Fenugreek - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

FENUGREEK A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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FENUGREEK A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fenugreek: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83908-5 1. Fenugreek-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fenugreek. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FENUGREEK............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Fenugreek ...................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FENUGREEK ....................................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fenugreek....................................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 16 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FENUGREEK .............................................................. 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 19 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 30 General References ....................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FENUGREEK ................................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Dissertations on Fenugreek.......................................................................................................... 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FENUGREEK ........................................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Patents on Fenugreek................................................................................................................... 37 Patent Applications on Fenugreek ............................................................................................... 46 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FENUGREEK ............................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 53 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 54 Chapters on Fenugreek................................................................................................................. 54 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 59 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 61 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 65 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 69 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 69 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 75 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 75 FENUGREEK DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 77

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INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 107

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fenugreek is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fenugreek, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fenugreek, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fenugreek. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fenugreek, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fenugreek. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FENUGREEK Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fenugreek.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and fenugreek, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Physician's Guide to Herbs Source: Practical Diabetology. 16(1): 10, 12-13, 16-17, 20. March 1997. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: Conventional therapy of diabetes mellitus has focused on a care plan consisting of meal planning, exercise, medication, self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and patient education. Recently, there has been increasing interest on the part of patients in alternative therapies for chronic disease, including the increased use and popularity of herbal therapies. This article is a review of herbal products described in the literature as being useful and beneficial in diabetes management. The authors begin with a series of reported cases of herbal misadventures, noting that the heterogeneous

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nature of herbal products makes it difficult to monitor patients for adverse effects. The authors then review the use of herbs and herb products, including alfalfa, apple, bilberry, blackberry, burdock, celery, coriander, dandelion, Di huang, dried root bark of lycium Chinese mill, eucalyptus, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, ginseng, goat's rue, goldenseal, guayusa, hop, Java plum, juniper, kidney-bean pods, lucerne (Medicago sativa), mistletoe, Momordica charantia (cerasee), Momordica charantia (karela), mushrooms, nettle, onion, raspberry, sage, sumac, tarragon, thyme, Xuan seng, yeast, and zhi mu or di seng. The authors conclude that, although some alternative preparations may have mild glucose-lowering effects, the effects are insufficient for the management of diabetes. In addition, the potential for adverse interactions with agents used in conventional treatment should be appreciated. 7 references. (AA-M). •

Using Herbal Therapies Safely Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 16(3): 6-8, 10-13. May-June 1999. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: In discussing the safe use of herbal therapies, this article begins with a description of current Federal laws on dietary supplements, focusing on the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. This law created a new food category called dietary supplements so that truthful, nonmisleading information could be used in conjunction with the sale of herbal products and consumers could be given information on a product's benefits and potential side effects. The article continues with an examination of myths and truths about herbs. Myths that are debunked are that herbs are natural so they must be safe; herbs must be safe and effective because they have been around for centuries; doctors do not need to be told that a patient is taking herbal supplements; all products that contain a specific herb are basically the same; and herbs are easy to take. This is followed by guidelines on the safe use of herbs. In addition, the article identifies some herbal products that may have potential as aids to diabetes management, including bilberry fruit, bitter melon, burdock root, capsicum, fenugreek, garlic and onions, and ginseng. The article concludes by providing sources of additional information about dietary supplements and identifying herbal products that have been associated with serious illness and injuries.

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Biological Complementary Therapies: A Focus on Botanical Products in Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 14(4): 199-208. October, 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Several botanical (plant-based) and biological (animal based) products claim to lower blood glucose or decrease complications of diabetes, and some of these are being used by people with diabetes. This author focuses on the use of botanical products in managing diabetes. Products thought to lower blood glucose include gymnema, fenugreek, bitter melon, ginseng, and nopal. Claims have also been made for aloe, bilberry, and milk thistle, but there is less evidence in support of these. Botanical products thought to decrease diabetes complications include y-linolenic acid, ginkgo biloba, and garlic. A vitamin-like substance, alpha-lipoic acid, had been used to treat neuropathic complications. The author concludes that although these biological complementary therapies have been studied in human clinical trials, there are many problems with study design, study endpoints, numbers of patients, and study duration. There is insufficient evidence to recommend generalized use for patients with diabetes.

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Furthermore, these produces have many side effects and may potentially interact with traditional diabetes medications. 78 references. •

Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M).

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Herbal Supplements in Diabetes Management Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(6): 28, 30-31, 35-37. November-December 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article, the second of a series of articles on herbal therapies, reviews some of the most promising blood sugar lowering herbals, including bitter melon, fenugreek, gurmar, goat's rue, bilberry, ginseng, nopal cactus, and garlic and onions. Bitter melon is the most widely used traditional remedy for diabetes in Asia and Africa. As a treatment for diabetes, the juice or an extract of the unripe fruit is used. Compounds isolated from bitter melon believed to be responsible for its blood sugar lowering properties include charantin and plant insulin. No well designed studies using bitter melon in humans have been conducted. Fenugreek is a common spice. Its seeds or a defatted powder made from the seed have been used as a diabetes treatment. Studies of fenugreek suggest that it has hypoglycemic activity and that it may improve blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Gurmar, or gymnema sylvestre leaf, has been used as a traditional treatment for diabetes in India. Gymnema is believed to act by improving the function of the pancreatic beta cells. There is minimal research on gymnema, and the studies conducted in humans have not been well designed. Goat's rue is another traditional remedy for diabetes that has been shown to have hypoglycemic activity in humans. The leaves of bilberry have been used as an antidiabetic tea. However, chronic consumption of bilberry leaf or capsules is not recommended because they can be toxic. Ginseng, which is sold chiefly as an energy booster in the United States, has been investigated as a diabetes remedy in only a few small studies. The stem or leaf of nopal cactus has been used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. Garlic and

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onions have been used as folk medicines to treat diabetes, and a few studies suggest that they may have some mild blood sugar lowering properties. The article reviews studies on these products, identifies their adverse effects, and presents typical dosing regimens. In addition, the article lists potentially dangerous plant products and provides guidelines for safe supplement use. 1 figure. •

Herbal Therapies and Diabetes Complications Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 18(1): 87-88, 91-92, 95-96, 98. January-February 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article, the third of a series of articles on herbal therapies, reviews herbal and alternative therapy supplements for the treatment of diabetic complications. Both the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Trial (UKPDS) demonstrated that keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible can delay or prevent the development of complications in people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Some of the new, experimental treatments for complications of diabetes include nutritional and herbal supplements. Many supplements may be of potential benefit in the treatment or prevention of heart disease, including fish oil, fenugreek, garlic, red yeast, antioxidants, and several herbs that inhibit blood clotting such as ginger, garlic, gingko biloba, and ginseng. The symptoms of peripheral neuropathy may be eased with alpha lipoic acid, capsaicin, and evening primrose oil. Although bilberry and gingko biloba have both been proposed as potential treatments for diabetic retinopathy, neither is currently recommended for this use. The herb yohimbe has a reputation as a aphrodisiac and a treatment for impotence, but clinical trials do not support its use. There are several experimental drugs and some herbal supplements that may prevent damage caused by the conversion of extra glucose in the cells into sorbitol, including flavonoids, quercetin, and extracts from licorice root. Although being overweight is not considered a complication of diabetes, it can make controlling blood glucose levels more difficult. Losing a small amount of weight can lower both blood glucose and blood cholesterol levels. Numerous herbal and nutritional supplements exist for people who are trying to lose weight. Common ingredients found in herbal weight loss preparations include various diuretics and laxatives, guarana, ephedra, and garcinia. The article reviews studies on these products, identifies their adverse effects, and presents typical dosing regimens. In addition, the article provides guidelines for safe supplement use and lists suggestions for further reading. 1 table.

Federally Funded Research on Fenugreek The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fenugreek. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fenugreek. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fenugreek.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for fenugreek in the PubMed Central database: •

Transfer Specificity of Detergent-Solubilized Fenugreek Galactomannan Galactosyltransferase. by Edwards ME, Marshall E, Gidley MJ, Reid JS.; 2002 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166532

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fenugreek, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fenugreek (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Abdel-Barry JA, Abdel-Hassan IA, Jawad AM, al-Hakiem MH. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2000 January; 6(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11370345&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FENUGREEK Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fenugreek.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Fenugreek The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fenugreek” (or a synonym): •

Effects of fenugreek seeds and its extracts on plasma lipid profile: a study on rabbits. Author(s): Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sana' a University, Sana' a (Yemen) Source: Al Habori, M. Al Aghbari, A.M. Al Mamary, M. Phytotherapy-Research (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 12(8) page 572-575.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Accumulation of sterols and steroidal sapogenins in developing fenugreek pods: possible biosynthesis in situ. Source: Brenac, P. Sauvaire, Y. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. February 1996. volume 41 (2) page 415-422. 0031-9422

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Acute and subchronic toxicity assessment of debitterized fenugreek powder in the mouse and rat. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India. Source: Muralidhara Narasimhamurthy, K Viswanatha, S Ramesh, B S Food-ChemToxicol. 1999 August; 37(8): 831-8 0278-6915

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Allergy to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Author(s): Institute of Science, Bombay, India. Source: Patil, S P Niphadkar, P V Bapat, M M Ann-Allergy-Asthma-Immunol. 1997 March; 78(3): 297-300 1081-1206

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AntidIabetic and hypocholesterolaemic effects of fenugreek. Source: Al Habori, M. Raman, A. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. June 1998. volume 12 (4) page 233-242. 0951-418X

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Antidiabetic effects of subfractions from fenugreek seeds in diabetic dogs. Source: Ribes, G. Sauvaire, Y. Da Costa, C. Baccou, J.C. Loubatieres Mariani, M.M. Proceedings-of-the-Society-for-Experimental-Biology-and-Medicine (USA). (June 1986). volume 182(2) page 159-166. dogs experiments diabetes drugs trigonella foenum graecum seeds 0037-9727

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Changes in growth, proteins and free amino acids of developing seed and pod of fenugreek [Trigonella foenum-graecum, formation of nitrogen constituents in relation to adjacent pod wall tissues]. Source: Sauvaire, Y. Girardon, P. Baccou, J.C. Risterucci, A.M. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1984. volume 23 (3) page 479-486. ill. 0031-9422

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Changes in some nutrients of fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum graecum L.) seeds during water boiling. Author(s): Department of Agricultural Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Egypt. Source: Abdel Nabey, A A Damir, A A Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1990 October; 40(4): 26774 0921-9668

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Characterization of a dioxygenase from Trigonella foenum-graecum involved in 4hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis. Author(s): Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Substances Naturelles Vegetales, UPR ES 1677, CP 024, Universite Montpellier II, France.

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Source: Haefele, C Bonfils, C Sauvaire, Y Phytochemistry. 1997 February; 44(4): 563-6 0031-9422 •

Clinical trial of fenugreek: for cholesterol and blood sugar levels of non-insulindependent diabetics. Source: Webb, G. HerbalGram. Austin, TX : American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. Fall 1997. (41) page 18. 0899-5648

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Comparison of alfalfa and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) silages supplemented with barley grain on performance of growing steers. Source: Mir, Z. Mir, P.S. Acharya, S.N. Zaman, M.S. Taylor, W.G. Mears, G.J. McAllister, T.A. Goonewardene, L.A. Can-j-anim-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957. Sept 1998. volume 78 (3) page 343-349. 0008-3984

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Development of food products based on millets, legumes and fenugreek seeds and their suitability in the diabetic diet. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nagar, India. Source: Pathak, P Srivastava, S Grover, S Int-J-Food-Sci-Nutr. 2000 September; 51(5): 409-14 0963-7486

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Effect of diniconazole on sterol composition of roots and cell suspension cultures of fenugreek. Source: Cerdon, C. Rahier, A. Taton, M. Sauvaire, Y. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1995. volume 39 (4) page 883-893. 0031-9422

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Effect of domestic processing on total and extractable calcium and zinc content of bathua (Chenopodium album) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) leaves. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Source: Yadav, S K Sehgal, S Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1999; 53(3): 255-63 0921-9668

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Effect of fenugreek and lupine seeds on the development of experimental diabetes in rats. Source: Riyad, M A Abdul Salam, S A Mohammad, S S Planta-Med. 1988 August; 54(4): 286-90 0032-0943

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Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Department of Medicine, R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur, India. Source: Bordia, A Verma, S K Srivastava, K C Prostaglandins-Leukot-Essent-FattyAcids. 1997 May; 56(5): 379-84 0952-3278

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Effect of home processing and storage on ascorbic acid and beta-carotene content of Bathua (Chenopodium album) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) leaves. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Source: Yadav, S K Sehgal, S Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1997; 50(3): 239-47 0921-9668

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Effect of tridemorph and fenpropimorph on sterol composition in fenugreek. Source: Cerdon, C. Rahier, A. Taton, M. Sauvaire, Y. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. February 1996. volume 41 (2) page 423-431. 0031-9422

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Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Jaipur Diabetes and Research Centre.

