Eucalyptus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

EUCALYPTUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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EUCALYPTUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Eucalyptus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84212-4 1. Eucalyptus-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on eucalyptus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EUCALYPTUS ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Eucalyptus .................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EUCALYPTUS ................................................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Eucalyptus ................................................................................... 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EUCALYPTUS ............................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 23 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 General References ....................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON EUCALYPTUS ............................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Dissertations on Eucalyptus ........................................................................................................ 45 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON EUCALYPTUS ......................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patents on Eucalyptus ................................................................................................................. 47 Patent Applications on Eucalyptus ............................................................................................. 75 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON EUCALYPTUS ............................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 91 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 94 Chapters on Eucalyptus ............................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EUCALYPTUS ............................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 97 Academic Periodicals covering Eucalyptus.................................................................................. 98 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 105 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 108 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 109 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 111 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 113 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 113 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 113 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 119

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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 120 EUCALYPTUS DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 165

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with eucalyptus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about eucalyptus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to eucalyptus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on eucalyptus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to eucalyptus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on eucalyptus. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON EUCALYPTUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on eucalyptus.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and eucalyptus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Physician's Guide to Herbs Source: Practical Diabetology. 16(1): 10, 12-13, 16-17, 20. March 1997. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: Conventional therapy of diabetes mellitus has focused on a care plan consisting of meal planning, exercise, medication, self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and patient education. Recently, there has been increasing interest on the part of patients in alternative therapies for chronic disease, including the increased use and popularity of herbal therapies. This article is a review of herbal products described in the literature as being useful and beneficial in diabetes management. The authors begin with a series of reported cases of herbal misadventures, noting that the heterogeneous

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nature of herbal products makes it difficult to monitor patients for adverse effects. The authors then review the use of herbs and herb products, including alfalfa, apple, bilberry, blackberry, burdock, celery, coriander, dandelion, Di huang, dried root bark of lycium Chinese mill, eucalyptus, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, ginseng, goat's rue, goldenseal, guayusa, hop, Java plum, juniper, kidney-bean pods, lucerne (Medicago sativa), mistletoe, Momordica charantia (cerasee), Momordica charantia (karela), mushrooms, nettle, onion, raspberry, sage, sumac, tarragon, thyme, Xuan seng, yeast, and zhi mu or di seng. The authors conclude that, although some alternative preparations may have mild glucose-lowering effects, the effects are insufficient for the management of diabetes. In addition, the potential for adverse interactions with agents used in conventional treatment should be appreciated. 7 references. (AA-M). •

Over-the-Counter Drugs: What's Safe to Take? Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 17(6): 46, 48-50, 52. November-December 2000. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article examines some of the most commonly used nonprescription drugs and their effects and side effects and lists many brand name products and their active ingredients. The article also includes some general guidelines for using nonprescription medications. Nonprescription pain relievers include acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, as well as combinations of these products. Products containing capsaicin may be the most effective nonprescription topical agents for relieving neuropathy. Typical nonprescription remedies for upper respiratory symptoms include antihistamines, decongestants, cough relievers, expectorants, and pain relievers, or a combination of these ingredients. Another option for relief of upper respiratory symptoms caused by the cold or flu is a topical ointment containing camphor, menthol, and eucalyptus oil. Antihistamines are the primary nonprescription medications used to prevent and control motion sickness. Antihistamines are also the active ingredient in nonprescription sleep aids. Caffeine is the only nonprescription stimulant product approved by the Food and Drug Administration. An occasional cold sore or canker sore can be effectively treated with a nonprescription ointment such as benzocaine, camphor and phenol, dyclonine and allantoin, tannic acid, and tetracaine hydrochloride. Nonprescription medications available to treat vaginal yeast infections include antifungal products such as butoconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole. Premenstrual discomfort may be relieved with nonprescription products such as ibuprofen; pamabrom; pamabrom and acetaminophen; and pamabrom, acetaminophen, and pyrilamine. Many gastrointestinal symptoms can be eased by nonprescription products. Relief from heartburn, indigestion, or reflux can be attained with antacids or acid blockers. Constipation may be treated with bulk forming laxatives, stool softeners, emollients, and lubricants. Diarrhea can be relieved with various antidiarrheal products. Relief from flatulence can be obtained with the use of alpha galactosidase enzyme, lactase enzyme, and simethicone. Skin care products that ease dry skin include those with the active ingredients of glycerin, mineral oil, and petrolatum. People who have diabetes can self treat mild burns and sunburns, acne, and other skin irritations with various nonprescription drugs. People who have diabetes should avoid nonprescription callus, corn, and wart removers, but self treatment of athlete's foot is generally safe. Although weight loss is an important part of diabetes management, many nonprescription weight control products contain a decongestant that can elevate blood glucose and blood pressure. Nonprescription nicotine patches or nicotine gum can help smokers quit. 1 figure.

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Natural Products and Diabetes Treatment Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(2): 201-202, 205-206, 207. March-April 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article provides information about natural products as diabetes treatment. The authors point out that some natural products are potentially damaging to people with chronic diseases, especially if they are used instead of proven scientific treatment regimens. However, Americans spend about 14 billion dollars each year on alternative medicines and treatments. The authors briefly discuss the following natural products that have been promoted in relation to diabetes: ackee fruit, alfalfa, aloe vera, argimony, artichokes, barley, bitter melon, burdock root, capsaicin (cayenne pepper), carrot oil, charcoal, chromium, coriander, dandelion root, devil's club, eucalyptus, ephedra, evening primrose, fenugreek seeds, fo-ti, garlic, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucomannan, grape seed, guayusa, guar gum (karaya gum), gymnena, juniper, licorice, mushrooms, neem seed oil, onions, pectin (apples), periwinkle, potatoes, yellow root (golden seal), and yohimbine. The authors note that the few products that do have a mild impact on lowering blood glucose levels are significantly less effective than standard treatments. In order to ensure that no toxic effects occur and that treatment objectives are achieved, health professionals should closely monitor any person who decides to use a natural product for diabetes. The article includes general guidelines for counseling people who use herbs. 39 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Eucalyptus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to eucalyptus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to eucalyptus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore eucalyptus.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for eucalyptus in the PubMed Central database: •

A cDNA encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine:caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase from Eucalyptus. by Poeydomenge O, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159417

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Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius Ectomycorrhiza during Glucose Utilization. by Martin F, Boiffin V, Pfeffer PE.; 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34839

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Characterization of Two HKT1 Homologues from Eucalyptus camaldulensis That Display Intrinsic Osmosensing Capability. by Liu W, Fairbairn DJ, Reid RJ, Schachtman DP.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117984

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Emission of Isoprene from Salt-Stressed Eucalyptus globulus Leaves. by Loreto F, Delfine S.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59117

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Enrichment in Specific Soluble Sugars of Two Eucalyptus Cell-Suspension Cultures by Various Treatments Enhances Their Frost Tolerance via a Noncolligative Mechanism. by Travert S, Valerio L, Fouraste I, Boudet AM, Teulieres C.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158436

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Fungal Degradation of Lipophilic Extractives in Eucalyptus globulus Wood. by Gutierrez A, del Rio JC, Martinez MJ, Martinez AT.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91193

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Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus camaldulensis in India. by Chakrabarti A, Jatana M, Kumar P, Chatha L, Kaushal A, Padhye AA.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230181

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Eucalyptus. by Feuillet C, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159138

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Eucalyptus. by Poeydomenge O, Marolda M, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=157283

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Nucleotide sequence of a Eucalyptus botryoides gene encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. by Hibino T, Chen JQ, Shibata D, Higuchi T.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=159199

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Purification and Characterization of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A:NADP Oxidoreductase in Eucalyptus gunnii. by Goffner D, Campbell MM, Campargue C, Clastre M, Borderies G, Boudet A, Boudet AM.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159569

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Purification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Isoforms from the Periderm of Eucalyptus gunnii Hook. by Hawkins SW, Boudet AM.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159164

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Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers to estimate the proportion of Pisolithus tinctorius and Eucalyptus RNAs in ectomycorrhiza. by Diaz EC, Tagu D, Martin F.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168379

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The Effect of Elevated [CO2] on Growth and Photosynthesis of Two Eucalyptus Species Exposed to High Temperatures and Water Deficits. by Roden JS, Ball MC.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157910

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with eucalyptus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for eucalyptus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of the effectiveness of chloroform and eucalyptus oil in dissolving root canal sealers. Author(s): Schafer E, Zandbiglari T. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 May; 93(5): 611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075213&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Author(s): Schnitzler P, Schon K, Reichling J. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 April; 56(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338678&dopt=Abstract

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Bioactive acylphloroglucinol derivatives from Eucalyptus species. Author(s): Ghisalberti EL. Source: Phytochemistry. 1996 January; 41(1): 7-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588876&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical effects and management of eucalyptus oil ingestion in infants and young children. Author(s): Tibballs J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 August 21; 163(4): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7651249&dopt=Abstract

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Composition and protein quality of honeybee-collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla. Author(s): Bell RR, Thornber EJ, Seet JL, Groves MT, Ho NP, Bell DT. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1983 December; 113(12): 2479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6655512&dopt=Abstract

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Contact urticaria due to eucalyptus pollen. Author(s): Vidal C, Cabeza N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 April; 26(4): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1395567&dopt=Abstract

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Copper and lead bioaccumulation by Acacia retinoides and Eucalyptus torquata in sites contaminated as a consequence of extensive ancient mining activities in Cyprus. Author(s): Pyatt FB. Source: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2001 September; 50(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11534953&dopt=Abstract

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Cypellocarpins A-C, phenol glycosides esterified with oleuropeic acid, from Eucalyptus cypellocarpa. Author(s): Ito H, Koreishi M, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Yoshida T. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 September; 63(9): 1253-7. Erratum In: J Nat Prod 2000 December; 63(12): 1717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000030&dopt=Abstract

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Deliberate self-poisoning with eucalyptus oil in an elderly woman. Author(s): Anpalahan M, Le Couteur DG. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1998 February; 28(1): 58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544389&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Author(s): Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1994 June; 14(3): 228-34; Discussion 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7954745&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptone from Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Osawa K, Yasuda H, Morita H, Takeya K, Itokawa H. Source: Phytochemistry. 1995 September; 40(1): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546549&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil ingestion. Author(s): Hindle RC. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 May 11; 107(977): 185-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8177581&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil poisoning among young children: mechanisms of access and the potential for prevention. Author(s): Day LM, Ozanne-Smith J, Parsons BJ, Dobbin M, Tibballs J. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997 June; 21(3): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270157&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil poisoning in childhood: 41 cases in south-east Queensland. Author(s): Webb NJ, Pitt WR. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1993 October; 29(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8240865&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Patel S, Wiggins J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1980 May; 55(5): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7436478&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil: 14 cases of exposure. Author(s): Spoerke DG, Vandenberg SA, Smolinske SC, Kulig K, Rumack BH. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989 April; 31(2): 166-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929128&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil: therapeutic and toxic aspects of pharmacology in humans and animals. Author(s): Whitman BW, Ghazizadeh H. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1994 April; 30(2): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198860&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus vapor causing Aspergillus in sputum smears. Author(s): Vidal C, Gonzalez Quintela A, Martin F. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 April; 66(4): 355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014940&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania. Author(s): Trigg JK. Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 June; 12(2 Pt 1): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827599&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in Scotland. Author(s): Trigg JK. Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 June; 12(2 Pt 1): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827615&dopt=Abstract

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Expressed sequence tags of randomly selected cDNA clones from Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza. Author(s): Tagu D, Martin F. Source: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1995 September-October; 8(5): 781-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7579623&dopt=Abstract

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Fair dinkum koala kuisine--eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1988 November; 49(11): 599-600. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2904658&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrolyzable tannins and related polyphenols from Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Hou AJ, Liu YZ, Yang H, Lin ZW, Sun HD. Source: Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2000; 2(3): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256694&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro evaluation of surfactants with eucalyptus oil for respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): Banerjee R, Bellare JR. Source: Respiration Physiology. 2001 June; 126(2): 141-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348641&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, by Eucalyptus terpenes. Author(s): Pass GJ, McLean S, Stupans I. Source: Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1999 November; 124(3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10661715&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus camaldulensis in India. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Jatana M, Kumar P, Chatha L, Kaushal A, Padhye AA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 December; 35(12): 3340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399553&dopt=Abstract

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Once a vibrant eucalyptus. Author(s): Race KG. Source: Todays or Nurse. 1982 August; 4(6): 52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6924462&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidation of 1,8-cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes. Author(s): Miyazawa M, Shindo M, Shimada T. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2001 February; 29(2): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159812&dopt=Abstract

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Polyphenols from Eucalyptus consideniana and Eucalyptus viminalis. Author(s): Santos SC, Waterman PG. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 January; 72(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163955&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus

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Polyphenols from Eucalyptus ovata. Author(s): Santos SC, Waterman PG. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 March; 72(3): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295317&dopt=Abstract

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Response of human ciliated respiratory cells to a mixture of menthol, eucalyptus oil and pine needle oil. Author(s): Riechelmann H, Brommer C, Hinni M, Martin C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1997 September; 47(9): 1035-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342418&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of working conditions of glyphosate applicators on Eucalyptus forests using knapsack and tractor powered sprayers. Author(s): Machado-Neto JG, Bassini AJ, Aguiar LC. Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000 March; 64(3): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757652&dopt=Abstract

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Scroggie JG: Eucalyptus oil poisoning treated by dialysis and mannitol infusion, with an appendix on the analysis of biological fluids for alcohol and eucalyptol. Author(s): Gurr FW. Source: Australas Ann Med. 1965 August; 14(3): 238-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5862649&dopt=Abstract

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Sideroxylonal C, a new inhibitor of human plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, from the flowers of Eucalyptus albens. Author(s): Neve J, Leone PA, Carroll AR, Moni RW, Paczkowski NJ, Pierens G, Bjorquist P, Deinum J, Ehnebom J, Inghardt T, Guymer G, Grimshaw P, Quinn RJ. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 February; 62(2): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075775&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Author(s): Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1983 July-August; 96(1-2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6613544&dopt=Abstract

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The inhibitory effect of funoran and eucalyptus extract-containing chewing gum on plaque formation. Author(s): Sato S, Yoshinuma N, Ito K, Tokumoto T, Takiguchi T, Suzuki Y, Murai S. Source: J Oral Sci. 1998 September; 40(3): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838746&dopt=Abstract

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The use of Chinese herbs folium ilicis chinensis decoction plus eucalyptus distillate for preoperative preparation of intestinal tract. Author(s): Miao TJ, Xiong RC. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 June; 4(2): 149-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6567729&dopt=Abstract

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Topical application of a new formulation of eucalyptus oil phytochemical clears methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Author(s): Sherry E, Boeck H, Warnke PH. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2001 October; 29(5): 346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584265&dopt=Abstract

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Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Darben T, Cominos B, Lee CT. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838728&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND EUCALYPTUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and eucalyptus.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Eucalyptus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “eucalyptus” (or a synonym): •

Aromatic plants of tropical West Africa. VII. Chemical composition of the essential oils of two Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae) from Burkina Faso: Eucalyptus alba Muell. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnardt. Author(s): Universite de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougo. Source: Samate, A.D. Nacro, M. Menut, C. Lamaty, G. Bessiere, J.M. Journal-of-essentialoil-research-:-JEOR (USA). (May-June 1998). volume 10(3) page 321-324.

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Effect of extraction techniques on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostis leaf oils. Source: Fadel, H. Marx, F. El Sawy, A. El Ghorab, A. Zeitschrift-fuer-LebensmittelUntersuchung-und-Forschung (Germany). (1999). volume 208(3) page 212-216.

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Persistence of herbal healing. Source: De Jesus, N. Greenfields (Philippines). (April 2000). page 38-42. Issued March 2001.

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Social forestry in alleviating rural poverty in Bangladesh. Source: Ahmed, F.U. Farm-Economy (Bangladesh). (1993). volume 9 page 139-144.

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Studies in the essential oil bearing plants of Bangladesh. V. Composition of the leaf oils of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook and E. alba Reinw. ex Blume. Author(s): Universita di Messina, Messina, Italy Source: Mondello, L. Verzera, A. Bonaccorsi, I. Chowdhury, J.U. Yusef, M. Begum, J. Journal-of-essential-oil-research-:-JEOR (USA). (Mar-April 1998). volume 10(2) page 185188.

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The eucalyptus in California. Source: Bulman, T.L. Fremontia (USA). (April 1988). volume 16(1) page 9-12.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A near-infrared method for the assay of cineole in eucalyptus oil as an alternative to the official BP method. Author(s): Centre for Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK. Source: Wilson, N D Watt, R A Moffat, A C J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2001 January; 53(1): 95102 0022-3573

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A new chemovar of gympie messmate (Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell.) containing alpha-pinene and tasmanone. Source: Doimo, L. Fletcher, R.J. D'Arcy, B.R. Southwell, I.A. J-essent-oil-res. Carol Stream, Ill. : Allured Publishing Corporation. Jan/February 1999. volume 11 (1) page 7778. 1041-2905

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Added phosphorus is associated with reduced severity of Mycosphaerella cryptica in Eucalyptus globulus. Source: Carnegie, A.J. Ades, P.K. Aust-for. Yarralumla ACT, Australia : Institute of Foresters of Australia. December 2001. volume 64 (4) page 203-208. 0004-9158

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Administration of a 5HT3 receptor antagonist increases the intake of diets containing Eucalyptus secondary metabolites by marsupials. Author(s): Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. [email protected]

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Source: Lawler, I R Foley, W J Pass, G J Eschler, B M J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 1998 December; 168(8): 611-8 0174-1578 •

Antifungal activity of the volatile oil of Eucalyptus citriodora. Author(s): Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India. [email protected] Source: Ramezani, Hesamedin Singh, H P Batish, D R Kohli, R K Fitoterapia. 2002 June; 73(3): 261-2 0367-326X

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Catastrophic wildfire and its short-term effects on families of order Coleoptera (beetles) in Eucalyptus regnans forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Source: Collett, N.G. Aust-for. Yarralumla ACT, Australia : Institute of Foresters of Australia. March 2000. volume 63 (1) page 7-20. 0004-9158

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Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rodustrus Sm.). Author(s): Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece. Source: Pappas, C Tarantilis, P A Daliani, I Mavromoustakos, T Polissiou, M UltrasonSonochem. 2002 January; 9(1): 19-23 1350-4177

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Digestion and metabolism of high-tannin Eucalyptus foliage by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae). Source: Foley, W J Hume, I D J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 1987; 157(1): 67-76 0174-1578

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Dispersed polyphosphate in fungal vacuoles in Eucalyptus pilularis/Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas. Author(s): School of Biological Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. [email protected] Source: Ashford, A E Vesk, P A Orlovich, D A Markovina, A L Allaway, W G FungalGenet-Biol. 1999 October; 28(1): 21-33 1087-1845

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Efficacy of mint and eucalyptus leaves on the physicochemical characteristics of stored wheat against insect infestation. Author(s): Himachal Pradesh Krishni Vishvaviolyalaya, College of Home Science, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, IND-Palampur, India. Source: Modgil, R Samuels, R Nahrung. 1998 October; 42(5): 304-8 0027-769X

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Efficient analyses of natural products: III. Detection and preparative scale isolation of euglobals from Eucalyptus species. Source: Takasaki, M. Konoshima, T. Hashimoto, K. Katoh, Y. Kozuka, M. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 567. 00320943

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Egg parasitoids of Podisus sculptus distant (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in an Eucalyptus plantation in the Brazilian amazonian region. Author(s): Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, 36571000 Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. [email protected] Source: Zanuncio, J C Oliveira, H N Torres, J B Pratissoli, D Rev-Biol-Tropage 2000 December; 48(4): 989-92 0034-7744

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Encoding of host and non-host plant odours by receptor neurones in the eucalyptus woodborer, Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Author(s): Department of Biology, University of Evora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Evora, Portugal. [email protected]

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Source: Barata, Nuno Mustaparta, Hanna Pickett, John A Wadhams, Lester J Araujo, Jorge J-Comp-Physiol-A-Neuroethol-Sens-Neural-Behav-Physiol. 2002 March; 188(2): 121-33 0340-7594 •

Estimation of outcrossing rate in a breeding population of Eucalyptus urophylla with dominant RAPD and AFLP markers. Source: Gaiotto, F.A. Bramucci, M. Grattapaglia, D. Theor-appl-genet. Berlin; SpringerVerlag. October 1997. volume 95 (5/6) page 842-849. 0040-5752

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Eucalyptus treats winter colds. Source: Erney, D. Org-gard. [Emmaus, PA : Rodale Press, c1988-. Nov/December 1999. volume 46 (6) page 18. 0897-3792

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Fair dinkum koala kuisine--eucalyptus oil poisoning. Source: Mack, R B N-C-Med-J. 1988 November; 49(11): 599-600 0029-2559

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Forager size of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a mature eucalyptus forest in Brazil. Author(s): Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Agropecuarias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28015-620, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Tonhasca, A Jr Braganca, M A Rev-Biol-Tropage 2000 December; 48(4): 983-8 0034-7744

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Genetic mapping of QTLs controlling vegetative propagation in Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla using a pseudo-testcross strategy and RAPD markers. Source: Grattapaglia, D. Bertolucci, F.L. Sederoff, R.R. Theor-appl-genet. Berlin; Springer-Verlag. June 1995. volume 90 (7/8) page 933-947. 0040-5752

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How well can common brushtail possums regulate their intake of Eucalyptus toxins? Author(s): Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra. Source: Stapley, J Foley, W J Cunningham, R Eschler, B J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 2000 May; 170(3): 211-8 0174-1578

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Hydrolyzable tannins and related polyphenols from Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Source: Hou, A J Liu, Y Z Yang, H Lin, Z W Sun, H D J-Asian-Nat-Prod-Res. 2000; 2(3): 205-12 1028-6020

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In vitro evaluation of surfactants with eucalyptus oil for respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, 3333 California Street, Suite 150, San Francisco, CA 94118-1245, USA. [email protected] Source: Banerjee, R Bellare, J R Respir-Physiol. 2001 June; 126(2): 141-51 0034-5687

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Induction of hepatic microsomal oxidative metabolism in mice by essential oil components from some Eucalyptus spp. and Queensland fodder trees [Poisoning of livestock from carbon tetrachloride drenches]. Source: Noble, R.M. Herdlicka, J. Sutherland, M.D. Seawright, A.A. Queensl-J-AgricAnim-Sci. Brisbane : Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries. June 1982. volume 39 (1) page 9-14. 0033-6173

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Influence of vitamin E on in vitro propagation of Eucalyptus rudis Endl., of Larix X eurolepis Henry and Quercus borealis Michx [Antioxidizing agent, synergic effect with other medium growth regulators]. Influence de la vitamine E sur la

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multiplication vegetative in vitro de l'Eucalyptus rudis Endl., de Larix X eurolepis Henry et de Quercus borealis Michx. Source: Badia Nkanka, K. Bull-Rech-Agron-Gembloux. Gembloux : Presses agronomiques de Gembloux. 1982. volume 17 (3) page 219-225. 0435-2033 •

Inheritance of freezing resistance in interspecific F1 hybrids of Eucalyptus. Source: Tibbits, W.N. Potts, B.M. Savva, M.H. Theor-Appl-Genet. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International. 1991. volume 83 (1) page 126-135. 0040-5752

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Intraspecific variation of Eucalyptus secondary metabolites determines food intake by folivorous marsupials. Source: Lawler, I.R. Foley, W.J. Eschler, B.M. Pass, D.M. Handasyde, K. Oecologia. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1968-. 1998. volume 116 (1/2) page 160-169. 0029-8549

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Moisture stress stimulates the subsequent growth of lignotuberous Eucalyptus maculata seedlings. Source: Neave, I.A. Florence, R.G. Aust-for. Yarralumla ACT, Australia : Institute of Foresters of Australia. June 1998. volume 61 (2) page 114-119. 0004-9158

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Oxidation of 1,8-cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes. Author(s): Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan. [email protected] Source: Miyazawa, M Shindo, M Shimada, T Drug-Metab-Dispos. 2001 February; 29(2): 200-5 0090-9556

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Patterns of variation in the seedling leaf oils of Eucalyptus urophylla, E. pellita and E. scias. Source: Doran, J.C. Williams, E.R. Brophy, J.J. Aust-j-bot. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1953-. 1995. volume 43 (3) page 327-336. 0067-1924

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Phytochemical examination of Eucalyptus--a review. Source: Dayal, R. J-Sci-Ind-Res. New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. April 1988. volume 47 (4) page 215-220. 0022-4456

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Polyphenols from Eucalyptus consideniana and Eucalyptus viminalis. Author(s): Instituto de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Goias, Campus Samambaia, Caixa Postal 131, CEP 74001-970, Goiania, Goias, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Santos, S C Waterman, P G Fitoterapia. 2001 January; 72(1): 95-7 0367-326X

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Postembryonic development and reproduction in Dysdercus koenigii (F.) (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) on exposure to eucalyptus oil volatiles. Source: Srivastava, R.K. Gurusubramanian, G. Krishna, S.S. Biol-agric-hortic. Oxon : A B Academic Publishers. 1995. volume 12 (1) page 81-88. 0144-8765

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Pretreatment of eucalyptus wood with sodium hypochlorite and enzymatic hydrolysis by cellulases of Trichoderma viride. Source: David, C. Fornasier, R. Lejong, W. Vanlautem, N. J-Appl-Polym-Sci. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. June 20, 1987. volume 36 (1) page 29-41. 0021-8995

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Quantitative genetics of Eucalyptus globulus: affinities of land race and native stand localities. Source: Lopez, G.A. Potts, B.M. Dutkowski, G.W. Rodriguez Traverso, J.M. Silvae-genet. Frankfurt a. M. : J. D. Sauerlander's Verlag, c1957-. 2001. volume 50 (5/6) page 244-252. 0037-5349

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Structures of euglobal-G1, -G2, and -G3 from Eucalyptus grandis, three new inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus activation. Author(s): Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. Source: Takasaki, M Konoshima, T Shingu, T Tokuda, H Nishino, H Iwashima, A Kozuka, M Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1990 May; 38(5): 1444-6 0009-2363

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lipids from Eucalyptus globulus wood. Author(s): Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, E-41080, Sevilla, Spain. [email protected] Source: Gonzalez Vila, F J Bautista, J M Gutierrez, A Del Rio, J C Gonzalez, A G JBiochem-Biophys-Methods. 2000 July 5; 43(1-3): 345-51 0165-022X

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Symptoms of deficiency of trace elements and the associated changes in peroxidase isoenzyme pattern in the seedlings of teak, mahogany and Eucalyptus. Source: Kamala, B.S. Angadi, V.G. Parthasarathi, K. Rai, S.N. Van-Vigyan-J-Soc-IndianFor. Dehra Dun : Society of Indian Foresters. Sept/December 1986. volume 24 (3/4) page 49-55. ill.

