. 2 p. Contact: Available from Publications Department, American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, P.O. Box 927, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. Telephone: (847) 228-5005 or (800) 433-9016 / fax: (847) 228-5097 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aap.org. $23.50 for 100 copies, members; $28.50, nonmembers. Minimum order: 100 copies. Summary: This brochure discusses common choking dangers for infants and young children, how to prevent choking, and how to give first aid to an infant or child who is choking or not breathing.

•

Emergency First Aid for Teeth: Tooth Rescue Source: Chicago, IL: American Society of Dentistry for Children. 1996. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Society of Dentistry for Children. 875 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 4040, Chicago, IL 60611-1901. Voice (800) 637-ASDC; Fax (312) 943-5341. PRICE: $40.00 per 100 copies (nonmembers), $28.00 per 100 copies (members), shipping and handling additional. Item Number B0690.

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Summary: This brochure on first aid for injured teeth is one of the American Society of Dentistry for Children's series of 12 brochures on dental health for children. Topics include dental injuries; the need for immediate medical attention; the common forms of dental injury, including toothache, a knocked-out permanent tooth, broken tooth, cuts and bites, loose braces, objects wedged between the teeth, self-inflicted injury, and jaw fractures; and the importance of prevention of disease and injury, including the use of mouthguards. The brochure includes a list of the other items (videotapes and brochures) in the series. •

The Child With Hemophilia: First Aid in School Designed for School Nurses Contact: National Hemophilia Foundation, Hemophilia and AIDS Network for the Dissemination of Information, 116 W 32nd St Fl 11, New York, NY, 10001-3212, (212) 328-3700, http://www.infonhf.org. Summary: This brochure provides information to school nurses regarding first aid for children with hemophilia. The brochure outlines specific steps to take with various accidents or injuries. Infection control procedures are particularly important in bleeding episodes involving children potentially infected with HIV.

•

Dental Emergencies: First Aid Procedures Source: Boise, ID: Dental Section, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. Dental Section, Statehouse, Boise, Idaho 83720. (208) 334-5964. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet lists first aid procedures to follow in the event of a dental emergency. Dental problems described include toothache, bleeding gums, tooth eruption pain, cold sores, canker sores and fever blisters, knocked-out tooth, broken or displaced tooth, bitten tongue or lip, objects wedged between the teeth, and possible fractured jaw. The fact sheet also discusses what to do in the event that an emergency occurs after regular dentist office hours. The fact sheet is printed on bright yellow card stock.

•

Information Sheet: First Aid for Dental Emergencies Source: Louisville, KY: School of Dentistry, University of Louisville. 1993. 1 p. Contact: Available from University of Louisville. School of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, 501 South Preston, Louisville, KY 40292. (502) 588-5096. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk discounts available. Summary: This fact sheet lists some dental emergencies and the appropriate first aid steps to be taken for each. Problems covered include toothache, bitten tongue or lip, broken tooth, knocked-out tooth, prolonged bleeding, orthodontic problems, objects lodged between teeth, and possible broken jaw. The first aid procedures for each are noted. The fact sheet emphasizes that these measures will provide temporary relief, but that a dentist should be consulted as soon as possible.

•

Infection Control Precautions in First Aid and Resuscitation Contact: Australian National Council on AIDS Hepatitis C and Related Diseases, GPO Box 9848 MDP 13, Canberra, (011) 62897767, http://www.ancahrd.org. Summary: This fact sheet provides guidelines on minimising the remote possibility of transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during the administration of first

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aid and resuscitation. The fact sheet tells how HIV is transmitted and is not transmitted, how to practice infection control during first aid and resusciation, stresses training in the use and disposal of protective equipment, and gives information on the use of manikins during training. •

