AD IETS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Fad Diets: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83903-4 1. Fad Diets-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on fad diets. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FAD DIETS ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Fad Diets ....................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FAD DIETS ......................................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Fad Diets........................................................................................ 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 11 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FAD DIETS ................................................................. 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 17 General References ....................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FAD DIETS ................................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Dissertations on Fad Diets........................................................................................................... 19 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FAD DIETS ................................................................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 21 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 22 Chapters on Fad Diets.................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON FAD DIETS ...................................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Audio Recordings......................................................................................................................... 25 Bibliography: Multimedia on Fad Diets....................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FAD DIETS ................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 27 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 28 Academic Periodicals covering Fad Diets .................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 33 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 35 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 39 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 43 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 47 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 47 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 53 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 53
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FAD DIETS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 55 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 65
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with fad diets is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about fad diets, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to fad diets, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on fad diets. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to fad diets, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on fad diets. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON FAD DIETS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on fad diets.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and fad diets, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
The low-carb diet craze Source: Time Magazine. p. 73-79. November 1, 1999. Summary: Fad diets come and go, but the low-carb, high-protein diet is exploding. Stein discusses whether you can really lose weight by feasting on beef, eggs and bacon and whether or not it's healthy to.
•
Eighth Annual Healthy Weight Week Promotes Health and Diversity Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 15(1):2. January/February 2001. Summary: Healthy Weight Week encourages companies and television shows to depict healthy active women of all shapes and sizes. It sponsors awards to promote healthy eating and increased physical activity while trying to prevent weight cycling and eating
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Fad Diets
disorders. In 2001, Healthy Weight Week was celebrated January 21 to 27, and Healthy Weight Day was January 25. January 23 was Rid the World of Fad Diets and Gimmicks Day, which spotlighted the widespread fraud and quackery in the weight loss industry. The article highlights the Healthy Weight Awards for 2001 in the categories of best advertisement, best television show, and best catalog. The Slim Chance Awards, designed to bring attention to dubious weight loss products, 'awards' recipients for the worst claim, worst product, worst gadget, and most outrageous. The 2001 recipients are listed. The article provides the Web site of Healthy Weight Week and the Healthy Weight Network. •
Ways to win at weight loss Source: FDA Consumer. May 1998. Contact: Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 37154, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. (202) 512-1800. Summary: Larkin states that many people persist in seeking simple cures to overweight and obesity. Lured by fad diets or pills that promise a quick and easy path to thinness, they end up disappointed when they regain lost weight. This article discusses how to succeed at weight loss.
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Nutritional Support for the AIDS Patient Source: Caring Magazine. 9(10): 70-74. October 1990. Summary: Maintaining the nutritional status of the AIDS patient can help offset the weight and energy loss associated with the disease, helping the patient to function more normally. However, AIDS and its many manifestations present a number of obstacles to sustaining a nutritionally balanced diet. This article discusses these obstacles and the role of home health care providers in overcoming them. Specific difficulties discussed include anorexia, decreased appetite, oral and esophageal pain or lesions, chewing and swallowing difficulties, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal complications, altered taste perception, and fad diets undertaken as alternative remedies for the disease. A brief section discusses pediatric AIDS. 1 table. (AA-M).
•
On the teen scene: Should you go on a diet Source: FDA Consumer. May 1997. Contact: Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 37154, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. (202) 512-1800. Summary: Not all teens who go on diets need to lose weight. Papazian states that pressure from friends--and sometimes parents--to be very slim may create a distorted body image. This article discusses that the health effects of fad diets can be permanent-especially for teenagers.
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Weight Loss and Obesity, NHLBI Style Source: Dietitian's Edge. 2(6): 30-41. November-December 2001. Summary: Schryver expands on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI) clinical guidelines and its practical guide on overweight and obesity in adults. She reviews the guidelines, which are intended for health professionals, and then discusses nontraditional weight loss tools and current weight loss trends. Using NHLBI's guidelines, the article discusses assessments of overweight and obesity. It then
Studies
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discusses individuals' willingness to change, their personal attitudes, setting a target weight, developing a management program, calorie reduction, fad diets, liquid meal replacements, supplements, and physical activity. •
Dangerous Dieting Source: Essence. 33(4):75-76, 164. August 2002. Summary: This article reports on the dangers of fad diets and supplements for weight loss. Although they may be effective in the short term, fad diets and supplements do not keep weight off for the long term and may have associated health risks. Supplements that claim to induce weight loss by speeding up metabolism usually contain stimulants that can cause numbness and tingling in the extremities, dizziness, increased blood pressure, chest pain, and heart palpitations. Some supplements may also act as diuretics, which can effect fluid and electrolyte balance. Health risks of diet fads include vitamin and mineral deficiencies, weight cycling, and high intakes of foods that increase the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers. The article provides tips on losing weight safely.