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The inhibitory effect of funoran and eucalyptus extract-containing chewing gum on plaque formation. Author(s): Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Sato, S Yoshinuma, N Ito, K Tokumoto, T Takiguchi, T Suzuki, Y Murai, S JOral-Sci. 1998 September; 40(3): 115-7 1343-4934

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The steam volatile leaf oil of Eucalyptus pulverulenta. Source: Brophy, J.J. Lassak, E.Volume Toia, R.F. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Thieme-Stratton. April 1985. (2) page 170-171. 0032-0943

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The structures of euglobal-G1, -G3 and -G4, three new inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus activation from Eucalyptus grandis. Source: Takasaki, M. Konoshima, T. Kozuka, M. Shingu, T. Tokuda, H. Vishino, H. Iwashima, A. Plant-Med. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Georg Thieme Verlag. December 1990. volume 56 (6) page 568. 0032-0943

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The unpiloted ignition of Eucalyptus leaves treated as a paralled reaction system. Source: Jones, J.C. Rahmati, H. Wake, G.C. J-Fire-Sci. Lancaster, Pa. : Technomic Publishing Company. July/August 1991. volume 9 (4) page 311-329. 0734-9041

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The use of shelterwood in Eucalyptus regnans forest: the effect of overwood removal at three years on regeneration stocking and health. Source: Saveneh, A.G. Dignan, P. Aust-for. Queen Victoria Terrace : Institute of Foresters of Australia. December 1997. volume 60 (4) page 251-259. 0004-9158

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Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Source: Darben, T Cominos, B Lee, C T Australas-J-Dermatol. 1998 November; 39(4): 265-7 0004-8380

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Variation in first-harvest oil production in Eucalyptus radiata. Source: Doran, J.C. Arnold, R.J. Walton, S.J. Aust-for. Queen Victoria Terrace : Institute of Foresters of Australia. March 1998. volume 61 (1) page 27-33. 0004-9158

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Variations in mortality in families of Eucalyptus regnans caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, up to 5 years after planting. Source: Harris, J.A. Kassaby, F.Y. Smith, I.W. Aust-For-Res. East Melbourne : CSIRO. 1985. volume 15 (1) page 57-65. 0004-914X

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Yield limitations of genetically improved families of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) ex Maiden in Zambia. Source: Mubita, A.C. Crop physiology of forest trees / compiled and edited by Peter M.A. Tigerstedt, Pasi Puttonen and Veikko Koski. Helsinki, Finland : University of Helsinki, Dept. of Plant Breeding, 1985. page 219-223. ISBN: 951453705X

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Zinc nutrition of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) seedlings. Source: Wallace, I.M. Dell, B. Loneragan, J.F. Aust-J-Bot. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 1986. volume 34 (1) page 41-51. 0067-1924

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to eucalyptus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND EUCALYPTUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to eucalyptus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to eucalyptus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to eucalyptus: •

A cDNA encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine:caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase from Eucalyptus. Author(s): Poeydomenge O, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J. Source: Plant Physiology. 1994 June; 105(2): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066135&dopt=Abstract

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A near-infrared method for the assay of cineole in eucalyptus oil as an alternative to the official BP method. Author(s): Wilson ND, Watt RA, Moffat AC. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 January; 53(1): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206198&dopt=Abstract

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A note on the solubilization of eucalyptus oil by polysorbate 20. Author(s): Hall NA, Belanga JW.

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Source: Am J Pharm Sci Support Public Health. 1966 November-December; 138(6): 24950. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5978195&dopt=Abstract •

A simple washing procedure with eucalyptus oil for controlling house dust mites and their allergens in clothing and bedding. Author(s): Tovey ER, McDonald LG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 100(4): 464-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9338538&dopt=Abstract

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A TM3-like MADS-box gene from Eucalyptus expressed in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Author(s): Decroocq V, Zhu X, Kauffman M, Kyozuka J, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES, Llewellyn DJ. Source: Gene. 1999 March 4; 228(1-2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10072768&dopt=Abstract

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Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. Author(s): Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, Duarte VG, Machado MI, Matos FJ. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 December; 89(2-3): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14611892&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of medicinal oil from Eucalyptus globulus. ssp. bicostata leaves. Author(s): Dayal R, Ayyar KS. Source: Planta Medica. 1986 April; (2): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3725937&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial action of the essential oils of some Australian Myrtaceae with special references to the activity of chromatographic fractions of oil of Eucalyptus citriodora. Author(s): Low D, Rawal BD, Griffin WJ. Source: Planta Medica. 1974 September; 26(2): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4212944&dopt=Abstract

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Antifungal activity of the volatile oil of Eucalyptus citriodora. Author(s): Ramezani H, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 June; 73(3): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048022&dopt=Abstract

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Antihyperglycemic actions of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) are associated with pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects in mice. Author(s): Gray AM, Flatt PR.

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Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 December; 128(12): 2319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868176&dopt=Abstract •

Anti-tumor-promoting activities of euglobals from Eucalyptus plants. Author(s): Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Kozuka M, Tokuda H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1995 March; 18(3): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7550098&dopt=Abstract

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Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Author(s): Schnitzler P, Schon K, Reichling J. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 April; 56(4): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338678&dopt=Abstract

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Bioactive acylphloroglucinol derivatives from Eucalyptus species. Author(s): Ghisalberti EL. Source: Phytochemistry. 1996 January; 41(1): 7-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8588876&dopt=Abstract

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Biotransformation of (-)-borneol by cultured cells of Eucalyptus perriniana. Author(s): Orihara Y, Furuya T. Source: Phytochemistry. 1993 November; 34(4): 1045-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7764236&dopt=Abstract

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Biotransformation of (+)-camphor by cultured cells of Eucalyptus perriniana. Author(s): Orihara Y, Noguchi T, Furuya T. Source: Phytochemistry. 1994 March; 35(4): 941-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7764630&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer chemopreventive activity of euglobal-G1 from leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Author(s): Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Etoh H, Pal Singh I, Tokuda H, Nishino H. Source: Cancer Letters. 2000 July 3; 155(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10814880&dopt=Abstract

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Characterisation of tolbutamide hydroxylase activity in the common brushtail possum, (Trichosurus vulpecula) and koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): inhibition by the eucalyptus terpene 1,8-cineole. Author(s): Liapis P, Pass GJ, McKinnon RA, Stupans I. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : Cbp. 2000 December; 127(3): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246507&dopt=Abstract

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Characterisation of two distinct HKT1-like potassium transporters from Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Author(s): Fairbairn DJ, Liu W, Schachtman DP, Gomez-Gallego S, Day SR, Teasdale RD. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 2000 July; 43(4): 515-25. Erratum In: Plant Mol Biol 2001 January; 45(2): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052203&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of residual lignin after SO(2)-catalyzed steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis of Eucalyptus viminalis wood chips. Author(s): Ramos LP, Mathias AL, Silva FT, Cotrim AR, Ferraz AL, Chen CL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 June; 47(6): 2295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10794625&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of two HKT1 homologues from Eucalyptus camaldulensis that display intrinsic osmosensing capability. Author(s): Liu W, Fairbairn DJ, Reid RJ, Schachtman DP. Source: Plant Physiology. 2001 September; 127(1): 283-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553756&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical effects and management of eucalyptus oil ingestion in infants and young children. Author(s): Tibballs J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 August 21; 163(4): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7651249&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical microbiological case: fever and headache in a heavy consumer of eucalyptus extract. Author(s): Tascini C, Ferranti S, Gemignani G, Messina F, Menichetti F. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 8(7): 437, 445-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199856&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil. Author(s): Harkenthal M, Reichling J, Geiss HK, Saller R. Source: Pharmazie. 1999 June; 54(6): 460-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10399193&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of classical and ultrasound-assisted isolation procedures of cellulose from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus rodustrus Sm.). Author(s): Pappas C, Tarantilis PA, Daliani I, Mavromoustakos T, Polissiou M.

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Source: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2002 January; 9(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11602991&dopt=Abstract •

Comparison of four trap types for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in Brazilian Eucalyptus stands. Author(s): Flechtmann CA, Ottati AL, Berisford CW. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2000 December; 93(6): 1701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142301&dopt=Abstract

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Composition and protein quality of honeybee-collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla. Author(s): Bell RR, Thornber EJ, Seet JL, Groves MT, Ho NP, Bell DT. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1983 December; 113(12): 2479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6655512&dopt=Abstract

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Comprehensive study on the chemical structure of dioxane lignin from plantation Eucalyptus globulus wood. Author(s): Evtuguin DV, Neto CP, Silva AM, Domingues PM, Amado FM, Robert D, Faix O. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 September; 49(9): 4252-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559119&dopt=Abstract

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Contact urticaria due to eucalyptus pollen. Author(s): Vidal C, Cabeza N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 April; 26(4): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1395567&dopt=Abstract

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Cyanide poisoning of goats from sugar gums (Eucalyptus cladocalyx). Author(s): Webber JJ, Roycroft CR, Callinan JD. Source: Aust Vet J. 1985 January; 62(1): 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4004657&dopt=Abstract

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Cypellocarpins A-C, phenol glycosides esterified with oleuropeic acid, from Eucalyptus cypellocarpa. Author(s): Ito H, Koreishi M, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Yoshida T. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 September; 63(9): 1253-7. Erratum In: J Nat Prod 2000 December; 63(12): 1717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000030&dopt=Abstract

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Deliberate self-poisoning with eucalyptus oil in an elderly woman. Author(s): Anpalahan M, Le Couteur DG.

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Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1998 February; 28(1): 58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544389&dopt=Abstract •

Digestion and metabolism of high-tannin Eucalyptus foliage by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae). Author(s): Foley WJ, Hume ID. Source: Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 1987; 157(1): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3571567&dopt=Abstract

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Dispersed polyphosphate in fungal vacuoles in Eucalyptus pilularis/Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas. Author(s): Ashford AE, Vesk PA, Orlovich DA, Markovina AL, Allaway WG. Source: Fungal Genetics and Biology : Fg & B. 1999 October; 28(1): 21-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512669&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Eucalyptus feeding in the development, survival and reproduction of Tynacantha marginata (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Author(s): Moreira LA, Zanuncio JC, Picanco MC, Guedes RN. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 1997 March; 44-45: 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404523&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Author(s): Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1994 June; 14(3): 228-34; Discussion 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7954745&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of mint and eucalyptus leaves on the physicochemical characteristics of stored wheat against insect infestation. Author(s): Modgil R, Samuels R. Source: Die Nahrung. 1998 October; 42(5): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829267&dopt=Abstract

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Egg parasitoids of Podisus sculptus distant (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in an Eucalyptus plantation in the Brazilian amazonian region. Author(s): Zanuncio JC, Oliveira HN, Torres JB, Pratissoli D. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 2000 December; 48(4): 989-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487944&dopt=Abstract

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Ellagic acid rhamnosides from the stem bark of Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Kim JP, Lee IK, Yun BS, Chung SH, Shim GS, Koshino H, Yoo ID.

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Source: Phytochemistry. 2001 June; 57(4): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394863&dopt=Abstract •

Emission of isoprene from salt-stressed Eucalyptus globulus leaves. Author(s): Loreto F, Delfine S. Source: Plant Physiology. 2000 August; 123(4): 1605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10938376&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus tereticornis. Author(s): Pfeiffer TJ, Ellis DH. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1992; 30(5): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1469544&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptone from Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Osawa K, Yasuda H, Morita H, Takeya K, Itokawa H. Source: Phytochemistry. 1995 September; 40(1): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546549&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus globulus (camphor oil) in the treatment of human demodicidosis. Author(s): Morsy TA, Morsy GH, Sanad EM. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002 December; 32(3): 797-803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512812&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus has a functional equivalent of the Arabidopsis floral meristem identity gene LEAFY. Author(s): Southerton SG, Strauss SH, Olive MR, Harcourt RL, Decroocq V, Zhu X, Llewellyn DJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1998 August; 37(6): 897-910. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700063&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus has functional equivalents of the Arabidopsis AP1 gene. Author(s): Kyozuka J, Harcourt R, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Source: Plant Molecular Biology. 1997 November; 35(5): 573-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9349279&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil ingestion. Author(s): Hindle RC. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 May 11; 107(977): 185-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8177581&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil poisoning among young children: mechanisms of access and the potential for prevention. Author(s): Day LM, Ozanne-Smith J, Parsons BJ, Dobbin M, Tibballs J. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997 June; 21(3): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270157&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil poisoning in childhood: 41 cases in south-east Queensland. Author(s): Webb NJ, Pitt WR. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1993 October; 29(5): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8240865&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Patel S, Wiggins J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1980 May; 55(5): 405-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7436478&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil: 14 cases of exposure. Author(s): Spoerke DG, Vandenberg SA, Smolinske SC, Kulig K, Rumack BH. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989 April; 31(2): 166-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929128&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus oil: therapeutic and toxic aspects of pharmacology in humans and animals. Author(s): Whitman BW, Ghazizadeh H. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1994 April; 30(2): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198860&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus vapor causing Aspergillus in sputum smears. Author(s): Vidal C, Gonzalez Quintela A, Martin F. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 April; 66(4): 355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2014940&dopt=Abstract

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Eucalyptus: a sustainable self-delivery molluscicide? Author(s): Hammond JA, Fielding D, Nuru H. Source: Veterinary Research Communications. 1994; 18(5): 359-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7863607&dopt=Abstract

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Euglobal-In-1, a new euglobal from Eucalyptus incrassata. Author(s): Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Kozuka M, Haruna M, Ito K, Crow WD, Paton DM.

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Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 October; 42(10): 2113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7805137&dopt=Abstract •

Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania. Author(s): Trigg JK. Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 June; 12(2 Pt 1): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827599&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in Scotland. Author(s): Trigg JK. Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 June; 12(2 Pt 1): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827615&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of acute toxicity and genotoxicity of liquid products from pyrolysis of Eucalyptus grandis wood. Author(s): Pimenta AS, Bayona JM, Garcia MT, Solanas AM. Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000 February; 38(2): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10629278&dopt=Abstract

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Expressed sequence tags of randomly selected cDNA clones from Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza. Author(s): Tagu D, Martin F. Source: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1995 September-October; 8(5): 781-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7579623&dopt=Abstract

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F1 hybrid inviability in eucalyptus: the case of E. ovata x E. globulus. Author(s): Lopez GA, Potts BM, Tilyard PA. Source: Heredity. 2000 September; 85 Pt 3: 242-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012727&dopt=Abstract

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Fair dinkum koala kuisine--eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Mack RB. Source: N C Med J. 1988 November; 49(11): 599-600. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2904658&dopt=Abstract

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Flavonoids in monospecific eucalyptus honeys from Australia. Author(s): Martos I, Ferreres F, Yao L, D'Arcy B, Caffin N, Tomas-Barberan FA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 October; 48(10): 4744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052728&dopt=Abstract

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Foliar nutrient retranslocation in Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Saur E, Nambiar EK, Fife DN. Source: Tree Physiology. 2000 October; 20(16): 1105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269962&dopt=Abstract

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Forager size of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a mature eucalyptus forest in Brazil. Author(s): Tonhasca A Jr, Braganca MA. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 2000 December; 48(4): 983-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11487943&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic linkage maps of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla using a pseudo-testcross: mapping strategy and RAPD markers. Author(s): Grattapaglia D, Sederoff R. Source: Genetics. 1994 August; 137(4): 1121-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7982566&dopt=Abstract

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Germination of stress-tolerant Eucalyptus pollen. Author(s): Heslop-Harrison J, Heslop-Harrison Y. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 1985 February; 73: 135-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4019590&dopt=Abstract

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How well can common brushtail possums regulate their intake of Eucalyptus toxins? Author(s): Stapley J, Foley WJ, Cunningham R, Eschler B. Source: Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 2000 May; 170(3): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10841261&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrolyzable tannins and related polyphenols from Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Hou AJ, Liu YZ, Yang H, Lin ZW, Sun HD. Source: Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. 2000; 2(3): 205-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256694&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of flavonoid markers for the botanical origin of Eucalyptus honey. Author(s): Martos I, Ferreres F, Tomas-Barberan FA. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 May; 48(5): 1498-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10820049&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of symbiosis-regulated genes in Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza by differential hybridization of arrayed cDNAs. Author(s): Voiblet C, Duplessis S, Encelot N, Martin F.

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Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 2001 January; 25(2): 181-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169194&dopt=Abstract •

In vitro evaluation of surfactants with eucalyptus oil for respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): Banerjee R, Bellare JR. Source: Respiration Physiology. 2001 June; 126(2): 141-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348641&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, by Eucalyptus terpenes. Author(s): Pass GJ, McLean S, Stupans I. Source: Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1999 November; 124(3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10661715&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of light availability on leaf structure and growth of two Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus provenances. Author(s): James SA, Bell DT. Source: Tree Physiology. 2000 September; 20(15): 1007-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305455&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction of specific carbohydrates into Eucalyptus gunnii cells increases their freezing tolerance. Author(s): Leborgne N, Teulieres C, Travert S, Rols MP, Teissie J, Boudet AM. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1995 May 1; 229(3): 710-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7758467&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of macrocarpals B--G antibacterial compounds from Eucalyptus macrocarpa. Author(s): Yamakoshi Y, Murata M, Shimizu A, Homma S. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1992 October; 56(10): 1570-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1369057&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Eucalyptus camaldulensis in India. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Jatana M, Kumar P, Chatha L, Kaushal A, Padhye AA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 December; 35(12): 3340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399553&dopt=Abstract

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Lead concentrations in Eucalyptus sp. in a small coastal town. Author(s): Halliwell D, Turoczy N, Stagnitti F.

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Source: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000 November; 65(5): 583-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014841&dopt=Abstract •

Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of some constituents isolated from the stem bark of Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Yun BS, Lee IK, Kim JP, Chung SH, Shim GS, Yoo ID. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2000 April; 23(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10836740&dopt=Abstract

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Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the Leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Author(s): Osawa K, Yasuda H, Morita H, Takeya K, Itokawa H. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1996 September; 59(9): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864235&dopt=Abstract

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Mass, temperature and metabolic effects on discontinuous gas exchange cycles in eucalyptus-boring beetles (Coleoptera: cerambycidae). Author(s): Chappell MA, Rogowitz GL. Source: The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2000 December; 203 Pt 24: 3809-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076743&dopt=Abstract

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Mast cell involvement in the rat paw oedema response to 1,8-cineole, the main constituent of eucalyptus and rosemary oils. Author(s): Santos FA, Rao VS. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 July 23; 331(2-3): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9274987&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of Eucalyptus terpenes by herbivorous marsupials. Author(s): McLean S, Foley WJ. Source: Drug Metabolism Reviews. 1997 February-May; 29(1-2): 213-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9187519&dopt=Abstract

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Molluscicidal effects of eucalyptus. Author(s): Kloos H, McCullough F. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1982 August 14; 111(7): 148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7123836&dopt=Abstract

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Molluscicidal effects of eucalyptus. Author(s): Broberg G. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1982 May 29; 110(22): 526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7101717&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring biogenic volatile compounds emitted by Eucalyptus citriodora using SPME. Author(s): Zini CA, Augusto F, Christensen TE, Smith BP, Caramao EB, Pawliszy J. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 2001 October 1; 73(19): 4729-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605854&dopt=Abstract

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Multi-enzymatic glucosylation using Eucalyptus UDP-glucosyltransferase coupled UDPglucose-fermentation by bakers' yeast. Author(s): Nakajima N, Ishihara K, Hamada H, Yamane S, Nakamura K, Furuya T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1999 May; 63(5): 934-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10380636&dopt=Abstract

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Eucalyptus. Author(s): Feuillet C, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J. Source: Plant Physiology. 1993 December; 103(4): 1447. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8290634&dopt=Abstract

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Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Eucalyptus. Author(s): Poeydomenge O, Marolda M, Boudet AM, Grima-Pettenati J. Source: Plant Physiology. 1995 April; 107(4): 1455-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7770532&dopt=Abstract

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Nucleotide sequence of a Eucalyptus botryoides gene encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Author(s): Hibino T, Chen JQ, Shibata D, Higuchi T. Source: Plant Physiology. 1994 January; 104(1): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7906894&dopt=Abstract

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Phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus maculata. Author(s): Abdel-Sattar E, Kohiel MA, Shihata IA, el-Askary H. Source: Pharmazie. 2000 August; 55(8): 623-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10989845&dopt=Abstract

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Polyphenols from Eucalyptus consideniana and Eucalyptus viminalis. Author(s): Santos SC, Waterman PG. Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 January; 72(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163955&dopt=Abstract

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Polyphenols from Eucalyptus ovata. Author(s): Santos SC, Waterman PG.

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Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 March; 72(3): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295317&dopt=Abstract •

Response of Eucalyptus tereticornis to inoculation with indigenous AM fungi in a semiarid alfisol achieved with different concentrations of available soil P. Author(s): Sharma MP, Adholeya A. Source: Microbiological Research. 2000 March; 154(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772157&dopt=Abstract

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Response of human ciliated respiratory cells to a mixture of menthol, eucalyptus oil and pine needle oil. Author(s): Riechelmann H, Brommer C, Hinni M, Martin C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1997 September; 47(9): 1035-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342418&dopt=Abstract

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Scroggie JG: Eucalyptus oil poisoning treated by dialysis and mannitol infusion, with an appendix on the analysis of biological fluids for alcohol and eucalyptol. Author(s): Gurr FW. Source: Australas Ann Med. 1965 August; 14(3): 238-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5862649&dopt=Abstract

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Sideroxylonal C, a new inhibitor of human plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, from the flowers of Eucalyptus albens. Author(s): Neve J, Leone PA, Carroll AR, Moni RW, Paczkowski NJ, Pierens G, Bjorquist P, Deinum J, Ehnebom J, Inghardt T, Guymer G, Grimshaw P, Quinn RJ. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1999 February; 62(2): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075775&dopt=Abstract

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Solid phase microextraction of volatile constituents from individual fresh Eucalyptus leaves of three species. Author(s): Betts TJ. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 March; 66(2): 193-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763604&dopt=Abstract

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Spasmolytic constituents from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa leaves. Author(s): Begum S, Farhat F, Sultana I, Siddiqui BS, Shaheen F, Gilani AH. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2000 September; 63(9): 1265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000033&dopt=Abstract

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Spatial distribution of Eucalyptus roots in a deep sandy soil in the Congo: relationships with the ability of the stand to take up water and nutrients. Author(s): Laclau JP, Arnaud M, Bouillet JP, Ranger J.

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Source: Tree Physiology. 2001 February; 21(2-3): 129-36. Erratum In: Tree Physiol 2001 June; 21(9): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303643&dopt=Abstract •

Stable carbon isotope discrimination: an indicator of cumulative salinity and boron stress in Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Author(s): Poss JA, Grattan SR, Suarez DL, Grieve CM. Source: Tree Physiology. 2000 October; 20(16): 1121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269964&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and spasmolytic activity of eucalyptanoic acid from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa and synthesis of its active derivative from oleanolic acid. Author(s): Begum S, Sultana I, Siddiqui BS, Shaheen F, Gilani AH. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2002 December; 65(12): 1939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502346&dopt=Abstract

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Structures of euglobal-G1, -G2, and -G3 from Eucalyptus grandis, three new inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus activation. Author(s): Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Shingu T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Iwashima A, Kozuka M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1990 May; 38(5): 1444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2168298&dopt=Abstract

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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lipids from Eucalyptus globulus wood. Author(s): Gonzalez-Vila FJ, Bautista JM, Gutierrez A, Del Rio JC, Gonzalez AG. Source: Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 2000 July 5; 43(1-3): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10869686&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Author(s): Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1983 July-August; 96(1-2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6613544&dopt=Abstract

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The formation of polyphenols in trees. 2. The polyphenols of Eucalyptus sieberiana kino. Author(s): Hillis WE. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1964 September; 92(3): 516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5837436&dopt=Abstract

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The inhibitory effect of funoran and eucalyptus extract-containing chewing gum on plaque formation. Author(s): Sato S, Yoshinuma N, Ito K, Tokumoto T, Takiguchi T, Suzuki Y, Murai S.