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Source: Gupta, A Gupta, R Lal, B J-Assoc-Physicians-India. 2001 November; 49: 1057-61 0004-5772 •

Effects of material and extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. against the stored product pests Tribolium castaneum (herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Source: Pemonge, J. Pascual Villalobos, M.J. Regnault Roger, C. J-stored-prod-res. Oxford, U.K. : Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1997. volume 33 (3) page 209-217. 0022-474X

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Effects of vanadate, insulin and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on creatine kinase levels in tissues of diabetic rat. Author(s): School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Source: Genet, S Kale, R K Baquer, N Z Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1999 February; 37(2): 200-2 0019-5189

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Efficacy of the steroidal fraction of fenugreek seed extract on fertility of male albino rats. Source: Kamal, R. Yadav, R. Sharma, J.D. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. Mar/April 1993. volume 7 (2) 134-138. 0951-418X

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Enhancement of circulatory antioxidants by fenugreek during 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced rat colon carcinogenesis. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. Source: Devasena, T Menon, V P J-Biochem-Mol-Biol-Biophys. 2002 August; 6(4): 289-92 1025-8140

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Evaluation of the oral hypoglycaemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (methi) in normal mice. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, Pakistan. Source: Zia, T Hasnain, S N Hasan, S K J-Ethnopharmacol. 2001 May; 75(2-3): 191-5 03788741

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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) as a means of reducing postprandial glucose level in diabetic rats [Trigonella foenumgracecum]. Source: Madar, Z. Nutr-Rep-Int. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X, Inc. June 1984. volume 29 (6) page 1267-1273. ill. 0029-6635

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Fermentation of fenugreek fiber, psyllium husk, and wheat bran by Bacteroides ovatus V975. Author(s): Department of Animal and Dairy Science, 312 Animal and Dairy Science Complex, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA. Source: Al Khaldi, S F Martin, S A Prakash, L Curr-Microbiol. 1999 October; 39(4): 231-2 0343-8651

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Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Source: Pandian, R.S. Anuradha, C.V. Viswanathan, P. J-ethnopharmacol. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. August 2002. volume 81 (3) page 393-397. 0378-8741

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Glucose-lowering effect of fenugreek in non-insulin dependent diabetics. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel. Source: Madar, Z Abel, R Samish, S Arad, J Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1988 January; 42(1): 51-4 0954-3007

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Hypocholesterolaemic and hypotriglyceridaemic effects of subfractions from fenugreek seeds in alloxan diabetic dogs. Source: Ribes, G. Da Costa, C. Loubatieres Mariani, M.M. Sauvaire, Y. Baccou, J.C. Phytother-Res-PTR. London : Heyden & Son. Mar 1987. volume 1 (1) page 38-43. 0951418X

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Hypocholesterolemic activity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)--an experimental study in rats. Source: Sharma, R.D. Nutr-Rep-Int. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X, Inc. July 1984. volume 30 (1) page 221-231. 0029-6635

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Hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds in non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Source: Sharma, R.D. Raghuram, T.C. Nutr-Res. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press. July 1990. volume 10 (7) page 731-739. charts. 0271-5317

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Hypolipidaemic effect of fenugreek seeds: a chronic study in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Source: Sharma, R.D. Sarkar, A. Hazra, D.K. Misra, B. Singh, J.B. Maheshwari, B.B. Sharma, S.K. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. June 1996. volume 10 (4) page 332-334. 0951-418X

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Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek. Author(s): Laboratoire de Physiologie Vegetale, Universite Montpellier II, France. Source: Sauvaire, Y Ribes, G Baccou, J C Loubatieeres Mariani, M M Lipids. 1991 Mar; 26(3): 191-7 0024-4201

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In vitro availability of iron from cereal meal with the addition of protein isolates and fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Author(s): Department of Human Nutrition and Foods, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0430. Source: Jonnalagadda, S S Seshadri, S Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1994 February; 45(2): 11925 0921-9668

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In vitro effect of fenugreek extracts on intestinal sodium-dependent glucose uptake and hepatic glycogen phosphorylase A. Author(s): Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Sana'a, Republic of Yemen. Source: Al Habori, M Raman, A Lawrence, M J Skett, P Int-J-Exp-Diabetes-Res. 2001; 2(2): 91-9 1560-4284

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Inhibition of triiodothyronine production by fenugreek seed extract in mice and rats. Author(s): Thyroid Research Unit, School of Life Sciences, Vigyan Bhawan, D.A. University, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452 017, India. Source: Panda, S Tahiliani, P Kar, A Pharmacol-Res. 1999 November; 40(5): 405-9 10436618

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Inhibitors of human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds. Reaction with the human and bovine proteinases. Author(s): Institut fur Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universitat Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Weder, J K Haussner, K Z-Lebensm-Unters-Forsch. 1991 October; 193(4): 321-5 0044-3026

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Medicinal foodstuffs. IV. Fenugreek seed. (1): structures of trigoneosides Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, and IIIb, new furostanol saponins from the seeds of Indian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Author(s): Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Yoshikawa, M Murakami, T Komatsu, H Murakami, N Yamahara, J Matsuda, H Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1997 January; 45(1): 81-7 0009-2363

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Metal content and distribution in Fenugreek cultivated in Pakistan. Source: Naeem, S. Khan, F.A. Siddiqui, I. Mahmood, N. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. June 1995. volume 68 (2) page 159-166. 0022-5142

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Microdetermination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. Author(s): Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2. [email protected] Source: Taylor, W G Elder, J L Chang, P R Richards, K W J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2000 November; 48(11): 5206-10 0021-8561

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Modulation of glyoxalase, glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, spleen and erythrocytes of mice by dietary administration of fenugreek seeds. Author(s): Nuclear Science Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India Source: Choudhary, D Chandra, D Choudhary, S Kale, R K Food-Chem-Toxicol. 2001 October; 39(10): 989-97 0278-6915

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Nutrient composition, in vitro gas production and digestibility of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and alfalfa forages. Source: Mir, Z. Acharya, S.N. Mir, P.S. Taylor, W.G. Zaman, M.S. Mears, G.J. Goonewardene, L.A. Can-j-anim-sci. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada, 1957. March 1997. volume 77 (1) page 119-124. 0008-3984

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Nutritional quality of lactic fermented bitter gourd and fenugreek leaves. Author(s): Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, India. Source: Gupta, U Rudramma Rati, E R Joseph, R Int-J-Food-Sci-Nutr. 1998 March; 49(2): 101-8 0963-7486

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Polysaccharide composition of a gel fraction derived from fenugreek and its effect on starch digestion and bile acid absorption in rats. Source: Madar, Z. Shomer, I. J-Agric-Food-Chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. July 1990. volume 38 (7) page 1535-1539. 0021-8561

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Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Author(s): Pharmacy Department, CHAUQ, St-Sacrement Hospital, Quebec City, Canada. Source: Lambert, J P Cormier, A Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 21(4): 509-12 0277-0008

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Pseudo-maple syrup urine disease due to maternal prenatal ingestion of fenugreek. Author(s): Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Source: Korman, S H Cohen, E Preminger, A J-Paediatr-Child-Health. 2001 August; 37(4): 403-4 1034-4810

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Restoration on tissue antioxidants by fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum Graecum) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002.

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Source: Anuradha, C V RavikuMarch, P Indian-J-Physiol-Pharmacol. 2001 October; 45(4): 408-20 0019-5499 •

Saponins from Trigonella foenum-graecum leaves [Fenugreek, chemical structure]. Source: Varshney, I.P. Jain, D.C. Srivastava, H.C. J-Nat-Prod. Cincinnati : American Society of Pharmacognosy. Jan/February 1984. volume 47 (1) page 44-46. 0163-3864

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Short term nutritional and safety evaluation of fenugreek. Source: Rao, P.U. Sesikeran, B. Rao, P.S. Naidu, A.N. Rao, V.V. Ramachandran, E.P. Nutr-res. Tarrytown, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. Sept 1996. volume 16 (9) page 14951505. 0271-5317

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Sotolone production by hairy root cultures of Trigonella foenum-graecum in airlift with mesh bioreactors. Author(s): Centro de Investigacion y Graduados Agropecuarios/Instituto Tecnologico Agropecuario de Jalisco, Tlajomulco de Zuniga, Jalisco, Mexico. Source: Peraza Luna, F Rodriguez Mendiola, M Arias Castro, C Bessiere, J M Calva Calva, G J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2001 December; 49(12): 6012-9 0021-8561

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The effect of an ethanol derived from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on bile acid absorption and cholesterol levels in rats. Source: Stark, A. Madar, Z. Br-J-Nutr. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. January 1993. volume 69 (1) page 277-287. 0007-1145

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The effect of feeding fenugreek and ginger on bile composition in the albino rat. Source: Bhat, B.G. Sambaiah, K. Chandrasekhara, N. Nutr-Rep-Int. Los Altos, Calif. : Geron-X, Inc. November 1985. volume 32 (5) page 1145-1151. 0029-6635

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The effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) crude saponins on Hisex-type chicks. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Sudan. Source: Nakhla, H B Mohamed, O S Abu, I M Fatuh, A L Adam, S E Vet-Hum-Toxicol. 1991 December; 33(6): 561-4 0145-6296

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Toxicological evaluation of fenugreek seeds: a long term feeding experiment in diabetic patients. Source: Sharma, R.D. Sarkar, A. Hazra, D.K. Misra, B. Singh, J.B. Maheshwari, B.B. PTR,Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. Sept 1996. volume 10 (6) page 519-520. 0951418X

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Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seed extract as an antineoplastic agent. Author(s): Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Calcutta - 700 032, India. Source: Sur, P Das, M Gomes, A Vedasiromoni, J R Sahu, N P Banerjee, S Sharma, R M Ganguly, D K Phytother-Res. 2001 May; 15(3): 257-9 0951-418X

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Trigonellafoenum graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Author(s): Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Source: Raju, J Gupta, D Rao, A R Yadava, P K Baquer, N Z Mol-Cell-Biochem. 2001 August; 224(1-2): 45-51 0300-8177

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Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic studies of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) galactomannan without chemical fragmentation. Source: Ramesh, H.P. Yamaki, K. Ono, H. Tsushida, T. Carbohydr-polym. Oxford : Elsevier Science Limited. May 1, 2001. volume 45 (1) page 69-77. 0144-8617

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Use of Fenugreek seed powder in the management of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Source: Sharma, R.D. Sarkar, A. Hazara, D.K. Mishra, B. Singh, J.B. Sharma, S.K. Maheshwari, B.B. Maheshwari, P.K. Nutr-res. New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Inc. August 1996. volume 16 (8) page 1331-1339. 0271-5317

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Variation in diosgenin levels among 10 accessions of fenugreek seeds produced in western Canada. Author(s): Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2. [email protected] Source: Taylor, W G Zulyniak, H J Richards, K W Acharya, S N Bittman, S Elder, J L JAgric-Food-Chem. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5994-7 0021-8561

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to fenugreek; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FENUGREEK Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fenugreek. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fenugreek and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fenugreek: •

“Maple-syrup” urine odor due to fenugreek ingestion. Author(s): Bartley GB, Hilty MD, Andreson BD, Clairmont AC, Maschke SP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1981 August 20; 305(8): 467. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7254294&dopt=Abstract

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Acute and subchronic toxicity assessment of debitterized fenugreek powder in the mouse and rat. Author(s): Muralidhara, Narasimhamurthy K, Viswanatha S, Ramesh BS. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1999 August; 37(8): 831-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10506006&dopt=Abstract

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Allergy to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Author(s): Patil SP, Niphadkar PV, Bapat MM.