•
`K-Ration': Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Source: Diabetes Forecast. 55(2): 44-46. February 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on the work of Dr. Ancel Keys in the area of diet and heart disease; with his wife Margaret, a biochemist, Dr. Keys has written many popular books on the topic. Dr. Keys developed the widely used combat ration used in World War II (K-Rations) and also studied the effects of starvation. Dr. Keys' work had a major impact on public health policy and led to the development of the food pyramids used by the United States Department of Agriculture. The author briefly reviews all the risk factors for coronary disease, and how they interrelate in a person with diabetes. The author also considers how exercise and a healthy diet have been shown to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The author concludes by summarizing the advice of Dr. and Mrs. Keys: do not smoke, get plenty of pleasurable and useful exercise, be happy, avoid fad diets, and eat less saturated fat and lots of beans.
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Hype! Hype! Hooray! Source: Dietitian's Edge. 2(6): 42-46. November-December 2001. Summary: This article, written for dietitians to dispel myths on fad diets, describes some of the current popular weight loss diets. For each diet, Foco reviews how the diet works and its potential advantages and risks. It suggests questions to curb a curious client. The diets include low carbohydrate and high protein. The diets eliminate concentrated sources of sugar and high glycemic carbohydrate foods, and include a low carbohydrate, high-protein diet in conjunction with food combining. Foco asserts that the three components that the best-seller diet books have in common are a gimmick or hook that is perceived as new and motivates people. The gimmick is 'graspable' with few subjective messages such as 'all foods can fit' into a diet; and the rules control something so that calorie intake becomes self-limited. Foco provides guidance for dietitians on their role as nutrition experts.
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Federally Funded Research on Fad Diets The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to fad diets. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to fad diets. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore fad diets.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with fad diets, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for fad diets (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A practical guide to fad diets. Author(s): Porcello LA. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1984 July; 3(3): 723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6571242&dopt=Abstract
•
Another diet revolution? The latest fashion in fad diets. Author(s): Levine GM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 July; 107(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592425&dopt=Abstract
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Fad diets for the treatment of obesity. Author(s): Russ CS. Source: Cda J. 1984 September; 12(9): 60-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6590134&dopt=Abstract
•
Fad diets. Evaluation of five common types. Author(s): Friedman RB. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1986 January; 79(1): 249-55, 258. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3510425&dopt=Abstract
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Spotting fad diets. Author(s): Gibbs M, Hay DR. Source: N Z Med J. 1990 October 10; 103(899): 492. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216141&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND FAD DIETS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and fad diets.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Fad Diets The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “fad diets” (or a synonym): •
Body weight, body image, and perception of fad diets in adolescent girls. Source: Storz, Nancy S. Greene, Walter H. J-Nutr-Educ. Oakland : Society for Nutrition Education. March 1983. volume 15 (1) page 15-18. ill., charts. 0022-3182
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Classifying current popular and fad diets. Source: Dwyer, J. Recent advances in obesity research IV : proceedings of the International Congress on Obesity 5-8 October, 1983 New York, USA / edited by Jules Hirsch, Theodore B. Van Itallie. London : Libbey, 1985. page 179-191. ISBN: 0861960491
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Fad diets and diet aids. Source: Struempler, B. Circ-HE-Ala-Coop-Ext-Serv-Auburn-Univolume University, Ala. : The Service. February 1987. (277) 11 page
Auburn
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Fad diets and weight reduction. Source: Clydesdale, Fergus M. Nutr-and-M.D. Van Nuys : PM, Inc. January 1984. volume 10 (1) page 1-3.