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Source: J Oral Sci. 1998 September; 40(3): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838746&dopt=Abstract •

The use of Chinese herbs folium ilicis chinensis decoction plus eucalyptus distillate for preoperative preparation of intestinal tract. Author(s): Miao TJ, Xiong RC. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 June; 4(2): 149-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6567729&dopt=Abstract

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Time course of fungal removal of lipophilic extractives from Eucalyptus globulus wood. Author(s): Martinez-Inigo MJ, Gutierrez A, del Rio JC, Martinez MJ, Martinez AT. Source: Journal of Biotechnology. 2001 November 30; 84(2): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11090683&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance of salinized floodplain conditions in a naturally occurring Eucalyptus hybrid related to lowered plant water potential. Author(s): Zubrinich TM, Loveys B, Gallasch S, Seekamp JV, Tyerman SD. Source: Tree Physiology. 2000 August; 20(14): 953-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303570&dopt=Abstract

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Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning. Author(s): Darben T, Cominos B, Lee CT. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 39(4): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838728&dopt=Abstract

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Triterpenoidal constituents from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa leaves. Author(s): Siddiqui BS, Sultana I, Begum S. Source: Phytochemistry. 2000 August; 54(8): 861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11014279&dopt=Abstract

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Ursolic acid isolated from Eucalyptus tereticornis protects against ethanol toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Saraswat B, Visen PK, Agarwal DP. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 May; 14(3): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815008&dopt=Abstract

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Use of bacteriophage for the selective isolation of thermophilic actinomycetes from composted eucalyptus bark. Author(s): Kurtboke DI, Murphy NE, Sivasithamparam K.

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Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1993 January; 39(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8439873&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to eucalyptus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Aches Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Genital Herpes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Joint Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Respiratory Ailments Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Aromatherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Didgeridoo Vibrational Healing Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html

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Chinese Medicine Anyou Alternative names: Eucalyptus Oil; Oleum Eucalypti Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Australian Fevertree Alternative names: Eucalyptus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eucalyptus Alternative names: Eucalyptus globulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eucalyptus Alternative names: Australian Fevertree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eucalyptus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,778,00.html Eucalyptus Globulus Alternative names: Eucalyptus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herbal Decongestant Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,949,00.html Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Mentha Alternative names: Pennyroyal; Mentha/Hedeoma pulegium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Peppermint Alternative names: Mentha piperita Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peppermint Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,812,00.html Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Sassafras Alternative names: Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Syzygium Clove Alternative names: Clove, Jamun; Syzygium sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thuja Plicata Alternative names: Western Red Cedar Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON EUCALYPTUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to eucalyptus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “eucalyptus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on eucalyptus, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Eucalyptus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to eucalyptus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

An Analysis of the Future Productivity of Eucalyptus Grandis Plantations in the Cerrado Region in Brazil a Nutrient Cycling Approach by Ferreira, Maria Das Graccedilas M; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL22392

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Charcoal Production from Eucalyptus in Southern Bahia for Iron and Steel Manufacture in Minas Gerais, Brazil by Nogueira, Uziel Batista, PhD from Michigan State University, 1980, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8112129

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Investment Analysis of Eucalyptus Plantations in Thailand Based on Financial Risk and Return by Kongsom, Chaiwat; PhD from Mississippi State University, 2002, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043164

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•

Molecular Plant-Pathogen Interactions with Special Reference to Eucalyptus Grandis Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Proteins and Fungal Polygalacturonases by Chimwamurombe, Percy Maruwa; PhD from University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f270193

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Organic Mulches: I. Decomposition and Nitrogen Mineralization in Mulch and Soil Layers. II. Effects of Eucalyptus Mulch on Avocado Tree Fine Root Growth by Valenzuela-Solano, Cesar; PhD from University of California, Riverside, 2003, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3079000

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Production Ecology of Clonal Eucalyptus Plantations in Northeastern Brazil by Stape, Jose Luiz; PhD from Colorado State University, 2002, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064023

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The Nature of the Timber Production Function Eucalyptus Grandis W. Hill Ex Maiden in Brazil by Couto, Laercio; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59763

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Virulence and Isoenzyme Patterns of Cryphonectria Cubensis (Bruner) Hodges, Causal Agent of the Eucalyptus Canker by Alfenas, Acelino Couto; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59759

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON EUCALYPTUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “eucalyptus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on eucalyptus, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Eucalyptus By performing a patent search focusing on eucalyptus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on eucalyptus: •

Analgesic and antiphlogistic compositions and therapeutic wrap for topical delivery Inventor(s): Archer; Heidi K. (Sterling, VA), Pettit; Mitchell S. (Bethesda, MD) Assignee(s): Niblick Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,976,547 Date filed: April 22, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to topical over-the-counter and prescription strength analgesic and antiphlogistic blended compositions which are useful for reducing inflammation and providing relief from both peripheral and central pain as well as to a flexible therapeutic wrap for topical delivery of said blended compositions. More particularly, the invention is a blended composition comprising from about 3% to about 30% by weight of extract of arnica montana in combination with an effective amount of one or more therapeutic or pharmaceutical agents selected from the group consisting of menthol crystal, camphor, oil of mint, eucalyptus oil, guaifenesin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, topical analgesics, or transdermal opioid analgesics blended in either a pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) or a petrolatum base. The particular agents selected and the percent composition of each selected ingredient in a given blend being determined by the needs and sensitivities of the given patient. Excerpt(s): A wealth of problems are known to be associated with the oral ingestion of pharmaceutical agents. For instance, due to sensitivities, many patients experience gastrointestinal irritation and intolerance from a single dose. Many others develop such intolerance as a result of prolonged treatment or develop other more severe gastrointestinal irritations such as ulceration. Further, patients present with widely differing metabolisms resulting in unpredictably variable rates of absorption. In addition, any oral treatment carries with it often unpredictable risks for side effects. The risks and problems associated with oral introduction of medication are magnified when treating chronic pain such as peripheral neuropathic pain associated with diseases such as diabetes melitis, chronic renal failure, myeloma, cancer, and hypothyroidism. Repeated doses of oral medication are known to compound any negative effect on the stomach and intestinal tract. Moreover, many of the patients suffering from chronic illnesses are senior citizens who are even more susceptible to the risks and side effects from oral medication. Similarly, when a child presents with acute or chronic illness, it is particularly desirable to avoid the risks of side effects and the damage caused from repeated ingestion of medication. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05976547__

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Analgesic anti-inflammatory composition and method of preparing from dodonaea sp Inventor(s): Janakiram; Chodavarapu (C.I.J.R. Technical Consultancy Services and Research Foundation, 805 Asisa, New Delhi 110 001, IN), Khalilullah; Mahmud (C.I.J.R. Technical Consultacy Services and Research Foundation, 805 Asisa, New Delhi 110 001, IN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,143,303 Date filed: August 14, 1999 Abstract: An anti-inflammatory, analgesic composition is prepared using an extract from a plant of the family Dodonaea in a dermatologically acceptable carrier, with or without a dermal absorption enhancer such as eucalyptus oil. The extract is prepared by solvent extraction of the plant matter, either whole or separated into various parts, such as leaves, bark, seeds, roots and flowers. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to topically-applied pharmaceutical compositions for providing analgesic and anti-inflammatory relief in humans and more specifically to compositions containing an extract of the Hop Bush plant (Dodonaea sp.). The invention also relates to a process for preparing such a therapeutic extract from the raw plant material of the Hop Bush plant. Topical compositions for providing pain relief and anti-inflammatory action are known in the art, For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,178,879 (Adekunle, M. et al., Jan. 12, 1993) discloses a topical pain relief gel containing capsaicin, water, alcohol and a carboxypolymethylene emulsifier. U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,491 (Moniz, H., Feb. 22, 1994) discloses a method for processing the noni (Morinda citrifolia) plant into powder for use in therapeutic compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06143303__

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Antimicrobial composition Inventor(s): Morris; Sandra (Norfolk, GB), Ryan; Robert Eugene (Norfolk, GB) Assignee(s): Barrier Biotech Limited (Norfolk, GB) Patent Number: 6,352,702 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: There is disclosed an antimicrobial composition comprising an antimicrobially effective amount of clove bud oil and two or more of eucalyptus oil, cajaput oil, lemongrass, lavender or tea tree oils. Use of the composition as a treatment for cold sores, head lice, vaginal thrush, verruca, warts, athletes foot, an antimicrobial mouth wash in addition to a surface cleaner are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with an antimicrobial composition, and in particular with such a composition the active ingredient of which comprises natural or essential oils. Essential oils have been used previously for use as antiviral or antibacterial agents. For example, clove bud oils have been previously described having antiseptic, antiviral and larvicidal capabilities. The present inventors have surprisingly found that a composition having a particular blend of essential oils exhibits a particularly synergistic and broad spectrum antimicrobial effect, and which composition has never previously been described. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352702__

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Antimicrobial composition formulated with essential oils Inventor(s): DeAth; Joy (Port Perry, CA), DeAth; S. Samuel (Waterdown, CA) Assignee(s): Scentsible Life Products, A division of Laid Back Designs Ltd. (Flamborough, CA) Patent Number: 6,346,281 Date filed: May 5, 2000 Abstract: An antimicrobial composition and more particularly a germicidal spray for sanitizing and disinfecting surfaces including leather, wood, metal, plastic and fabric, comprises a mixture of essential oils capable of being dissolved or dispersed by a solvent in a water carrier. The mixture of essential oils preferably comprises thyme, lemongrass, clove and eucalyptus. The composition may include an ionizing agent such as Blue Stone ions which speeds up the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils. The product of the invention is completely natural and non-toxic to adults and children even if swallowed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to disinfecting and cleaning compositions, and more particularly, to antimicrobial compositions for disinfecting, sanitizing or cleaning porous and non-porous surfaces including plastic, metal, fabric, wood, leather and skin. It is now well recognized that many contagious diseases are transmitted by touching unsanitized surfaces, and that disease causing germs are able to survive on some surfaces for up to five weeks. Surfaces of concern include counters and other food preparation areas, bathroom fixtures, and toys and other surfaces accessible to children in daycare facilities, as children tend to share toys and spread germs on a seemingly continuous basis. The prevention of disease is much more effective than treatment. There is therefore a need for products which safely control germs on surfaces. A number of products have been developed for the purpose of disinfecting and cleaning various surfaces. Many of these products use toxic, poisonous chemicals. Every year, hundreds of thousands of children are accidentally poisoned by toxic products. Some of these products are difficult and inconvenient to use. Others must be wiped off by a cloth, and cloths are sometimes often a source of more germs than those originally on the surface. There is accordingly a growing need for more natural and less toxic disinfectants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06346281__

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Bactericides Inventor(s): Takahashi; Tetsunari (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Eishogen Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Oji Paper Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,352,727 Date filed: September 11, 2000 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a bactericide (and a fungicide) that is highly safe and has strong bactericidal power even when used in low concentration, and that can be used repeatedly in a sterilizing process.The object can be achieved by the bactericide (or the fungicide) comprising a polar solvent extract of leaves of eucalyptus plants and chitosan. The polar solvent is preferably chosen from the group consisting of lower alcohols and glycols. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bactericide (and a fungicide) originated from natural products. More specifically, the present invention relates to a bactericide

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(and a fungicide) containing an extract obtained by extraction from leaves of eucalyptus plants into a polar organic solvent and chitosan, or a bactericide (and a fungicide) containing glycerol fatty acid ester in addition to the above-mentioned components, which has strong and persistent bactericidal (or fungicidal) power and high safety. The bactericide (and a fungicide) of the present invention can be used at home, restaurants, medical facilities, old-age homes, abattoir facilities, cattle sheds, chicken houses, and the like. Particularly, the present invention is useful as a bactericide (and a fungicide) for preventing an acne, athlete's foot. There are about six hundred species of eucalyptus plants, of which an essential oil or an ethanol extract or the like are used as pharmaceuticals, quasi-drugs, food additives and perfumery, such as pharmaceuticals for asthma, preservatives, aromatic substances (Hiroyuki Nishimura, "Mirai no Seibutsu Shigen Yukari", 1987). It has been reported that cineole that is a major component of eucalyptus essential oil has an effect as antiseptics, or enhances an effect of antibacterial substance (bisbiguanide compound) (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open publication (KOKAI) publication No. Sho 62-289511). It has been reported that grandinol isolated from an organic solvent extract of Eucalyptus perriniana (Agric. Biol. Chem., 54, 1, 231, 1990) and Macrocarpal-A isolated from Eucalyptus macrocarpa (Agric. Biol. Chem., 54, 12, 3221) have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352727__ •

Composition and method of treating nail infections Inventor(s): Lee; Ronald Eugene (Garrettsville, OH) Assignee(s): All Nature's Solutions L.L.C. (Garrettsville, OH) Patent Number: 6,413,555 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: Infections of toe nails and finger nails caused by fungi and yeast are treated topically by applying a liquid mixture of natural ingredients to the infected area. The mixture includes the essential oils of between about 10 and about 17 ml. of tea tree; between about 10 and about 17 ml. of lavender oil, and between about 1 and about 3.5 ml. of eucalyptus oil in a total of 30 ml. of liquid. All of the ingredients preferably are pharmaceutical grade for the best results. The liquid mixture is typically applied to the affected area once or twice a day for a period of at least two months until the infection is cured. A few drops of the composition can also be placed into the toe box of shoes and the toe portion of slippers when not being worn to prevent re-infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment of fungal and yeast infections of the nails on the hands and the toes and to topical formulations that are useful for such treatment. A common problem affecting many people is an infection called Onychomycosis caused by fungi and yeast that attack nails, and particularly toe nails. Fungi called dermatophytes are the most frequent cause of invasion of the nail. The fungi feed off the nail protein called keratin. Although the fungi are unsightly, and turns the toe nails scaly, yellow, brown or black, some people have no discomfort from the infection and, in fact, live with the condition for years and even decades. For others, however, the infection can adversely affect the quality of life when it is accompanied by itching, swelling, and general irritation. It can also lead to more serious complications including secondary bacterial infections. For instance, when an individual has impaired circulation to the feet, common among diabetics, the damage done by the fungus can permit a bacterial infection to begin in the feet. This infection may result in foot and ankle ulcers, may lead to blood poisoning and, in some cases, can lead to gangrene,

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thereby necessitating amputation of the foot or leg. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte is called Trichophyton rubrum. It is caused by organisms that are present everywhere. These organisms may be picked up by the feet from the floor of commonly shared bathrooms, decks of swimming pools, beaches, by walking barefoot, or by direct contact with another carrier of the organism. Other ways of contracting the infection are through the shared use of towels, soap and cosmetics. Also, they may be spread through the improper cleaning of dermatology equipment at nail salons. Even new shoes and slippers may carry the organism. The use of an anti-fungal soap for bathing, and thoroughly drying feet and hands after bathing, can help to reduce the likelihood of contamination. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06413555__ •

Composition for repelling ticks Inventor(s): Partelow; Scott E. (P.O. Box 2235, Sag Harbor, NY 11963) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,300,324 Date filed: January 4, 1999 Abstract: A composition (10) for repelling ticks and other insects contains a combination of plant extracts (14) in a topical liquid carrier (12). The plant extracts (14) include lavender (26), rosemary (30), thyme (32), aloe vera (28) and eucalyptus (34). The composition can further include one or more vitamins (18) such as Vitamin B.sub.1 (36), Vitamin B.sub.6 (38), Vitamin B.sub.12 (40) and Vitamin C (42). Lecithin (16) may be included as an additional insect repelling component and also to assist dispersion of the various active components in the liquid carrier (12). Excerpt(s): Most commercial insect repellents contain, as the primary active component, the chemical diethytoluamide (DEET). Recently, however, many concerns have been raised regarding the topical administration of compositions containing DEET, particularly among children. These concerns have resulted in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announcing that it is now banning manufacturers from claiming any DEET-containing composition to be "safe for kids." Even when used properly by adults, DEET has been known to cause rashes, seizures and irritability. Accordingly, DEET-free insect repellents are finding favor with consumers. The instant invention relates generally to topically applied compositions for repelling insects and more specifically to compositions made from natural products for repelling ticks. Compositions for repelling or killing insects are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,930 (Granirer, M. S. et al., Jul. 26, 1988) discloses an insecticidal composition which contains pyrethrum, rotenone, or both, and one or more of the following: eucalyptus, rosemary, peppermint and boric acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06300324__

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Creped tissue product having a low friction surface and improved wet strength Inventor(s): Anderson; Ralph L. (Marietta, GA), Hepford; Richard R. (Folcroft, PA) Assignee(s): Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. (Neenah, WI) Patent Number: 6,096,152 Date filed: April 30, 1997 Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to facial tissues having great softness and strength. The facial tissues are made from a multi-layered paper web containing a middle layer of eucalyptus fibers either alone or in combination with polyester fibers. The paper web is made with a debonding agent for producing a web having reduced levels of fiber bonding. Once formed, the paper web is treated on each side with a bonding agent in a preselected pattern. Both sides of the paper web are also creped. In order to create a smooth low friction surface, the paper web is fed through a calendering machine and treated with a friction reducing composition and subsequently dried. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to a method for producing a single ply, ultra soft facial tissue. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a single ply soft facial tissue containing a middle layer of eucalyptus fibers. The tissue product is made by applying a latex bonding agent and creping each side of the paper web. In order to reduce the surface friction of the tissue, the paper web is then calendered and an anti-friction agent is applied. Absorbent paper products such as paper towels, facial tissues and other similar products are designed to include several important properties. For example, the products should have good bulk, a soft feel and should be highly absorbent. The product should also have good strength even while wet and should resist tearing. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to produce a high strength paper product that is also soft and highly absorbent. Usually, when steps are taken to increase one property of the product, other characteristics of the product are adversely affected. For instance, softness is typically increased by decreasing or reducing fiber bonding within the paper product. Inhibiting or reducing fiber bonding, however, adversely affects the strength of the paper web. One particular process that has proved to be very successful in producing paper towels and wipers is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,257 to Gentile, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In Gentile, et al., a process is disclosed in which a bonding material is applied in a fine, spaced apart pattern to one side of a fibrous web. The web is then adhered to a creping surface and creped from the surface. A bonding material is applied to the opposite side of the web and the web is similarly creped. The process disclosed in Gentile, et al. produces wiper products having exceptional bulk, outstanding softness and good absorbency. The surface regions of the web also provide excellent strength, abrasion resistance, and wipe-dry properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096152__

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Deodorizing composition containing tea tree and eucalyptus oils Inventor(s): Kling; Edward Albert (Norton Shores, MI), Kling; Kimberly Mark (Norton Shores, MI) Assignee(s): D.S.C. Products, Inc. (Muskegon, MI) Patent Number: 6,019,963 Date filed: November 20, 1998

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Abstract: A deodorizing dispersion effective for reducing the odor intensity of an odorous material, the dispersion including effective amounts of tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil, preferably dispersed in an aqueous carrier phase. The dispersion optionally includes dispersing agents, such as thickeners, surfactants, and solvents, to promote the stability and uniformity of the dispersion and provide cleaning and detergency attributes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to deodorizing dispersions, and more particularly, to deodorizing dispersions incorporating tea tree and eucalyptus oils. Materials can take on an offensive odor under several circumstances. For example, a carpet that has been exposed to water from storm, flood, overflow, or pipe breakage will smell of the mold and mildew that subsequently form in the carpet. Also, a fabric or carpet can smell of urine and feces deposited by a pest or household pet. The growth of microorganisms associated with such deposits or floods can contribute significantly to the foul smell. Further, entire contents of fire-damaged buildings may retain the strong smell of smoke. Neuman Industries, Inc. supplies a deodorizing composition under the NC 2000 trademark. The NC 2000 contains an unspecified amount of eucalyptus oil; the other components are not disclosed. The NC 2000 product has been applied as a fine mist in the air to deodorize pig farms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06019963__ •

Eucalyptus floral product Inventor(s): Morford; Bruce (40 Island Rd., White Swan, WA 98952), Morford; Melaine (40 Island Rd., White Swan, WA 98952) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,068,894 Date filed: June 11, 1999 Abstract: A eucalyptus floral product and a method for producing the same is provided. The floral product is non-perishable and permanent, while appearing to be naturally grown as opposed to artificially manufactured. The eucalyptus leaf floral product comprises a plurality of eucalyptus leaves attached to a central stem to substantially resemble a corolla. Additionally, the corolla preferably resembles a rosette. The central stem is preferably a length of wire, and the eucalyptus leaves are preferably preserved eucalyptus leaves. The corolla includes an underside, and a plurality of smaller eucalyptus leaves attached to the underside of the corolla form to substantially resemble a calyx. Additionally, the leaves can be soaked in a mildly acidic solution, such as vinegar, before the leaves are formed into the floral product. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a decorative floral product, and more particularly to a method for forming eucalyptus leaves to resemble a flower. The floral product industry is well established and utilizes a wide variety of materials to manufacture aesthetically pleasing arrangements. These arrangements can include wreaths, swags, bouquets, centerpieces and ornaments. The utilization of preserved and long-lasting materials is desirable because floral arrangements require significant labor to manufacture and their value increases if the arrangement is long lasting and permanent, as opposed to perishable and disposable. Most preserved floral products, such as preserved sprigs of eucalyptus, cannot be employed as central or focus elements of a particular arrangement. This is because it is desirable to have a focus element that is larger and more complex than the surrounding elements of the arrangement Flowers, or

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flower-like products often occupy the focal points of an arrangement. Artificial flowers, which are desirable for non-perishable arrangements, are typically very expensive, because true, life-like flowers are very difficult to fabricate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06068894__ •

Eucalyptus tea Inventor(s): Shimabukuro; Kenji (Nago, JP) Assignee(s): Yugen Kaisha Okinawa Yukali Farm (Okinawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,595,779 Date filed: March 1, 1995 Abstract: This invention relates to a Eucalyptus tea prepared by steaming, rumpletwisting and drying Eucalyptus leaves, which contains a large amount of soluble polysaccharides and tannins, and further richly contains inorganic components such as potassium, sodium and calcium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tea made from Eucalyptus leaves, which richly contains aroma and nutrients. As tea made from leaves other than green tea leaves, there have been well known, for example, wulung tea, Gymnema tea, Silvervine tea, Ashitaba tea, Olive tea, and Saururaceous tea. Although such teas contain plenty of vitamins, they contain less tannic components known as the mixtures of catechins, which have been reported to have various effects such as an effect on intestinal orders, a controlling effect on absorption of glucides from the intestine, a controlling effect in the production of glucides having an excretion accelerative action on cholesterol and lipids giving lesions to living tissues and organs (i.e., antioxidizing action), an anticancer action, an anticancerity, a controlling action of hypercholesterol, an antihypertensive action and antibacterial action. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05595779__

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Hand exerciser and stress relieving device Inventor(s): Juarez; Mark Reinle (2141 W. 133rd Ave., San Leandro, CA 94577) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,830,109 Date filed: June 26, 1997 Abstract: The present invention provides a new hand exerciser and stress relieving device that provides exercise to the muscles of the arm, wrist and hand of a user and a means for general stress relief. According to the invention, the hand exerciser and stress relieving device possess an overall digitate shape that easily adapts to the hand of a user and generally comprises a pliable outer cover and an inner malleable core that is nonelastic or has low elasticity. Also according to the teaching of the invention, the digitate shape of the device has a central region and a plurality of rounded pods that radially extend from the central region. The central region of the device is configured to lie comfortably in the palm of a user's hand. The rounded pods are configured to fit comfortably between the fingers of a user's hand as the user squeezes and kneads the device. This overall configuration achieves a novel hand exerciser and stress relieving device that provides gripping features for the user, as well as an easy and comfortable

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fit within the user's hand. Scented or aromatic materials, such as basil, cinnamon, clove, eucalyptus, juniper, lavender, lemon, lime, mint, orange, rose, rosemary, vanilla and the like may also be placed in the core of the device. As the user manipulates the device, a pleasing scent emanates from the device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a small exercising and stress relieving device that can be held in the user's hand, for providing exercise of the muscles of the arm, hand, and wrist, when the user flexes his or her fingers to squeeze and deform the device. Many hand-held exercise and stress relief devices are known in the prior art. An example of such a prior art hand exercise device is a substantially spherical ball having a pliable outer coating and a flexible or pliable core material. To exercise the hand, the user simply squeezes the device with the fingers. This squeezing action may provide a form of stress relief for the user. Other prior art hand exercisers possess the same general spherical shape, but differ in materials. For example, one such hand exerciser comprises a flexible thick latex cover with a gel-like core. To exercise the hand, the user simply squeezes and manipulates the malleable device. Resistance to the user's hand flexing is provided by the viscous gel-like core. While the hand exercisers and stress relief devices of the prior art fulfill their respective objectives and requirements, the prior art devices do not disclose or suggest a hand exerciser and stress relief device formed to have a digitate configuration with a central region and a plurality of extending pods. This configuration provides a hand exerciser and stress relieving device that easily adapts to the user's palm and fingers for enhanced gripping action. In this respect, the hand exerciser and stress relief device according to the present invention represents a substantial improvement over the concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides a novel hand exerciser and stress relief device primarily ergonomically developed for the purpose of easily adapting to the palm and fingers of a user and providing hand exercise and stress relief. Therefore, it can be appreciated that a need exists for a new hand exerciser and stress relief device that is inexpensive to manufacture and has a digitate configuration with a central region and a plurality of pods radially extending therefrom to easily adapt to the hand of the user providing an enhanced exercising and stress relieving effect. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05830109__ •

Herbel medication for external application Inventor(s): Butler; Edward R. (213 Huguenot St., New Paltz, NY 12561) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,629,281 Date filed: April 2, 1996 Abstract: Applied externally, the preparation, composed of a mixture of herbal oils, relieves pain associated with various types of minor headaches. The preparation is also a solvent. The ingredients include the oils of lemon, sweet almond, cajuput, clove, eucalyptus, peppermint and thyme in specific proportions. All ingredients are natural. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medical preparation applied externally to relieve minor headache pain, and to transfer medicines through the skin to the blood stream. The invention relates more particularly to such a preparation which is composed of all naturally occurring ingredients. Headaches, major and minor, are probably the most common type of pain and are believed to be the number one cause of absenteeism

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in the work place. However, minor headaches are not a sign of serious disorder. The pain does not originate in the brain itself but instead commonly arises in the meninges (the membranes which envelope the brain and spinal cord) or in the blood vessels and muscles of the scalp. The pain is believed to be a result of tension in or stretching (construction and dilation) of these tissues. Application of my preparation to the underside of both wrists, or to the scalp, proximate to the affected area, soothes the distressed tissues and vessels causing relief of the pain. The preparation does not cure the cause of the headache. It only takes away the associated pain. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05629281__ •