Psychological first aid: A community partnership: Helping children who witness violence Source: Kansas City, MO: School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Kansas City and Children's Mercy Hospital. 1996. 7 items. Contact: Available from Linda S. Spence, Children's Mercy Hospital, Division of Emergency Medical Services, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108-9898. Telephone: (816) 855-1721 / fax: (816). Summary: This information package contains materials designed to enhance the community's ability to recognize and respond to the growing incidence of violence and its impact on the children who view the violence. Videotapes entitled Psychological First Aid Intervention Session and Foot Soldiers March Against Violence are commercial television reports of the project. Another videotape, Children and Trauma, is a classroom presentation originally used for continuing education credit. Printed materials include: a Reaction Index and the Modified Child Behavior Checklist; Psychological First Aid for Children Who Witness Violence, a program outline; and Psychological First Aid Report, a newsletter of the UMKC Institute for Human Development. Also included is the brochure Psychological First Aid, a summary mailing piece for the program. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

•

Guidelines on AIDS and First Aid in the Workplace Contact: World Health Organization, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva, http://www.unaids.org. Summary: This manual contains general information on HIV transmission and on measures to prevent HIV transmission to people providing first aid in the workplace. It covers specific risks associated with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, bleeding, and cleaning up blood spills. It explains practices to follow whenever a first aider is exposed to blood and examines the need for first aid training. The manual provides a general framework intended to supplement existing first aid policies and practices in the workplaces.

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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•

An Introduction to First Aid Summary: This document presents a general overview of first practices -- the emergency care and treatment of a sick or injured person before professional medical services are obtained. Source: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery: Navy Medicine, U.S. Department of the Navy http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5210

•

Basic First Aid Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3476

•

First Aid for Electrical Accidents Summary: This online fact sheet provides step-by-step instructions for the first aid treatment of victims of electrical shock and electrical burn accidents. Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5029

•

First Aid Kits for the Farm and Home Summary: Tips for assembling useful first kits for the farm -- tractors and other farm machinery and the home and for each family car. Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5275

•

First Aid Public Training Agencies Summary: A directory of public training agencies in the U.S. where employees and the general public can take the National Safety Council's First Aid Institute courses. Source: National Safety Council http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4048

•

Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide: Emergencies and First Aid Summary: This Web site provides easy-to-read guidelines on handling medical emergencies in your home for the top 10 first aid and emergency care procedures. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5214

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•

Kidd Safety: Brain-busters Summary: Children can choose from the safety-related quizzes on this page to learn about skateboard safety, baby-sitting first aid, biking safety, playground safety and more. Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5703 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to first aid. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on first aid is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days.

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Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to first aid. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “first aid” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “first aid” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to first aid, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “first aid” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on first aid: •

Back First Aid Source: Sarcoidosis Networking. 3; September/October 1997. Contact: Pacific Northwest Sarcoid Association, Sarcoid Networking Association, 13925 80th Street East, Puyallup, WA 98372-3614. (253) 845-3108. (253) 845-3108 (fax). Summary: This newsletter article for individuals with sarcoidosis presents Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) recommendations for managing active low back pain. Recommendations include halting the activity triggering the pain, modifying other activities, controlling the pain by taking acetaminophen or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and considering consulting a chiropractor or osteopath for a short course of manipulation. The AHCPR found inconclusive evidence to recommend various alternative therapies. 1 reference.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to first aid. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with first aid. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about first aid. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.

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The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “first aid” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “first aid”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “first aid” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “first aid” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on first aid: •

Basic Guidelines for First Aid First aid kit Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001958.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for First Aid Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

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Background Topics for First Aid Ticks Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002856.htm

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Wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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FIRST AID DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps

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to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.