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Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 March; 78(3): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9087156&dopt=Abstract •

Alterations in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rat tissues: effect of vanadate and fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum graecum). Author(s): Genet S, Kale RK, Baquer NZ. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 July; 236(1-2): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190123&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of Fenugreek sapogenins by gas-liquid chromatography. Author(s): Knight JC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1977 March 11; 133(1): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=838802&dopt=Abstract

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Antidiabetic effects of subfractions from fenugreek seeds in diabetic dogs. Author(s): Ribes G, Sauvaire Y, Da Costa C, Baccou JC, Loubatieres-Mariani MM. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1986 June; 182(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2871558&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in some nutrients of fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum graecum L.) seeds during water boiling. Author(s): Abdel-Nabey AA, Damir AA. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1990 October; 40(4): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2247433&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the anti-nutritional factors of developing seeds and pod walls of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Author(s): Singh J, Gupta K, Arora SK. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994 July; 46(1): 7784. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7971790&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization and localization of four forms of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase from fenugreek (trigonella foenum graecum) germinated seeds. Author(s): Bouquelet S, Spik G. Source: Febs Letters. 1976 March 15; 63(1): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1261693&dopt=Abstract

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Development of food products based on millets, legumes and fenugreek seeds and their suitability in the diabetic diet. Author(s): Pathak P, Srivastava S, Grover S. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2000 September; 51(5): 40914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11103307&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of domestic processing and cooking methods on total, HCl extractable iron and in vitro availability of iron in bathua and fenugreek leaves. Author(s): Yadav SK, Sehgal S. Source: Nutr Health. 2003; 17(1): 61-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803282&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of domestic processing on total and extractable calcium and zinc content of bathua (Chenopodium album) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) leaves. Author(s): Yadav SK, Sehgal S. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1999; 53(3): 255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517284&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) supplementation on the biological value of rice & black gram (Phaseolus mungo) diet. Author(s): Rajalakshmi R, Subbulakshmi G. Source: Indian J Biochem. 1964 June; 1(2): 104-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4243507&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fenugreek and lupine seeds on the development of experimental diabetes in rats. Author(s): Riyad MA, Abdul-Salam SA, Mohammad SS. Source: Planta Medica. 1988 August; 54(4): 286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3222370&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes. Author(s): Sharma RD, Raghuram TC, Rao NS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 April; 44(4): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194788&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Author(s): Ravikumar P, Anuradha CV. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 1999 May; 13(3): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10353156&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1997 May; 56(5): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9175175&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of home processing and storage on ascorbic acid and beta-carotene content of Bathua (Chenopodium album) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) leaves. Author(s): Yadav SK, Sehgal S. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1997; 50(3): 239-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373874&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) on blood glucose in normal and diabetic rats. Author(s): Khosla P, Gupta DD, Nagpal RK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995 April; 39(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7649611&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind placebo controlled study. Author(s): Gupta A, Gupta R, Lal B. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 November; 49: 1057-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868855&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a fenugreek seed extract on feeding behaviour in the rat: metabolicendocrine correlates. Author(s): Petit P, Sauvaire Y, Ponsin G, Manteghetti M, Fave A, Ribes G. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1993 June; 45(2): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8327543&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of fenugreek seeds on endocrine pancreatic secretions in dogs. Author(s): Ribes G, Sauvaire Y, Baccou JC, Valette G, Chenon D, Trimble ER, Loubatieres-Mariani MM. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1984; 28(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6703649&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of some antimitotics on the cytology of fenugreek roots in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Gupta KC. Source: Cytobios. 1972 May-June; 5(19): 179-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5044628&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of vanadate, insulin and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on creatine kinase levels in tissues of diabetic rat. Author(s): Genet S, Kale RK, Baquer NZ. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1999 February; 37(2): 200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641147&dopt=Abstract

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Enhancement of circulatory antioxidants by fenugreek during 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced rat colon carcinogenesis. Author(s): Devasena T, Menon VP. Source: Journal of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics : Jbmbb : the Official Journal of the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (Faobmb). 2002 August; 6(4): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186747&dopt=Abstract

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Fenugreek affects the activity of beta-glucuronidase and mucinase in the colon. Author(s): Devasena T, Menon VP. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 November; 17(9): 1088-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14595593&dopt=Abstract

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Fenugreek and insulin resistance. Author(s): Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 November; 49: 1055-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868854&dopt=Abstract

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Fenugreek in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Puri D. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 February; 47(2): 255-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10999114&dopt=Abstract

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Fenugreek in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Pavithran K. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1994 July; 42(7): 584. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7868541&dopt=Abstract

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Fenugreek odour in maple syrup urine disease. Author(s): Monastiri K, Limame K, Kaabachi N, Kharrat H, Bousnina S, Pousse H, Radhouane M, Gueddiche MN, Snoussi N. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1997 August; 20(4): 614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266407&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation of fenugreek fiber, psyllium husk, and wheat bran by Bacteroides ovatus V975. Author(s): Al-Khaldi SF, Martin SA, Prakash L.

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Source: Current Microbiology. 1999 October; 39(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10486060&dopt=Abstract •

Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Pandian RS, Anuradha CV, Viswanathan P. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 August; 81(3): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127242&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose-lowering effect of fenugreek in non-insulin dependent diabetics. Author(s): Madar Z, Abel R, Samish S, Arad J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 January; 42(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3286242&dopt=Abstract

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Hypocholesterolaemic effect of fenugreek seeds in dogs. Author(s): Valette G, Sauvaire Y, Baccou JC, Ribes G. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1984 January; 50(1): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6696779&dopt=Abstract

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Hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated fenugreek seeds in human subjects. Author(s): Sowmya P, Rajyalakshmi P. Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1999; 53(4): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540988&dopt=Abstract

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Immunomodulatory effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) extract in mice. Author(s): Bin-Hafeez B, Haque R, Parvez S, Pandey S, Sayeed I, Raisuddin S. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 February; 3(2): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586606&dopt=Abstract

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Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek. Author(s): Sauvaire Y, Ribes G, Baccou JC, Loubatieeres-Mariani MM. Source: Lipids. 1991 March; 26(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2046485&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro availability of iron from cereal meal with the addition of protein isolates and fenugreek leaves (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Author(s): Jonnalagadda SS, Seshadri S.

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Source: Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1994 February; 45(2): 119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8153062&dopt=Abstract •

In vitro effect of fenugreek extracts on intestinal sodium-dependent glucose uptake and hepatic glycogen phosphorylase A. Author(s): Al-Habori M, Raman A, Lawrence MJ, Skett P. Source: International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research. 2001; 2(2): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369721&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of auxins on growth ans cytohistology of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) calli. Author(s): Gupta KC. Source: Cytobios. 1974 March-April; 9(35): 103-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4847627&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of triiodothyronine production by fenugreek seed extract in mice and rats. Author(s): Panda S, Tahiliani P, Kar A. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1999 November; 40(5): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527654&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitors of human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds. Demonstration and purification. Author(s): Weder JK, Haussner K. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1991 May; 192(5): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2058314&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitors of human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds. Isolation and characterization. Author(s): Weder JK, Haussner K. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1991 June; 192(6): 535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872034&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitors of human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds. Reaction with the human and bovine proteinases. Author(s): Weder JK, Haussner K. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1991 October; 193(4): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1767594&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitors of human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds. Reactive sites and C-terminal sequences. Author(s): Weder JK, Haussner K.

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Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1991 September; 193(3): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1962506&dopt=Abstract •

Initiation of polyphenylalanine synthesis and the action of cytokinins in fenugreek cotyledons. Author(s): Rijven AH. Source: Nature. 1974 November 15; 252(5480): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4420974&dopt=Abstract

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Laboratory evaluation of interception and translocation of 131I in fenugreek and okra plants. Author(s): Singhal RK, Narayanan U, Bhat IS. Source: Health Physics. 1994 November; 67(5): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7928364&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of action of a hypoglycemic principle isolated from fenugreek seeds. Author(s): Puri D, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 October; 46(4): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683221&dopt=Abstract

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Medicinal foodstuffs. IV. Fenugreek seed. (1): structures of trigoneosides Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, and IIIb, new furostanol saponins from the seeds of Indian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Author(s): Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Komatsu H, Murakami N, Yamahara J, Matsuda H. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1997 January; 45(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023970&dopt=Abstract

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Medicinal foodstuffs. XVII. Fenugreek seed. (3): structures of new furostanol-type steroid saponins, trigoneosides Xa, Xb, XIb, XIIa, XIIb, and XIIIa, from the seeds of Egyptian Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. Author(s): Murakami T, Kishi A, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 July; 48(7): 994-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923829&dopt=Abstract

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Methylation patterns of ribonucleic acids from chloroplasts and cytoplasm of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cotyledons. Author(s): Rijven AH, Zwar JA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1973 April 11; 299(4): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4708036&dopt=Abstract

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Microdetermination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds. Author(s): Taylor WG, Elder JL, Chang PR, Richards KW. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 November; 48(11): 5206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087460&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of glyoxalase, glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzymes in the liver, spleen and erythrocytes of mice by dietary administration of fenugreek seeds. Author(s): Choudhary D, Chandra D, Choudhary S, Kale RK. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2001 October; 39(10): 989-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524137&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional quality of lactic fermented bitter gourd and fenugreek leaves. Author(s): Gupta U, Rudramma, Rati ER, Joseph R. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1998 March; 49(2): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9713580&dopt=Abstract

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Physicochemical, rheological, and organoleptic characteristics of wheat-fenugreek supplemented blends. Author(s): Hooda S, Jood S. Source: Die Nahrung. 2003 August; 47(4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13678267&dopt=Abstract

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Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Author(s): Lambert JP, Cormier A. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 21(4): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310527&dopt=Abstract

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Properties of four molecular forms of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase isolated from germinating seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Author(s): Bouquelet S, Spik G. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1978 March 15; 84(2): 551-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=25183&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds in experimental ethanol toxicity. Author(s): Thirunavukkarasu V, Anuradha CV, Viswanathan P. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916070&dopt=Abstract

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Protodioscin isolated from fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) induces cell death and morphological change indicative of apoptosis in leukemic cell line H-60,

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but not in gastric cancer cell line KATO III. Author(s): Hibasami H, Moteki H, Ishikawa K, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Yoshioka K, Ishii Y, Komiya T. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2003 January; 11(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469212&dopt=Abstract •

Pseudo-maple syrup urine disease due to maternal prenatal ingestion of fenugreek. Author(s): Korman SH, Cohen E, Preminger A. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 August; 37(4): 403-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532065&dopt=Abstract

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Restoration on tissue antioxidants by fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum Graecum) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Author(s): Anuradha CV, Ravikumar P. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 October; 45(4): 408-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883146&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid sapogenin constituents of fenugreek seeds. Author(s): Dawidar AM, Saleh AA, Elmotei SL. Source: Planta Medica. 1973 December; 24(4): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4789558&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid sapogenins. vii. identification and origin of 25d-spirosta-3,5-diene among the fenugreek sapogenins. Author(s): BEDOUR MS, EL-MUNAJJED D, FAYEZ MB, GIRGIS AN. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1964 October; 53: 1276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14252822&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid saponins from fenugreek and some of their biological properties. Author(s): Sauvaire Y, Baissac Y, Leconte O, Petit P, Ribes G. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1996; 405: 37-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8910694&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid saponins from fenugreek seeds: extraction, purification, and pharmacological investigation on feeding behavior and plasma cholesterol. Author(s): Petit PR, Sauvaire YD, Hillaire-Buys DM, Leconte OM, Baissac YG, Ponsin GR, Ribes GR. Source: Steroids. 1995 October; 60(10): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8539775&dopt=Abstract

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The determination of diosgenin and yamogenin in fenugreek seed by combined column chromatography and infrared spectrometry. Author(s): Hardman R, Jefferies TM.