Herbicidal composition and method Inventor(s): Kiely; Wayne Andrew (Jury Rd., Monash, S. Australia, AU), Selga; John (Jury Rd., Monash, S. Australia, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,998,335 Date filed: May 6, 1998 Abstract: A knock-down herbicidal composition consisting essentially of the combination of (a) pine oil, and (b) tea tree oil or eucalyptus oil. Excerpt(s): This application has been filed under 35 U.S.C. 371 as the national stage of international application PCT/AU95/00739, filed Nov. 6, 1995. The present invention relates to a herbicidal composition having, as an active ingredient, a terpene compound, a terpene derivative, or an essential oil comprising a terpene compound or derivative. In particular, the herbicidal composition will comprise a pine oil, dipentene, pinene, a pine alcohol or a terpene compound or derivative derived from pine oil. A citrus oil or a terpene compound derived from citrus oil, e.g. limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene), may also be used. Many herbicidal compositions presently on the market are highly toxic to humans and domestic animals. A herbicide having lower toxicity is desirable, particularly for use by the home gardener. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05998335__

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High capacity fluid absorbent members Inventor(s): Buenger; Daniel Edward (Cincinnati, OH), Seger; Geoffrey Eugene (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,800,416 Date filed: April 17, 1996 Abstract: The fluid absorbent members according to the present invention preferably comprise three basic components: chemically stiffened, twisted, and curled bulking fibers, high surface area fibers, and chemical binder additive. Fluid absorbent members according to the present invention use a high surface fiber and refining to provide capillary pressure (or suction) to the fluid absorbent member. These high surface area fibers are generally small and highly conformable. They provide the substrate with capillary pressure well in excess of the capillary pressure found in the bulk-providing chemically stiffened, twisted, and curled fibers (unrefined) alone. A presently preferred

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fiber for this high surface application is the eucalyptus family of wood pulp fibers. Eucalyptus provides desirable capillary pressure characteristics in combination with the chemically stiffened, twisted, and curled fibers and will not easily pass through a forming screen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to fluid absorbent members having improved fluid acquisition, distribution, and storage properties. The present invention further relates to absorbent structures incorporating such fluid absorbent members which can be used in a variety of absorbent articles such as catamenial products, disposable diapers, adult incontinence pads and briefs, and the like, as well as tissue and towel products. Absorbent webs which comprise entangled masses of fibers, i.e., fibrous webs, are well known in the art. Such webs can imbibe liquids, such as discharged body fluids, both by an absorption mechanism wherein fluid is taken up by the fiber material itself and by a wicking mechanism wherein fluid is acquired by, distributed through and stored in the capillary interstices between fibers. One means for improving the absorbent capacity of such fibrous web structures is to incorporate therein a superabsorbent material, such as polymeric gelling material (also referred to as hydrogel-forming material, superabsorbent polymers, etc.) which imbibes fluid. The superabsorbent material serves to retain fluid such as discharged body liquids. Notwithstanding the existence of absorbent cores as described above, there remains a need to provide absorbent cores with improved effective absorbent capacity. One way to theoretically do this would be to increase the level of polymeric gelling material in the absorbent core. Unfortunately, high levels of polymeric gelling material especially levels in excess of about 15%, in fibrous webs typically used in absorbent cores can induce a phenomena referred to as gel-blocking. Gel-blocking occurs when the polymeric gelling material located in regions first contacted with fluid increase in volume as a consequence of imbibing the fluid and forming the hydrogel. When polymeric gelling material concentration is too high, the hydrogel can block additional fluid from reaching other regions of the core having unused absorbent capacity. The occurrence of gel blocking can lead to leakage during usage of the absorbent article. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05800416__ •

Insect repellent composition and method for inhibiting the transmission and treatment of symptoms of vector-borne diseases Inventor(s): Petrus; Edward J. (Austin, TX) Assignee(s): Advanced Medical Instruments (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,965,137 Date filed: November 16, 1998 Abstract: A topical composition for the delivery of bio-affecting agents through the protective outer layer of skin into the underlying tissues and into the general circulation to prevent the causes and symptoms of vector-borne diseases. The transdermal penetration is achieved by the use of an essential volatile oil with insect repellent capabilities, such as eucalyptus oil. The bio-affective agents may be a combination of a zinc salt and form of vitamin A. A zinc salt may also be used for photoprotective purposes. The topical composition can be formulated as a solution, suspension, cream, ointment, gel, film or spray. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel composition of an insect repellent with bio-active agents delivered transdermally by a penetration enhancer to prevent and

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treat vector-borne diseases. Forty percent of the world's population lives in regions where malaria is endemic. According to WHO, malaria affects 500 million people annually and kills from 1.5 to 2.7 million people, about twice as many as from AIDS. Some 600,000 children die of malaria alone each year, and over one million die of malaria in conjunction with other illnesses, a rate of one child every 30 seconds. The worldwide incidence of the disease has quadrupled in the past five years, and resistance to available drugs for prevention and treatment is growing rapidly. It is believed that malaria was introduced into the United States by European colonists (P. vivax and P. marariae) and African slaves (P. falciparum) in the 16th and 17th centuries. Malaria was among the most common reasons for hospitalization during the Civil War, with the two sides reporting more than 1.2 million cases between them. Hippocrates was the first to associate malaria incidence with the proximity to stagnant water. British physician Ronald Ross proved that malaria is carried not by air or water but by mosquitoes, a discovery for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05965137__ •

Landscaping dressing and method Inventor(s): Kaufmann; Eric H. (27 Coventry La., Greenville, SC 29609) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,301,829 Date filed: November 12, 1999 Abstract: A landscaping dressing for application to spread mulch, pine needles, and similar natural fiber soil covering comprising a blend of linseed oil and soybean oil. The dressing will restore faded mulch and reduce fading of fresh mulch. Plant derived oils such as eucalyptus and neem oil may be included in the dressing. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a composition and method for enhancing, maintaining, and preserving the fresh appearance of wood fiber mulch, pine bark chips, and pine needles which are used for landscaping purposes. Landscaping mulch is usually made from wood chips, wood bark, sawdust or other wood and plant fibers. Mulch and pine needles are widely used in landscaping because each provides a soil covering, reduces erosion, keeps soil moist and in place, reduces the growth of weeds and undesirable vegetation, and tends to retain heat in the soil. In addition to these benefits which are derived from mulch, it is also used for its decorative effects by providing beds in which shrubbery, trees, and flowers can be aesthetically set apart from the grassy areas. Thus, not only because of its functional properties, mulch and pine needles are desirable from their ability to enhance the appearance of lawns, parks, and other areas. Unfortunately, mulch made from wood chips and fibers will tend to weather and lose its original, rich and usually brown color when exposed to sunlight and rain. This deterioration in color can become noticeable after only a few months or less. Initially, by raking or turning the mulch the unexposed mulch below the surface can be brought to the surface to begin the aging cycle again but, this is a time consuming and labor intensive process and in a few months all of the mulch has been exposed so that a gray appearance results which is much less desirable from an aesthetic point of view. Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a method whereby re-raking or re-turning the mulch is not necessary. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06301829__

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Manipulation of cellulose and/or.beta.-1,4-Glucan Inventor(s): Arioli; Antonio (Duffy, AU), Betzner; Andreas S. (Page, AU), Peng; Liangcai (Turner, AU), Williamson; Richard E. (Murrumbateman, AU) Assignee(s): The Austrailian National University (Acton Australian Capital Territory, AU) Patent Number: 6,495,740 Date filed: December 23, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates generally to isolated genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellulose biosynthesis in plants and transgenic plants expressing same in sense or antisense orientation, or as ribozymes, co-suppression or gene-targeting molecules. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, wheat, barley, maize, Brassica ssp., Gossypium hirsutum ssp. and Eucalyptus ssp. which encode an enzyme which is important in cellulose biosynthesis, in particular the cellulose synthase enzyme and homologues, analogues and derivatives thereof and uses of same in the production of transgenic plants expressing altered cellulose biosynthetic properties. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to isolated genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellulose biosynthesis and transgenic organisms expressing same in sense or antisense orientation, or as ribozymes, co-suppression or genetargeting molecules. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, wheat, barley, maize, Brassica ssp., Gossypium hirsutum and Eucalyptus ssp. which encode an enzyme which is important in cellulose biosynthesis, in particular the cellulose synthase enzyme and homologues, analogues and derivatives thereof and uses of same in the production of transgenic plants expressing altered cellulose biosynthetic properties. Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in this specification are collected at the end of the description. Sequence identity numbers (SEQ ID Nos.) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification are defined after the bibliography. Throughout the specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integer or group of elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other element or integer or group of elements or integers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495740__

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Medicated vapor candle Inventor(s): Michaels; Robert S. (3196 Stevenson Rd., Anger, NC 27501) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,086,853 Date filed: January 25, 1999 Abstract: This invention is a composition of matter and method of preparing the same. More specifically the present invention is a medicated vapor candle consisting of a homogenous mixture having approximately three parts petroleum jelly containing the active ingredients of camphor, menthol and eucalyptus, melted and mixed with four parts candle wax. The active ingredients, by volume, of approximately 5% camphor, 2.5% menthol and 1.2% eucalyptus oil.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to candles, and more particularly to candles that, when ignited, gives off a controlled release of medicated constituent into the atmosphere. Candles have for centuries been used to provide light. Over the years other ingredients have been added to give fragrances to candles, to repel insects and even claims of medicated combustibles. Some of the problems encountered in using these products is a lingering odor after the candle or other combustible has been extinguished. Also the fragrances can be quite strong while burning and are extremely irritating to many people. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086853__ •

Method and composition for treating minor skin irritations Inventor(s): Elliott; Jennifer (12495 148th Rd. North, Palm Beach Gdns, FL 33418) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,620,695 Date filed: May 13, 1996 Abstract: the instant invention is a method and composition for the treatment of minor skin irritations based upon the use of a carrier oil with the essential oils of eucalyptus, lavender and ti tree added to the oil with a most unique composition capable of reducing the irritation, promoting healing, resisting insects, and take advantage of the science of aromatherapy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and composition for treating a wide variety of skin irritations with particular application to animals and has been especially effective on horses. Skin irritation problems are numerous and common. They can develop from weather conditions (from dying to sunburn, fungal infections from dampness and windburn), generalized itching insects such as horse flies, deer flies, gnats, mosquitoes, sea lice and ants, as well as accidents and injuries. Some medicated skin lotions are known in the art, however most are one use specific, require a medical diagnosis or aseptic technique in application and are either costly or have many side effects, particularly on an animal that is outdoors much of the time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620695__

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Method and compositions for treatment of fungal nail disease Inventor(s): King; Sharon K. (East Lansing, MI), Nair; Muraleedharan G. (Okemos, MI), Ramsewak; Russel S. (East Lansing, MI), Selanders; Louise C. (East Lansing, MI), Stommel; Manfred (Novi, MI) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) Patent Number: 6,344,190 Date filed: February 4, 2000 Abstract: Compositions for the treatment of fungal nail disease (onychomycosis), including camphor, menthol, eucalyptus and thymol are described. The ingredients are natural and very effective in treating the nail fungus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel topical compositions and method for the treatment of fungal nail disease. In particular, the present invention relates to the use

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of GRAS natural plant derivatives for this purpose. Fungal nail disease (onychomycosis) is the most commonly occurring nail disorder encountered in primary care. Current estimates indicate that nearly 11 million Americans are affected by fungal nail disease. It can affect toenails, fingernails or both and is usually caused by infectious organisms known as dermatophytes. Fungal nail disease causes discoloration and thickening of the nail, accumulation of debris under the nail and, in severe cases, detachment of the nail plate from the nail bed. Toenails are the primary site of infection. Fungal nail disease can affect people of any age, gender and race and may cause discomfort and embarrassment due to the appearance of the nails. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06344190__ •

Method of making an herbal drink Inventor(s): Blount; Dorothy J. (2908 7th St. Northwest #1, Washington, DC 22017) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,287,567 Date filed: January 7, 2000 Abstract: A method of making an herbal drink for relieving symptoms of fatigue, congestion, fever and asthma. The method of making an herbal drink includes making an herbal drink for relieving symptoms of various ailments such as cough, fever and fatigue. The drink is formed by straining water through a combination of equal portions of rosehip, goldenseal, comfrey leaf, bee pollen, spearmint, chickweed, comfrey root, chamomile flower, catnip, mullein, pennyroyal, eucalyptus, and licorice root. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to herbal drinks and more particularly pertains to a new method of making an herbal drink for relieving symptoms of fatigue, congestion, fever and asthma. The use of herbal drinks is known in the prior art. More specifically, herbal drinks heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious configurations. Known prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,252; U.S. Pat. No. 4,412,984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,631; U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,374; U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,928; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,695. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06287567__

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Method of preparing natural-oil-containing emulsions and microcapsules and its uses Inventor(s): Bach; Uri (Efrat, IL), Magdassi; Shlomo (Jerusalem, IL), Mumcuoglu; Kosta (Jerusalem, IL) Assignee(s): Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew (Jerusalem, IL) Patent Number: 5,518,736 Date filed: June 27, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to sustained-release biodegradable lice repelling preparations comprising as active ingredient a lice repelling agent comprising at least one natural oil selected from the group consisting of citronella oil, rosemary oil and eucalyptus oil, or at least one natural oil component selected from the group consisting of citronellal and geraniol or mixtures thereof and further comprising an anionic emulsifier and chitosan, optionally further comprising dermatologically acceptable additives, carriers or diluents. The preparations may be in the form of an aqueous

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emulsion or chitosan microcapsules, preferably prepared by the processes of the invention. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for the preparation of biodegradable, natural-oil-containing emulsions and microcapsules. The emulsions and microcapsules are particularly useful as active ingredients in lice repelling and other, such as vitamin preparations, which are also encompassed by the invention. A. Using a combination of chitosan, which is a polycationic substance, with a polyanionic substance such as gum Arabic, by a method known as complex coacervation (e.g. JP 87-173464). By this method, an insoluble polymeric shell is produced. B. Formation of the microcapsules by dispersing an aqueous solution, which contains chitosan, in an oil phase, followed by gelling (e.g. JP 90-317739). This method is based on formation of a separate phase in oil, followed by gellification of the aqueous droplet, and not only the interface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05518736__ •

Method of treating a papermaking furnish for making soft tissue Inventor(s): Rao; Vinay Kumar (Menasha, WI), Shanklin; Gary Lee (Appleton, WI), Smith; Michael John (Neenah, WI) Assignee(s): Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc. (Neenah, WI) Patent Number: 5,785,813 Date filed: February 24, 1997 Abstract: An efficient and effective method for treating tissue making stock to make soft tissues involves adding a softening agent to a first papermaking furnish of short fibers, such as eucalyptus fibers. A second papermaking furnish of long fibers, such as softwood fibers, is blended with the short fiber furnish. Thereafter, wet strength agents and/or dry strength agents are added to the blended furnish. The treated furnish is then fed to a headbox and processed into soft tissue in any suitable manner. Excerpt(s): The use of softening and strengthening agents in the manufacture of tissues, such as facial and bath tissue, is common practice in the industry. These tissues typically contain a blend of relatively long fibers, which are usually softwood fibers, and relatively short fibers, which are usually hardwood fibers. The softening and strengthening agents may be separately added to these different fiber species prior to blending the fibers together and forming the tissue web. The softening agent is added to the short fibers since the short fibers primarily contribute to tissue softness. The long fibers are separately treated with strengthening agents (wet and dry) and refining. Both refining and strengthening agents are used because excessive use of either treatment may have an adverse effect on the tissue making process and/or the resulting tissue product. However, the conventional method of adding strengthening agents to the long fibers can have some disadvantages. In one case, combining strengthening agents with refining in the same locale can cause poor efficiency. If strengthening agents are added prior to refining, shear forces may strip the attached strengthening agent from the fiber. If strengthening agents are added directly after refining, the strengthening agents preferentially attach to fines generated by refining, thus reducing the chemical efficiency. In addition, adding the strengthening agents to the long fiber in the conventional manner results in a long dwell time for the strengthening agent to reach the headbox. Very often changes in rates of addition are needed to maintain basesheet specifications. By adding the strengthening agents too far back in the system, there

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exists a greater probability of the product being outside targeted specifications for a longer period of time, resulting in higher waste and delay on the tissue machine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05785813__ •

Methods and apparatus to prevent colds, flus, and infections of the human respiratory system Inventor(s): Vail, III; William Banning (Bothell, WA), Vail; Marilyn L. (Bothell, WA) Assignee(s): Inhalation, Inc. (Woodinville, WA) Patent Number: 6,447,816 Date filed: April 3, 2000 Abstract: Strong vapors from eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil are inhaled periodically to prevent the infection of the human respiratory system by pathogens that cause colds, influenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Apparatus suitable for the periodic inhalation of strong vapors from eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil are provided. Excerpt(s): One of the inventors has poor respiratory health, has had repeated bouts with pneumonia, colds, flu, asthma, and has been recently diagnosed with the initial stages of emphysema--despite all that modern medicine has had to offer. This first inventor also comes from a family known for a long history of respiratory problems. Therefore, the inventors decided to look beyond conventional "modern medicine" to help the first inventor, and as a result, have conceived methods to substantially prevent colds, flus, and infections of the human respiratory system. These methods include the inhalation of the vapors from eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil that are theorized to form a protective, and infection-preventing, thin layer within the entire respiratory system, including the lungs, bronchial tubes, and the nasal cavities. This thin layer maintains its anti-pathogenic properties for a period of time following the inhalation of the vapors for at least one-half hour, and perhaps longer. This thin anti-pathogenic layer substantially prevents the initial infection of colds, flus, and other pathogens for a period of time following inhalation. The inventors also propose the prophylactic use of inhaled eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree to prevent additional pathogenic infections such as tuberculosis, which is becoming a major health problem in the United States. The field of invention relates to the prevention of colds, flus, and other pathogens within the respiratory system of human beings by the inhalation of vapors from highly volatile essential oils such as eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil. Following the inhalation of the vapors, a thin anti-pathogenic layer is formed in the respiratory system that protects against infection for a certain duration of time following inhalation. While certain medical uses for eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil have been previously disclosed, to the inventor's best knowledge, none of those previously disclosed methods have suggested, or proposed, that the periodic inhalation of eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil may be used as prophylactic agents to substantially prevent infection of colds, flus, and other pathogens within the respiratory system of human beings for a duration of time following that inhalation. AFTER the infection of human beings with certain pathogens, previous inhalation therapies have suggested using eucalyptus oil and or tea tree oil to aid in the recovery from certain respiratory diseases. However, none of these previous methods have suggested using eucalyptus oil and/or tea tree oil as prophylactic agents to routinely and substantially PREVENT the initial infection of pathogens for a duration of time following their inhalation as a primary method of preventing disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06447816__

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Methods for producing genetically modified plants, genetically modified plants, plant materials and plant products produced thereby Inventor(s): Cheah; Kheng Tuan (Auckland, NZ) Assignee(s): Fletcher Challenge Forests Ltd. (Auckland, NZ), Genesis Research & Development Corp. Ltd. (Auckland, NZ) Patent Number: 6,255,559 Date filed: September 15, 1998 Abstract: Methods for producing genetically modified plants, particularly woody plants, and most particularly plants of the Eucalyptus and Pinus species, involve transformation of target plant material with a desired genetic construct and regeneration of the transformed plant material using an adventitious shoot bud system. The methods provide a high transformation efficiency and substantially reduce the duration of the transformation and regeneration protocols. Stem segments of a target plant are transformed using Agrobacterium-mediated techniques, and adventitious shoot buds are regenerated from the Agrobacterium-infected stem segments. Preferred culture media, including selection media, and improved plant culture techniques are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for producing genetically modified plants, particularly woody plants, and most particularly plants of the Eucalyptus and Pinus species, as well as plants, plant materials and plant products produced by or from such genetic modification. This invention relates, more specifically, to techniques for producing genetically modified plants, including transgenic woody plants and interspecies hybrid woody plants, particularly of the Eucalyptus and Pinus species. Recent advances in plant genetic engineering have made possible the transfer of DNA into plants, including commercially important forestry tree species. The application of genetic engineering to commercially important forestry varieties provides opportunities to incorporate new or improved traits of commercial interest, such as disease resistance, male sterility, increased productivity, rooting ability, wood quality, and others, in forestry varieties. Commercial scale planting stocks of forestry varieties are generally produced directly from seed or from rooted cuttings. In both of these production systems, traditional plant-breeding techniques are used to produce superior planting stock. The application of genetic engineering techniques to stably incorporate homologous and/or heterologous genetic material into plants offers the potential of improved planting stocks compared to those developed using traditional breeding techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06255559__

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Natural pesticide Inventor(s): Chang; Chun-Hua Lily (Ventura, CA), Hsu; Hsinhung John (Ventura, CA), Zhou; Jian (Ventura, CA) Assignee(s): Safer Gro Laboratories, Inc. (Ventura, CA) Patent Number: 6,231,865 Date filed: March 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention describes a synergistic effect when garlic oil or extract is combined with essential oils which results in an improved insecticide/fungicide which is natural and contains no chemical additives. Essential oils are defined in this

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application to be volatile liquids obtained from plants and seeds including cotton seed oil, soybean oil, cinnamon oil, corn oil, cedar oil, castor oil, clove oil, geranium oil, lemongrass oil, linseed oil, mint oil, sesame oil, thyme oil, rosemary oil, anise oil basil oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, lemon oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, pine needle oil, pepper oil, rose oil, tangerine oil, tea tree oil, tee seed oil, mineral oil and fish oil. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition of matter used as a natural pesticide and a method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi and insect pests. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) and/or its extract have been reported to have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties. It is known that Allicin isolated from the cloves of garlic had antibacterial properties against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Further, aqueous extracts of garlic have been reported to inhibit the growth of a variety of yeast-like fungi in the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhudotoruto, Torulopsis and Trichosporon. It has also been previously reported that garlic extract and chips inhibit the growth of fungi such as Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Because of its antifungal and antibacterial properties, garlic or its extract have been used as pesticides to control plant diseases such as mildew. It has also been used as an insecticide to control plant insects such as army worms, aphids and Colorado beetles. Most recently, a method used to repel mosquitos using garlic extract and water was granted U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,552 issued to Anderson et. al. The present invention is directed to a composition of matter which comprises garlic extract and essential oils. This combination of natural ingredients, when applied to plants, has superior antifungal and anti-bacterial qualities, than if applied separately. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231865__ •

Organic fungicide Inventor(s): Berquist; Helen M. (Saratoga, CA) Assignee(s): Roseberg Investments, Inc. (San Jose, CA) Patent Number: 6,616,952 Date filed: February 21, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is a fungicidal solution and method for controlling fungal disease in plants which provides for contacting the plant matter with a fungicidally effective application of an aqueous solution. The fungicidal solution is comprised of between about one-third (1/3) to two-third (2/3) cup of an organic plant matter to every two-third (2/3) gallon of a fermented solution. The organic solution may be any type of sage, tea leaves, coffee leaves, beech leaves, eucalyptus leaves, oak leaves, sumac leaves, and other similar leaves, or bark. The fermented solution contains between about (1%) one percent to (25%) twenty-five percent, per gallon, of an alcohol and grape juice. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fungicide, and more particularly to an organic fungicide for plants. Plants are constantly challenged by a wide variety of pathogentic organisms including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and menatodes. Attempts have been made to control plant disease by means of disinfections, replacement of the soil, various cultural practices, and control by chemicals. Some plants suffer from detrimental soilspread diseases, which have not been possible to control owing to restrictions of use of chemical control agents and hazard periods due to possible residues or lack of sufficiently effective products. The control of fungi is important since fungal growth on

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plants or on parts of plants inhibits production of foliage, fruit or seed, and the overall quality of a cultivated crop. About twenty-five (25) percent of all fungal diseases in agricultural and horticulture are caused by powdery mildew phytopathogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616952__ •

Pain relief composition and method of relieving pain Inventor(s): Weise; Richard (Fort Worth, TX) Assignee(s): General Cosmetics Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,444,238 Date filed: March 10, 2000 Abstract: A pain relief composition and a method of relieving pain in a human body. The method includes preparing a pain relief composition from a mixture of aloe vera oil, eucalyptus oil, lemon oil, orange oil, peppermint oil, and rosemary oil. The method also includes topically applying the pain relief composition to the human body proximate to where a person is experiencing discomfort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition for relieving pain and the use of the same for relieving pain. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition that contains a mixture of essential oils and that is used for treating pain in a human body. As people attempt to accomplish increasingly accomplish more things both professionally and personally in specified periods of time, people get frustrated when physical ailments prevent them from operating near peak efficiencies. For example, many women experience significant amounts of discomfort at selected times during their menstrual cycles. Such conditions are often identified as premenstrual syndrome ("PMS"). Conventional pain relievers such as aspirin and acetaminophen have produced only moderate success in addressing the physical symptoms associated with PMS. There have been numerous attempts at preparing pain relievers that exhibit a greater efficacy in treating PMS. However, these treatments do not produce advantageous results on a significant proportion of the population. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444238__

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Pesticidal composition Inventor(s): Morris; Sandra (Norfolk, GB), Ryan; Robert Eugene (Norfolk, GB) Assignee(s): Barrier Biotech Limited (Norfolk, GB) Patent Number: 6,251,440 Date filed: June 29, 2000 Abstract: There is disclosed a pesticidal composition comprising by volume, approximately 40 to 60% eucalyptus oil, 10 to 30% cajaput oil, 10 to 30% lemongrass oils and 4 to 20% of surfactant. The composition is used in a method for controlling pesticidal activity at a locus which comprises applying an effective amount of the composition thereto. Excerpt(s): The present invention is concerned with a pesticidal composition, and in particular with a pesticidal composition which may be used as an insecticide and/or a larvicide against, for example, ectoparasites, a major component of said composition