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Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrial Flutter: Rapid, irregular atrial contractions due to an abnormality of atrial excitation. [NIH]

Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning

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technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual

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patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalogs: Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronotropic: Affecting the time or rate, as the rate of contraction of the heart. [EU] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

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interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH]

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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Defibrillation: The act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of

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cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is

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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocardiograph: Apparatus which, by means of currents produced by contractions of the cardiac muscle, records heart movements as electro-cardiograms. [NIH] Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states. [NIH] Emergency Medical Services: Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients. [NIH] Emergency Medical Technicians: Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Enhancers: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however catalytic RNA and catalytic DNA molecules have also been identified. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

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Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face. [NIH]

Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foot Care: Taking special steps to avoid foot problems such as sores, cuts, bunions, and calluses. Good care includes daily examination of the feet, toes, and toenails and choosing shoes and socks or stockings that fit well. People with diabetes have to take special care of their feet because nerve damage and reduced blood flow sometimes mean they will have less feeling in their feet than normal. They may not notice cuts and other problems as soon as they should. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH]

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Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH]

Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Hearing aid: A miniature, portable sound amplifier for persons with impaired hearing, consisting of a microphone, audio amplifier, earphone, and battery. [NIH] Heart Arrest: Sudden and usually momentary cessation of the heart beat. This sudden cessation may, but not usually, lead to death, sudden, cardiac. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heat Exhaustion: Condition which results from a failure to adjust to the shift in blood volume as a result of dilation of skin blood vessels, caused by dehydration following profuse sweating and insufficient replacement of water and salt. [NIH] Heat Stroke: A condition characterized by cessation of sweating, hot dry skin, delirium, collapse, and coma and resulting from prolonged exposure to high environmental temperature. [NIH] Helping Behavior: Behaviors associated with the giving of assistance or aid to individuals. [NIH]

Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH]

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Hemophilia: Refers to a group of hereditary disorders in which affected individuals fail to make enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. Species of lentivirus, subgenus primate lentiviruses, formerly designated T-cell lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). It is acknowledged to be the agent responsible for the acute infectious manifestations, neurologic disorders, and immunologic abnormalities linked to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Charges: The prices a hospital sets for its services. Hospital costs (the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the hospital in providing the services) are one factor in the determination of hospital charges. Other factors may include, for example, profits, competition, and the necessity of recouping the costs of uncompensated care. [NIH] Hospital Costs: The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine hospital charges (the price the hospital sets for its services). [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydra: A genus of freshwater cnidarians, of interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals. [NIH]

Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU]

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Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH]

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Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jaw Fractures: Fractures of the upper or lower jaw. [NIH] Jellyfish: Free swimming marine cnidarians. Most of the large jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa; the small jellyfish are in the class Hydrozoa (hydra). [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH]

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Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liquid Ventilation: Artificial respiration using an oxygenated fluid. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with

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acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Mandatory Testing: Testing or screening required by federal, state, or local law or other agencies for the diagnosis of specified conditions. It is usually limited to specific populations such as categories of health care providers, members of the military, and prisoners or to specific situations such as premarital examinations or donor screening. [NIH] Maternal Mortality: Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population. [NIH] Medical Illustration: The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mouth Protectors: Devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth. [NIH]

Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary

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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Natural Disasters: Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needlestick Injuries: Penetrating stab wounds caused by needles. They are of special concern to health care workers since such injuries put them at risk for developing infectious disease. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podiatrist: A doctor who treats and takes care of people's feet. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney

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damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. [NIH]

Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protective Devices: Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

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are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Health: The status of health in rural populations. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]

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Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Self Medication: The self administration of medication not prescribed by a physician or in a manner not directed by a physician. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Single Parent: A natural, adoptive, or substitute parent of a dependent child, who lives with only one parent. The single parent may live with or visit the child. The concept includes the never-married, as well as the divorced and widowed. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

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Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soy Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from soybeans. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Sternum: Breast bone. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stethoscope: An instrument used for the detection and study of sounds within the body that conveyed to the ears of the observer through rubber tubing. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet

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radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic

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microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Universal Precautions: Prudent standard preventive measures to be taken by professional and other health personnel in contact with persons afflicted with a communicable disease, to avoid contracting the disease by contagion or infection. Precautions are especially applicable in the diagnosis and care of AIDS patients. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]