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Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1971 December; 23: 231S-232S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4401485&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of an ethanol extract derived from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on bile acid absorption and cholesterol levels in rats. Author(s): Stark A, Madar Z. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1993 January; 69(1): 277-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8457534&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) crude saponins on Hisex-type chicks. Author(s): Nakhla HB, Mohamed OS, Abu IM, Fatuh AL, Adam SE. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991 December; 33(6): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1808831&dopt=Abstract

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The use of fenugreek for breast feeding women. Author(s): Tiran D. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2003 August; 9(3): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852932&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic applications of fenugreek. Author(s): Basch E, Ulbricht C, Kuo G, Szapary P, Smith M. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2003 February; 8(1): 20-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611558&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic potentials of fenugreek. Author(s): Puri D. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 July; 42(3): 423-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741661&dopt=Abstract

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Tobacco transgenic lines that express fenugreek galactomannan galactosyltransferase constitutively have structurally altered galactomannans in their seed endosperm cell walls. Author(s): Reid JS, Edwards ME, Dickson CA, Scott C, Gidley MJ. Source: Plant Physiology. 2003 March; 131(3): 1487-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644698&dopt=Abstract

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Transfer specificity of detergent-solubilized galactosyltransferase. Author(s): Edwards ME, Marshall E, Gidley MJ, Reid JS.

fenugreek

galactomannan

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Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 July; 129(3): 1391-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114592&dopt=Abstract •

Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seed extract as an antineoplastic agent. Author(s): Sur P, Das M, Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR, Sahu NP, Banerjee S, Sharma RM, Ganguly DK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2001 May; 15(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351364&dopt=Abstract

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Trigonellafoenum graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Author(s): Raju J, Gupta D, Rao AR, Yadava PK, Baquer NZ. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001 August; 224(1-2): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693199&dopt=Abstract

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Variation in diosgenin levels among 10 accessions of fenugreek seeds produced in western Canada. Author(s): Taylor WG, Zulyniak HJ, Richards KW, Acharya SN, Bittman S, Elder JL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 October 9; 50(21): 5994-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358471&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to fenugreek; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Constipation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Chinese Medicine Huluba Alternative names: Common Fenugreek Seed; Semen Trigonellae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Amino Acid K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Fenugreek Alternative names: Trigonella foenum-graecum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenugreek Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fenugreek Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginger Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glipizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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L-lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lysine Alternative names: Amino Acid K, L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ticlopidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Verbascum Alternative names: Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FENUGREEK Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to fenugreek. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “fenugreek” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on fenugreek, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Fenugreek ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to fenugreek. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Physicochemical and Structural Characterization of Fenugreek Gum by Brummer, Yolanda; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ65909

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON FENUGREEK Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “fenugreek” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on fenugreek, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Fenugreek By performing a patent search focusing on fenugreek, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on fenugreek: •

Breast-enhancing, herbal compositions and methods of using same Inventor(s): Ernest; Joseph Michael (Oceanside, CA), Smith; Allen (Encino, CA) Assignee(s): Vital Dynamics, Inc. (Canoga Park, CA) Patent Number: 6,200,594 Date filed: December 29, 1999 Abstract: Topical and oral compositions containing unique blends of certain herbs effectively enhance breasts in human females by strengthening connective tissues and encouraging the growth of new cells. The topical composition contains Saw Palmetto berry extract, Chaste Tree berry extract, Fenugreek seed extract, Fennel seed extract, Comfrey extract, White Willow Bark extract, Ma Huang extract, Black Cohosh extract, Guarana extract, Passion Flower extract, Bilberry extract, Horsetail extract and Cayenne extract. The oral composition is a dietary supplement system containing two diet supplement compositions. The first composition contains extracts of Blessed Thistle, Hops, Wild Yam, Fenugreek seed, Saw Palmetto berry, Chaste Tree berry, Fennel seed, Black Cohosh, Damiana, Dong Quai, Lycium Chinese Herb, Scullcap Concentrate, and Curcubita Pepo Pumpkin seed, as well as Methyl Sulfonyl Methane and Royal Jelly. The second composition contains extracts of Saw Palmetto berry, Chaste Tree berry, Black Cohosh, Fennel seed, Fenugreek seed, Lycium Chinese Herb, Scullcap Concentrate, and Curcubita Pepo Pumpkin seed, as well as Methyl Sulfonyl Methane and Royal Jelly. The topical composition, which is preferably in cream form, is topically applied to the breast area daily for a sufficient period of time. The oral system, preferably in the form of a plurality of capsules taken separately, is orally administered on a daily basis for a sufficient period, wherein capsules of the first composition are taken for a first period and capsules of the second composition are taken for a subsequent second period. Most preferably, the topical and oral compositions are administered concurrently in a treatment regimen. The latter regimen provides a synergistic breast enhancement relative to the individual topical and oral treatments. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions and methods for enhancing breasts. More particularly, this invention relates to herbal topical and oral compositions and methods of using same to enhance breast appearance in women. An attractive bustline is important to many women. Unfortunately, as women age, lose weight or become inactive, their bustlines tend to become less firm and, therefore, less attractive. The strengthening or building up of biological tissue in the female human breast is a well known problem in physiotherapy. One medical approach uses surgical techniques, such as breast implant operations. Such approach has numerous disadvantages. For example, surgical operations are inherently dangerous and relatively expensive. Opting for use of a surgical breast implant carries with it not only the danger and expense involved in any surgical operation but also potential health dangers that may be associated with using a particular type of breast implant, namely, the silicone breast implant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06200594__

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•

Cationic starch/cationic galactomannan gum blends as strength and drainage aids Inventor(s): Burnfield; Keith Edward (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): Hercules Incorporated (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,217,709 Date filed: November 23, 1998 Abstract: A composition comprising cationic starch, cationic galactomannan gum (such as cationic guar, locust bean and fenugreek gum) and acid suitable as drainage aid and strength additive in papermaking. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to blends of cationic starch and cationic galactomannan gum such as guar, locust bean, fenugreek gum, etc. useful as strength and drainage aids in papermaking. Cationic starch and cationic guar gum are used effectively as strength and drainage aids by the paper industry. Typically, only one of these products is added to the wet end of the paper machine. Cationic starch is more commonly used. However, there has been reports of separate addition of these products at different points to a paper machine. Cationic starch is commonly added earlier in the process to provide strength. Cationic guar gum is added closer to the paper machine to provide drainage and fiber retention. Up to 40 pounds of cationic starch can generally be added to obtain desired strength benefits. Cationic guar gum addition levels are usually in the 1- to 8-lb. range. Both products are supplied to paper mills in powder form. Cationic starch is typically slurried in water at 10-15% solids, subjected to high temperatures, and diluted before addition to the paper machine. High levels of starch can create problems in the process such as increased biological oxygen demand (BOD) and starch build-up, lowering starch etfectiveness. Cationic guar gum must be dispersed using an eductor, and dissolved in water at low solids, typically less than 1%. High amounts of fresh water needed for making guar gum solutions are becoming more difficult to get, as paper mills are closing their water systems. Dust associated with guarbased powder are also safety hazards, which can lead to falls and respiratory problems. Cost and handling problems associated with cationic guar gum have limited its use in paper dry strength applications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06217709__

•

Composition to treat diabetes Inventor(s): Reisner; Howard M. (2329 Murray Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15217) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,451,355 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: A composition for treating diabetes is disclosed. The composition includes fenugreek and bile from the gallbladder of ruminant mammals. The composition is used to treat diabetes through regular periodic dose administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to compositions and methods for treating diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from insufficient production of or reduced sensitivity to insulin. In persons who have diabetes, the normal ability of body cells to use glucose is inhibited, thereby increasing blood sugar levels. As more glucose accumulates in the blood, excess levels of sugar are excreted in the urine. Corresponding symptoms of diabetes include increased

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urinary volume and frequency, thirst, itching, hunger, weight loss, and weakness. There are three variations of diabetes. Type I is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for which insulin injection is required. In this type, insulin is not secreted by the pancreas and must be taken by injection. Type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus may be controlled by dietary restriction. It derives from sluggish pancreatic secreted insulin. Type III diabetes is caused by the body rejecting the insulin secreted by the pancreas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06451355__ •

Contraceptive composition for external application Inventor(s): Ayoub; Nabeel H. (Overbrook, PA) Assignee(s): Sowell; John B. (Ardmore, PA) Patent Number: 4,689,230 Date filed: December 15, 1983 Abstract: Plant extracts are employed to provide a menses inducing composition for topical application. Common commercially available fenugreek seeds and commercially available ginger are mixed in a preferred range of ratios and combined in a dry powder form for topical application to the outside of the abdomen of the female to induce menses. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to female contraceptives and more particularly to a menses inducing plant extract composition prepared for topical or external application. Pharmaceutical compositions obtained from plants and plant extracts are well known and are classified in U.S. Class 424, subclass 195 (International Class A61K 35/78). Plant extract compositions for controlling fertility in female mammals are known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,227 disclosed an extract obtained from Montanoa tomentosa administered internally to induce menses. This reference also discusses employing the extract to induce labor and delivery of newborn mammals. The extract, when properly administered, reduced blood levels of progesterone. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04689230__

•

Fenugreek impregnated material for the preservation of perishable substances Inventor(s): Shukla; Kavita (10423 Popkins Ct., Woodstock, MD 21163) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,372,220 Date filed: February 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention to a material that is coated with or soaked in a suspension of a botanical extract such that particles of said natural botanical extract are in contact with, embedded on, or embedded within the material. The present invention can be used to preserve perishable substances such as edible substances or foods by extending their freshness, shelf life or suitability for consumption by living organisms. Botanical extracts suitable for the present invention include botanical extracts that have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral or other preventative or curative properties. The botanical extract coated material described in the present invention is suitable for applications such as the packaging and preservation of perishable substances such as fruits and vegetables, meat products, dairy products, edible substances, non-edible

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substances and other perishable substances. Specifically, the material is impregnated with an extract of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a material that is coated with or soaked in a suspension of a botanical extract such that particles of said natural botanical extract are in contact with, embedded on, or embedded within the material. The present invention can be used to preserve perishable substances such as edible substances or foods by extending their freshness, shelf life or suitability for consumption by living organisms. Botanical extracts suitable for the present invention include botanical extracts that have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral or other preventative or curative properties. The botanical extract coated material described in the present invention is suitable for applications such as the packaging and preservation of perishable substances such as fruits and vegetables, meat products, dairy products, edible substances, non-edible substances and other perishable substances. Perishable edible substances such as fruits and vegetables are subject to spoilage during growth and ripening, while they are being transported and when they are placed on the shelves at retail outlets such as grocery stores. Thus, from the farming process to the retail of many foods, significant losses are often incurred by the spoilage of significant proportions of a given sample of a food type. This can result in significant losses to farmers, distributors and retailers and even result in food shortages in regions or countries where food is scarce. Currently a number of chemicals, waxes and other synthetic products are used to spray, coat or cover perishable foods to prevent or delay the onset of spoilage. Washing fruits and vegetables with certain chemicals such as antibacterial chemicals or sulfur can slow down the spoilage process. Fruits and vegetables are also subject to infestation by insects and other natural predators and a number of chemicals and synthetic insecticides are currently used to preserve fruits and vegetables during the growing stages. For many other foods, preservatives are added to the food itself to prevent spoilage. Yet, many of the currently used methods are not suitable for all types of foods such as fruits and vegetables and many of the currently used preservatives, insecticides and other preservation methods are not always effective in preventing spoilage for sufficient time periods. Furthermore, chemicals and toxins used for preservation can seep into foods such as fruits and vegetables and the chemicals and toxins can often not be sufficiently removed when such foods are prepared for consumption by living organisms. This presents toxicity concerns for consumers. The market for organic foods has grown significantly in recent years as consumers seek to obtain foods that are free of chemicals and other toxins. Therefore, there is a strong need for non-toxic, natural agents that are effective in preventing spoilage of edible foods and that hold anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and insecticidal properties. Perishable substances, as described in the present invention, also include non-edible perishable substances such as therapeutic botanical substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372220__ •

Hair growth stimulating composition containing trigonelline or trigonellic acid and ginseng Inventor(s): Mai; Heinz (Farbrikstr. 16, 78224 Singen/Bohlingen, DE), Mai; Jutta (Farbrikstr. 16, 78224 Singen/Bohlingen, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,900,239 Date filed: October 10, 1995