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Fad diets for the health of it. Source: Lewis, R.D. Circ-Coop-Ext-Serv-Univ-Ga. Athens, Ga. : The Service. November 1987. (761-11) 8 page 0092-2595
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Fad diets: fact and fiction. Source: Cowley, D.K. Sizer, F.S. Nutr-Clin. Philadelphia, Pa. : George F. Stickley Company. June 1987. volume 2 (3) page 1-21. ill., charts. 0888-3483
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Hazards of fad diets in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Whittington Hospital, London. Source: Sisodiya, S Hoffbrand, B I Br-J-Hosp-Med. 1993 October 20-November 2; 50(8): 486-7 0007-1064
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Kwashiorkor in the United States: fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco 941430316, USA. Source: Liu, T Howard, R M Mancini, A J Weston, W L Paller, A S Drolet, B A Esterly, N B Levy, M L Schachner, L Frieden, I J Arch-Dermatol. 2001 May; 137(5): 630-6 0003-987X
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Popular and fad diets. Source: Nutr-M-D. Van Nuys, Calif. : The Journal. April 1987. volume 13 (4) page 1-3. 0732-0167
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Slim pickings. The facts about fad diets. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Tumolo, J Adv-Nurse-Pract. 2001 June; 9(6): 83-6, 88 1096-6293
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The fallacy of fad diets. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 November; 6(3): 1 1070-910X
Nutrition
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND FAD DIETS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to fad diets. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to fad diets and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to fad diets: •
A practical guide to fad diets. Author(s): Porcello LA. Source: Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1984 July; 3(3): 723-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6571242&dopt=Abstract
•
Another diet revolution? The latest fashion in fad diets. Author(s): Levine GM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 July; 107(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592425&dopt=Abstract
•
Decision making and fad diets. Author(s): Saint Pierre R, Clarke KS.
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Source: Health Educ. 1976 January-February; 7(1): 8-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=811627&dopt=Abstract •
Diabetes mellitus and obesity. Author(s): Roth A. Source: Primary Care. 2002 June; 29(2): 279-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391712&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary fat intake, supplements, and weight loss. Author(s): Dyck DJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee. 2000 December; 25(6): 495-523. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11187927&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary treatments of obesity. Author(s): Moloney M. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2000 November; 59(4): 601-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115796&dopt=Abstract
•
Fad diets for the treatment of obesity. Author(s): Russ CS. Source: Cda J. 1984 September; 12(9): 60-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6590134&dopt=Abstract
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Fad diets. Evaluation of five common types. Author(s): Friedman RB. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1986 January; 79(1): 249-55, 258. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3510425&dopt=Abstract
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Fad diets: all protein, no proof. Author(s): Hensrud DD. Source: Fortune. 2000 May 15; 141(10): 518. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10915523&dopt=Abstract
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Fad reducing diets: separating fads from facts. Author(s): Blackburn GL, Pavlou K. Source: Asdc J Dent Child. 1984 September-October; 51(5): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6592194&dopt=Abstract
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Fad reducing diets: separating fads from facts. Author(s): Blackburn GL, Pavlou K.
Alternative Medicine 15
Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1984 August; 76(8): 349-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6593075&dopt=Abstract •
Fish oil supplementation of rats during pregnancy reduces adult disease risks in their offspring. Author(s): Joshi S, Rao S, Golwilkar A, Patwardhan M, Bhonde R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 October; 133(10): 3170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14519805&dopt=Abstract
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Functional foods, neutraceuticals, designer foods: innocent fad or counterproductive marketing ploy? Author(s): Ernst E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 August; 57(5): 353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599652&dopt=Abstract
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Hazards of fad diets in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Sisodiya S, Hoffbrand BI. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 October 20-November 2; 50(8): 486-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8275290&dopt=Abstract
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Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. Author(s): Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJ. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 October; 19(5): 578-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022871&dopt=Abstract
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Health implications of fad diets. Author(s): Marlatt AL. Source: Hosp Prog. 1968 December; 49(12): 72-82 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5698635&dopt=Abstract
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Intracranial hypertension in a dieting patient. Author(s): Sirdofsky M, Kattah J, Macedo P. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1994 March; 14(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8032485&dopt=Abstract
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Kwashiorkor in the United States: fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance. Author(s): Liu T, Howard RM, Mancini AJ, Weston WL, Paller AS, Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Levy ML, Schachner L, Frieden IJ.