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Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 63, 123, 126, 127, 137, 140, 144, 145 Abdominal, 71, 123, 130, 140 Accommodation, 88, 98, 123 Acetaminophen, 113, 123 Acrylonitrile, 123, 142 Adrenal Medulla, 123, 131, 139 Adrenergic, 62, 123, 131, 145 Adverse Effect, 123, 143 Aerosol, 75, 123 Affinity, 123, 143 Age Groups, 66, 123 Aged, 80 and Over, 123 Agonist, 62, 123 Air Pressure, 63, 123 Airway, 12, 64, 74, 123 Algorithms, 123, 126 Aloe, 48, 124 Alternative medicine, 112, 124 Alveoli, 124, 147 Ammonia, 124, 145, 146 Analgesic, 123, 124 Anaphylaxis, 17, 104, 124 Anatomical, 124, 125, 127, 135 Anemia, 124, 137 Anesthesia, 123, 124 Anesthetics, 124, 131 Anhydrous, 78, 124 Anoxia, 62, 65, 124 Antibacterial, 70, 124 Antibiotic, 41, 124, 140 Antibodies, 124, 143 Antibody, 98, 123, 124, 128, 135 Antigen, 123, 124, 128, 133, 134, 135 Anti-inflammatory, 113, 123, 125 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 125 Antimicrobial, 71, 125 Antipyretic, 123, 125 Antiseptic, 75, 125 Antiviral, 71, 83, 125 Antiviral Agents, 83, 125 Aqueous, 125 Arteries, 64, 74, 78, 125, 126, 129, 138, 139 Arterioles, 125, 126, 147 Artery, 125, 129, 140, 145 Asphyxia, 42, 125 Aspirin, 78, 83, 125

Atmospheric Pressure, 71, 125 Atrial, 31, 125 Atrial Fibrillation, 31, 125 Atrial Flutter, 31, 125 Atrium, 125, 147 Avulsion, 5, 125 B Bacteria, 124, 125, 132, 146 Base, 73, 97, 125, 130, 136 Biotechnology, 7, 95, 112, 125 Bladder, 63, 71, 76, 126, 146 Blood Glucose, 4, 5, 83, 84, 126, 135, 136 Blood pressure, 63, 126, 135, 144 Blood transfusion, 6, 126 Blood vessel, 126, 127, 131, 133, 136, 140, 144, 145, 147 Blood Volume, 126, 133 Blood-Brain Barrier, 62, 126 Body Fluids, 72, 89, 126, 143 Bowel, 126, 130, 144 Bowel Movement, 126, 130, 144 Branch, 119, 126, 141, 144, 145 Breakdown, 126, 132 Bronchi, 126, 131, 146 Bronchial, 12, 126 Buccal, 78, 126 Buccal mucosa, 78, 126 Burns, 12, 14, 15, 16, 26, 30, 32, 35, 38, 39, 44, 51, 55, 104, 126 Burns, Electric, 126 C Carbon Dioxide, 64, 126, 132, 134, 142, 147 Cardiac arrest, 15, 57, 62, 64, 65, 66, 74, 76, 77, 126 Cardiology, 62, 126 Case report, 3, 126 Catalogs, 84, 127 Cause of Death, 62, 64, 74, 127 Cell, 12, 123, 125, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142, 147 Cell Division, 125, 127, 140 Cell membrane, 127, 140 Cell Respiration, 127, 142 Cellulose, 127, 140 Cerebral, 20, 126, 127, 130, 131, 138 Cerebrum, 127 Cervical, 26, 127 Cervix, 127