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Abstract: A strengthening agent for living creatures for the care of the skin and horny structures, in particular nails, hooves and claws, and for the stimulating and/or revitalizing of the growth of epidermal structures, in particular hair, this agent containing the alkaloid trigonelline or trigonellic acid, being obtained preferably from an extract of the seeds of a plant from the genus trigonella, in particular fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum), and being taken orally, characterized by the fact that the agent contains biotin, preferably 5 mg to 10 mg. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a strengthening agent for living creatures for the care of the skin and horny structures, in particular nails, hooves, claws, and for stimulating and reviving growth of epidermal structures, in particular hair, this agent containing the alkaloid trigonelline or trigonellic acid and being obtained, preferably, from an extract of the seeds of a plant from the genus trigonella, particularly fenugreek (Trigonella phoenum graecum), and being taken orally. In the past, a large number of hair-growth agents have been developed, tested, and brought onto the market. Unfortunately, none of these agents has the desired effect, or else it has considerable undesired side effects. The thinning-out or receding of the growth of hair is generally due to too excessive tightening of the scalp, as a result of which flow of blood to the hair follicles is interrupted or prevented. The reduced supply of nutrients and oxygen to the hair follicles has an unfavorable influence on the production of the protein keratin which is essentially responsible for the growth of hair. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05900239__ •

Herbal formulation which acts as an intestinal bowel soother Inventor(s): Watson; Brenda F. (Dunedin, FL), Watson; Tommy Stanley (Dunedin, FL) Assignee(s): Renew Life Formulas, Inc. (Clearwater, FL) Patent Number: 6,613,362 Date filed: January 8, 2002 Abstract: An herbal formulation which acts as an intestinal bowel soother is disclosed which comprises: slippery elm bark; German chamomile flower; fenugreek seed; fennel seed; skullcap herb; cranberry fruit; peppermint leaf; a mixture of Chinese herbs, comprising atractylodes root, capillary artemisia herb, codonopsis root, Job's tears seed, schisandra fruit, agastache whole plant, Chinese licorice root, Chinese thoroughwax, ginger root, Korean ash branches bark, magnolia bark, phellodendron bark, poria cocos root, psyllium seed, Chinese goldthread, Chinese white peony root, costus root, silver root, tangerine peel, and angelica root; and methylsulfonylmethane. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an herbal formulation. More particularly, the invention is directed to an herbal food supplement comprising a mixture of Western and Chinese herbs which can act as an intestinal bowel soother. Herbal formulations have been used as dietary supplements and natural medicaments for many years. Such formulations may aid the body in dealing with a number of intestinal maladies such as, for example, irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of today's most frequently occurring gastrointestinal disorders, accounting for approximately 40% of all visits to gastroenterology practices. Sometimes called spastic colitis or nervous colon, common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome may include cramping, bloating, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. People afflicted with irritable bowel syndrome have been shown to be almost three times more

Patents 43

likely to miss work (13.4 days per year vs. 4.9 days per year) than those who do not suffer from this infirmity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613362__ •

Method and compound for treatment of arthritic conditions in dogs Inventor(s): Spies; Janice A. (335 Brookside Cir., Wheaton, IL 60187) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,258,035 Date filed: November 27, 1978 Abstract: The invention is:A composition composed of Comfrey, Mullein, Fenugreek, Nettle, Broom Tops, Boneset, herbal plants occurring in nature which may be cultivated. This composition when added to the regular food of dogs, has alleviated symptoms of arthritic spinal conditions in dogs. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a combination of powders made from certain herbs which are combined in certain portions and fed to the animal with their food. Symptoms of arthritic conditions in dogs as evidenced by calcification of the spine have been alleviated and improvements have been shown by X-rays taken at the onset of treatment and several months later after treatment. The compound of the invention is composed of six basic ingredients: (a) Comfrey (Symphytum officinale); (b) Mullein (Verbascum thapsus); (c) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum); (d) Nettle (Urtica dioica); (e) Broom tops (Cytisus scoparius); and (f) Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum). These herbal components are used in the form of powders which are made from the root of the Comfrey plant, the leaf of the Mullein plant, the seed of the Fenugreek plant, and the pulverized dried Nettle, Broomtops and Boneset plants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04258035__

•

Method of extraction of commercially valuable fractions of fenugreek Inventor(s): Chang; Peter (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): Emerald Seed Products Ltd. (Saskatchewan, CA) Patent Number: 5,997,877 Date filed: November 25, 1998 Abstract: A process for the fractionation of fenugreek seeds (Trigonelle foenumgraecum) and extraction of the various fractions thereof. The process has a high yield rate, and provides a number of high-quality fractions of the fenugreek seed including a soluble dietary fiber fraction, de-flavored fenugreek seed, high-protein fenugreek meal, and dioscin and other saponins, along with the fenugreek oleoresins which have conventional commercial use. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of methods of extraction and purification of various commercially useful fractions of seeds, and in particular deals with the fractionation of fenugreek. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) has attracted considerable interest as a natural source of soluble dietary fiber and diosgenin (sapogenins). The fenugreek seed contains a central hard, yellow embryo surrounded by a corneous and comparatively large layer of white, semi-transparent endosperm.

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This endosperm contains galactomannan gum. The endosperm is surrounded by a tenacious, dark brown husk. The color of the gum fraction depends upon the amount of outer husk (brown color) and cotyledon (yellow color) present. There are commercial uses for the various fractions of the fenugreek seed. The commercial fenugreek oleoresins are used as an ingredient for imitation maple flavors and is effective in butter, butterscotch, black walnut, nut and spice flavors. Another fraction of the fenaugreek seed has been found to be a quantity of saponins. Fenugreek seed saponins are steriodal in nature with diosgenin as the main sapogenin. Disogenin is used by the drug industry as a precursor to progesterone (steriod hormones) which is used in the manufacturing of oral contraceptives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05997877__ •

Process for extraction and use of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) Inventor(s): Gopalan; Gudalar (Madras, IN), Gopalan; Ravindran (Madras, IN), Pai; Pradeep Narayan (Bombay, IN), Pai; Vivek Narayan (Bombay, IN) Assignee(s): Vitamed Remedies Private Limited (Madras, IN) Patent Number: 5,658,571 Date filed: November 22, 1995 Abstract: A process for preparing debitterised powder of the seed of the plant Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenumgraecum). The debitterised powder of the seed and formulations containing the debitterised powder of the seed of Fenugreek are useful as fiber supplements. Guar gum and bran can be blended with the debitterised powder of the seed of Fenugreek to prepare formulations which can be used as fiber supplements. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the debitterisation of the seed of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), the debitterised seed and formulations containing the debitterrised seed which are useful as fiber supplements. The debitterised seed as well as the formulations according to the present invention are useful for the prevention and treatment of certain chronic diseases such as diabetes, coronary artery diseases, diverticultis, cancer of the colon, piles, fissures, chronic constipation and the like. The formulations serve as a source of highly concentrated dietary fiber and can be used as a food supplement. The diet of an individual should contain required quantities of fibrous materials so as to maintain fiber balance and good health. The deficiency of the required quantity of fibrous materials in the daily diet of an individual may cause problems such as diabetes, coronary artery diseases, diverticulosis, cancer of the colon, piles, fissures, chronic constipation and the like. Fiber is normally obtained from food. Dietary fiber available in plant cell walls escapes digestion by the enzymes present in the gastrointestinal tract. The chief components of dietary fiber are cellulose, lignins and non cellulosic polysaccharides. Lignin is a non-carbohydrate dietary constituent which is totally indigestible. Polysaccharides belong to two categories (i) Cellulose--it is like lignins in that it cannot be easily digested and (ii) non cellulosic polysaccharides, which comprise chiefly hemicellulose, pectin, plant gums and mucilages. While proteins, fats and carbohydrates have been studied extensively, the unabsorbable fiber portion of food has almost been ignored, probably because it is indigestible, not assimilated in the body, is non-caloric and of negligible nutrient value. The modern day increase in the incidence and severity of diseases like hypertension, diabetes, cancer of the large intestines, irritable bowel syndrome and heart attacks have been linked to lack of fiber in the diet. The causes seem to be the changing food habits from natural foods to Western type diets of refined foods. Consumption of unrefined highly soluble fiber carbohydrate rich foods

Patents 45

protect against many Western ailments like colon cancer, diverticular diseases, gallstones, obesity, in addition to constipation. Although the traditional Indian may be consuming plenty of fiber rich foods, those living in urban areas especially the affluent may be ingesting less than the required quantity of dietary fiber rich food. This is reflected in the higher incidence of heart ailments, diabetes and constipation in the cities as compared to the villages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05658571__ •

Slimming cream based on plants Inventor(s): Dos Santos; Georgina (Rua do Zambujal, 10-4.degree. Esq., Mem Martins P2725, PT) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,972,340 Date filed: July 10, 1998 Abstract: The present invention refers to a slimming cream based on plants, comprising 0.5 to 5% seaweeds, 0.8 to 8% creeping ivy, 0.3 to 3% horsetail, 0.5 to 5% fenugreek, 0.5 to 5% mallows, 0.3 to 3% witch hazel, 0.4 to 4% wheatgerm oil, 0.2 to 2% camphor, a preservative and an excipient in a sufficient amount to make up a 100%. Another aim of the invention is a process for preparing said cream as well as a method of applying same. The cream according to the present invention is used to promote local slimming and to fight cellulite. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a slimming cream based on plants. It belongs therefore to the vast field of application of compositions based on plant extracts which are used in the treatment of diseases or in locally applied beauty treatments. These extracts act by means of the so-called aromatherapy or balsamtherapy. Plants, animals and minerals have been used throughout history by human civilizations to produce healing drubs. Written records, such as the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Bible or Chinese physiotherapy manuals describe the extensive use of natural products for medicinal ends, with Nature still being the most important source of medicines in the whole world. The World Health Organization has estimated that at least 80% of the world population relies mainly, if not totally, on natural medicinal products. Even in industrialized countries, more than 40% of all pharmaceutical drugs originate from natural sources. Many of these medicines are made with natural ingredients and others are synthetic copies or artificially modified forms of natural chemical products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05972340__

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Yeast and dough condition compositions Inventor(s): Smith; Don L. (1683 E. 6550 S., Salt Lake City, UT 84121), Smith; Shirley J. (1683 E. 6550 S., Salt Lake City, UT 84121) Assignee(s): Smith; Don L. (Salt Lake City, UT), Smith; Shirley J. (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 4,501,757 Date filed: February 1, 1984 Abstract: Yeast quickener and dough conditioner compositions having the ability to reduce raising and baking times and improving shelf life of the baked product are

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obtained by adding to the said compositions an activating amount of fenugreek and a rancidity inhibiting amount of rosemary. Particularly superior characteristics are obtained by adding fenugreek and rosemary to a combination of (1) whey solids, (2) lecithin, (3) ascorbic acid, along with fillers and flavoring agents such as starch, salt, dried honey and silica gel or a silicate salt. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to new yeast quickener and dough compositions, and more particularly, to new and improved yeast quickener and dough conditioner compositions which have the unexpected ability to reduce raising and baking times and yield improved baked products, and to a method for their preparation. Specifically, the invention provides new and improved yeast quickener and dough conditioner compositions which when brought into contact with the yeast, accelerate or stimulate the action of the yeast to bring about a significant reduction in both raising time and baking time and yield based products having improved properties. Said new compositions are obtained by addition of an activating amount of fenugreek to the said compositions. Particularly preferred yeast quickener and dough conditioner compositions having these improved properties are obtained by the addition of an activating amount of fenugreek to a mixture of (1) whey solids, (2) lecithin, (3) ascorbic acid, and (4) rosemary. Yeast compositions comprising dry or liquid yeast and an effect amount of the above-described improved yeast quickener and dough conditioner compositions are also provided. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04501757__

Patent Applications on Fenugreek As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to fenugreek: •

Anti-inflammatory agent and foods and drinks containing the same Inventor(s): Tani, Michio; (Wanchai, HK) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030082245 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: An anti-inflammatory agent exhibiting an anti-inflammatory function is provided, which includes either a set of dried substances or an extract of Perilla leaf, Cacao, Fennel, Fenugreek seed, Rosemary, Juniper berry and Celery seed. This specific set or combination of those natural herbs is effective to relax and suppress symptoms of allergy, particularly holistic symptoms of allergic rhinitis, without causing any substantive adverse effects. Since all of the ingredients included in agent are derived from the natural herbs, a long-term administration of the agent may cause substantively no adverse effects. Also, inclusion of the agent into foods and drinks is also useful. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-inflammatory agent and fools and drinks containing the agent, and more particularly to an anti-inflammatory agent