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comprising natural or essential oils. Insects and their larvae are common pests of households, animals, crops, meat and poultry houses and the like. Typically, to eradicate such insect pests synthetically produced chemical pesticides are used. These compounds are generally highly toxic to mammals and plants and are often very slow to degrade making them unsuitable for wide spread application. Examples of compounds which have previously been used for eradicating insects and their larvae include organophosphates which, although generally not as toxic as synthetic nonorgansphosphates, still exhibit relatively high toxicity levels. They are, however, of limited use against some pests. For example, the larvae of the poultry house beetle are notoriously difficult to kill and are relatively unaffected by such organophosphates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251440__ •

Plant growth establishment and agents for use therein Inventor(s): Furneaux; Richard Hubert (Wellington, NZ), Nairn; Beverley Janice (Ohope, NZ) Assignee(s): Tasman Forestry Limited (Rotorua, NZ) Patent Number: 5,672,503 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Method for inhibiting vitrification of plants of the Pinus species and Eucalyptus species. In the method, anti-vitrification agents containing one or more sulfated polysaccharides are used. The sulfated polysaccharides are preferably free of toxic components. Tissue culture media is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to agents for use in plant growth. More particularly, the invention relates to agents which promote the growth of plants in tissue culture. The invention also relates to media containing such an agent, processes of producing said media and to products produced when grown on said media. In particular, the invention relates to an anti-vitrification agent. A major problem when attempting to micropropagate various plants, in particular Pinus radiata, is that the shoots become vitrified. The condition results in a loss of multiplication, the failure of plantlets to successfully establish ex vitro, for example, in the glass house, and can result in significant loss due to death of tissue (>90% in some propagation stages). The phenomenon of vitrification has been described in the literature as translucent, vitriescent, glassy or hyper-hydrated. Belgian Patent No. 904661 (to Pronatec) describes the production of an alleged anti-vitrification material, for use with apple trees, obtained by hydrolysing agar. Biofuture, March 1990, reported that Pronatec continued their research beyond the description in the patent and identified and isolated an active principle in the hydrolysate. The report also states that the molecule was unstable. The teachings in the patent are not reproducible. The conditions given in the patent are stated broadly. The conditions of hydrolysis could range from mild disruption of an agar chain to total degradation to the monomeric saccharides and degradation products thereof. There is no specific method given taking specifically identified agars, and treating them with a definite amount of acid for a specific time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05672503__

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Poison ivy treatment composition and method of use Inventor(s): Stewart; Ulvert H. (10577 Daly Rd., Brooksville, FL 34601) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,686,074 Date filed: August 7, 1996 Abstract: A composition and method are described for the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. The composition includes linseed oil, an astringent such as alum powder, a starch such as cornstarch, an essential oil such as eucalyptus oil, and a citrus oil such as orange oil. The method includes applying the treatment composition to an affected area of skin, preferably once to twice per day. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for the treatment of skin rashes, and, more particularly, to compositions for the treatment of poison ivy and related kinds of allergic contact dermatitis. A poison ivy rash, which falls under the medical descriptor rhus dermatitis, is an allergic contact dermatitis caused by an exposure to plants of the genus Rhus (poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac). These plants contain urushiol, a potent skin-sensitizing agent. Several over-the-counter treatments are available to treat a poison ivy rash, including those containing calamine, which is a mixture of zinc oxide or zinc carbonate with a small amount of ferric oxide. Calamine is known to be an astringent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05686074__

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Polymer-reinforced, eucalyptus fiber-containing paper Inventor(s): Harris; Linda G. (Lawrenceville, GA), Reed; Amy B. (Marietta, GA), Weber; Robert E. (Marietta, GA) Assignee(s): Kimberly-Clark Corporation (Neenah, WI) Patent Number: 5,595,828 Date filed: May 26, 1995 Abstract: An improved-strength, polymer-reinforced paper which includes fibers, of which at least about 30 percent on a dry weight basis are eucalyptus fibers; and from about 15 to about 60 percent by weight, based on the dry weight of the fibers, of a latex binder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a polymer-reinforced paper in which the reinforcing polymer is a latex. It generally is understood that the properties of paper depend largely on the structure of the various fibers that compose the sheet. The two most important structural characteristics are fiber length and cell wall thickness. A minimum length is required for interfiber bonding and length is virtually proportional to tear strength. Because softwood fibers typically are from about two to about five times longer than hardwood fibers, the former are universally more desired for papermaking. A papermaking stock or furnish also may contain hardwood fibers, but they are present primarily to improve sheet smoothness and formation, e.g., a uniform distribution of fibers in the paper. In fact, the presence of more than minor amounts of hardwood fibers often has a deleterious effect on the strength and tear resistance of the resulting paper. The more common hardwoods employed as a source of fibers include aspen, birch, beech, oak, maple, and gum.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05595828__ •

Preservative of cut flowers Inventor(s): Futaki; Kouji (Tokyo, JP), Hoshi; Keiko (Tokyo, JP), Shigeno; Keiko (Chibaken, JP) Assignee(s): Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,536,155 Date filed: July 27, 1994 Abstract: Preservatives for cut flowers which include an extract from eucalyptus leaves as a bactericidal agent. The preservative further includes at least one additive selected from naturally occurring bactericidal substances not found in the extract from eucalyptus leaves, saccharides, disinfectants, water-soluble mineral substances, calcium phosphate compounds, surface active substances and plant hormones. The preservative is effective to keep cut flowers fresh for an extended period of time, does not harmfully effect the flowers, and is safe and has no toxic effect to young children, when it is drunk by mistake. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a preservative for cut flowers. More particularly, the present invention relates to a preservative or "activation agent" for maintaining cut flowers in a fresh state for an extended period of time. Hitherto, many types of activation treatments have been adopted in order to keep cut flowers in a fresh state. For example, the conventional treatment methods for cut flowers in the house includes stem cutting under water, hot water treatment, charring of stem ends, stem crushing and the like. All of these methods are considered to be effective in attaining an increased level of water uptake of cut flowers, however, it is difficult to obtain a satisfactory level of water uptake. In fact, some of them will show only a little improvement of water uptake, if applied to specific cut flowers. Further, it has been suggested that bactericides such as alum, vinegar, bleaching agent and the like should be added to the water. The use of bactericides in the water is intended to prevent rotting of the cut flowers and thereby keep the flowers fresh. However, the effects obtained by using such chemicals are not constant and good, and also may be vary depending upon the particular type of flower and other factors. In addition, since the conventional agents used in the preservative contain a synthetic substance as a principal component thereof, there is another problem that the synthetic substance causes harm to the flowers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05536155__

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Process for producing biokraft pulp from eucalyptus chips Inventor(s): Akhtar; Masood (Madison, WI), Bajpai; Pramod K. (Patiala, IN), Bajpai; Pratima (Patiala, IN) Assignee(s): Biopulping International, Inc. (Madison, WI), Thapar Centre for Industrial Research & Development (Pratalia, IN) Patent Number: 6,613,192 Date filed: November 28, 2000 Abstract: A method for producing paper pulp for use in the making of paper from eucalyptus wood chips. The method comprises inoculating wood chips with white rot

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fungi, fermenting the wood chips so as to cause a propagation of the fungus through the wood chips and allowing the fungus to modify the lignin, and pulping the degraded wood chips by a kraft process. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for producing paper pulp for use in the making of paper. In the manufacture of paper from wood, the wood is first converted to pulp. Pulping involves treating wood to separate the cellulose fibers. Pulping processes are divided into two broad classes: chemical pulping and mechanical pulping. Chemical pulping involves the use of chemicals to solubilize the lignin in the wood cell wall and to release cellulose fibers. Lignin is a natural glue-like material that holds the wood cell wall together. Chemical pulping is a low yield process (about 50%) with significant waste treatment and chemical recycling costs; however, the pulp produced has extremely high strength properties. Mechanical pulping involves the use of mechanical force to separate cellulose fibers. Mechanical processes are high yield (up to 95%) but give paper with lower strength properties, high color reversion and low brightness. Thus, currently available pulping processes offer a spectrum of pulp properties ranging from high yield, low strength mechanical pulps to low yield, high strength chemical pulp. A mixture of chemical pulp and mechanical pulp is used in many paper production processes to exploit these differences. It has been suggested that biological systems can be also used to assist in the pulping of the wood. Attempts to improve primary pulp production processes by using isolated ligninolytic enzymes have so far been inhibited by the complex chemistry of the ligninolytic enzyme system, low yields in enzyme production and the ultrastructure of wood itself. White rot fungi, however, have great potential for this application. These fungi not only produce the whole set of enzymes necessary for lignin degradation but also act as a transport system for these enzymes by bringing them into the depth of wood chips and create the physiological conditions necessary for enzymatic reactions. Some of the white rot fungi are relatively selective for lignin and in that way their action mimic that of chemical pulping agents. It is these selective lignin degrading fungi which are useful for biopulping. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613192__ •

Process for transformation of mature trees of Eucalyptus plants Inventor(s): Doi; Keigo (Kameyama, JP), Kawazu; Tetsu (Tsu, JP), Kondo; Keiko (Kameyama, JP) Assignee(s): OJI Paper Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,563,024 Date filed: May 5, 2000 Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for transforming mature trees of Eucalyptus plants comprising: induction adventitious shoots from segments of the explant obtained from an adult tree of a Eucalyptus plant, preculturing the adventitious shoots in infection induction medium, infecting the adventitious shoots subjected to infection induction treatment with infection medium containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and rotary-culturing the infected explant segments in sterilization medium containing antibiotic; whereby sterilizing and forming transgenic calli, which regenerate transgenic plants by way of formation of shoot primordia by rotary-culturing under illumination. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for creating transgenic Eucalyptus plants comprising infecting adventitious shoots derived from mature trees of

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Eucalyptus plants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Eucalyptus plants are polygenus plants comprising more than 500 species that are native to the Oceania region and predominantly Australia. Many of these Eucalyptus plants have excellent growth properties, the ability to adapt to various environments, and a low level of serious insect damage. Since they are also suited industrially to the production of lumber, pulp and firewood, afforestation of Eucalyptus species plants is conducted in various regions around the world. According to a survey conducted by The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1990, Eucalyptus plants are planted over an estimated area of 10 million hectares throughout the world, accounting for approximately one-fourth of the artificial forest area in tropical regions. In order to further enhance the productivity of these Eucalyptus plants, breeding is conducted by selection and hybridization. In Brazil, for example, breeding has been performed by selection and hybridization targeting to enhancement of basic density and pulp yield, which are two important factors in the paper pulp industry, in addition to growth properties, and yield has been reported to be increased by 2.3 times in terms of the basic density and by 2.4 times in terms of the pulp yield. Moreover, in recent years, specific gene isolation, modification and reinsertion of recombinant genes into plants has become possible in numerous plant species due to the progress of gene manipulation technology, and plant breeding is being aggressively conducted involving transformation of useful genes isolated from heterogeneous organisms or modified genes of genes inherently retained by the plant itself, which was not possible with conventional breeding methods such as selection and hybridization breeding. Numerous examples of such breeding are reported in the literature, including breeding of loblolly pine (Sederoff, et al., Bio/Technology 4: 647-649 (1986)), poplar (Fillatti et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 206: 192-199 (1987)), walnut (McGranahan, et al., Bio/Technology 6: 800-804 (1988)), apple (James, et al., Plant Cell Rep. 7; 658-661 ) (1989)) and plum (Mante, et al., Bio/Technology 9: 853-857 (1991)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06563024__ •

Recording material for the ink jet printing process Inventor(s): Dransmann; Gerhard (Osnabruck, DE), Storbeck; Wolfgang (Bissendorf, DE) Assignee(s): Felix Schoeller Jr. Foto-und Spezialpapiere GmbH & Co. KG (Osnabruck, DE) Patent Number: 6,068,733 Date filed: December 21, 1998 Abstract: A recording material for the ink jet printing process, comprising a paper support and an ink absorbing layer containing a pigment and a binding agent characterised in that the paper contains a mixture of softwood sulphate and eucalyptus cellulose, and has a wet stretch in the transverse direction<3.0%, a tearing length ratio longitudinal/transverse<2, a stiffness ratio longitudinal/transverse<2 and a density<0.8 g/cm.sup.3. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a recording material for the ink jet printing process. The ink jet printing process is one of the electronic printing processes. In that case it is possible for images, texts and graphics to be put together on the computer and printed out directly as a display screen hard copy. In the ink jet printing process droplets of a recording fluid are applied to the surface of the carrier material by means of different procedures. Droplet generation basically involves two alternative operating procedures. In the method of continuous droplet generation, a constant droplet stream is expelled

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from the nozzle under high pressure. The droplets which are not required for making up the image are fed to the ink reservoir again, on the basis of various principles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06068733__ •

Sore throat spray Inventor(s): Coyne; James H. (Blaine, WA), Watkins; Mary Beth (Bellingham, WA) Assignee(s): Botanical Laboratories, Inc. (Ferndale, WA) Patent Number: 6,159,473 Date filed: June 24, 1998 Abstract: A novel throat spray composition is provided that is useful for topical application to sore throats. The throat spray composition contains Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) as its main active ingredient, and is a suitable alternative to phenol-based over-the-counter throat sprays. Piper methysticum is used for its little known or utilized analgesic property, which provides a soothing and numbing effect to the throat. Additional ingredients include Echinacea angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, Lycopodium clavatum, Phytolacca decandra, Capsicum annum, Mentha piperita, and Phosphorus, which, together with Piper methysticum, offer temporary relief of sore throat pain, irritation, difficulty swallowing, and symptoms of hoarseness or laryngitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to non-prescription, homeopathic remedies, and, more particularly, to a throat spray free of phenol for sore throats. The over-the-counter (OTC) market has offered spray products for the treatment of sore throats for many years. The majority of these products utilize phenol as their active ingredient. Phenol is the simple alcohol derivative of benzene. Both of these chemicals are listed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as extremely carcinogenic. A natural, non-carcinogenic throat spray that is an alternative to phenol is thus desired. Such a throat spray must work quickly and provide superior sore throat relief while at the same time have a taste that is acceptable to consumers. In addition to the technical difficulties in formulating such a product, it is important that the product meet the regulatory requirements of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) as a homeopathic drug product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159473__

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Treatment for surface treatment and cleaning which contains eucalyptus oil, and wooden building material impregnated with said treatment Inventor(s): Fukushima; Saburo (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Nihon Tekuma (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,358,623 Date filed: April 12, 1999 Abstract: Cineole C.sub.10 H.sub.18 O is used for as treatment agent for surface-treating wooden building materials. Eucalyptus oil mainly containing cineole may be utilized for the solution as a substitute. Japan wax, beeswax, carnauba wax or nonionic surface active agent is available as the additives of the agent. Since cineole has various pharmaceutical effects, wooden building materials impregnated therewith may exhibit

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preservability and protecting effects from molding and infesting with insects without spoiling natural appearance of wood, besides may contribute to present floorboards being sanitary and hygienic especially in humid climates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treatment agent for surface-treating and/or cleaning and wooden building materials impregnated with the treatment agent, more particularly, to the treatment agent, made of natural materials, for surface-treating and/or cleaning articles and structures disposed in and/or assembled into houses and buildings, and to the building materials like floorboards treated with said treatment agent, which are useful and unstimulative to skin of human beings and exhibit natural pharmaceutical effects, protecting effects from molding and from infesting with insects, ability of waterproofing and cleaning. Recently, even in community facilities like hotels and halls flooring made of wooden materials has been actively adopted. One of the reasons is that wooden floor is more comfortable to walk on than synthetic resin products, e.g., vinyl chloride panel, another is that the introduction of wooden products matches with current life of natural-oriented type. On the other hand, walking with shoes on is unavoidable in lobbies and on passageways of the facilities being highly public, therefore their floorboards are needed high durability and high wear proof. In result, natural materials like Japanese cypresses and elm trees not only have been introduced but often coated on their surfaces with materials having the function of increase of wear proof and water proof. The surfaces of wooden floorboards, being used under the circumstances of walking with shoes on and/or of coming and going frequently, are coated in, e.g., at least three layers by urethane. However, they do not often result in withstanding long-term use because of decrease of natural air permeability based on covering the surfaces thereof with opaque films and because of stagnating humidity beneath the floorboards. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358623__ •

Waterless vaporizer Inventor(s): Freidel; Alan I. (7231 SW. 146th Ter., Miami, FL 33158) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,970,212 Date filed: November 9, 1998 Abstract: A waterless vaporizer has a casing containing a heating module that causes vapors to be emitted from a refill pad that is impregnated with menthol and eucalyptus oil by slightly heating the pad and producing a thermally induced convective air flow through the pad. A top member of a casing has a planar pad-receiving surface with holes in it on which the pad can be placed in any selected position between a "low" output and a "high" output position on the surface. A pivotable and vertically displaceable chimney member fits over the pad. The chimney member has a pad retainer/holder portion, the top wall of which provides an alternative position for the pad. A power switch and an indicator lamp facilitate use of the vaporizer. All electrical components are highly durable and fully insulated. The vaporizer is assembled without any screws or equivalent fasteners. Excerpt(s): Juvenile Products Corp. of Miami, Fla. which holds license rights in the present invention, marketed a waterless vaporizer in the United States under the trademark "MOUNTAIN BREEZE" for several years. Production of the "MOUNTAIN BREEZE" vaporizer, which was made in England, was discontinued in 1996. The

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"MOUNTAIN BREEZE" vaporizer had a case containing two small electrical resistors of the type used in electronic circuits that thermally induced an air flow through openings in the case and through a refill pad supported on a pad-supporting grille on the top of the case. The pad was impregnated with menthol dissolved in eucalyptus oil, and the thermally induced air flow vaporized the menthol and conducted it into the environment. The pad-receiving grille surface was large enough to permit the pad to be placed in a selected position between a "low" and a "high" position on the surface. A pivotable and vertically displaceable chimney fit over the pad and upon pivoting by the user moved the pad with it. Outlet holes in the chimney released the vapors to the environment. Various aspects of the design and construction of the "MOUNTAIN BREEZE" vaporizer were detrimental to its durability and ease of use and may have played a role in its disappearance from the market place. For example, there was no power switch--the unit was simply plugged into an outlet. The resistors were mounted on a circuit board and connected to the power cord by soldered connections, which were prone to sparking and failure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05970212__

Patent Applications on Eucalyptus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to eucalyptus: •

(1S,6R)-2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone and/or (1R,6S)-2,2,6trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone, process for producing the same, and perfume composition containing the same Inventor(s): Hagiwara, Toshimitsu; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Ujihara, Hideo; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Watanabe, Shinya; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP), Yamamoto, Takeshi; (Kawasaki-shi, JP) Correspondence: MORRISON LAW FIRM; 145 North Fifth Avenue; Mt. Vernon; NY; 10550; US Patent Application Number: 20020042356 Date filed: June 7, 2001 Abstract: Trans-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone, including (1S,6R)-2,2,6trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone represented by the formula (1a): 1and (1R,6S)-2,2,6trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone represented by the formula (1b): 2are useful components in a perfume composition. A process for producing the same is also described. A unique eucalyptus, mint-like and white floral perfume material is provided using the ketone compounds disclosed in the present invention. The process of the present invention produces the optically active ketone compounds having optical purity up to at least 98.0% e.e. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a perfume or perfume intermediate used in fragrant cosmetics, and more particularly, to the trans form of (1S,6R)-2,2,6trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone and/or (1R,6S)-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl methyl ketone, a process for producing the same and a perfume composition containing the

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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same. However, they derived and synthesized these compounds from the viewpoint of research on the absolute structure of.alpha.-cyclogeranic acid,.alpha.cyclogeranial,.alpha.-ionone,.gamma.-ionone, etc., and there is no description of their fragrance. In addition, there is no mention of the trans forms that are the compounds of the present invention, namely the (1S,6R) form represented by the formula (1a) and/or the (1R,6S) form represented by the formula (1b), and these were not known compounds. (wherein wave lines indicate the cis or trans form). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Absorbent products with improved vertical wicking and rewet capability Inventor(s): Baker, John Perry; (Memphis, TN), Boehmer, Brian E.; (Bartlett, TN), Erspamer, John P.; (Lakeland, TN), Gross, James R.; (Cordova, TN) Correspondence: DARBY & DARBY P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20030208175 Date filed: January 30, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an absorbent core for use in an absorbent article and methods to make the absorbent core and absorbent articles. The absorbent core has a discrete wicking layer made with compressible fibers such as eucalyptus or chemically treated fibers. The absorbent core and articles made with it have improved vertical wicking capacity and superior rewet characteristics. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of the filing date of U.S. Ser. No. 09/495,530 filed Jan. 31, 2000 and No. 60/211,091, filed Jun. 12, 2000, each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety. The present invention relates to disposable absorbent hygiene products like diapers, sanitary napkins, surgical drapes, wound dressings, and to absorbent cores for use therein, and to a process for making these products with enhanced softness and fluid-handling capability. More particularly, this invention relates to a multi-layer airlaid absorbent structure having a discrete layer of compressible fibrous wicking material placed between a moisture impermeable backsheet and a fluid storage layer, and to a continuous airlaid process for the production thereof. Disposable absorbent hygiene products such as premium baby diapers, training pants, adult incontinence devices and feminine napkins are typically made with a cellulose fiber fluff-based absorbent core sandwiched between a liquid pervious top sheet and a low density acquisition or surge layer whose function is to allow the temporary storage and unobstructed passage of fluid to the absorbent core while acting as a barrier to the retransfer of liquid back to the skin of the user, and a liquid impervious backing sheet usually of plastic material, whose function is to contain the absorbed fluid and prevent it from passing through the absorbent core and soiling the undergarments of the wearer of the absorbent article. The acquisition layer typically comprises chemically stiffened cellulose fluff or bonded synthetic fibers, wherein the bonding is through the medium of thermoplastic binder fibers or powder or via the application of a latex binder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Anti-obestic composition Inventor(s): Hayashi, Syuichi; (Osaka, JP), Nakagawa, Kazuya; (Osaka, JP), Sugimoto, Keiichiro; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: SUGHRUE, MION, ZINN,; MACPEAK & SEAS, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.; Washington; DC; 20037-3202; US Patent Application Number: 20010036488 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: The composition of the present invention comprises (1) a biologically effective amount of an extract of a plant of the genus Eucalyptus as an active ingredient, and (2) a biologically acceptable carrier or diluent, and is effective for inhibiting or preventing obesity (increase in weight), lipid storage disease, hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis, or thrombosis, and is also effective for inhibiting or reducing an amount of triglyceride or an amount of cholesterol in blood. Therefore, the composition of the present invention is used in the form of drugs, food products, food additives, animal feeds, and additives for animal feeds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-obestic composition, a lipid storage inhibitor composition, an anti-lipemic composition, an anti-arteriosclerotic composition, an anti-thrombotic composition, a composition for reducing a concentration of cholesterol in blood and a composition for reducing a concentration of triglyceride in blood, each of which contains an extract of a plant of the genus Eucalyptus as an active ingredient, a method of inhibiting or preventing obesity (increase in weight) lipid storage disease, hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis and thrombosis, and a method of inhibiting or reducing an amount of triglyceride in blood and an amount of cholesterol in blood. Obesity is one of risk factors of various diseases such as arteriosclerosis. Therefore, it is strongly required to inhibit, ameliorate or prevent obesity. Obesity is a state where excess lipid is stored in the body. One of causes for lipid storage in the body includes, for example, excess ingestion of carbohydrate. When ingested in the body, carbohydrate contained in food products and beverages is generally digested by a digestive enzyme to exclusively form a monosaccharide, which is absorbed into the body through the enteric canal. The monosaccharide is converted into lipid in the lipid cells to form an adipose tissue. It is considered that various pathologies are caused by intraperitoneal storage of visceral lipid among these adipose tissues. In case a large amount of saccharides such as fructose are ingested in the form of sucrose, portion of the saccharides promotes the synthesis of fatty acid in the liver and also enhances the esterification of fatty acid. As a result, a large amount of triglyceride (triacyl glycerol, neutral lipid) is produced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition for preventing fructose absorption Inventor(s): Hayashi, Syuichi; (Osaka, JP), Inui, Hiroshi; (Osaka, JP), Konoeda, Saburo; (Osaka, JP), Nakagawa, Kazuya; (Osaka, JP), Nakano, Yoshihisa; (Osaka, JP), Sugimoto, Keiichiro; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030049337 Date filed: April 29, 2002