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Chest wall, 64, 74, 127 Child Care, 85, 89, 99, 127 Chin, 127, 138 Chiropractic, 18, 52, 127 Chlorine, 12, 127 Chronic, 83, 97, 127, 130, 135, 137, 144 Chronotropic, 62, 127 Clinical trial, 7, 13, 57, 58, 95, 127, 141 Cloning, 125, 128 Collagen, 128, 140 Collapse, 124, 126, 128, 133 Communicable disease, 128, 146 Complement, 128 Complementary and alternative medicine, 51, 56, 128 Complementary medicine, 51, 128 Compress, 128, 145 Computational Biology, 95, 129 Consciousness, 78, 124, 129, 142 Constriction, 129, 136, 147 Consumption, 77, 129, 139 Contamination, 17, 72, 129 Contraindications, ii, 129 Convulsive, 129, 131 Coordination, 99, 129 Coronary, 36, 129, 138 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 138, 139 Cranial, 26, 129 Cranial Nerves, 129 Craniocerebral Trauma, 18, 129 Curative, 129, 145 D Decompression, 26, 64, 73, 74, 129, 130 Defibrillation, 15, 70, 77, 129 Degenerative, 129, 134 Dehydration, 129, 133 Delirium, 129, 133 Dental Care, 82, 85, 130 Dental Hygienists, 4, 130 Deprivation, 62, 130 Dermatitis, 96, 130 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 112, 130 Diaphragm, 130, 142 Diarrhea, 5, 130 Digestive system, 58, 130 Dilation, 130, 133 Diploid, 130, 140 Direct, iii, 64, 74, 130, 134, 142, 145 Discrete, 69, 130 Discrimination, 87, 88, 98, 130 Disease Progression, 130, 147 Disease Vectors, 130, 136

Disinfectant, 96, 99, 130 Diving, 37, 130 Drug Interactions, 130 E Eating Disorders, 96, 130 Efficacy, 6, 41, 62, 64, 65, 130 Elastic, 63, 64, 67, 131, 145 Elasticity, 62, 64, 74, 131 Electric shock, 26, 53, 62, 126, 129, 131 Electrocardiograph, 75, 131 Electroshock, 65, 131 Emergency Medical Services, 66, 89, 104, 105, 106, 109, 131 Emergency Medical Technicians, 75, 131 Emergency Treatment, 66, 131 Emodin, 124, 131 Emollient, 131, 139 Endemic, 131, 137 Endothelial cell, 126, 131 Enhancers, 69, 131 Environmental Health, 16, 26, 53, 94, 96, 131 Enzymes, 69, 131, 132, 140 Epidural, 26, 131 Epinephrine, 17, 123, 131, 139 Epistaxis, 26, 41, 131 Erythema, 131, 144, 146 Esophagus, 130, 131, 144 Evacuation, 39, 75, 132 Excitation, 125, 132 Exhaustion, 4, 132, 137 Expiration, 132, 142 Extravasation, 132, 133 F Facial, 72, 82, 132, 140 Facial Injuries, 82, 132 Family Planning, 95, 132 Fathers, 85, 132 Fats, 132, 139 Feces, 132, 144 Fibrillation, 77, 129, 132 Fibrosis, 132, 143 Flatus, 132 Foot Care, 5, 132 Forearm, 126, 132 G Gallbladder, 123, 130, 132 Gas, 64, 65, 70, 124, 126, 127, 132, 134, 141, 142, 147 Gas exchange, 64, 132, 142, 147 Gastrointestinal, 131, 132, 138 Gene, 126, 132