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 47

effectively inhibiting allergic diseases such as pollen disease and highly suppressing adverse reactions as compared to drugs particularly in case of long-term administration as well as to fools and drinks containing the agent. The pollen disease is one of various allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis. In Japan, the pollen disease has frequently appeared but mostly in the last two decades. In recent years, the incidence rate of the pollen disease has been on the remarkable increase. At present, approximately 30% of the nation of Japan has displayed any allergic symptoms caused by the pollen disease. In the past, a typical example of allergy-causing pollens was only a pollen of cryptomeria. In contrast, recently there have often appeared various allergic symptoms due to not only the pollen of cryptomeria but also other pollens, for example, of cypress and ragweed. Such a variety of allergy-causing pollens results in an increased term for possible incidences of the pollen diseases. Further, other cases of allergic symptoms caused by house dusts or mites have been affirmed. In these cases, such allergic symptoms may often be continued throughout the year. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Feminine care products for the delivery of therapeutic substances Inventor(s): Dvoracek, Barbara Jo; (Appleton, WI), Geiser, Kimberly Marie; (Appleton, WI), Koenig, David William; (Menasha, WI), Krzysik, Duane Gerard; (Appleton, WI), Minerath, Bernard Joseph; (Oshkosh, WI), Tyrrell, David John; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: Kimberly-clark Worldwide, INC.; 401 North Lake Street; Neenah; WI; 54956 Patent Application Number: 20030120224 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: An absorbent personal care device, such as an interlabial pad, tampon, sanitary pad or liner, or incontinence product adapted to deliver a therapeutic agent to the vaginal epithelium for systemic and topical treatment, the tampon including absorbent material and a formulation including a therapeutic agent, wherein the therapeutic agent is a botanical. The botanical may be, but is not limited to, Agnus castus, aloe vera, comfrey, calendula, dong quai, black cohosh, chamomile, evening primrose, Hypericum perforatum, licorice root, black currant seed oil, St. John's wort, tea extracts, lemon balm, capsicum, rosemary, Areca catechu, mung bean, borage seed oil, witch hazel, fenugreek, lavender, soy, heath, cranberries, blueberries, azaleas, red onion skin, short red bell peppers, long red bell peppers, beet root extract, capsanthin, whortleberry, lingenberry, chokeberry, sweet rowan, rowanberry, seabuckhrouberry, crowberry, strawberries, or gooseberries. Excerpt(s): Many disease states and physiological conditions can occur in a woman, including symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, menstruation, and menopause. These symptoms may include dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramping), irritability, water retention, moodiness, depression, anxiety, skin changes, headaches, breast tenderness, tension, weight gain, cravings, fatigue, and hot flashes. Symptoms of conditions can include itching and other associated sensory maladies. Many of these symptoms are due to changes in hormonal levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Menstrual cramping is associated with increased levels of prostaglandin F2.alpha., prostaglandin E2, and in some cases leukotrienes in the endometrium and menstrual fluid. These eicosinoids lead to restricted blood flow to the uterus and increased uterine contractions, causing pain. One example is dysmenorrhea, which is the occurrence of painful uterine cramps during menstruation that affects a large number of post-

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pubescent women. The pain of dysmenorrhea originates in the uterus. Various analgesics can be effective in limiting the pain from dysmenorrhea; some have used orally-delivered analgesics, while others have searched for alternative analgesic delivery methods. Attempts have been made to deliver analgesics in the vicinity of the cervix and the vaginal mucosa using various vaginally-inserted devices and methods. A similar situation exists with many other disease states and physiological conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

HERBAL FORMULATION Inventor(s): Watson, Brenda F.; (Dunedin, FL), Watson, Tommy Stanley; (Dunedin, FL) Correspondence: Macmillan Sobanski & Todd, Llc; One Maritime Plaza Fourth Floor; 720 Water Street; Toledo; OH; 43604-1619; US Patent Application Number: 20030129260 Date filed: January 8, 2002 Abstract: An herbal formulation comprises: slippery elm bark; German chamomile flower; fenugreek seed; fennel seed; skullcap herb; cranberry fruit; peppermint leaf; a mixture of Chinese herbs, comprising atractylodes root, capillary artemisia herb, codonopsis root, Job's tears seed, schisandra fruit, agastache whole plant, Chinese licorice root, Chinese thoroughwax, ginger root, Korean ash branches bark, magnolia bark, phellodendron bark, poria cocos root, psyllium seed, Chinese goldthread, Chinese white peony root, costus root, silver root, tangerine peel, and angelica root; and methylsulfonylmethane. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an herbal formulation. More particularly, the invention is directed to an herbal food supplement comprising a mixture of Western and Chinese herbs which can act as an intestinal bowel soother. Herbal formulations have been used as dietary supplements and natural medicaments for many years. Such formulations may aid the body in dealing with a number of intestinal maladies such as, for example, irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of today's most frequently occurring gastrointestinal disorders, accounting for approximately 40% of all visits to gastroenterology practices. Sometimes called spastic colitis or nervous colon, common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome may include cramping, bloating, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. People afflicted with irritable bowel syndrome have been shown to be almost three times more likely to miss work (13.4 days per year vs. 4.9 days per year) than those who do not suffer from this infirmity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Method and composition for promoting hair growth Inventor(s): Grallert, Burkhard; (Douglas, GB) Correspondence: Melvin I Stoltz; 51 Cherry Street; Milford; CT; 06460; US Patent Application Number: 20030152655 Date filed: February 11, 2003 Abstract: A composition for preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth comprises fenugreek extract and a carrier, for example, hydroxylated lecithin and glycerine. The

Patents 49

composition is preferably in the form of a spray which is applied beneath the tongue for translingual absorption. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and composition for promoting hair growth. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of promoting hair growth which includes the use of a formulation containing fenugreek extract. The formulation is preferably applied topically so as to be absorbed translingually into the bloodstream. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nutritional composition, methods of producing said composition and methods of using said composition Inventor(s): Siskind, Harry J.; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: Kenyon & Kenyon; One Broadway; New York; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20010048952 Date filed: December 18, 2000 Abstract: Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are disclosed. Nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids are also disclosed. Methods for preparing and using these compositions are additionally provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/171267, filed Dec. 16, 1999. The present invention provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The instant invention also provides nutritional compositions comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids. The invention additionally contemplates methods for preparing these compositions and methods of using the compositions. It has now been discovered that a nutritional composition comprising aloe vera, hydrolyzed collagen, garcinia cambogia tea, fenugreek tea, coleus forskohli tea, chromium polynicotinate, chromium picolinate, chromium cruciferate, conjugated linoleic acid, fiber and natural amino acids effectively assists in the reduction of body fat, enhancement of nutrient absorption, and formation and protection of lean muscle tissue. The composition may also possess antioxidant properties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Process for obtaining useful materials from fenugreek seeds Inventor(s): Ponraj, Angappa M.; (Tamil Nadu, IN), Rajendran, Thavitturpalayan K.; (Tamil Nadu, IN), Rao, Garrimella B.; (Tamil Nadu, IN) Correspondence: Innovar, Llc; P O Box 250647; Plano; TX; 75025; US Patent Application Number: 20010024665 Date filed: February 9, 2001 Abstract: A method for obtaining substantially pure fixed oil(s), oleoresin and dietary fiber from Fenugreek seeds is provided. The method employs two different solvent extraction stages, wherein the first extraction isolates fixed oils and the second extraction isolates oleoresin. The dietary fiber remaining after extraction is clean, approximately light yellow to light brown, substantially tasteless and substantially odorless. An extraction system (23) for conducting the extractions is also provided. The extraction system (23) includes a condenser (24), a seed holding extraction vessel (25), a reboiler ((26), solvent and extract reservoir) and a feedback loop (28). The extraction solvent is obtained from the reboiler and it is contacted with the Fenugreek seeds while hot shortly after condensation in the condenser. The extraction system employs minimal amounts of solvent compared to conventional processes. In terms of color, taste, and/or odor, the food grade isolated fixed oils, oleoresin and dietary fiber are superior to those products obtained from conventional extraction processes. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a process for extraction of seeds and specifically to a process for the preparation of useful materials such as dietary fiber, oleoresin and fixed oils from the seeds of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graecum L). This invention also relates to an extraction apparatus for extraction of the seeds. Fenugreek is an herbaceous plant of the leguminous family and is native to Western Asia, from where it has spread widely over Europe, the Mediterranean and rest of Asia. It is one of the oldest cultivated plants and through the ages has found wide application as a food, a food additive and in the traditional medicine of every region in which it has been cultivated. For example, one of its earliest uses was in Egypt where it was used as a flavoring agent in bread and other foods and as an anti-pyretic. Similarly, in India and elsewhere, the leaves, and both the ripe and unripe seeds of Fenugreek are used as vegetables and the ripe seed further, has numerous applications in the traditional medicine system of India. The seeds also function as a preservative and are added to pickles, chutneys and other similar products. In modem food practice, the seeds or the extract are used in bakery products, frozen dairy products, meat products, relish, condiments, candy, gravy sauces, gelatin puddings and in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. The leaves of Fenugreek are also used in forage for cattle and the seeds as an additive in cattle feeds. Because of its significant nutrition potential, the seeds and products made therefrom are also used as food supplements. Fenugreek has been used in treating colic flatulence, dysentery, diarrhea, dyspepsia with loss of appetite, chronic cough, dropsy, enlargement of liver and spleen, rickets, gout and diabetes. The seed is stated to be a tonic. It is also used in post-natal cure and to increase lactation in nursing mothers. Its lactation inducing property is also used with milch cattle to increase the yield of milk. The seed was used as a cure for baldness in the middle ages and today it is used as part of hair tonics in some countries. The seed also has several applications in veterinary medicine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with fenugreek, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on fenugreek. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning fenugreek. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON FENUGREEK Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to fenugreek. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on fenugreek include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on fenugreek: •

101 Nutrition Tips for People with Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. 122 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400280. Order number 482801. Summary: This book answers 101 of the most commonly asked questions about diabetes and nutrition. Questions in chapter one provide general information about nutrition, including the types of foods people who have diabetes need to eat to maintain good control, the difference between the Diabetes Food Pyramid and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Pyramid, and the use of carbohydrate counting in meal planning. Chapter two addresses nutrition issues as they relate to the use of oral agents and insulin. The next chapter focuses on nutrition issues relevant to children, such as

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refusing to eat and eating school lunches. This is followed by chapters that answer questions about fats, cholesterol, sugar, and sweetening agents. Chapter six provides information on food consumption before, during, and after exercise; the use of sports drinks; and weight training. The next chapter focuses on weight related issues such as body mass index, ideal body weight, weight loss, and weight loss drugs. This is followed by a chapter that answers questions about chromium, magnesium, vanadium, and folate supplements; antioxidants; and fenugreek. Chapter nine offers tips on shopping and meal planning. The next chapter addresses special situations, including treating low blood glucose, eating when sick, drinking alcohol, dining in restaurants, traveling, adjusting food and insulin for a swing shift schedule, preventing hypoglycemia, and using a nutritional supplement. Remaining chapters answer miscellaneous questions and list resources. The book concludes with an index. 17 tables.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “fenugreek” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “fenugreek” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “fenugreek” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Fenugreek: The Genus Trigonella by Georgios A. Petropoulos (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0415296579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415296579/icongroupinterna

•

Selected Markets for Turmeric, Coriander Seed, Cumin Seed, Fenugreek Seed and Curry Powder (Report of the Tropical Products Institute) by Alan Smith (1982); ISBN: 0859541592; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859541592/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Fenugreek In order to find chapters that specifically relate to fenugreek, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and fenugreek using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on fenugreek: •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Diabetes Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 115-133.