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Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 630-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346341&dopt=Abstract •
Quick weight loss: sorting fad from fact. Author(s): Roberts DC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001 December 3-17; 175(11-12): 637-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837873&dopt=Abstract
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Resurgence of nutritional rickets associated with breast-feeding and special dietary practices. Author(s): Edidin DV, Levitsky LL, Schey W, Dumbovic N, Campos A. Source: Pediatrics. 1980 February; 65(2): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7354968&dopt=Abstract
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Slim pickings. The facts about fad diets. Author(s): Tumolo J. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 June; 9(6): 83-6, 88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400278&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) on azoxymethanol-induced focal areas of dysplasia and colon tumor incidence. Author(s): Deschner EE, Lytle JS, Wong G, Ruperto JF, Newmark HL. Source: Cancer. 1990 December 1; 66(11): 2350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2245391&dopt=Abstract
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The origins of western obesity: a role for animal protein? Author(s): McCarty MF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 March; 54(3): 488-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10783494&dopt=Abstract
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The Zone Diet phenomenon: a closer look at the science behind the claims. Author(s): Cheuvront SN. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 February; 22(1): 9-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569110&dopt=Abstract
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Unconventional eating practices and their health implications. Author(s): Hanning RM, Zlotkin SH. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1985 April; 32(2): 429-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3887307&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetarianism: fad, faith, or fact? Author(s): Majumder SK. Source: Am Sci. 1972 March-April; 60(2): 175-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5011411&dopt=Abstract
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Vegetarianism--an alternative diet or a crazy fad? Author(s): Hillman H. Source: Nurs Times. 1981 March 12; 77(11): 444-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6907893&dopt=Abstract
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Weight reduction diets and health promotion. Author(s): Lissner L, Steen SN, Brownell KD. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1992 May-June; 8(3): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1633002&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to fad diets; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Alternative Therapy Magical Diet Alternative names: magical diets Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/m.html
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Herbs and Supplements Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON FAD DIETS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to fad diets. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “fad diets” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on fad diets, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Fad Diets ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to fad diets. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Worksite Nutrition Education Program Increased Firefighters' Knowledge and Resulted in Healthier Attitudes toward Fad Diets by Winton, Stacy Jill; Ms from Florida International University, 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409102
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON FAD DIETS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to fad diets. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on fad diets include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on fad diets: •
The Nutrition Challenge for Women Source: Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing, 199 p., 1990. Contact: Bull Publishing, P.O. Box 208, Palo Alto, CA 94302- 0208. (415) 322-2855. Summary: Lambert-Lagace discusses why modern women are in nutritionally poor health and offers several suggestions to improve their health. She notes five obstacles to nutritional health for women: fear of gaining weight, lack of time, eating out, living alone, and unconventional diets. In response, she suggests four new priorities: less fat, and more calcium, iron, and magnesium. Lambert-Lagace includes warnings against fad diets that eliminate entire categories of foods, such as all dairy products or nuts; make it difficult to eat with others; impose rigid eating schedules or restrictions on water consumption; or do not allow for protein at each meal. Many recipes are included, as are tables listing nutritional information for a variety of foods.
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Eating for endurance. (3rd ed.) Source: Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing Company. 1997. 216 pp. Contact: Available from Nutrition Counseling Education Services, 1904 East 123rd Street, Olathe, KS 66061-5886. Telephone: (800) 445-5653 or (314) 872-8370 / fax: (314) 432-1380 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.mosby.com. $14.95 plus $ 4.50 shipping and handling; prepayment required. Summary: This book addresses the everyday needs of those who exercise for health as well as the needs of elite athletes. It describes the special demands on the body that endurance exercise places and explains how athletes can eat and hydrate themselves for optimum performance. Among the topics include: 1) understanding how oxygen and fuel affect performance, 2) discussion of body composition, 3) information on carbohydrate loading, 4) the dangers of starvation, and 5) the futility of fad diets.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “fad diets” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “fad diets” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “fad diets” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Do They Really Work? Fad Diets: A Growing Consumer Health and Nutrition Concern [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00005UF1B; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005UF1B/icongroupinterna
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Fad Diets Can Be Deadly: The Safe, Sure Way to Weight Loss and Good Nutrition (An Exposition-Banner Book) by Frank Henry, Netter; ISBN: 0682481440; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0682481440/icongroupinterna