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Generator, 70, 132 Gestation, 132, 140 Gestures, 132, 143 Giant Cells, 133, 143 Glucose, 4, 83, 84, 126, 127, 133, 136 Glycoprotein, 133, 138 Governing Board, 133, 141 Grade, 38, 133 Graft, 133, 134 Grasses, 133, 134 Growth, 99, 124, 125, 133, 140 H Hammer, 69, 133, 139 Handicap, 33, 133 Handwashing, 89, 133 Haploid, 133, 140 Health Education, 96, 98, 99, 133 Hearing aid, 133 Heart Arrest, 126, 133 Heart attack, 78, 133 Heartbeat, 133, 147 Heat Exhaustion, 3, 133 Heat Stroke, 3, 133 Helping Behavior, 7, 133 Hematoma, 26, 133 Hemophilia, 108, 134 Hemorrhage, 129, 134, 144 Hepatitis, 71, 89, 96, 99, 108, 134 Hepatocytes, 134 Herbicides, 35, 134 Hereditary, 134 Hernia, 26, 134 HIV, 6, 71, 72, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 108, 109, 133, 134, 137, 147 Hormone, 131, 134, 136 Hospital Charges, 134 Hospital Costs, 15, 134 Host, 71, 130, 134, 135 Hydra, 134, 136 Hydrogen, 125, 134, 138 Hygienic, 77, 134 Hypersensitivity, 124, 134 Hyperventilation, 10, 134 Hypodermic, 69, 134 Hypoglycemia, 4, 135 Hypoglycemic, 4, 135 Hypotension, 62, 135 Hypothermia, 9, 55, 135 I Id, 49, 55, 105, 106, 111, 118, 120, 135 Idiopathic, 135, 143 Immune response, 124, 135, 147

Immunization, 135, 143 Immunodeficiency, 6, 71, 72, 87, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 108, 134, 135 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 6, 87, 88, 97, 98, 99, 134, 135 Immunologic, 134, 135 Impairment, 84, 129, 135, 138 Indicative, 135, 147 Infant, Newborn, 123, 135 Infarction, 135 Infection, 72, 87, 88, 98, 99, 108, 109, 130, 135, 137, 143, 144, 146, 147 Infection Control, 98, 108, 109, 135 Inflammation, 125, 130, 132, 134, 135, 140, 144 Informed Consent, 98, 135 Infusion, 27, 74, 136, 146 Ingestion, 136, 140 Inhalation, 123, 136, 140 Inlay, 136, 142 Inorganic, 136, 138 Inotropic, 62, 136 Insecticides, 35, 136 Insulin, 4, 5, 83, 136 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 136 Intercostal, 136, 142 Intervertebral, 136, 137 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 136, 137 Intestines, 123, 132, 136 Intracellular, 135, 136 Intramuscular, 13, 136 Intravenous, 31, 75, 136 Involuntary, 132, 136, 139 Ions, 125, 134, 136 Ischemia, 65, 136 J Jaw Fractures, 108, 136 Jellyfish, 21, 27, 136 K Kb, 94, 136 L Lacerations, 82, 136 Large Intestine, 130, 136, 142 Larynx, 137, 146 Lentivirus, 134, 137 Library Services, 118, 137 Lip, 108, 137 Lipid, 136, 137 Liquid Ventilation, 64, 65, 137 Litter, 73, 137 Liver, 123, 130, 132, 134, 137, 143, 146

152 First Aid

Localized, 133, 135, 137, 140, 146 Locomotion, 137, 140 Loop, 134, 137 Low Back Pain, 113, 137 Lumbar, 136, 137 Lymph, 127, 131, 134, 137, 143 Lymph node, 127, 137, 143 Lymphadenopathy, 134, 137 Lymphatic, 135, 137, 144 M Malaria, 5, 137, 138 Malaria, Falciparum, 137, 138 Malaria, Vivax, 137, 138 Mandatory Testing, 88, 138 Maternal Mortality, 34, 138 Medical Illustration, 82, 138 MEDLINE, 95, 138 Membranes, 78, 88, 99, 138 Meninges, 129, 138 Mental, iv, 4, 6, 7, 22, 23, 32, 33, 53, 59, 85, 94, 99, 100, 127, 129, 138, 139, 141 Mental Disorders, 59, 138, 141 Mental Health, iv, 6, 32, 53, 59, 85, 94, 100, 138, 139, 141 MI, 69, 70, 82, 122, 138 Modification, 6, 45, 138 Molecular, 95, 101, 125, 129, 138, 142 Molecule, 124, 125, 128, 132, 138, 142 Mouth Protectors, 82, 138 Mucins, 138, 142 Mucolytic, 83, 138 Mucosa, 138 Mucus, 78, 138 Myocardial infarction, 22, 25, 52, 129, 138 Myocardium, 138, 139 N Natural Disasters, 69, 139 NCI, 1, 58, 93, 139 Need, 3, 34, 36, 63, 66, 78, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96, 108, 109, 113, 114, 139 Needlestick Injuries, 71, 96, 139 Nerve, 123, 124, 127, 132, 139, 140 Nervous System, 139, 145 Neurologic, 15, 134, 139 Neuromuscular, 139, 140 Norepinephrine, 123, 139 O Occupational Exposure, 12, 139 Occupational Health, 13, 40, 98, 139 Ointments, 35, 139 On-line, 28, 121, 139 Ophthalmology, 9, 139