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Abstract: There is provided a composition for preventing fructose absorption, which contains an extract of a plant of the genus eucalyptus as an active ingredient. This extract does not prevent absorption of the glucose from intestines, but prevents absorption of fructose specifically, and therefore is useful in food, drugs, etc. Moreover, there is provided a composition for prevention or treatment of hyperlipidemia and fatty liver and for inhibition of accumulation of internal-organs fat, which contains an extract of a plant of the genus eucalyptus as an active ingredient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for preventing fructose absorption, which contains an extract extracted from a plant of the genus eucalyptus as an active ingredient, and a method of preventing fructose absorption. In more detail, the present invention relates to a composition for preventing fructose absorption, which can prevent absorption of fructose in the living body specifically, and is effective in prevention or medical treatment of hyperlipemia and fatty liver, and inhibition and amelioration of accumulation of internal-organs fat, and a method of preventing fructose absorption. Obesity is in the state which fat accumulated superfluously inside of the body, and one of the causes which fat accumulates inside of the body is superfluous ingestion of saccharides (carbohydrates). Generally, when carbohydrate contained in ingesta is taken in inside of the body, it will be digested with a digestive enzyme, mainly serves as monosaccharide, and is absorbed by the inside of the body from an intestinal tract. Monosaccharide is transformed into fat in a fat cell, and a fat tissue is formed. Glucose (grape sugar) which is a kind of monosaccharide is metabolized after digestive absorption by the enzyme group called as glycolysis. Transformation to fat is controlled by undergoing metabolism regulation in the stage of passing through phosphofructokinase among these enzymes. However, since fructose (fruit sugar) which is the same monosaccharide as glucose is metabolized by the system which does not undergo metabolic regulation through a different metabolic pathway from glucose, it is transformed into fat easily into liver, and obesity tends to rise. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Double-headed, closed-mouth cough suppressant and cold relief device Inventor(s): Huntley, James Benjamin; (Washington, DC) Correspondence: ARENT FOX KINTNER PLOTKIN & KAHN, PLLC; Suite 400; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-5339; US Patent Application Number: 20030077319 Date filed: October 18, 2001 Abstract: A double-headed, closed-mouth cough suppressant and cold relief device in which an individual having the symptoms of a cough is able to suppress the cough by inserting the device into an open mouth, and by sucking on one end of the device, is able to release a menthol medicament disposed within the device to thereby suppress a cough. Additionally, by sucking on another end of the device a eucalyptus medicament is released to thereby relieve a sore throat. By suppressing the cough, the device prevents the spread of germs to the immediate environment. Excerpt(s): Coughing is the body's way of getting foreign substances, phlegm and mucus out of the respiratory tract. Coughs are generally useful and preferably not eliminated. However, in many instances, coughs can be severe enough to impair breathing or prevent rest. Water and other liquids, such as fruit juice, have been traditionally used to soothe an irritated throat as a result of severe coughing. Liquids

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also moisten and thin the mucus in the throat so that it can be coughed up and expelled more easily. The cough suppressant controls or suppresses an irritating or nagging cough as it subdues the body's coughing reflex. Cough suppressants of the prior art include freestanding lozenges that can be removed from a wrapper and placed in the mouth. However, when a cough arises during the course of releasing the substance from the lozenge, the mouth naturally opens. As a result, the lozenge may be abruptly expelled from the mouth during a cough. In addition, germs are also released from the mouth during the resulting open-mouthed cough. Thus, current cough suppressants have the disadvantage of not preventing the spread of germs, and the tendency to be abruptly released from the mouth, and thereby becoming unsanitary and no longer usable. Liquid cough suppressants are contained within a bottle and contain a medicament in a fluid. The liquid is dispensed by means of cups or spoons. The bottle generally is available with a cap and a small cup into which a small dosage of the liquid is poured. After use, the bottle must be capped and the cup must be cleaned and placed back on the cap in an inverted position. As a result of the dispensable liquid cough suppressant of the prior art, it is generally difficult to make use of the bottle and liquid cough suppressant in an urgent situation, because a number of steps must be performed before and after the use of the liquid cough suppressant. It is also difficult to make use of the bottled liquid cough suppressant in a public venue as the user must be able to clean the cup, or risk the remaining fluid in the cup running down the side of the bottle when placed back in the designated location. Furthermore, those bottles that do not come with cups require spoons to dispense the medicament, also leading to an unsanitary and messy situation when used away from sanitizing facilities. Moreover, the liquid medicaments are prone to accidental spilling. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Essential oil mixture for miticide, miticide composition, and spray for miticide Inventor(s): Mishima, Yasutaka; (Hiratsuka-shi, JP), Ohta, Hideaki; (Ohta-ku, JP), Suetomi, Akitaka; (Chuo-ku, JP) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20037; US Patent Application Number: 20020176899 Date filed: April 9, 2002 Abstract: An essential oil mixture for miticide, which contains eucalyptus oil or rosemary oil or a mixture thereof and a mint oil in amounts within a range of from 1:4 to 1:99 by mass ratio, and a miticide in which the essential oil mixture for miticide is dissolved in a solvent. The miticide composition which hardly gives users unpleasant feeling when applied in an amount by which sufficient miticide effect can be obtained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a miticide which contains natural essential oil as the active ingredient. It is known that certain aromatic raw materials and natural essential oils and terpene compounds contained therein have mite-repelling effect or miticide effect. For example, JP-A-5-178712 discloses mite-repelling effect by aromatic raw materials such as benzyl formate, benzyl acetate, benzyl propionate, benzyl butyrate, benzyl valerate, benzyl caproate, benzyl phenyl ketone and benzophenone, terpene compounds such as linalool and limonene, and natural essential oils such as lemongrass oil, geranium oil, rosemary oil, laurel oil, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, lavender oil, caraway oil, cassia oil, calamus oil, fennel oil and thyme oil.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Insect repellent compositions Inventor(s): Khazan, Donna; (North Brunswick, NJ) Correspondence: PENNIE AND EDMONDS; 1155 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; NEW YORK; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20020034556 Date filed: June 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention details compositions for use in repelling insects that are inexpensive to manufacture, easily applied and/or integrated and non-injurious to plant and animal life, including citronella oil, geranium oil, rosemary oil, peppermint oil, Dlimonene, aldehyde C-14 and aldehyde C-18. Preferred compositions additionally contain lavender oil, piperitone, and eucalyptus oil.Additionally, the present invention details methods for repelling insects from a person, animal or physical structure by applying or integrating a composition described herein. The present invention further details articles that have been impregnated with insect repelling compositions described herein such as, for example, candles, tablecloths, inks, textiles and personal care products. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to insect repellent compositions containing essential oils and two aldehydes. These compositions can be formulated to be oil soluble, cationic aqueous soluble and anionic aqueous soluble depending upon the intended use for the compositions. Additionally, the present invention relates to articles of manufacture such as, for example, candles, tablecloths, inks, textiles and personal care products impregnated with the insect repellent compositions described herein. Insects breathe by means of tubes that open at the body surface in spiracles. The tubes divide into very fine branches leading to all the organs. The spiracles are water repellent, but oil may enter through them. Thus, many of the insect repellents known in the art contain essential oils. Regrettably, most of the known insecticides contain chemical compositions which, in certain concentrations, are harmful to the environment. Several researchers have attempted to produce insect repellents that do not contain chemicals harmful to the environment. Citronella oil is a well-known and widely used insect repellent. The primary component responsible for its repellent properties is.beta.-citronellol, 3,7dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, which is a member of the class of compounds known as the terpenes. J. L. Simonsen and L. N. Owen, The Terpenes Vol. 1, University Press, Cambridge, 2.sup.nd ed., 1947. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Insect repellent comprising essential volatile oils and use thereof Inventor(s): Willis, Mark T.; (Goetzville, MI) Correspondence: Mark T. Willis; 12941 E. Townline Road; Goetzville; MI; 49736; US Patent Application Number: 20030108582 Date filed: December 10, 2001 Abstract: A composition that has insect repellent properties is made from essential volatile oils. The inventive composition includes a combination of menthol, eucalyptus

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oil, citronella oil and/or tea tree oil, alcohol, water and skin moisturizing components. Menthol in crystal or liquid form. Essential oil of eucalyptus. Essential oil of citronella and/or tea tree oil. Isopropyl alcohol, grain alcohol or any other type of distilled alcohol. Deionized, distilled or any other type of sterile water. Skin conditioning oils including but not limited to mineral oil, jojoba oil, glycerin, Vitamin E. The topical composition can be formulated as a solution, suspension, cream, ointment, gel, film or spray. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition for use in repelling insects and more specifically it relates to a non-toxic insect repellent composition using only naturally occurring insect repellent components. Insect repellents have been used for centuries to prevent insect pests from bothering and annoying humans and animals. Some examples of known repellents include citronella candles made from the essential oil of citronella. In the past century, synthetic chemicals have been designed and developed that more effectively repel insects. Included in these newer synthetic compounds are 2-ethyl-3-hexanediol, (DDT) and N,N-diethyl toluamide, (DEET). However, most synthetic chemical compound repellents, when absorbed through the skin or somehow ingested are toxic as in the ban of the insecticide DDT which was shown to be harmful to the environment by poisoning wildlife, and DEET is suspected to be a carcinogen, teratogen and or mutagen. Therefore, some states and federal regulations limit the percentage of DEET to 10% to 30%, which may be used in compositions for children, adults and animals use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

INSECT REPELLENT SUBSTRATE FOR HEADWEAR Inventor(s): ROBINSON, VERONICA S.; (MADDINGTON, AU) Correspondence: LARSON & TAYLOR, PLC; 1199 NORTH FAIRFAX STREET; SUITE 900; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030150467 Date filed: August 31, 1999 Abstract: An insect repellent substrate (10) includes a fabric base material (12) made of felt which is impregnated with a repellent carrier composition (14). The carrier composition (14) includes a mixture of wax and a naturally occurring insect repellent such as pyrethrum oil. The carrier composition (14) may also include scented or aromatic oils such as citronella oil, rosemary oil, eucalyptus oil and neem oil. Strips of the fabric base material may be attached to headwear such as a headband or cap so that it is in contact with the wearer's hair or body. Active constituents of the carrier composition (14) provide effective treatment and prevention of headlice and other parasitic insects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an insect repellent substrate for repelling lice and the like insects, and relates particularly, though not exclusively, to headwear having a strip of said insect repellent substrate provided in connection therewith. Infestations of headlice and other parasitic insects are a perennial problem, particularly in schools where the lice are easily transmitted from child to child. Up to the present time there has been very little that one can do to prevent a child from being infected with headlice. Regular inspection to identify nits, which are the eggs of lice, is the only way to detect an infestation. Treatment includes combing the hair with a fine-toothed comb and/or washing the hair with a special shampoo which contains chemical substances designed to kill the lice and nits. However, the shampoos that are currently available to treat

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headlice typically contain harsh synthetic chemicals such as permethrium, piperonyl butoxide and organophosphates which have been known to cause skin irritation. In the United Kingdom across the counter sales of shampoos containing organophosphates have recently been banned because of health concerns. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Liquid absorbent base web Inventor(s): Anderson, Ralph L.; (Marietta, GA), Garneski, Charles J.; (Bothell, WA), Hurst, Stephen A.; (Atlanta, GA), Merker, Joseph F.; (Alpharetta, GA), Saffel, Thomas C.; (Alpharetta, GA), Zimmerman, Gary L.; (Marysville, WA) Correspondence: Timothy A. Cassidy; Dority & Manning, Attorneys at Law, P.A.; P.O. Box 1449; Greenville; SC; 29602; US Patent Application Number: 20020084048 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to base webs that are creped after a bonding material has been applied to at least one side of the web according to a predetermined pattern. The base web disclosed in the present application is made from at least three fibrous layers. The outer layers of the web contain synthetic staple fibers for increasing the tensile strength and abrasion resistant properties of the web. In one embodiment, the middle layer can further contain hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus fibers, which improves the wipe dry properties of the web. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to abrasion resistant and strong base webs that have good liquid absorption properties. The base web is generally made from a combination of pulp fibers and synthetic fibers. In one embodiment, the base web is used as a wiping product. Liquid absorbent products such a paper towels, industrial wipers, food service wipers, napkins, medical pads, and other similar products are designed to include several important properties. For example, the products should have good bulk, a soft feel and should be highly absorbent. The products should also have good strength even when wet and should resist tearing. Further, the products should also have good stretch characteristics, should be abrasion resistant, and should not deteriorate in the environment in which they are used. In the past, many attempts have been made to enhance and increase certain physical properties of such products. Unfortunately, however, when steps are taken to increase one property of these products, other characteristics of the products may be adversely affected. For instance, the softness of paper wiping products can be increased by several different methods, such as by selecting a particular fiber type, or by reducing cellulosic fiber bonding within the product. Increasing softness according to one of the above methods, however, may adversely affect the strength of the product. Conversely, steps normally taken to increase the strength of a fibrous web typically have an adverse impact upon the softness or the absorbency of the web. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Manipulation of cellulose and/or beta-1,4-glucan Inventor(s): Arioli, Antonio; (Duffy, AU), Betzner, Andreas S.; (Page, AU), Peng, Liangcai; (Turner, AU), Williamson, Richard E.; (Murrumbateman, AU) Correspondence: GREENLEE, WINNER AND SULLIVAN, P.C.; Suite 201; 5370 Manhattan Circle; Boulder; CO; 80303; US Patent Application Number: 20030126643 Date filed: August 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates generally to isolated genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellulose biosynthesis in plants and transgenic plants expressing same in sense or antisense orientation, or as ribozymes, co-suppression or gene-targeting molecules. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, wheat, barley, maize, Brassica spp., Gossypium hirsutum and Eucalyptus spp. which encode or an enzyme which is important in cellulose biosynthesis, in particular the cellulose synthase enzyme and homologues, analogues and derivatives thereof and uses of same in the production of transgenic plants expressing altered cellulose biosynthetic properties. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/221,013, filed Dec. 23, 1998, which is a continuation of International Patent application PCT/AU97/00402, filed Jun. 24, 1997, which application is incorporated herein and which application claims priority to Australian Patent Application PO 0699, filed Jun. 27, 1996. The present invention relates generally to isolated genes which encode polypeptides involved in cellulose biosynthesis and transgenic organisms expressing same in sense or antisense orientation, or as ribozymes, co-suppression or gene-targeting molecules. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, wheat, barley, maize, Brassica spp., Gossypium hirsutum and Eucalyptus spp. which encode an enzyme which is important in cellulose biosynthesis, in particular the cellulose synthase enzyme and homologues, analogues and derivatives thereof and uses of same in the production of transgenic plants expressing altered cellulose biosynthetic properties. Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in this specification are collected at the end of the description. Sequence identity numbers (SEQ ID Nos.) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification are defined after the bibliography. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for the production of tannin and its use Inventor(s): Jiang, Huijian; (Clayton, AU), Kageyama, Naoko; (Saeki-ku, JP), Lawson, Frank; (Mitcham, AU), Nakamoto, Yusho; (Hatsukaichi-shi, JP), Ono, Keiko; (Saeki-ku, JP), Tsunoda, Toshihiko; (Hatsukaichi-shi, JP), Uhlherr, Peter Heinz Theodore; (Mt. Waverley, AU), Yazaki, Yoshikazu; (Moorabbin, AU) Correspondence: OLIFF & BERRIDGE, PLC; P.O. BOX 19928; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030054055 Date filed: March 19, 2002

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Abstract: Method for obtaining tannin by extracting plant resources with mangrove, acacia, pine, eucalyptus, oak, hemlock and the like with lower alcohol or lower alcohol/water, or extracting outer bark of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) with water, lower alcohol or lower alcohol/water, and an adhesive containing said extracted substance for adhering woody materials such as veneer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for extracting tannin, tannin obtained by the same method, and a use thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for producing tannin to be contained in an adhesive or a binder for wood as a main component. Tannin is widely present in plants. Tannin is conventionally known as a generic name for a substance that is easily dissolved in water, whose aqueous solution is highly astringent, and which has the property of tanning leather. Chemically, tannin is not a simple substance but an aggregation of complex organic compounds. Tannin is classified in terms of its chemical property into hydrolysable tannin that is hydrolyzed by heating with a dilute acid to generate gallic acid, ellagic acid and the like, and condensed tannin that is polymerized to generate phlobaphene that is insoluble in water. In particular, condensed tannin reacts with aldehyde to become a polymer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods for producing genetically modified plants, plant materials and plant products produced thereby Inventor(s): Cheah, Kheng Tuan; (Durham, NC), Flinn, Barry; (Fredericton, CA) Correspondence: SPECKMAN LAW GROUP; Suite 101; 1501 Western Avenue; Seattle; WA; 98101; US Patent Application Number: 20020016981 Date filed: March 20, 2001 Abstract: Methods for producing genetically modified plants, particularly woody plants, and most particularly plants of the Eucalyptus and Pinus species, involve transformation of target plant material with a desired genetic construct and regeneration of the transformed plant material using an adventitious shoot bud system. The methods provide a high transformation efficiency and substantially reduce the duration of the transformation and regeneration protocols. Stem segments of a target plant are transformed using Agrobacterium-mediated techniques, and adventitious shoot buds are regenerated from the Agrobacterium-infected stem segments. Preferred culture media, including selection media, and improved plant culture techniques are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/NZ99/00155, filed Sep. 15, 1999, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/153,320, filed Sep. 15, 1998. This invention relates to methods for producing genetically modified plants, particularly woody plants, and most particularly plants of the Eucalyptus and Pinus species, as well as to plants, plant materials and plant products produced by or from such genetic modification. This invention relates, more specifically, to techniques for producing genetically modified plants, including transgenic woody plants and interspecies hybrid woody plants, particularly of the Eucalyptus and Pinus species. Recent advances in plant genetic engineering have made possible the transfer of DNA into plants, including commercially important forestry tree species. The application of genetic engineering to commercially important forestry varieties provides opportunities to incorporate new or improved traits of commercial

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interest, such as disease resistance, male sterility, increased productivity, rooting ability, wood quality, and others, in forestry varieties. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Organic compounds Inventor(s): Watkins, Max; (Odiham, GB) Correspondence: Bernhard D. Saxe; FOLEY & LARDNER; Washington Harbour; 3000 K Street, N.W., Suite 500; Washington; DC; 20007-5109; US Patent Application Number: 20010014346 Date filed: January 22, 2001 Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for the control of various diseases in bee-hives by applying to the bee-hives an effective amount of an essential oil in a slowrelease formulation whereby the term oils embraces but is not limited to oils extractable from plant or the essential component thereof such as monoterpenes like menthol, geraniol, thymol, myrcene, citral, limonene, carene, camphor, eugenol, or cineol (eucalyptol); natural oils like lemon oil, eucalyptus oil, or neem oil; or organic acids like formic acid, acetic acid or oxalic acid. Most preferred are monoterpenes like thymol or menthol. Most preferred is thymol. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a method for the control of acarid, lepidopteran, fungal, and bacterial infestations of honeybee colonies, and infestation controlling compositions suitable for such purpose. Varroasis is an infestation of European honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) with the ectoparasitic mites belonging to the order of acaricides (Varroa jacobsoni). The Varroa mite originated in Asia and from there has spread to virtually all countries where beekeeping with A. mellifera is practised. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Plant microsatellite markers and methods for their use Inventor(s): Bloksberg, Leonard; (Auckland, NZ), Glenn, Matthew; (Auckland, NZ), Havukkala, Ilkka; (Auckland, NZ) Correspondence: SPECKMAN LAW GROUP; 1501 WESTERN AVE; SUITE 100; SEATTLE; WA; 98101; US Patent Application Number: 20030018185 Date filed: February 5, 2002 Abstract: Microsatellite sequences and associated flanking sequences isolated from pine and eucalyptus are provided, together with methods for the use of such sequences in the detection of polymorphic genetic markers. Kits comprising oligonucleotide primers and/or hybridization probes for use in such methods are also provided. Excerpt(s): This is application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,307, filed Jun. 25, 1998. This application incorporates by reference in its entirety the Sequence Listing that is provided in duplicate on compact discs that accompany the application. Each CD contains the following file: 1006CIP, having a date of creation of Feb. 4, 2002 and a file size of 1.42 MB. The present invention relates to the

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field of DNA markers useful in genetic analysis. More specifically, the present invention relates to plant microsatellite markers, and methods for using such markers in the identification of polymorphisms and in genome mapping. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Root canal filling material remover Inventor(s): Abiru, Masao; (Tokyo, JP), Sato, Kimihiko; (Tokyo, JP), Takeshita, Takaharu; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: OBLON SPIVAK MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT PC; FOURTH FLOOR; 1755 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020110787 Date filed: December 3, 2001 Abstract: To provide a root canal filling material remover that can remove a root canal filling material such as a gutta-percha point which is liable to remain in a root apex portion, or a sealer for root canal filling which is liable to enter into a dental pulp of a root canal wall and remain therein, after being removed during the re-treatment of a root canal, in a simple operation, without need of an excessive root canal enlargement operation as has been seen before, the root canal filling material remover contains at least one member selected from limonene, eucalyptus oil, chloroform and xylene, and a surfactant. Further, a polishing material may be added to the root canal filling remover. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a root canal filling material remover, which is used during removal of a root canal filling material from a root canal when the retreatment of the root canal is carried out in the dental remedy. In the dental remedy, when the treatment for pulp disease or apical periodontitis is carried out, a materially stable substance is filled within a root canal after extirpation of a pulp to seal a space within the root canal and shield an infectious route between the root canal and a periodontal tissue, or between the root canal and an oral cavity, thereby the root canal remedy being done. In carrying out this treatment, a method that is most often employed at present is a method in which a thin needle-like root canal filling material containing a natural gutta-percha and zinc oxide as major components, that is called a gutta-percha point, is filled within a root canal after extirpation of a pulp, and a root canal aperture is then sealed with a cement or the like. This filling method of the root canal using a gutta-percha point is generally effected by a method in which a plurality of gutta-percha points are successively filled within the root canal, that is called a lateral condensation method. At this time, though it is necessary to fill minutely the guttapercha points within the root canal, the gutta-percha points do not have thorough adhesion to a root canal wall. Accordingly, there is employed a method in which a material that is called a sealer composition for root canal filling is applied to the guttapercha points and then filled within the root canal to invest a space between the root canal wall and the gutta-percha point, thereby enhancing sealability. One that is widely used as the sealer composition for root canal filling at present is a material containing zinc oxide and eugenol as major components. In addition to the zinc oxide eugenolbased sealer compositions for root canal filling, employed are also natural resin-made sealer compositions for root canal filling containing a low-viscosity polyisoprene or a natural gutta-percha as a major component because they have high adhesion to the gutta-percha points. Such root canal remedy is aimed at prevention and remedy of disease in the apical periodontal tissue, in which after extirpation of a pulp and infectious root canal treatment, the gutta-percha points are minutely filled and plugged

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within the root canal to shield a space between the root canal and the apical periodontal tissue from an oral cavity, thereby keeping the root canal in a sterilized state. However, in general, the root canal takes a complicated shape, and three or four root canals may be present per tooth depending on the kind of the tooth. Further, the shape includes various variations such as a flat shape, a barrel shape, and a curved shape, depending on the individual teeth. Accordingly, even when the remedy is carried out using a root canal filling material made of a gutta-percha point and a sealer for root canal filling as described above, it is difficult to prevent invasion of bacteria, resulting in possible occurrence of a toothache or a swelling of gingiva by infection. In such case, it becomes necessary to carry out again the root canal remedy. Then, it is necessary to carry out the root canal treatment such that the root canal filling material filled within the root canal, which is made of a gutta-percha point and a sealer for root canal filling, is removed carefully by a reamer and a file; if required, organic substances within the root canal, such as necrotized and putrefied substances, are cleaned up with a root canal cleaner such as sodium hypochlorite; and the gutta-percha point is again filled by means of the above-described lateral condensation method or other methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Smokeless tobacco product Inventor(s): Williams, Jonnie R.; (Manakin-Sabot, VA) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff, Ltd.; 1001 G Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 200014597; US Patent Application Number: 20020162562 Date filed: May 1, 2001 Abstract: A smokeless tobacco product suitable for human consumption can be prepared from an aqueous extract of cured tobacco. In one embodiment, the smokeless tobacco product comprises a solid tablet having at least 50 wt % powdered tobacco. The powdered tobacco preferably consists essentially of Virginia flue tobacco stems. The smokeless tobacco product optionally includes eucalyptus and/or propolis in an amount effective to remove bitterness from said powdered tobacco. The smokeless tobacco product preferably contains powdered tobacco having a collective content of N'nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3 -pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) which is 0.1.mu.g/g or less, preferably 0.05.mu.g/g or less, more preferably 0.03.mu.g/g or less. The powdered tobacco preferably has a content of 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl- )-1-butanone (NNK) which is 0.002.mu.g/g or less, preferably 0.001.mu.g/g or less. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an oral smokeless tobacco product and, more particularly, a smokeless tobacco product prepared from a tobacco extract. There are many oral delivery forms of tobacco. Such forms include chewing tobacco, chewing gum, lozenges, capsules, and tablets. Chewing tobacco utilizes chopped or shredded tobacco, which is placed in the mouth and ultimately removed from the mouth. Lozenges, tablets, and the like, are often designed to dissolve slowly in order to administer nicotine over a period of time. Such products are often obtained by chopping the tobacco plant or leaf and then extracting soluble components from the tobacco using a solvent. The resulting extract is dried and combined with other ingredients to form the products. U.S. Pat. No. 3,368,567 describes a tablet having a tobacco concentrate and which is intended to be located in the mouth of the user. In preparing the tablet, nicotine and other active ingredients are extracted from cured tobacco that has been ground into