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Hunger Pains: From Fad Diets to Eating Disorders-What Every Woman Needs to Know About Food, Dieting, and Self-Concept by Mary Bray Pipher; ISBN: 1558505326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558505326/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Fad Diets In order to find chapters that specifically relate to fad diets, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and fad diets using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on fad diets:
Books
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Lifestyle for Diabetes Prevention Source: in Franz, M.J., et al, eds. Core Curriculum for Diabetes Education. 4th ed.: (Volume 4) Diabetes in the Life Cycle and Research. Chicago, IL: American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE). 2001. p. 127-150. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. AADE Member Service Center, 100 W. Monroe Street, Suite 400, Chicago, IL 60603. (800) 338-3633. Fax (312) 424-2427. Website: www.diabeteseducator.org. PRICE: Individual volume $45.00 for members and $60.00 for nonmembers; complete 4-volume set $149.95 for members and $199.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 188187608X (Volume 4); 1881876098 (4-volume set). Summary: The present increase in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes is associated with an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. Scientific evidence is accumulating that lifestyle modifications for sustained, moderate weight loss through a low-calorie, low-fat diet, and regular physical activity can markedly reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes. This chapter on the role of lifestyle for diabetes prevention is from a book that is the fourth in a series of four texts that make up a Core Curriculum, designed primarily to help educators prepare for the Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE) exam. Topics include risk factors for type 2 diabetes; community and health care facility issues that may have an impact on the potential success of weight management strategies; cultural and familial influences; appropriate weight management goals, notably the benefit of sustained moderate weight loss; nutrition recommendations; physical activity recommendations; and how to respond appropriately to questions regarding the use of weight loss medications, surgery for weight loss, fad diets and nutritional supplements, considering both safety and effectiveness. The chapter lists the learning objectives for that chapter, presents information in outline and bulleted format, summarizes the key educational considerations, offers self review questions and questions for discussion, presents illustrative case reports, and concludes with a list of references. A post-test and the answers to the post-test questions are appended to the chapter. 1 figure. 52 references.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON FAD DIETS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on fad diets. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on fad diets: •
Challenge of Choice: Eating for a Healthy Lifestyle Source: Minneapolis, MN: International Diabetes Center. 199x. Contact: Available from International Diabetes Center. 5000 West 39th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55416. (612) 927-3393. Fax (612) 927-1302. PRICE: $90 plus shipping and handling for 68 slides; $10 plus shipping and handling for audiocassette (as of 1995). Summary: This slide and audiocassette program explains how diet many be a contributing risk factor in five of the ten leading causes of death in the United States. This presentation discusses nutritional recommendations; how to reduce fat, sugar, and salt in the diet; how to increase intake of carbohydrate and fiber; and use of fad diets, supplements, and caffeine. The program has been revised to reflect the new Food Guide Pyramid.
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Bibliography: Multimedia on Fad Diets The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in fad diets (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on fad diets: •
Fad diets [videorecording] Source: a co-production of Multimedia Communications and Physician Education and Development; Year: 2000; Format: Videorecording; Oakland, CA: Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, c2000
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON FAD DIETS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover fad diets.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on fad diets is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to fad diets. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “fad diets” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date
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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “fad diets” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to fad diets, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “fad diets” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on fad diets:
Periodicals and News
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The Weighting Game Source: Nutrition Action Health Letter. 22(5);Special issue. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest, Suite 300, 1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009-5728. Summary: With all the popular fad diets making the rounds, what should the average consumer believe? None of them, say the authors of this article. Most of them contain a grain of truth, but focus on it to the exclusion of the rest of the facts. The real truth, According to Ms. Liebman and Mr. Schardt, boils down to the old guidelines; eat less fat, exercise more, and eat lots of fruits and vegetables and whole grains.
Academic Periodicals covering Fad Diets Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to fad diets. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering fad diets that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “fad diets” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Weight in on fad diets Source: National Pork Producers Council. Contact: National Pork Producers Council, Nutrition Communications, P.O. Box 10383, Des Moines, IA 50306. (515) 223-2619. Summary: Americans are obsessed with dieting. Thirty-three to 40 percent of adult women and 20-24 percent of adult men are currently trying to lose weight. Yet despite dieting efforts, 55 percent of adults in the U.S. are overweight, and obesity is on the rise. While part of the weight problem may be due to inactivity, the other contributing factor appears to be diet. For the past several decades, health professionals have been advising Americans to eat a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet. However, many people have become disillusioned with this approach, and are turning to high-protein/lowcarbohydrate diets. This brochure explores the efficacy and safety of high-protein diets, current recommendations for safe weight loss and the vital role protein plays in a wellbalanced diet.