Oral Health, 82, 97, 99, 139 Ossicles, 133, 139 Oxygen Consumption, 139, 142 P Paediatric, 31, 139 Palliative, 139, 145 Pancreas, 123, 130, 136, 140 Parotid, 140, 143 Patient Education, 107, 116, 118, 122, 140 Pelvic, 19, 140 Pelvis, 123, 137, 140, 146 Perfusion, 63, 140 Perinatal, 3, 140 Pharmacologic, 124, 140, 146 Physical Fitness, 96, 140 Physiologic, 123, 140, 142 Physiology, 126, 140 Plant Oils, 139, 140 Plants, 48, 54, 126, 131, 133, 134, 139, 140, 146 Plasma, 124, 126, 127, 140, 147 Platelet Aggregation, 78, 140 Platelets, 140, 145 Pneumonia, 129, 140 Podiatrist, 5, 140 Poisoning, 33, 35, 36, 41, 130, 140 Polymerase, 125, 140 Polymyxin, 41, 140 Practice Guidelines, 100, 141 Progressive, 133, 141 Propafenone, 31, 141 Prophylaxis, 125, 130, 141 Protective Devices, 72, 141 Protein S, 125, 126, 141 Proteins, 124, 127, 128, 131, 134, 138, 140, 141, 144, 146 Protocol, 97, 141 Protozoan, 137, 141 Psychiatric, 14, 37, 138, 141 Psychiatry, 6, 14, 23, 37, 141, 147 Psychic, 138, 141 Public Health, 11, 13, 26, 43, 54, 88, 100, 141 Public Policy, 95, 141 Pulmonary, 57, 63, 70, 78, 126, 127, 129, 134, 141, 142, 147 Pulmonary Artery, 126, 141, 147 Pulmonary Edema, 127, 141 Pulmonary Ventilation, 78, 134, 141, 142 R Radiopharmaceutical, 132, 141 Randomized, 131, 141

Index 153

Reagent, 127, 142 Receptor, 62, 124, 142 Rectum, 126, 130, 132, 136, 142 Refer, 1, 126, 128, 137, 142 Regimen, 130, 142 Respiration, 62, 64, 67, 74, 76, 126, 137, 142 Respirator, 64, 142, 147 Respiratory failure, 142, 147 Respiratory Muscles, 73, 142 Respiratory Physiology, 142, 147 Respiratory System, 78, 142 Response rate, 5, 142 Restoration, 62, 142 Retrograde, 63, 142 Rigidity, 140, 142 Risk factor, 98, 142 Rubber, 69, 72, 88, 123, 142, 144 Rural Health, 21, 142 Rural Population, 142 S Saliva, 78, 96, 142, 143 Salivary, 130, 142, 143 Salivary glands, 130, 142, 143 Sarcoidosis, 113, 143 Screening, 97, 106, 128, 138, 143 Secretion, 136, 138, 143 Self Administration, 143 Self Medication, 83, 143 Sensor, 64, 73, 143 Seroconversion, 71, 143 Serologic, 143 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 96, 143 Shock, 16, 29, 55, 63, 77, 110, 124, 131, 143, 146 Side effect, 123, 143, 145 Sign Language, 81, 143 Single Parent, 85, 143 Skull, 129, 143 Social Support, 57, 143 Social Work, 85, 143 Sodium, 143, 145 Soft tissue, 132, 144 Soy Proteins, 69, 144 Specialist, 82, 113, 130, 144 Species, 27, 131, 134, 137, 144 Spinal cord, 16, 131, 138, 139, 144 Spinal Injuries, 43, 144 Spleen, 137, 143, 144 Sprains and Strains, 137, 144 Stabilization, 39, 144 Sternum, 65, 66, 71, 144 Steroids, 83, 144