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Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: This chapter discusses the use of herbal medications and nutraceuticals in the management of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by impaired glucose tolerance or a deficiency or an absolute lack of insulin. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and fatigue. People who have type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to adequately control blood glucose levels, whereas people who have type 2 diabetes may be able to control their blood glucose with diet, exercise, and oral medications. Any substance that affects blood glucose may adversely affect the patient's blood glucose control, and herbal products are no exception. The chapter uses a case based format to provide information on the pharmacology of various herbs and nutraceuticals, potential and known interactions, adverse herbal side effects, and effects of the disease state that may affect medication efficacy. Herbs and nutraceuticals discussed include momordica charantia, chromium picolinate, ginseng, ephedra, fenugreek, and GS4. 4 tables. 76 references.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “fenugreek” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Herbal Medications, Nutraceuticals, and Diabetes Source: in Miller, L.G. and Murray, W.J., eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press. 1998. p. 115-133. Contact: Available from Haworth Herbal Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 139041580. (800) HAWORTH. Fax (800) 895-0582. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.haworthpressinc.com. PRICE: $39.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0789004666. Summary: This chapter discusses the use of herbal medications and nutraceuticals in the management of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by impaired glucose tolerance or a deficiency or an absolute lack of insulin. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and fatigue. People who have type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to adequately control blood glucose levels, whereas people who have type 2 diabetes may be able to control their blood glucose with diet, exercise, and oral medications. Any substance that affects blood glucose may adversely affect the patient's blood glucose control, and herbal products are no exception. The chapter uses a case based format to provide information on the pharmacology of various herbs and nutraceuticals, potential and known interactions, adverse herbal side effects, and effects of the disease state that may affect medication efficacy. Herbs and nutraceuticals discussed include momordica charantia, chromium picolinate, ginseng, ephedra, fenugreek, and GS4. 4 tables. 76 references.

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface,

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

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providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 155 2 432 1 0 590

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “fenugreek” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles 14 The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

17

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 18 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 19 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each

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every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fenugreek can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fenugreek. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fenugreek. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fenugreek”:

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•

Other guides Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fenugreek. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fenugreek. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fenugreek.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fenugreek. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fenugreek” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fenugreek”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fenugreek” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fenugreek” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

75

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

77

FENUGREEK DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU]

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Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Angelica root: The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiabetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are

Dictionary 79

split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Artemisia: A genus of composite herbs and shrubs with strong-smelling foliage. Included in this genus are A. abrotanum (southernwood), A. absinthium (wormwood), and A. maritima (A. pauciflora), from which santonin is derived. A. absinthium oil contains neurotoxic agents (1-thujone and d-isothujone). [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Auxins: Organic compounds found in plant sprouts. They promote tissue growth through cell elongation rather than multiplication. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance

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whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioreactors: Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH]

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Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsicum: A genus of Solanaceous shrubs that yield capsaicin. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy

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vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH]

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Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH]

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Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokinins: Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH]

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Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diosgenin: (25R)-Spirost-5-en-3-beta-ol. A steroid sapogenin which is isolated from various plants. Can be converted to ecdysone, pregnenolone, and progesterone. Synonym: nitogenin. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Drug Industry: That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH]

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Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]

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Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic

Acid:

N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-

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glutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is

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a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemicellulose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma

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glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH]

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In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infections: The illnesses caused by an organism that usually does not cause disease in a person with a normal immune system. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are

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vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

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and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Maple Syrup Urine Disease: A genetic disorder involving deficiency of an enzyme necessary in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, and named for the characteristic odor of the urine. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH]

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Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates. It is usually used for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH]

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Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH]

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Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of

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skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polydipsia: Chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyphagia: Great hunger; a sign of diabetes. People with this great hunger often lose weight. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or

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symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnenolone: Steroid hormone. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the

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animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH]

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Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins

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have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to

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season food. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell

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Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50

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to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization.

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It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 12, 23, 77 A Abdomen, 40, 77, 80, 86, 87, 92, 93, 103 Abdominal, 77, 83, 92, 96, 99 Abdominal Pain, 77, 92 Acceptor, 77, 93, 96 Adaptability, 77, 82 Adjuvant, 77, 89 Adrenal Cortex, 77, 99 Adrenergic, 77, 106 Adverse Effect, 4, 6, 46, 77, 102 Affinity, 77, 102 Age of Onset, 77, 104 Alfalfa, 4, 5, 11, 14, 77 Algorithms, 77, 80 Alimentary, 77, 86 Alkaline, 77, 81 Alkaloid, 42, 78, 81, 106 Allergic Rhinitis, 46, 47, 78 Aloe, 4, 5, 47, 49, 78 Alpha-1, 78, 97 Alpha-helix, 78, 93 Alternative medicine, 5, 78 Amino Acids, 10, 49, 78, 83, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103 Analgesic, 48, 78 Analogous, 78, 98, 104 Angelica root, 42, 48, 78 Animal model, 78 Antibacterial, 41, 78 Antibody, 77, 78, 83, 100, 102 Anticoagulant, 78, 105 Antidiabetic, 5, 10, 20, 78 Anti-infective, 78, 81, 91 Anti-inflammatory, 46, 78, 101 Antineoplastic, 15, 30, 78, 85 Antioxidant, 14, 20, 27, 49, 78, 79, 102 Antipruritic, 79, 81 Anus, 79, 88 Anxiety, 47, 79 Apoptosis, 27, 79 Aqueous, 8, 79, 85, 91 Arachidonic Acid, 79, 93, 99 Arginine, 79, 104 Aromatic, 79, 83, 84, 102 Artemisia, 42, 48, 79 Arterial, 79, 91, 99, 103

Arteries, 79, 80, 85, 94, 95 Arterioles, 79, 81 Ascorbic Acid, 11, 22, 46, 79, 91 Astringents, 79, 88 Atrial, 79, 105 Atrial Fibrillation, 79, 105 Auxins, 25, 79 B Bacteria, 78, 79, 80, 86, 87, 88, 94, 95 Bactericidal, 79, 88 Base, 79, 85, 93 Bile, 14, 15, 29, 39, 80, 89, 94, 103 Bile Acids, 80, 103 Bile Acids and Salts, 80 Bile Ducts, 80, 89 Bilirubin, 80, 89 Bioreactors, 15, 80 Biosynthesis, 10, 79, 80, 101 Biotechnology, 7, 61, 80 Biotin, 42, 80 Bladder, 80, 92, 105 Bloating, 42, 48, 80, 92 Blood Coagulation, 80, 81 Blood Glucose, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21, 22, 54, 55, 62, 80, 90, 91, 92 Blood pressure, 80, 91, 95, 102 Body Fluids, 80, 102 Body Mass Index, 54, 80, 96 Body Regions, 80, 83 Bowel, 42, 48, 80, 86, 92, 93, 103 Branch, 73, 81, 94, 97, 102 Breakdown, 81, 86, 89 Breast Feeding, 29, 81 Bronchitis, 81, 88 C Calcification, 43, 81 Calcium, 11, 17, 21, 81, 83, 95, 97 Calculi, 81, 90 Calendula, 47, 81 Camphor, 45, 81 Capillary, 42, 48, 81, 101, 105 Capsaicin, 5, 6, 81 Capsicum, 4, 47, 81 Capsules, 5, 38, 81, 89 Carbohydrate, 39, 44, 53, 81, 90, 98 Carcinogen, 77, 81 Carcinogenesis, 12, 23, 81 Carcinogenic, 81, 100, 103

108 Fenugreek

Cardiac, 79, 81, 95, 103 Cardiovascular, 81, 93 Carotene, 11, 22, 81, 83, 101 Carotenoids, 81, 82 Cecum, 82, 93 Cell, 11, 15, 27, 29, 44, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103 Cell Death, 27, 79, 82, 95 Cell Division, 79, 82, 95, 98 Cellobiose, 82 Cellulose, 44, 82, 90, 98 Central Nervous System, 82, 90, 93 Cerebral, 82, 102 Cerebral Palsy, 82, 102 Cervix, 48, 82 Chamomile, 42, 47, 48, 82 Chlorophyll, 82 Chloroplasts, 26, 82 Cholesterol, 5, 6, 11, 15, 28, 29, 31, 54, 80, 82, 89, 101, 103 Choline, 82 Chromatin, 79, 82 Chromium, 5, 49, 54, 55, 62, 82 Chronic, 3, 5, 13, 44, 50, 83, 86, 98, 105 Chronic Disease, 3, 5, 44, 83 Chymotrypsin, 13, 25, 83 Citrus, 79, 83 Clinical Medicine, 83, 98 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 7, 11, 61, 83, 84, 100 Cloning, 80, 83 Coagulation, 80, 83, 103, 105 Coenzyme, 79, 83 Cofactor, 83, 99 Colic, 50, 83 Colitis, 42, 48, 83, 92 Collagen, 49, 83, 89, 98, 99 Comfrey, 33, 38, 43, 47, 83 Complement, 83, 84 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 34, 84 Complementary medicine, 19, 84 Computational Biology, 61, 84 Condiments, 50, 84 Conjugated, 49, 80, 84 Connective Tissue, 38, 79, 83, 84, 89 Connective Tissue Cells, 84 Consciousness, 78, 84 Constipation, 31, 42, 44, 48, 84, 92 Consumption, 5, 40, 41, 44, 54, 84, 100 Contraindications, ii, 84 Controlled study, 11, 22, 84 Conventional therapy, 3, 84, 85

Conventional treatment, 4, 84, 85 Coronary, 11, 22, 44, 85, 94, 95 Coronary Thrombosis, 85, 94, 95 Corpus, 85, 99 Corpus Luteum, 85, 99 Coumarins, 82, 85 Creatine, 12, 23, 85 Creatine Kinase, 12, 23, 85 Creatinine, 85 Curative, 40, 41, 85, 101 Cyclic, 85, 99 Cysteine, 85, 103 Cytokinins, 26, 85 Cytoplasm, 26, 79, 85 D Dairy Products, 40, 41, 50, 85 Databases, Bibliographic, 61, 85 Deletion, 79, 85 Density, 80, 85 Deoxyribonucleic, 85, 86, 101 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 86, 101 Diabetes Insipidus, 86, 98 Diabetes Mellitus, 3, 16, 23, 31, 39, 86, 89, 91, 98 Diabetic Retinopathy, 6, 86 Diagnostic procedure, 37, 86 Diarrhea, 42, 48, 50, 86, 88, 92 Diastolic, 86, 91 Dietary Fiber, 43, 44, 50, 86 Digestion, 14, 44, 77, 80, 86, 92, 94, 103 Digestive system, 86, 89 Diosgenin, 14, 16, 27, 28, 30, 43, 86 Diploid, 86, 98 Direct, iii, 83, 86, 100 Disease Vectors, 86, 92 Disinfectant, 86, 88 Distal, 86, 97 Diuretic, 86, 102 Drug Industry, 44, 86 Duodenum, 80, 83, 86, 96, 103 Dysentery, 50, 86 Dysmenorrhea, 47, 86 Dyspepsia, 50, 86 E Edema, 86, 87 Efficacy, 12, 55, 62, 87 Elastin, 83, 87 Electrolyte, 87, 102 Electrons, 79, 80, 87, 96, 100 Emboli, 87, 105 Embolism, 87, 100, 106 Embolization, 87, 105

Index 109

Embryo, 43, 87, 98 Emodin, 78, 87 Enamel, 87, 93 Endocrine Glands, 87, 97 Endometrium, 47, 87, 94 Enteropeptidase, 87, 104 Environmental Health, 60, 62, 87 Enzymatic, 81, 82, 84, 87, 101 Enzyme, 80, 83, 87, 93, 94, 97, 103, 105, 106 Epidermal, 42, 87 Epidermis, 87, 93 Epigastric, 87, 96 Epithelial, 87, 88 Epithelial Cells, 87, 88 Epithelium, 47, 88 Erythrocytes, 14, 27, 88, 100 Esophagus, 86, 88, 89, 103 Ethanol, 15, 27, 29, 88 Eucalyptus, 4, 5, 88 Evacuation, 84, 88, 93 Excipient, 45, 88 Exocrine, 88, 96 Exogenous, 55, 62, 88, 104 Extracellular, 84, 88, 102 Extracellular Matrix, 84, 88 Extraction, 28, 43, 44, 50, 88 F Family Planning, 61, 88 Fat, 49, 79, 80, 82, 87, 88, 93, 96, 104 Fatigue, 47, 55, 62, 88 Fatty acids, 88, 93, 99 Feces, 84, 88, 103 Feeding Behavior, 28, 88 Fetus, 88, 98, 99, 105 Flatulence, 50, 88 Flatus, 88, 89 Flavoring Agents, 46, 88 Folate, 54, 88, 89 Folic Acid, 88 Follicles, 42, 89 Food Habits, 44, 89 Food Preferences, 89 Fractionation, 43, 89 G Gallbladder, 39, 77, 80, 86, 89 Gallstones, 45, 80, 89 Gas, 14, 20, 78, 88, 89, 91, 92, 96 Gastric, 12, 24, 28, 89 Gastroenterology, 42, 48, 89 Gastrointestinal, 42, 44, 48, 78, 88, 89, 93 Gastrointestinal tract, 44, 88, 89, 93 Gelatin, 50, 89, 103