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
8 9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Physician Resources
37
Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 92 9 599 0 0 700
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “fad diets” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
10
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
11
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
12
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 13 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 14
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
39
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on fad diets can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to fad diets. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to fad diets. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “fad diets”:
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•
Other guides Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on fad diets. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Weight Expectations: Weight Loss and You Source: Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association. 1992. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Suite 800, Chicago IL 60606. (800) 366-1655. PRICE: Free. Summary: A brochure provides information and tips concerning what should be done to lose weight, how to assess fad diets, eating disorders, and food preparation/consumption suggestions. A table provides information on daily servings and food exchanges for different food groups. This brochure is also available in Spanish.
•
Questions Most Frequently Asked About Weight Management Contact: Sugar Association, Inc., 1101 Fifteenth Street, N.W., Suite 600, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 785-1122. Summary: Certain questions are asked of nutritionists and dietitians regularly, according to this brochure. Most of them are addressed in this booklet. Topics such as exercise, fad diets, fat consumption and the health risks of being overweight are discussed. Checking with a physician is stressed.
•
Weight Loss: A Winning Battle Source: Boston, MA: Joslin Diabetes Center. 1999. 30 p. Contact: Available from Joslin Diabetes Center. One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. (800) 344-4501 or (508) 583-3240. Fax (617) 732-2562. Website: www.joslin.harvard.edu. PRICE: $34.00 for package of 10; plus shipping and handling. Order number JDC170.
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Summary: This booklet provides people who have diabetes with information on losing weight and maintaining weight loss. The booklet begins by explaining the importance of weight loss for many people who have diabetes, particularly those who have type 2 diabetes. This followed by a discussion of the importance of taking control and being a positive thinker. The booklet explains why fad diets do not work over a long time period and offers tips for weight management success. The booklet then presents ways to reduce dietary fat and cholesterol and ways to increase fiber in meals. Other topics include eating high-fiber, low calorie snacks; consuming alcoholic beverages; and weighing and measuring food. The booklet offers healthful hints for managing an eating plan, including putting up reminders, analyzing the chain of events that leads to overeating, breaking habits associated with overeating, finding activities to deal with emotions, asking for support of family and friends, planning obstacles to unhealthful eating, planning aids to healthful eating, and keeping a food record. In addition, the booklet discusses the importance of exercise in diabetes management and offers suggestions for beginning an exercise program. The booklet concludes with a checklist for helping readers achieve weight loss success. 4 tables. •
All About Food Myths and Diabetes Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $4.90 for package of 50; plus shipping and handling. Order number: 5983-10. Summary: This brochure helps readers with diabetes understand the new guidelines for diabetes meal planning. The brochure emphasizes that no foods are completely off limits for people with diabetes. Topics include starchy foods and sweets, food portions, the role of sugar and other carbohydrates in a healthy diet, food labeling, nutrition, meal planning, how to avoid fad diets, and the importance of working with a dietitian. One sidebar reports a mock interview between a certified diabetes educator and a patient regarding meal planning and food choices. The brochure includes space for readers to record their health care provider's contact information. The brochure is copiously illustrated with brightly colored graphics. 1 figure.
•
Taking Control of Your Weight: Self-Care Handbook Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete, Inc., 31 p.,1999. Contact: Channing L. Bete, Inc. 200 State Rd., South Deerfield, MA. 01373. (800) 6287733. Summary: This brochure provides an introduction to weight management for the general public. Topics covered include causes of overweight and obesity, how to assess weight, and how to set a goal. The authors also discuss nutrition, including how to use the Food Guide Pyramid, how to read nutrition labels, and how to set up a personal eating plan. The value of exercise is explained in detail, showing the reader the benefits of regular exercise, how to set up an exercise program, and suggestions for success. Other subjects are weight-loss medications, weight management programs, and fad diets. A weight-loss diary forms an appendix to the brochure. Resources for further information are also listed.
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•
Losing Weight Safely Source: Rockville, MD: FDA, 8p., 1996. Contact: Food and Drug Administration, Office of Consumer Affairs, 5600 Fishers Lane, HFE-50, Rockville, MD 20857. Summary: This consumer brochure explains why it is important to lose weight and offers suggestions to make it easier. Readers are told to check with their doctors before beginning a weight-loss program, to exercise, to eat a variety of foods, and to reduce their intake of fat and sugar. Guidelines for avoiding fad diets and ineffective treatments are also offered.