Stethoscope, 68, 144 Stomach, 123, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 144 Stool, 89, 136, 144 Stress, 4, 78, 96, 131, 142, 144, 146 Stroke, 20, 59, 73, 94, 144 Styrene, 142, 144 Subacute, 135, 144 Subclinical, 135, 144 Subspecies, 144 Sunburn, 5, 144, 146 Support group, 85, 145 Suppression, 31, 145 Sweat, 88, 145 Sweat Glands, 145 Sympathomimetic, 131, 139, 145 Symptomatic, 31, 145 Synapse, 123, 145 Systemic, 62, 124, 126, 130, 131, 135, 143, 145, 147 T Therapeutics, 18, 35, 52, 145 Thermal, 69, 145 Thigh, 63, 145 Thoracic, 70, 130, 145 Thorax, 66, 67, 76, 123, 137, 145 Thrombin, 140, 145 Thrombosis, 141, 144, 145 Thrombus, 129, 135, 140, 145 Tidal Volume, 134, 145 Tissue, 69, 71, 72, 124, 126, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145 Tooth Loss, 4, 145 Toothache, 108, 145 Topical, 70, 75, 83, 145 Tourniquet, 71, 145 Toxic, iv, 133, 144, 145, 146 Toxicity, 130, 131, 145 Toxicology, 38, 96, 146 Toxins, 124, 135, 146 Trachea, 66, 126, 137, 146 Transfection, 125, 146 Transfusion, 146 Trauma, 4, 9, 12, 33, 43, 51, 62, 63, 64, 65, 74, 109, 130, 146 Trees, 142, 146 U Ultraviolet radiation, 145, 146 Unconscious, 19, 72, 124, 135, 146 Universal Precautions, 88, 89, 96, 146 Urea, 145, 146 Urethra, 146

154 First Aid

Urine, 89, 126, 146 Urticaria, 124, 146 Uterus, 127, 146, 147 V Vaccine, 141, 146 Vagina, 127, 147 Vaginal, 83, 147 Vascular, 63, 124, 135, 145, 146, 147 Vascular Resistance, 63, 147 Vasoconstriction, 131, 147 Vein, 136, 140, 147 Venom, 13, 23, 39, 147 Venous, 62, 73, 77, 141, 147 Venous blood, 62, 73, 147 Ventilation, 10, 62, 64, 65, 74, 76, 77, 126, 147

Ventilator, 63, 64, 142, 147 Ventricle, 141, 147 Ventricular, 15, 62, 77, 141, 147 Ventricular fibrillation, 15, 62, 77, 147 Vertebrae, 136, 144, 147 Vertebral, 26, 144, 147 Veterinary Medicine, 95, 147 Viral, 71, 125, 133, 147 Viral Load, 71, 147 Virus, 6, 71, 72, 87, 88, 89, 97, 98, 99, 108, 125, 131, 133, 134, 147 Virus Diseases, 125, 147 W War, 30, 35, 147 White blood cell, 124, 138, 147

Index 155

156 First Aid

First Aid - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

First Aid - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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