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fine particles. The tobacco is steeped in water and then concentrated mineral acid is added. The resulting liquid is applied to an absorbent, inert, edible base, to the extent that it constitutes less than 10% of the base. After the liquid is dried, the resultant material is compressed into a tablet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Sympathetic-activating perfume composition Inventor(s): Gozu, Yoko; (Kanagawa, JP), Hariya, Takeshi; (Kanagawa, JP), Haze, Shinichiro; (Kanagawa, JP), Koizumi, Yukiko; (Kanagawa, JP), Sakai, Keiko; (Kanagawa, JP), Sakiguchi, Takayuki; (Kanagawa, JP), Shibata, Michio; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: FOLEY AND LARDNER; SUITE 500; 3000 K STREET NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20007; US Patent Application Number: 20030054015 Date filed: August 22, 2002 Abstract: Sympathetic nerve-stimulating fragrant compositions with weight-loss effects, characterized by containing one or more selected from among fennel oil, grapefruit oil, pepper oil, hyssop oil, sage oil, estragon oil, eucalyptus oil, rosemary oil, cinnamon oil, clove oil, ylang ylang oil, ginger oil, geranium oil and olibanum, or one or more from among limonene, pinene, myrcene and benzyl benzoate as the active ingredients in the oils, and preferably also containing caffeine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to fragrant compositions which stimulate sympathetic nerves. More specifically, it relates to sympathetic nerve-stimulating fragrances containing at least one type of essential oil. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, based on functional differences, and it is involved in co-relative regulation of the functioning of various organs. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves is known to cause an increased cardiac rate and suppressed gastrointestinal activity, as well as other various effects, and such stimulation can be brought about by the action of hormones or the like and even by psychological stress. On the other hand, it is a traditionally well-known fact that fragrant substances can have various psychological effects, and calming fragrance, mood-enhancing fragrance and the like have long been known. In recent years, the sedative and arousing effects of such fragrant substances have been confirmed by brain wave measurements and other means. The systemic influences, including psychological effects, of fragrant substances have come to be utilized in clinics throughout the world in the form of "aromatherapy", but among the fragrant substances with known effects on the autonomic nervous system, only a limited number of fragrant substances have been reported to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, and at the current time absolutely no fragrant substances have been found to act on the sympathetic nervous system (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication HEI No. 11-209294). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Therapeutic oil composition Inventor(s): Quezada, Richard S.; (West Hills, CA) Correspondence: KELLY BAUERSFELD LOWRY & KELLEY, LLP; 6320 CANOGA AVENUE; SUITE 1650; WOODLAND HILLS; CA; 91367; US Patent Application Number: 20020136788 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: A therapeutic oil composition is provided that is useful for topical application to painful areas of the human body. The therapeutic oil composition is created by mixing eugenia caryophyllata, myroxyon pereira, eucalyptus globulus, lavandula augustifolia, mentha piperita, and mentha spicata. The volume of each constituent added can be modified according to the desired treatment. The mixture is then aged by storing it in the dark at a temperature of between 50.degree. F. to 60.degree. F. for at least thirty-six hours. The composition may be applied topically in 100% strength, or mixed with an oil-based carrier, and allowed to enter through the skin and into the tissue to relieve complaints of physical pain, including muscular aches and pains, arthritis and respiratory distress. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/278,134, filed Mar. 23, 2001. The present invention generally relates to alternative therapies for physical pain. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition of six essential oils forming a therapeutic composition for the temporary relief of various body complaints. For thousands of years, many cultures of humanity have looked across their world and sought remedies for disease. From the four corners of this planet they have developed therapeutic medicines from the very plants, trees, flowers and even the roots themselves. In the days of ancient Egypt, Papyrus manuscripts dating back 2800 BC recorded the use of hundreds of medicinal herbs, fine oils and perfumes. The Egyptians held many of these essential oils in high regard due to their therapeutic properties. When the Greeks visited Egypt, they learned a great deal regarding the medicinal applications of aromatic plants. The father of medicine, Hippocrates, prescribed fumigations and fomentations. Megallus himself created a famous preparation, made from myrrh, cinnamon and cassis. This was used both as a perfume and as a remedy for skin inflammation and battle wounds. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Tissue products and methods for manufacturing tissue products Inventor(s): Hu, Sheng-hsin; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: John E. Vick, Jr.; Dorithy & Manning, Attorney at Law, P.A.; P.O. Box 1449; Greenville; SC; 29602; US Patent Application Number: 20030111196 Date filed: December 19, 2001 Abstract: In the practice of the invention, a multi-ply paper product or tissue having hardwood layers on the outside and on the inside provides reduced amounts of undesirable sloughing. The multi-ply product includes at least two plies, with three layers in each ply. Hardwood layers, such as for example eucalyptus-containing fiber layers, are provided on the outside surfaces of each ply and also on the interface of one

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or more plies. The resulting paper product may exhibit reduced sloughing, with little or no sacrifice in softness. A product having two, three, four, or more plies is shown. Excerpt(s): Strength and softness are important attributes in consumer paper products such as facial tissue, bathroom tissue, towels, and napkins. Strength and softness are strongly influenced by the sheet structure of a paper product. Mechanical treatment of fibers and fiber slurries in the manufacture of paper products is an important factor in determining the strength and softness of products which are produced thereby. Strength and softness usually are inversely related. That is, the stronger a given sheet, the less softness that sheet is likely to provide. Likewise, a softer sheet is usually not as strong. Thus, an inverse relationship that exists between the properties of strength and softness results in consistent efforts in the industry to produce sheets or webs having strength levels which are at least as great as conventional sheets, but with improved softness. Also, a sheet or web that is at least as soft as previously known sheets, but with improved strength, also is desirable. As a general rule, fibers having superior softness are provided in outer layers of paper products--i.e. those layers which routinely contact the skin of consumers. This is true for bath tissue, for example. The inner layers of such products often comprise coarser fibers which are less desirable in their properties of softness, absorbency, or strength. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with eucalyptus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on eucalyptus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning eucalyptus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON EUCALYPTUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to eucalyptus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on eucalyptus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “eucalyptus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “eucalyptus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “eucalyptus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

An Annotated Bibliography of Genetic Variation in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis by Ken G. Eldridge (1975); ISBN: 0850740231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850740231/icongroupinterna

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Blue-leaved mallee, Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Bak. syn. E. fruticetorum F. Muell in part by Norman Hall; ISBN: 0642984662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642984662/icongroupinterna

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Commercial farming of Eucalyptus by A. N. Chaturvedi; ISBN: 8185933227; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8185933227/icongroupinterna

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Dyemaking With Eucalyptus by Jean K. Carman (1985); ISBN: 0864170173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864170173/icongroupinterna

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Equations for predicting biomass in 2- to 6-year-old Eucalyptus saligna in Hawaii (SuDoc A 13.79:PSW-402) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B0001030SI; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001030SI/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus (1997); ISBN: 9290433353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9290433353/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus by Carlos A. Brussa (1994); ISBN: 9974556902; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9974556902/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus by Stan Kelly; ISBN: 9997846346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997846346/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus by I. Brooker, D. Kleinig; ISBN: 1876334363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1876334363/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus and its leaf oils : an indexed bibliography by J. J. W. Coppen; ISBN: 0859543471; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859543471/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Buds & Fruits by G. M. Chippendale (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 0642060215; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642060215/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Christas Bk/Cb Aus; ISBN: 0340387122; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340387122/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Christmas by Stephen Axelsen; ISBN: 0340349271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340349271/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Fair by Lawrence C. Powell (1992); ISBN: 0963296604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963296604/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Leaf Oils Use Chemistry Distillation and Marketing by Boland (1991); ISBN: 0909605696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0909605696/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Pellita: An Annotated Bibliography by C.E. Harwood; ISBN: 0643063129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0643063129/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Pests and Diseases by J.B. Ball M. Diekmann (1996); ISBN: 929043290X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/929043290X/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Plantations: Research, Management and Development by Run-Peng Wei (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 9812385576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9812385576/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Seed by D.J. Boland (1980); ISBN: 0643025863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0643025863/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus Spp. by M. Diekmann W.M. Ciesla C.A.J. Putter (1996); ISBN: 929043161X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/929043161X/icongroupinterna

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Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles) by John J. W. Coppen (Editor), John J.W. Coppen; ISBN: 0415278791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415278791/icongroupinterna

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Fungi Described and Recorded from Eucalyptus (Mycological Papers) by K.V. Sankaran, et al; ISBN: 085198990X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085198990X/icongroupinterna

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Green mallee, Eucalyptus viridis R.T. Bak by Norman Hall; ISBN: 064298462X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/064298462X/icongroupinterna

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India's Eucalyptus Craze (1994); ISBN: 8170363969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170363969/icongroupinterna

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India's Eucalyptus Craze : The God that Failed by N C Saxena (Author) (1994); ISBN: 0803991665; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803991665/icongroupinterna

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Koala Country: A Story of an Australian Eucalyptus Forest by Deborah Dennard, James McKinnon (Illustrator) (2001); ISBN: 1568998880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568998880/icongroupinterna

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Land of Eucalyptus [LARGE PRINT] by Georgina Ferrand (2001); ISBN: 0708959547; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0708959547/icongroupinterna

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L'eucalyptus by Lionel Hignard (Author); ISBN: 2742712496; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2742712496/icongroupinterna

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Monograph on eucalyptus by D. N. Tewari; ISBN: 8185276196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8185276196/icongroupinterna

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Narrow-leaved black peppermint; Eucalyptus nicholii Maiden et Blakely by Norman Hall; ISBN: 0642984530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642984530/icongroupinterna

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Phytogeography of Eucalyptus in Australia by G. M. Chippendale, et al (1986); ISBN: 0644040815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0644040815/icongroupinterna

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Scribbly gum, Eucalyptus rossii R.T. Bak. et H.G. Sm by Norman Hall; ISBN: 0642984638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642984638/icongroupinterna

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The Ecological Effects of Eucalyptus/F2839 (Fao Forestry Paper, No 59) by M.E.D. Poore, C. Fries; ISBN: 9251022860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251022860/icongroupinterna

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The Eucalyptus: A Natural and Commercial History of the Gum Tree by Robin W. Doughty (2000); ISBN: 0801862310; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801862310/icongroupinterna

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The Great Eucalyptus Mystery (The Adventures of Archibald the Koala on Rastepappe Island, Vol 1) by Paul Cox; ISBN: 067177574X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067177574X/icongroupinterna

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The Scent of Eucalyptus by Barbara Hanrahan; ISBN: 0701208554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0701208554/icongroupinterna

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The Scent of Eucalyptus: A Journal of Colonial and Foreign Service by Richard Posnett, David Owen (2001); ISBN: 1860646379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860646379/icongroupinterna

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The Scent of Eucalyptus: A Missionary Childhood in Ethiopia by Daniel Coleman (2003); ISBN: 0864923740; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0864923740/icongroupinterna

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The Suitability of Eucalyptus Grandis and Two Provenances of Pinus Kesiya for Wood Wool-cement Slab Manufacture by A.J. Hawkes, A.P. Robinson; ISBN: 0859540863; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859540863/icongroupinterna

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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

An essay on the essential oil of the eucalyptus, and its uses in medicine as an antiseptic, etc., by M. R. C. S., L. S. A.; Year: 1889; London, 1889

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Eucalyptus, by Abbot Kinney. Author: Kinney, Abbot,; Year: 1890; Los Angeles, Cal., B. R. Baumgardt; co., 1895

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Is the eucalyptus a fever-destroying tree? Author: Bosisto, J.; Year: 1874; [Melbourne?]: Stillwell and Knight, [1874?]

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On the medical properties of Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum tree), or fever tree, in the treatment of fevers, bronchitis, etc. Author: Bell, William,; Year: 1869; London: Savory; Moore, 1869

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On the use of the oil of eucalyptus globulus combined with other antiseptics in the treatment of scarlet fever and all infectious diseases. Author: Curgenven, John Brendon,; Year: 1879; London: H. K. Lewis, 1891

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Original lecture on eucalyptol. The etherial oil of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Its uses in medicine and surgery. Author: Bauer, Louis,; Year: 1891; St. Louis: [1890?]

Chapters on Eucalyptus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to eucalyptus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and eucalyptus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on eucalyptus: •

Chapter 191: Topical Skin Medications Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 5 p.

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have skin conditions with information on topical skin medications. Almost all skin medications are topical or systemic. Some are obtained by prescription, while others can be purchased without one. The active ingredients in a topical preparation are mixed with an inert carrier. Depending on the carrier used, the preparation will be an ointment, cream, lotion, solution, powder, or gel. Ointments consist mainly of thick oil and a little water; therefore, they feel greasy and are difficult to wash off. Although ointments are messier to use than water based cream preparations, they are usually better at delivering active ingredients to the skin. Creams, which are the most commonly used preparations, are emulsions of oil in water. Lotions are suspensions of finely dispersed powdered material in a base of water or oil and water. Solutions, which are liquids in which a drug is dissolved, tend to dry the skin. Powders are dried forms of substances that protect areas where skin rubs against skin. Gels, which are water based substances thickened without oil or fat, are not absorbed as well as preparations containing oil or fat. Topical medications can be classified as cleansing agents, protective agents, antiinfective agents, moisturizing agents, drying agents, symptom relieving agents, and antiinflammatory agents. Soaps, detergents, and solvents are the main cleansing agents. Protective agents include oils and ointments, powders, synthetic hydrocolloid dressings, and sunscreens. Antiinfectives include disinfecting agents, antibiotics, and antifungal agents. Moisturizing agents are creams or lotions containing oil that helps the skin retain its natural moisture. Talcum powder is the most common drying agent. Cornstarch and solutions containing aluminum salts are also good drying agents. Agents that relieve symptoms such as itching and pain include soothing agents, among them chamomile, eucalyptus, camphor, menthol, zinc oxide, talc, glycerin, and calamine. Antihistamines are sometimes included in topical preparations to relieve itching. Antiinflammatory agents include topical corticosteroids sold as lotions, creams, and ointments. Corticosteroid preparations in concentrations greater than 1 percent require a prescription. A nonporous occlusive dressing may be used over a topical corticosteroid to increase the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. 1 table.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON EUCALYPTUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover eucalyptus.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on eucalyptus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to eucalyptus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “eucalyptus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for eucalyptus: •

Washing With Eucalyptus Oil Rids Bedding Of Asthma-Provoking Mites Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 05, 1997

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “eucalyptus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to eucalyptus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “eucalyptus” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Eucalyptus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to eucalyptus. In addition to

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these sources, you can search for articles covering eucalyptus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

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These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “eucalyptus” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Chapter 191: Topical Skin Medications Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 5 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have skin conditions with information on topical skin medications. Almost all skin medications are topical or systemic. Some are obtained by prescription, while others can be purchased without one. The active ingredients in a topical preparation are mixed with an inert carrier. Depending on the carrier used, the preparation will be an ointment, cream, lotion, solution, powder, or gel. Ointments consist mainly of thick oil and a little water; therefore, they feel greasy and are difficult to wash off. Although ointments are messier to use than water based cream preparations, they are usually better at delivering active ingredients to the skin. Creams, which are the most commonly used preparations, are emulsions of oil in water. Lotions are suspensions of finely dispersed powdered material in a base of water or oil and water. Solutions, which are liquids in which a drug is dissolved, tend to dry the skin. Powders are dried forms of substances that protect areas where skin rubs against skin. Gels, which are water based substances thickened without oil or fat, are not absorbed as well as preparations containing oil or fat. Topical medications can be classified as cleansing agents, protective agents, antiinfective agents, moisturizing agents, drying agents, symptom relieving agents, and antiinflammatory agents. Soaps, detergents, and solvents are the main cleansing agents. Protective agents include oils and ointments, powders, synthetic hydrocolloid dressings, and sunscreens. Antiinfectives include disinfecting agents, antibiotics, and antifungal agents. Moisturizing agents are creams or lotions containing oil that helps the skin retain its natural moisture. Talcum powder is the most common drying agent. Cornstarch and solutions containing aluminum salts are also good drying agents. Agents that relieve symptoms such as itching and pain include soothing agents, among them chamomile, eucalyptus, camphor, menthol, zinc oxide, talc, glycerin, and calamine. Antihistamines are sometimes included in topical preparations to relieve itching. Antiinflammatory

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agents include topical corticosteroids sold as lotions, creams, and ointments. Corticosteroid preparations in concentrations greater than 1 percent require a prescription. A nonporous occlusive dressing may be used over a topical corticosteroid to increase the absorption and effectiveness of the drug. 1 table.

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 668 19 1 0 0 688

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on eucalyptus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to eucalyptus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to eucalyptus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “eucalyptus”:

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•

Other guides Common Cold http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/commoncold.html Fire Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/firesafety.html Rosacea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rosacea.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to eucalyptus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to eucalyptus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with eucalyptus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about eucalyptus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “eucalyptus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “eucalyptus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “eucalyptus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “eucalyptus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

116 Eucalyptus

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

118 Eucalyptus

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on eucalyptus: •

Basic Guidelines for Eucalyptus Eucalyptus oil overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002646.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Eucalyptus Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Blood in the urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm

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Difficulty swallowing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003115.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Muscle weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm No urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Pain upon urinating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm Rapid, weak heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Background Topics for Eucalyptus Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Shallow breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000007.htm Unconsciousness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

Online Glossaries 121

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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EUCALYPTUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acacia: Any leguminous woody vine or tree of the genus Acacia, also called locust or wattle. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called gum arabic. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

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Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the final step of alcoholic fermentation by reducing an aldehyde to an alcohol. In the case of ethanol, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol in the presence of NADH and hydrogen. The enzyme is a zinc protein which acts on primary and secondary alcohols or hemiacetals. EC 1.1.1.1. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH]

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Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthraquinones: An anthracene ring which contains two ketone moieties in any position. Can be substituted in any position except on the ketone groups. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH]

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Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiphlogistic: An agent that counteracts inflammation and fever. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arnica: Genus of composite-flowered plants in the family Asteraceae. The dried flower heads of Arnica montana are used externally as a counterirritant and tincture for sprains and bruises. Arnica contains volatile oils, arnicin, arnisterol, flavonoids, tannins, and resin. [NIH]

Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH]

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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 129

Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH]

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Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Cassia: Leguminous plants Cassia senna L. (or C. acutifolia) and C. angustifolia that contain anthraquinones which are used as laxatives. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH]

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Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often

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resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains allantoin, carotene, essential oils (oils, volatile), glycosides, mucilage, resin, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, vitamin B12, and zinc. Comfrey also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids and is hepatotoxic if ingested. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative

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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,

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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU]

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Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]

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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwell time: In peritoneal dialysis, the amount of time a bag of dialysate remains in the patient's abdominal cavity during an exchange. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Ellagic Acid: A fused four ring compound occurring free or combined in galls. Isolated from the kino of Eucalyptus maculata Hook and E. Hemipholia F. Muell. Activates Factor XII of the blood clotting system which also causes kinin release; used in research and as a dye. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH]

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Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood

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vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forestry: The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or

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asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH]

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Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginkgo biloba: Exclusive species of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It produces extracts of medicinal interest. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Gutta-Percha: Trans-Polyisoprene. Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in

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electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemlock: Any of several poisonous plants commonly called the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum and Cicuta major) and the water hemlock (Cicuta maculata). Conium maculatum is a large toxic umbelliferous plant herb, which contains the poisonous alkaloid coniine which affects the nervous system. The dried, fully grown, unripe fruit has sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic effects. Cicuta maculata is also toxic. Its foliage contains a complex unsaturated alcohol that causes convulsions. The hemlock tree, genus Tsuga, unrelated to poison hemlock, is an evergreen coniferous tree of the pine family. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other

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organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU]

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Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incontinence Pads: Absorbent pads made of various materials used for personal hygiene usually in urinary incontinence and usually in the elderly. They may be worn as underpants or as pants liners. They are made of absorbent materials such as fluff wood pulp and hydrogel absorbent with viscose rayon, polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene coverstock. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate

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agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insect Repellents: Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food. [NIH]

Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interspecific: Occurring among members of different species. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques.

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[EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Juniper: A slow growing coniferous evergreen tree or shrub, genus Juniperus. The Juniper is cultivated for its berries, which take up to three years to ripen. The resinous, sweetly flavored berries are borne only by the female juniper, and can be found in various stages of ripeness on the same plant. [NIH] Karaya Gum: Polysaccharide gum from Sterculia urens, an Indian tree; it is used as suspending or stabilizing agent in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; also as bulkforming laxative, surgical lubricant and adhesive, and in the treatment of skin ulcers. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no

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troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lice: A general name for small, wingless, parasitic insects, previously of the order Phthiraptera. Though exact taxonomy is still controversial, they can be grouped in the orders Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (biting lice), and Rhynchophthirina (elephant lice). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile

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paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Meristem: A tissue capable of active cell division and therefore of adding new cells to the plant body. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH]

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Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial

Dictionary 149

swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU]

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Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oleanolic Acid: Occurs in leaves of Olea europaea, Viscum album L., and other higher plants. It is also the aglycone component of many saponins. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Onychomycosis: Mycosis of the nails, possibly due to some extent to humidity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxaloacetate: An anionic form of oxaloacetic acid. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at

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least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in

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their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Piperonyl Butoxide: An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and rotenone. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH]

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Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or

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symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]

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Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyrethrins: The active insecticidal constituent of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester. [NIH] Pyrethrum: Species cinerafolium vis. and coccineum willd. of the genus Chrysanthemum (Compositae). The flowers contain pyrethrins, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. [NIH] Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies. [NIH] Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Alkaloids found in various species of Senecio and other plants. There are at least ten different chemicals, many of them hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. The plants may cause damage in grazing herds, but no longer have medical use. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiata: The hyaline or faintly radially striated oesinophilic membrane in immediate contact with the outer wall of the ovum. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]

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Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Rotenone: A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. [NIH]

Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH]

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Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Simethicone: A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel used as an antiflatulent. Without the addition of silica gel (dimethicone), it is used as an ointment base ingredient and skin protectant. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH]

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Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasmolytic: Checking spasms; antispasmodic. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH]

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Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron

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releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergist: A medicament which supplements the action of another. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Teratogen: A substance which, through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may involve a risk of subsequent non-hereditable birth defects in offspring. [NIH] Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU]

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Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in

162 Eucalyptus

nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verruca: A circumscribed, cutaneous excrescence having a papilliferous surface; a small, circumscribed, epidermal tumor. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses or prophages of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and are released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell lipopolysaccharides, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Dictionary 163

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

165

INDEX A Abdominal, 119, 123, 136, 144, 150, 151, 154 Abrasion, 53, 82, 123 Absenteeism, 56, 123 Acacia, 8, 84, 123, 140 Acetaldehyde, 123, 124 Acetaminophen, 4, 67, 123 Acne, 4, 51, 123 Acyl, 123, 137 Adenosine, 123, 129, 152 Adipose Tissue, 77, 123 Adrenal Cortex, 123, 134 Adrenergic, 123, 163 Adverse Effect, 4, 63, 123, 157, 162 Aerobic, 123, 150 Aerobic Metabolism, 123, 150 Aerobic Respiration, 123, 150 Aerosol, 123, 159, 162 Affinity, 124, 146, 157 Agar, 68, 124, 134, 143, 152 Agonist, 124, 149 Alcohol Dehydrogenase, 6, 7, 35, 124 Aldehydes, 80, 124 Alertness, 124, 129 Alfalfa, 4, 5, 124 Algorithms, 124, 128 Alkaline, 124, 129, 152 Alkaloid, 124, 130, 141, 149, 163 Allergens, 24, 124 Aloe, 5, 41, 52, 67, 124 Alpha-helix, 124, 145 Alternative medicine, 5, 98, 124 Alum, 69, 70, 124 Aluminum, 95, 106, 124 Amino Acid Sequence, 60, 83, 125, 139 Amino Acids, 125, 139, 151, 153, 154, 159 Amputation, 52, 125 Anaesthesia, 125, 143 Analgesic, 24, 48, 49, 73, 123, 125, 143, 145 Analogous, 125, 153, 161 Androgens, 123, 125, 134 Anemia, 125, 146 Anesthesia, 125, 160 Anionic, 62, 80, 125, 150 Anions, 125, 145 Ankle, 51, 125 Antagonism, 125, 129

Anthraquinones, 125, 130 Antiallergic, 125, 134 Antibacterial, 24, 26, 33, 49, 51, 55, 66, 125, 158 Antibiotic, 71, 125, 158 Antibody, 124, 125, 126, 132, 142, 143, 144 Anticoagulant, 125, 154 Antifungal, 4, 17, 24, 66, 95, 106, 126, 147 Antifungal Agents, 95, 106, 126 Antigen, 124, 125, 126, 132, 142, 143, 144 Antihypertensive, 55, 126 Anti-infective, 126, 130, 138 Anti-Infective Agents, 126, 138 Anti-inflammatory, 24, 48, 49, 123, 126, 127, 134, 140, 143, 145, 156 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 126, 127, 134 Antimicrobial, 49, 50, 126, 135, 154, 160 Antimycotic, 126, 132, 154 Antineoplastic, 126, 134, 161 Antioxidant, 16, 126, 127 Antiphlogistic, 48, 126 Antipruritic, 126, 130 Antipyretic, 123, 126, 145 Antiseptic, 49, 94, 126, 163 Antispasmodic, 126, 141, 158 Antiviral, 8, 25, 49, 126 Anus, 126, 129, 138 Aperture, 86, 126, 155 Aphids, 66, 126 Aqueous, 54, 62, 63, 66, 80, 84, 87, 126, 128, 136 Arnica, 41, 48, 126 Aromatic, 16, 51, 56, 79, 81, 89, 92, 126 Arterial, 127, 142, 154 Arteries, 127, 128, 134, 147 Arterioles, 127, 128, 130 Arteriolosclerosis, 127 Arteriosclerosis, 77, 127 Ascites, 127, 149 Ascorbic Acid, 127, 150 Aseptic, 61, 127, 150, 158 Aspirin, 4, 67, 127 Assay, 16, 23, 127 Astringent, 69, 84, 127, 163 Autonomic, 88, 127, 151, 158, 159 Autonomic Nervous System, 88, 127, 151, 158, 159

166 Eucalyptus

B Bacteria, 66, 87, 123, 125, 126, 127, 137, 138, 147, 158, 159, 161, 162 Bacterial Infections, 51, 127, 131 Bactericidal, 50, 51, 70, 127, 137 Bactericide, 50, 127 Bacteriophage, 38, 127, 152 Base, 48, 81, 82, 88, 95, 106, 128, 135, 137, 139, 145, 148, 151, 152, 157 Benign, 127, 128, 141 Benzene, 73, 128 Benzocaine, 4, 128 Bile, 128, 146 Binding agent, 72, 128 Biomass, 91, 128 Biosynthesis, 60, 83, 128, 132 Biotechnology, 5, 7, 33, 35, 38, 94, 98, 105, 128 Bladder, 128, 143, 161 Bloating, 128, 143 Blood Coagulation, 128, 129, 160 Blood Glucose, 3, 4, 5, 128 Blood pressure, 4, 126, 128, 142, 148, 157 Blood vessel, 57, 128, 138, 157, 160, 161 Body Fluids, 58, 128, 157 Bone Marrow, 128, 146 Boron, 37, 129 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 129 Bowel, 129, 144, 146, 158 Bowel Movement, 129, 158 Brain Stem, 129, 151 Branch, 117, 129, 158, 160 Breakdown, 129, 135, 139 Breeding, 18, 21, 65, 72, 129 Bronchi, 129 Bronchial, 64, 129, 142 Bronchitis, 39, 94, 129, 137 Burns, 4, 129 Burns, Electric, 129 C Caffeine, 4, 88, 129 Calcification, 127, 129 Calcium, 55, 70, 129, 132 Callus, 4, 129 Camphor, 4, 12, 25, 29, 37, 48, 60, 61, 66, 85, 95, 106, 130 Capillary, 57, 58, 130, 140, 162 Capsaicin, 4, 5, 49, 130 Capsules, 87, 130, 139, 140 Carbohydrate, 6, 77, 78, 130, 134, 140, 149, 153 Carbon Dioxide, 20, 37, 130, 139, 156