•
Weight-Loss and Nutrition Myths Source: Weight-Control Information Network. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 004561. October 2000. Contact: 1 Win Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. Summary: This consumer fact sheet helps clear up some of the misunderstanding about weight loss and nutrition. Using myths and their corresponding rebuttals, the fact sheet discusses fad diets, skipping meals, eating after 8 p.m., herbal weight-loss products, red meat and nuts, and high-protein/low- carbohydrate diets. Other topics include whether starches are fattening, why certain foods burn fat, the debate over fast food, dairy foods, fresh fruits and vegetables versus frozen or canned food, and low-fat and nonfat foods. A sidebar provides serving sizes of fruits and vegetables based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Another sidebar includes information about food labels. The fact sheet provides resources for additional information.
•
Guide to Experts With Specialized Knowledge in Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Source: Bethesda, MD: American Institute of Nutrition, 56 p., 1991. Contact: American Institute of Nutrition, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc., 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Summary: This directory of nutrition health professionals was compiled to create a resource for members of the media. Journalists may use this guide to contact sources of information for their articles. The expert's name, address, affiliation, and telephone number are provided for 35 content areas, including adolescent nutrition, behavior and diet, food safety and toxicology, energy metabolism, exercise and diet, obesity, and fad diets and quackery.
•
Setting the record straight Source: Wheat Foods Council. Contact: Wheat Foods Council, 10841 S. Crossroads Drive, Suite 105, Parker, CO 80134. (303) 840-8787. http://www.wheatfoods.org. Summary: This information kit focuses on debunking fad diets and promoting the health benefits of the Food Guide Pyramid and the U.S. dietary guidelines. Topics of the kit include a fad diet time line, fad diet book reviews, fad diet comparisons, a poster debunking fad diet claims, a video, PowerPoint presentation handouts, fad diet guest column, and a business reply card.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Fad Diets - The American Heart Association Summary: The information on this site is designed to inform the public about misleading weight loss claims and also to set the record straight about the American Heart Association's eating plan for healthy Source: American Heart Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2549 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to fad diets. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to fad diets. By consulting all of associations listed in
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this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with fad diets. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about fad diets. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “fad diets” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “fad diets”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “fad diets” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “fad diets” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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47
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
51
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
53
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
55
FAD DIETS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adolescent Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 13-18 years. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH]
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Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes
Dictionary 57
immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH]
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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Food Exchange: See: Exchange lists. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions,
Dictionary 59
warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fraud: Exploitation through misrepresentation of the facts or concealment of the purposes of the exploiter. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH]