Gene, 80, 89 Ginger, 4, 6, 11, 15, 22, 32, 33, 40, 42, 48, 89 Ginkgo biloba, 4, 5, 89 Ginseng, 4, 5, 6, 41, 55, 62, 89 Gland, 77, 89, 96, 97, 101 Glucose, 4, 6, 12, 13, 15, 24, 25, 30, 39, 55, 62, 79, 80, 82, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97, 102 Glucose Intolerance, 86, 89 Glucose tolerance, 55, 62, 89 Glucose Tolerance Test, 89, 90 Glycogen, 13, 25, 90, 97 Glycoside, 90 Glycosidic, 82, 90, 97 Goats, 85, 90 Gonadal, 90, 103 Gout, 50, 90 Governing Board, 90, 98 Grade, 50, 90 Growth, 10, 25, 38, 41, 42, 48, 49, 78, 79, 80, 82, 90, 94, 95, 98, 104 H Hair follicles, 42, 90, 105 Haploid, 90, 98 Headache, 90, 99 Heart attack, 44, 90 Helminths, 90, 92 Hemicellulose, 44, 90 Hemoglobin, 88, 90 Hepatic, 13, 25, 90, 91 Hepatotoxic, 83, 91, 100 Heredity, 89, 91 Homeostasis, 15, 30, 91 Hormonal, 47, 91 Hormone, 91, 92, 97, 99 Host, 86, 91, 93, 105 Hydrogen, 77, 80, 81, 91, 93, 95, 96 Hydrogen Peroxide, 91, 93 Hydrolysis, 82, 91, 98, 104 Hydroxylysine, 83, 91 Hydroxyproline, 83, 91 Hypersensitivity, 91, 93 Hypertension, 44, 90, 91 Hyperuricemia, 90, 91 Hypoglycemia, 54, 91 Hypoglycemic, 5, 26, 91 I Id, 16, 30, 66, 72, 74, 91 Imidazole, 80, 91 Immune system, 91, 92, 93 Impotence, 6, 91, 106 In situ, 10, 92 In vitro, 13, 14, 21, 22, 24, 25, 92

110 Fenugreek

In vivo, 22, 92 Incontinence, 47, 92 Indicative, 27, 54, 92, 97 Infancy, 92, 101 Infarction, 92 Infections, 88, 90, 92 Infestation, 41, 92 Inflammation, 78, 81, 83, 86, 92, 93, 105 Ingestion, 14, 19, 28, 90, 92 Insecticides, 41, 92 Insomnia, 92, 99 Insulin, 5, 11, 12, 13, 16, 22, 23, 24, 32, 39, 53, 55, 62, 90, 92, 104 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 40, 92 Internal Medicine, 89, 92 Intestinal, 13, 25, 42, 48, 82, 87, 89, 92 Intestine, 80, 92, 93 Intoxication, 92, 105 Intracellular, 92, 99 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 42, 44, 48, 92 Irritants, 86, 92 Isoenzyme, 85, 93 J Juniper, 4, 5, 46, 93 K Karaya Gum, 5, 93 Kb, 60, 93 Keratin, 42, 93 L Lactation, 50, 93 Large Intestine, 44, 82, 86, 92, 93, 100, 102 Laxative, 87, 93, 102 Lesion, 93, 94, 105 Leukotrienes, 22, 47, 79, 93 Library Services, 72, 93 Ligaments, 85, 93 Lipid, 10, 21, 82, 92, 93, 104 Lipid Peroxidation, 21, 93 Lipoxygenase, 93 Liver, 14, 27, 50, 77, 79, 80, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95 Localization, 20, 94 Localized, 94, 98, 105 Locomotion, 94, 98 Loop, 50, 94 Lymphatic, 94, 103 Lymphatic system, 94, 103 Lysine, 33, 91, 94, 104 M Malignant, 78, 94, 95 Mammogram, 81, 94, 95

Maple Syrup Urine Disease, 14, 23, 28, 94 Meat, 40, 41, 50, 94 Meat Products, 40, 41, 50, 94 MEDLINE, 61, 94 Membrane, 78, 82, 84, 88, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103 Menopause, 47, 94 Menstrual Cycle, 47, 94, 99 Menstruation, 47, 86, 94, 99 Metabolic disorder, 86, 90, 94 Methionine, 94, 103 MI, 75, 94 Microbe, 94, 104 Microcalcifications, 81, 95 Microorganism, 83, 95, 105 Milk Thistle, 4, 95, 102 Mitosis, 79, 95 Mitotic, 85, 95 Molecular, 20, 23, 27, 28, 30, 61, 63, 80, 84, 95 Molecule, 80, 83, 84, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 101 Monitor, 4, 5, 85, 95 Morphological, 27, 87, 95 Mucosa, 48, 95 Mucus, 86, 95 Mung bean, 47, 95 Mydriatic, 95, 106 Myocardial infarction, 85, 94, 95, 106 Myocardium, 94, 95 N Nausea, 32, 95, 99 Necrosis, 79, 92, 94, 95 Need, 3, 4, 41, 53, 54, 62, 67, 90, 95, 104 Neoplasms, 78, 95 Neuropathy, 95, 97 Neurotoxic, 79, 96 Nitrogen, 10, 78, 96, 104 Nucleic acid, 96, 101 Nucleus, 79, 82, 85, 96 O Odour, 23, 79, 96 Ointments, 82, 96 Optic Disk, 86, 96 Organelles, 85, 96 Organoleptic, 27, 96 Ossification, 96, 101 Ovary, 85, 96, 98 Overweight, 6, 16, 96 Ovum, 85, 96, 99, 106 Oxidation, 77, 79, 93, 96 Oxidative metabolism, 93, 96

Index 111

P Pancreas, 40, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 92, 96, 104 Pancreatic, 5, 22, 40, 83, 96 Pancreatic Juice, 83, 96 Paralysis, 97, 102 Parasitic, 86, 90, 92, 97 Parathyroid, 97, 101 Parathyroid Glands, 97, 101 Pathologic, 79, 85, 91, 97 Pathologic Processes, 79, 97 Patient Education, 3, 70, 72, 75, 97 Peptide, 87, 93, 97, 98, 99 Perfusion, 80, 97 Peripheral Neuropathy, 6, 97 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 82, 88, 89, 97 Pharmacologic, 97, 104 Phospholipids, 88, 97 Phosphorus, 81, 97 Phosphorylase, 13, 25, 97 Physiologic, 80, 94, 97, 99 Physiology, 29, 30, 89, 97 Pigment, 80, 82, 97 Placenta, 98, 99 Plants, 26, 40, 43, 45, 50, 78, 82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104 Plasma, 10, 28, 89, 90, 98 Platelet Aggregation, 11, 22, 98 Platelets, 98, 103 Platinum, 94, 98 Pleated, 93, 98 Pollen, 47, 98, 100 Polydipsia, 55, 62, 98 Polypeptide, 83, 98, 106 Polyphagia, 55, 62, 98 Polysaccharide, 14, 82, 93, 98 Polyuria, 55, 62, 98 Posterior, 96, 98 Postprandial, 12, 98 Practice Guidelines, 63, 98 Precursor, 44, 79, 82, 87, 98, 104 Pregnenolone, 86, 99 Premenstrual, 47, 99 Premenstrual Syndrome, 47, 99 Prenatal, 14, 28, 87, 99 Progesterone, 40, 44, 86, 99, 103 Progression, 78, 99 Progressive, 90, 95, 99 Proline, 83, 91, 99 Prophylaxis, 99, 105 Prostaglandin, 47, 99 Prostaglandins A, 99

Protein S, 80, 99 Proteins, 10, 44, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104 Protozoa, 86, 95, 99 Psyllium, 12, 23, 33, 42, 48, 100 Public Policy, 61, 100 Publishing, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 100 Pulmonary, 80, 84, 93, 100, 105 Pulmonary Embolism, 100, 105 Pulse, 95, 100 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 83, 100 Q Quercetin, 6, 100 R Radiation, 89, 100 Radiation therapy, 89, 100 Randomized, 87, 100 Recombinant, 80, 100 Rectum, 79, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 100, 103 Red blood cells, 88, 100 Refer, 1, 83, 89, 94, 100 Regimen, 38, 87, 100 Respiration, 95, 96, 100 Restoration, 14, 28, 101, 106 Retina, 86, 101 Retinal, 86, 96, 101 Ribonucleic acid, 26, 101 Rickets, 50, 101 Rigidity, 98, 101 Rutin, 100, 101 S Salicylate, 82, 101 Sanitary, 47, 101 Sapogenins, 10, 13, 20, 24, 28, 43, 101 Saponin, 101 Scleroproteins, 93, 101 Screening, 83, 101 Sebaceous, 93, 101, 105 Secretion, 92, 93, 95, 101 Serine, 83, 101, 104 Serum, 21, 83, 85, 101 Side effect, 4, 5, 42, 55, 62, 77, 91, 102, 104 Silymarin, 95, 102 Skeletal, 85, 102 Skeleton, 99, 102 Small intestine, 80, 82, 86, 91, 92, 102, 104 Sodium, 13, 25, 90, 102 Solvent, 50, 88, 102 Somatic, 95, 97, 102 Sorbitol, 6, 102 Spastic, 42, 48, 92, 102 Spasticity, 102

112 Fenugreek

Specialist, 67, 102 Species, 81, 82, 89, 90, 95, 97, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106 Specificity, 7, 29, 77, 102 Sperm, 98, 102 Spices, 81, 102 Spinal cord, 82, 95, 103 Spleen, 14, 27, 50, 94, 103 Steel, 103, 105 Steroid, 13, 24, 26, 28, 80, 86, 99, 101, 103 Stimulants, 89, 103 Stomach, 77, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 102, 103 Stool, 92, 93, 103 Stress, 92, 95, 103 Sulfur, 41, 94, 103 Supplementation, 21, 103 Suppositories, 89, 103 Synergistic, 38, 103 Systemic, 47, 80, 100, 103, 106 Systolic, 91, 103 T Tenesmus, 86, 103 Thorax, 77, 103 Threshold, 91, 103 Thrombin, 98, 103 Thrombosis, 99, 103 Thrombus, 85, 92, 98, 103, 105 Thylakoids, 82, 103 Ticks, 92, 104 Tin, 97, 98, 104 Tolerance, 77, 90, 104 Tome, 40, 104 Tonic, 50, 104 Topical, 38, 40, 47, 79, 88, 91, 104 Toxic, iv, 5, 41, 91, 95, 104 Toxicity, 10, 19, 27, 41, 87, 104 Toxicology, 19, 27, 62, 104 Toxins, 41, 104 Trace element, 82, 104 Transfection, 80, 104 Translocation, 26, 104

Trees, 88, 104 Triglyceride, 5, 104 Trypsin, 13, 25, 83, 87, 104, 106 Tryptophan, 83, 104 Tuberculosis, 84, 104 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 6, 11, 22, 55, 62, 104 U Ulcer, 12, 24, 105 Unconscious, 91, 105 Urethra, 105 Uric, 90, 91, 105 Urinary, 40, 81, 92, 98, 105 Urine, 19, 39, 80, 85, 86, 92, 94, 98, 105 Uterine Contraction, 47, 105 Uterus, 47, 82, 85, 87, 94, 99, 105 V Vagina, 82, 94, 105 Vaginal, 47, 48, 105 Vanadium, 54, 105 Venous, 99, 105 Venous Thrombosis, 105 Venules, 81, 105 Veterinary Medicine, 50, 61, 105 Viral, 40, 41, 105 Virulence, 104, 105 Virus, 105 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 86, 105 Vitro, 105 Vivo, 105 Vulgaris, 33, 105 W Warfarin, 14, 27, 33, 105 Weight Gain, 47, 106 Womb, 105, 106 Wound Healing, 83, 106 X Xenograft, 78, 106 Y Yohimbine, 5, 106 Z Zymogen, 83, 106

Index 113

114 Fenugreek

Index 115

116 Fenugreek

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