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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU]
Dictionary 61
Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]
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Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Quackery: The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Dictionary 63
Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thinness: A state of insufficient flesh on the body usually defined as having a body weight less than skeletal and physical standards. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH]
65
INDEX A Adolescent Nutrition, 42, 55 Adverse Effect, 55, 62 Age of Onset, 55, 63 Alertness, 55, 56 Algorithms, 55 Alkaline, 55, 56 Alternative medicine, 28, 55 Anorexia, 4, 55 Antagonism, 55, 56 Arterial, 55, 59, 61, 63 Arteries, 55, 57, 60 B Base, 55, 60 Biotechnology, 6, 28, 35, 55 Blood Coagulation, 55, 56 Blood pressure, 5, 55, 59 Blood vessel, 55, 62, 63 Body Composition, 22, 56 Body Image, 4, 10, 56 Body Mass Index, 56, 61 Branch, 51, 56, 61, 62, 63 C Caffeine, 25, 56 Calcium, 21, 56, 57, 61 Carbohydrate, 5, 22, 25, 36, 42, 56 Cardiac, 56, 57, 60 Case report, 23, 56 Cell, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61 Central Nervous System, 56, 59 Chest Pain, 5, 56 Cholesterol, 41, 56, 62 Clinical trial, 6, 35, 56, 62 Cloning, 55, 56 Cofactor, 56, 61 Complement, 56, 57 Complementary and alternative medicine, 13, 18, 57 Complementary medicine, 13, 57 Computational Biology, 35, 57 Consumption, 21, 40, 57, 60 Contraindications, ii, 57 Coronary, 5, 57, 60 Coronary Disease, 5, 57 Coronary Thrombosis, 57, 60 Coronary Vessels, 57 Curative, 58, 62, 63 Cyclic, 56, 58
D Dairy Products, 21, 58, 62 Databases, Bibliographic, 35, 58 Diagnostic procedure, 28, 58 Diastolic, 58, 59 Dietitian, 4, 5, 41, 58 Direct, iii, 58, 62 Diuresis, 56, 58 Dizziness, 5, 58 Drug Interactions, 58 Dysplasia, 16, 58 E Eating Disorders, 4, 22, 40, 58 Efficacy, 36, 58 Electrolyte, 5, 58 Environmental Health, 34, 36, 58 Enzymatic, 56, 57, 58 Esophageal, 4, 58 Esophagus, 58, 62 Exogenous, 58, 63 F Family Planning, 35, 58 Fat, 14, 21, 23, 25, 29, 36, 40, 41, 42, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62 Food Exchange, 40, 58 Food Labeling, 41, 58 Forearm, 55, 59 Fraud, 4, 59 G Gastrointestinal, 4, 59 Gene, 55, 59 Goats, 58, 59 Governing Board, 59, 61 H Headache, 56, 59 Health Promotion, 17, 59 Hemorrhage, 59, 62 Heredity, 59 Hydrogen, 55, 56, 59 Hypertension, 15, 59 I Id, 11, 17, 43, 50, 52, 59 Immunity, 59, 60 Indicative, 22, 59, 61 Infancy, 59, 62 Infarction, 57, 59, 60 Insulin, 59, 63 Intestines, 59
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Fad Diets
Intracellular, 56, 60 Ions, 55, 58, 59, 60 K Kb, 34, 60 L Library Services, 50, 60 Ligaments, 57, 60 M Meat, 42, 60, 62 MEDLINE, 35, 60 Memory, 55, 60 Mental Health, iv, 6, 34, 37, 60, 61 MI, 53, 60 Molecular, 35, 37, 55, 57, 60 Motion Sickness, 60 Myocardial Ischemia, 57, 60 Myocardium, 60 N Nausea, 4, 60 Necrosis, 59, 60 Need, 3, 4, 21, 22, 28, 36, 44, 60 Nutritional Status, 4, 60 O Omega-3 fatty acid, 16, 60 Ossification, 60, 62 Overweight, 4, 11, 23, 36, 40, 41, 61 P Palliative, 61, 63 Parathyroid, 61, 62 Parathyroid Glands, 61, 62 Pathologic, 57, 61 Patient Education, 40, 48, 50, 53, 61 Perception, 4, 10, 61 Pharmacologic, 61, 63 Phospholipids, 58, 61 Phosphorus, 56, 61 Poisoning, 60, 61 Practice Guidelines, 37, 61 Prevalence, 23, 61 Protein S, 55, 61 Public Health, 5, 37, 61 Public Policy, 35, 61 Pulmonary, 55, 57, 61, 62 Pulmonary Artery, 55, 62
Q Quackery, 4, 42, 62 R Randomized, 58, 62 Refer, 1, 56, 58, 62 Regimen, 58, 62 Retinoids, 62, 63 Rickets, 16, 62 Risk factor, 5, 23, 25, 62 S Saturated fat, 5, 62 Screening, 56, 62 Side effect, 55, 62, 63 Skeletal, 62, 63 Smooth muscle, 56, 62 Spatial disorientation, 58, 62 Specialist, 44, 62 Spinal cord, 56, 62 Stimulant, 56, 62 Stomach, 58, 59, 60, 62 Stress, 60, 62 Stroke, 5, 34, 62 Supplementation, 15, 63 Systemic, 55, 63 Systolic, 59, 63 T Therapeutics, 63 Thinness, 4, 63 Threshold, 59, 63 Thrombosis, 61, 62, 63 Tin, 5, 63 Tissue, 60, 62, 63 Toxic, iv, 59, 63 Toxicity, 58, 63 Toxicology, 36, 42, 63 Trace element, 63 Transfection, 55, 63 Tuberculosis, 57, 63 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 23, 41, 63 U Unconscious, 59, 63 V Venous, 61, 63 Veterinary Medicine, 35, 63 Vitamin A, 5, 63
Index 67
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Fad Diets