Carcinogen, 81, 130, 148, 161 Carcinogenesis, 130, 131 Carcinogenic, 73, 128, 130, 155 Carcinoma, 130 Cardiac, 88, 129, 130, 148 Carotene, 130, 132 Cassia, 79, 130, 157 Castor Oil, 66, 130 Cations, 130, 145 Cell, 6, 8, 25, 32, 33, 34, 69, 71, 72, 78, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 139, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162 Cell Cycle, 130, 162 Cell Division, 127, 130, 147, 152 Cell membrane, 130, 132, 152 Cell proliferation, 127, 130 Cell Respiration, 123, 131, 150, 156 Cellobiose, 131 Cellulose, 17, 26, 60, 71, 72, 76, 83, 131, 139, 152 Central Nervous System, 127, 128, 129, 131, 139, 141 Central Nervous System Infections, 131, 141 Centrifugation, 131, 148 Chamomile, 62, 95, 106, 131 Chemopreventive, 25, 131 Chloroform, 8, 86, 131 Chlorophyll, 131, 139 Cholesterol, 55, 77, 128, 131 Choline, 131 Cholinergic, 131, 149 Chromium, 5, 131 Chromosome, 131, 141, 146 Chronic, 3, 5, 40, 48, 123, 131, 137, 144, 145, 159, 160, 162 Chronic Disease, 3, 5, 131 Chronic renal, 48, 131 CIS, 76, 132 Citrus, 57, 69, 127, 132 Clinical trial, 5, 105, 132, 155 Cloning, 128, 132 Clotrimazole, 4, 132 Coal, 128, 132 Cod Liver Oil, 132, 136 Cofactor, 132, 154, 160 Coliphages, 127, 132 Colloidal, 132, 151, 159 Comfrey, 62, 132 Communis, 130, 132 Complement, 132, 133, 139

Index 167

Complementary and alternative medicine, 23, 43, 133 Complementary medicine, 23, 133 Computational Biology, 105, 133 Conception, 133, 158 Congestion, 41, 62, 133, 135, 137 Conjugated, 133, 134 Conjunctiva, 133, 144 Consciousness, 125, 133 Consumption, 87, 133, 135, 156 Contact dermatitis, 69, 133 Contamination, 12, 31, 34, 52, 133 Contraindications, ii, 133 Conventional therapy, 3, 133 Conventional treatment, 4, 70, 133 Convulsions, 119, 133, 141 Corn Oil, 66, 133 Coronary, 133, 134, 147 Coronary Thrombosis, 134, 147 Cortical, 134, 157 Corticosteroid, 95, 107, 134 Coumarins, 131, 134 Cranial, 134, 141, 151 Craniocerebral Trauma, 134, 141 Culture Media, 65, 68, 84, 124, 134 Cultured cells, 25, 134 Curative, 134, 160 Cutaneous, 133, 134, 162 Cyclic, 11, 19, 129, 134 Cytochrome, 11, 19, 134 D Databases, Bibliographic, 105, 135 Decongestant, 4, 42, 135 Density, 72, 76, 131, 135, 150, 153 Dermal, 49, 135 Dermatitis, 8, 27, 69, 135 Dermatologic Agents, 135 Dermatology, 13, 20, 38, 52, 135 Detergents, 95, 106, 135 Developed Countries, 135, 138 Diabetes Mellitus, 3, 135, 140 Diagnostic procedure, 47, 98, 135 Dialysate, 135, 136 Diarrhea, 4, 119, 135, 137 Digestion, 17, 28, 128, 129, 135, 136, 143, 144, 146, 158, 161 Dilation, 57, 135 Dimethyl, 80, 135, 157 Diploid, 135, 152 Direct, iii, 52, 135, 155 Discrimination, 37, 135 Disease Vectors, 135, 144

Disinfectant, 135, 137 Diuresis, 129, 135 Diuretic, 135, 147, 158 Dross, 135, 154 Drug Interactions, 135 Drug Tolerance, 136, 160 Duodenum, 128, 136, 158 Dwell time, 63, 136 Dyspepsia, 136, 143 E Edema, 133, 136, 145, 148, 149 Efficacy, 17, 28, 67, 136 Elasticity, 55, 127, 136 Electrolyte, 134, 136, 148, 153, 157 Electrons, 126, 128, 136, 145, 150, 155 Ellagic Acid, 84, 136 Embryo, 136, 143, 153 Emodin, 124, 136 Emollient, 136, 140, 148, 150 Emphysema, 40, 64, 136 Emulsion, 63, 136 Enamel, 136, 145 Endemic, 59, 136, 146 Endocrine Glands, 136 Endometrium, 137, 147 Endotoxic, 137, 146 End-stage renal, 132, 137 Enhancer, 49, 58, 137 Environmental Health, 104, 106, 137 Enzymatic, 19, 26, 35, 71, 129, 130, 133, 137, 142 Enzyme, 4, 60, 71, 77, 78, 83, 124, 132, 137, 138, 145, 147, 151, 152, 159, 160, 162, 163 Epidermal, 137, 162 Epidermis, 137, 145 Epithelial, 137, 141 Epithelial Cells, 137, 141 Erythema, 133, 137, 159, 161 Esophagus, 137, 141, 152, 156, 158 Esterification, 77, 137 Ethanol, 38, 51, 124, 137, 138 Ether, 11, 19, 137 Excipients, 137, 138, 151 Exhaustion, 125, 137, 146 Exogenous, 137, 162 Extracellular, 137, 157 Extraction, 16, 20, 37, 49, 51, 137 Exudate, 137, 140 F Facial, 53, 63, 90, 138, 158 Family Planning, 105, 138

168 Eucalyptus

Fat, 78, 95, 106, 123, 128, 130, 134, 138, 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 161 Fatigue, 62, 138, 141 Fatty Liver, 78, 138 Feces, 54, 138, 158 Fermentation, 35, 124, 138 Fibrinogen, 138, 153, 160 Flatulence, 4, 138 Flatus, 138, 139 Flavoring Agents, 137, 138, 151 Food Additives, 51, 77, 138 Food Coloring Agents, 138 Food Preservatives, 138 Forearm, 128, 138 Forestry, 16, 65, 68, 84, 93, 138 Friction, 53, 138 Fructose, 77, 78, 138 Fungi, 36, 51, 66, 71, 92, 126, 138, 139, 147, 163 Fungicide, 50, 65, 66, 139 Fungicides, Industrial, 126, 139 Fungus, 51, 61, 71, 139 G Gallic Acid, 84, 139 Gamma Rays, 139, 148 Ganglia, 139, 149, 151, 159 Gangrene, 51, 139 Gas, 34, 130, 138, 139, 142, 143, 148, 155, 156, 159, 162 Gas exchange, 34, 139, 156 Gasoline, 128, 139 Gastric, 139, 141, 142 Gastrointestinal, 4, 48, 88, 137, 138, 139, 146, 158 Gastrointestinal tract, 137, 138, 139 Gelatin, 134, 139 Gene, 7, 24, 29, 35, 60, 72, 83, 94, 128, 139 Genetic Code, 139, 149 Genetic Engineering, 65, 84, 128, 132, 139 Genetic Markers, 85, 139 Genetics, 19, 28, 32, 139 Ginger, 4, 66, 88, 140 Ginkgo biloba, 5, 140 Ginseng, 4, 5, 140 Glomerular, 140, 147 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 140, 147 Glucocorticoid, 140, 162 Glucose, 4, 6, 78, 127, 128, 131, 135, 140, 157, 158 Glucose Intolerance, 135, 140 Glycerol, 51, 77, 140, 152 Glycols, 50, 140

Glycolysis, 78, 140 Goats, 27, 140 Governing Board, 140, 153 Grade, 51, 140 Graft, 140, 142 Growth, 7, 18, 19, 33, 46, 54, 59, 66, 68, 72, 125, 126, 130, 134, 139, 140, 150, 152, 160, 162 Gum Arabic, 123, 140 Gutta-Percha, 86, 140 H Hair follicles, 141, 162 Haploid, 141, 152 Headache, 9, 26, 28, 41, 56, 129, 141, 144, 154 Headache Disorders, 141 Heart failure, 141, 149 Heartbeat, 120, 141 Heartburn, 4, 141, 143 Helminths, 141, 144 Heme, 134, 141 Hemlock, 84, 141 Hemorrhage, 134, 141 Hepatic, 18, 141 Hepatocytes, 38, 141 Hepatotoxic, 132, 141, 155 Herbicide, 57, 141 Hereditary, 141, 151 Heredity, 31, 139, 141 Herpes, 8, 25, 40, 141 Herpes Zoster, 141 Heterotrophic, 138, 141 Histamine, 142, 155 Hoarseness, 73, 142, 145 Homeopathic remedies, 73, 142 Homeostasis, 142, 151, 158 Homologous, 65, 142, 159 Hormonal, 134, 142 Hormone, 134, 142, 156, 160 Host, 17, 127, 132, 135, 142, 162 Hybrid, 31, 38, 65, 84, 142 Hybridization, 32, 72, 85, 142 Hydrogel, 58, 142, 143 Hydrogen, 124, 128, 130, 142, 148, 149, 150, 154 Hydrolysis, 19, 26, 68, 131, 142, 153 Hydrophilic, 135, 142 Hydrophobic, 135, 142 Hygienic, 74, 142 Hyperlipidemia, 78, 142 Hypersensitivity, 124, 142, 156 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 124, 142

Index 169

Hypertension, 40, 127, 141, 142 Hypnotic, 142, 155 Hypothalamus, 127, 143, 152 Hypothyroidism, 48, 143 I Ibuprofen, 4, 143, 145 Id, 21, 39, 110, 116, 118, 143 Imidazole, 132, 142, 143, 147 Immune adjuvant, 124, 143 Immune response, 124, 126, 134, 143, 162 Immune system, 142, 143, 161, 162 Immunity, 143 Immunodiffusion, 124, 143 Immunoelectrophoresis, 124, 143 Immunogenic, 143, 146 Impotence, 143, 163 In vitro, 11, 18, 26, 33, 143, 160 In vivo, 143 Incontinence, 58, 76, 143 Incontinence Pads, 58, 143 Indicative, 91, 143, 161 Indigestion, 4, 143 Induction, 11, 18, 33, 71, 125, 143 Infarction, 134, 144, 147 Infection, 13, 26, 40, 41, 51, 62, 64, 71, 87, 126, 127, 144, 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162 Infestation, 17, 28, 81, 85, 144 Influenza, 40, 64, 144 Infusion, 12, 36, 144, 147 Ingestion, 8, 9, 26, 29, 48, 77, 78, 144, 153 Inhalation, 64, 123, 144, 153 Inorganic, 55, 144, 148 Insect Repellents, 52, 80, 144 Insecticides, 80, 144, 151, 155 Insomnia, 144, 154 Insulator, 140, 144 Interspecific, 19, 144 Intestinal, 13, 38, 48, 55, 78, 130, 144 Intestine, 55, 129, 136, 142, 144, 145, 159 Intracellular, 129, 144, 153 Intraperitoneal, 77, 144 Intravenous, 144, 147 Intrinsic, 6, 26, 124, 144 Invasive, 143, 144 Involuntary, 145, 148, 156 Ionization, 145 Ionizing, 50, 145, 162 Ions, 50, 128, 136, 142, 145 Isoenzyme, 20, 46, 145 J Juniper, 4, 5, 42, 56, 145

K Karaya Gum, 5, 145 Kb, 104, 145 Keratin, 51, 145 Ketoprofen, 4, 145 Kidney Failure, 137, 145, 147 Kinetic, 145 L Large Intestine, 144, 145, 155 Laryngitis, 73, 145 Larynx, 145 Latent, 145, 162 Laxative, 124, 136, 145, 146, 148, 158 Lethal, 127, 146, 148 Lethargy, 143, 146 Leukocytes, 128, 146, 151 Library Services, 116, 146 Lice, 49, 61, 62, 63, 81, 146 Life cycle, 139, 146 Linkage, 32, 131, 139, 146 Lipid, 34, 77, 127, 131, 140, 146, 161 Lipid A, 77, 146 Lipophilic, 6, 38, 146 Lipopolysaccharides, 146, 162 Liver, 11, 19, 77, 78, 123, 128, 136, 138, 141, 146, 162 Liver Neoplasms, 146, 162 Localized, 144, 146, 149, 152, 161 Locomotion, 146, 152 Lubricants, 4, 146, 151 Lymphatic, 144, 146, 149 M Malaria, 59, 146 Malaria, Falciparum, 146 Malaria, Vivax, 146 Malate Dehydrogenase, 6, 35, 147 Mannans, 139, 147 Mannitol, 12, 36, 147 Meat, 68, 147 Medial, 127, 147 Medicament, 78, 79, 147, 160 MEDLINE, 105, 147 Membrane, 123, 130, 132, 133, 145, 147, 148, 151, 152, 155 Meninges, 57, 131, 134, 147 Menstrual Cycle, 67, 147, 154 Menstruation, 147, 154 Menthol, 4, 12, 36, 37, 48, 60, 61, 74, 75, 78, 80, 85, 95, 106, 147 Meristem, 29, 147 Metabolite, 135, 147 Methionine, 6, 23, 135, 147, 159

170 Eucalyptus

Methyltransferase, 6, 23, 147 MI, 24, 53, 61, 80, 121, 147 Miconazole, 4, 147 Microbe, 10, 31, 147, 160 Microbiological, 26, 36, 147 Microbiology, 11, 26, 33, 39, 147 Microorganism, 132, 147, 151, 162 Microsomal, 18, 148 Mineral Oil, 4, 66, 81, 148 Mineralocorticoids, 123, 134, 148 Modification, 65, 72, 84, 139, 148, 155 Molecular, 26, 29, 33, 46, 105, 108, 128, 133, 138, 140, 148, 152, 153, 156 Molecule, 60, 68, 83, 126, 128, 132, 142, 148, 149, 150, 155, 161 Monitor, 4, 5, 148 Morphological, 136, 139, 148 Motion Sickness, 4, 148 Mucus, 78, 148 Mustard Gas, 148 Mutagen, 81, 148 Myalgia, 144, 148 Mydriatic, 135, 148, 163 Myeloma, 48, 148 Myocardium, 147, 148 N Nasal Mucosa, 144, 148 Nausea, 120, 143, 148, 154 NCI, 1, 103, 132, 148 Necrosis, 144, 147, 148 Need, 3, 50, 56, 58, 86, 94, 106, 111, 123, 132, 149, 160 Nerve, 88, 123, 125, 128, 149, 157, 158 Nerve Endings, 128, 149 Nerve Fibers, 128, 149 Nervous System, 88, 127, 131, 141, 149, 151, 159, 160, 162 Neurons, 139, 149, 159 Neuropathy, 4, 149 Nicotine, 4, 87, 149 Nuclei, 136, 139, 149, 151, 154 Nucleic acid, 60, 83, 139, 142, 149 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 142, 149 Nucleus, 134, 139, 149, 154, 158 Nutritive Value, 138, 149 O Odour, 126, 149 Oedema, 34, 149 Ointments, 95, 106, 131, 150, 163 Oleanolic Acid, 37, 150 Oliguria, 145, 147, 150 Onychomycosis, 51, 61, 62, 150

Opacity, 135, 150 Organ Culture, 150, 160 Orthopedics, 140, 150 Osmolarity, 147, 150 Osteoarthritis, 145, 150 Ovary, 150, 153 Overdose, 119, 150 Ovum, 146, 150, 155 Oxalic Acid, 85, 150 Oxaloacetate, 147, 150 Oxidation, 11, 19, 126, 134, 150 Oxidative metabolism, 18, 123, 150 P Palliative, 150, 160 Pancreas, 123, 150 Pancreatic, 24, 150 Parasite, 150, 151 Parasitic, 81, 141, 144, 146, 151 Parasympathetic Nervous System, 88, 151 Patch, 151, 161 Pathogen, 46, 151 Pathologies, 77, 151 Patient Education, 3, 114, 116, 121, 151 Peptide, 145, 151, 153, 154, 160 Perennial, 81, 132, 151, 161 Perforation, 126, 151 Periodontitis, 86, 151 Peritoneal, 127, 135, 136, 144, 149, 151 Peritoneal Cavity, 127, 144, 149, 151 Peritoneal Dialysis, 135, 136, 151 Peroxidase, 20, 151 Peroxide, 151 Pesticides, 66, 68, 144, 151 Petrolatum, 4, 48, 136, 151 Petroleum, 60, 139, 148, 151 Pharmaceutic Aids, 138, 151 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 131, 137, 139, 151 Pharmacologic, 125, 152, 161 Pharyngitis, 152, 157 Pharynx, 144, 152 Phenolphthalein, 136, 152 Phenyl, 79, 152 Phospholipids, 138, 152 Phosphorus, 16, 73, 129, 152 Phylogeny, 152 Physiologic, 124, 128, 147, 152, 155 Physiology, 11, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 152 Pigment, 72, 152 Piperonyl Butoxide, 82, 152 Pituitary Gland, 134, 152

Index 171

Plant Diseases, 66, 152 Plaque, 12, 20, 37, 152 Plasma, 130, 138, 139, 140, 145, 148, 152, 153 Plasma cells, 148, 152 Plasmin, 152, 153 Plasminogen, 12, 36, 152, 153 Plasminogen Activators, 152, 153 Pleated, 145, 153 Pleural, 149, 153 Pleural cavity, 149, 153 Poisoning, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 27, 30, 31, 36, 38, 51, 81, 148, 153 Pollen, 8, 27, 32, 62, 153 Polyethylene, 143, 153 Polymers, 58, 153, 154 Polymorphic, 85, 153 Polypeptide, 125, 138, 142, 152, 153, 154, 163 Polysaccharide, 126, 131, 145, 153 Potassium, 26, 55, 148, 153 Practice Guidelines, 107, 153 Precancerous, 131, 153 Precursor, 131, 137, 153 Premenstrual, 4, 67, 154 Premenstrual Syndrome, 67, 154 Progressive, 127, 131, 136, 140, 148, 150, 154 Prone, 75, 79, 154 Propolis, 87, 154 Proportional, 69, 154 Protective Agents, 95, 106, 154 Protein C, 51, 125, 127, 145, 154 Protein Conformation, 125, 145, 154 Protein S, 94, 128, 139, 154 Proteins, 46, 125, 126, 130, 132, 142, 143, 145, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 161 Protons, 142, 145, 154, 155 Protozoa, 147, 154 Psychic, 154, 157 Psyllium, 43, 154 Public Policy, 105, 154 Publishing, 3, 4, 6, 16, 20, 154 Pulmonary, 40, 128, 133, 145, 154, 155, 156, 159 Pulmonary Artery, 128, 155 Pulmonary Ventilation, 155, 156 Pulse, 148, 155 Pupil, 135, 148, 155 Putrefaction, 139, 155 Pyrethrins, 155 Pyrethrum, 52, 81, 155

Pyrilamine, 4, 155 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, 132, 155 Q Quality of Life, 51, 155 R Race, 11, 19, 62, 155 Radiata, 20, 68, 84, 155 Radiation, 139, 145, 155, 159, 162 Randomized, 136, 155 Reagent, 139, 150, 155 Receptor, 16, 17, 126, 155 Recombinant, 72, 155, 162 Recombination, 139, 155 Rectum, 126, 129, 138, 139, 143, 145, 155 Refer, 1, 132, 139, 140, 141, 146, 155 Reflex, 79, 156 Reflux, 4, 156 Refraction, 156, 158 Regeneration, 20, 65, 84, 156 Regimen, 136, 156 Regurgitation, 141, 156 Respiration, 11, 33, 130, 148, 156 Respiratory distress syndrome, 11, 18, 33, 156 Respiratory System, 64, 156 Restoration, 156, 157, 163 Reversion, 71, 156 Rheumatism, 143, 156 Rheumatoid, 40, 145, 156 Rheumatoid arthritis, 145, 156 Rigidity, 152, 156 Risk factor, 77, 156 Rodenticides, 151, 156 Rotenone, 52, 152, 156 Rubber, 140, 156 Rural Population, 156 S Salicylate, 131, 156 Sanitary, 74, 76, 157 Saponins, 132, 150, 157 Scarlet Fever, 94, 157 Scleroproteins, 145, 157 Sclerosis, 127, 157 Screening, 132, 157 Sebaceous, 157, 162 Secretion, 134, 142, 143, 148, 157, 161 Sedative, 88, 141, 157 Seizures, 52, 120, 157 Senna, 130, 157 Septic, 127, 157 Side effect, 4, 48, 61, 123, 157, 160 Simethicone, 4, 157

172 Eucalyptus

Smooth muscle, 129, 142, 157 Social Environment, 155, 157 Sodium, 19, 55, 87, 148, 157 Soft tissue, 63, 128, 157 Solitary Nucleus, 127, 158 Solvent, 49, 50, 51, 56, 79, 87, 128, 131, 137, 140, 158 Sorbitol, 147, 158 Soybean Oil, 59, 66, 158 Spasmolytic, 36, 37, 158 Specialist, 111, 135, 158 Spectrum, 49, 71, 132, 158 Sperm, 125, 131, 153, 158 Spinal cord, 57, 129, 131, 147, 149, 151, 156, 158, 159 Sputum, 10, 30, 158 Steatosis, 138, 158 Sterile, 81, 127, 158 Sterility, 65, 85, 158 Sterilization, 71, 158 Steroids, 134, 140, 158 Stimulant, 4, 129, 142, 158 Stimulus, 156, 158 Stomach, 48, 123, 137, 139, 142, 148, 151, 152, 156, 158 Stool, 4, 143, 145, 158 Streptococci, 157, 159 Stress, 19, 32, 37, 55, 56, 88, 127, 148, 156, 159, 161 Subacute, 144, 159 Subarachnoid, 141, 159 Subclinical, 144, 157, 159 Subcutaneous, 136, 149, 159 Subspecies, 158, 159 Substrate, 57, 81, 159 Suction, 57, 159 Sulfur, 147, 159 Sunburn, 61, 159 Suppression, 60, 83, 134, 159 Surfactant, 67, 86, 159 Suspensions, 95, 106, 159 Symbiosis, 32, 159 Sympathetic Nervous System, 88, 127, 151, 159 Synaptic, 149, 159 Synaptic Transmission, 149, 159 Synergist, 152, 160 Synergistic, 49, 65, 160 Systemic, 28, 32, 88, 95, 106, 128, 144, 149, 160 T Talc, 95, 106, 160

Tea Tree Oil, 8, 25, 26, 42, 49, 54, 57, 64, 66, 81, 160 Teratogen, 81, 160 Tetracaine, 4, 160 Therapeutics, 160 Thrombin, 138, 154, 160 Thrombolytic, 153, 160 Thrombomodulin, 154, 160 Thrombosis, 77, 154, 160 Thyroid, 143, 160 Thyrotropin, 143, 160 Ticks, 52, 144, 160 Tissue Culture, 68, 160 Tolerance, 6, 33, 38, 140, 160 Tonsillitis, 157, 160 Toothache, 87, 160 Topical, 4, 13, 20, 38, 48, 49, 51, 52, 58, 61, 73, 81, 89, 94, 95, 106, 127, 137, 151, 160, 163 Toxic, iv, 5, 10, 30, 50, 57, 68, 70, 81, 128, 141, 143, 149, 160, 161 Toxicity, 31, 38, 57, 68, 135, 136, 160, 162 Toxicology, 12, 25, 31, 34, 106, 161 Toxins, 18, 32, 126, 144, 161 Trace element, 20, 129, 131, 161 Transdermal, 48, 58, 161 Transfection, 128, 161 Transplantation, 132, 161 Trees, 18, 21, 37, 59, 68, 71, 74, 89, 137, 156, 161 Triglyceride, 77, 161 Tuberculosis, 64, 133, 161 U Ulcer, 161 Ulceration, 48, 161 Unconscious, 143, 161 Urethane, 74, 161 Urethra, 161 Urinary, 143, 150, 161 Urine, 54, 119, 120, 128, 135, 143, 150, 161 Urticaria, 8, 27, 161 V Vaccine, 124, 161 Vacuoles, 17, 28, 161 Vagina, 147, 161 Vaginal, 4, 49, 161 Vascular, 141, 142, 144, 149, 153, 161 Vector, 58, 59, 161 Vegetative, 18, 19, 24, 128, 162 Veins, 128, 162 Venous, 149, 154, 162 Venules, 128, 130, 162

Index 173

Verruca, 49, 162 Vertebrae, 158, 162 Vesicular, 141, 148, 162 Veterinary Medicine, 105, 162 Vinyl Chloride, 74, 162 Viral, 144, 162 Virulence, 46, 160, 162 Virus, 8, 20, 25, 37, 126, 127, 131, 137, 139, 152, 162 Virus Activation, 20, 37, 162 Virus Diseases, 126, 162 Visceral, 77, 127, 162 Visceral Afferents, 127, 162

Viscosity, 86, 162 Vitro, 19, 68, 162 Vulgaris, 43, 73, 162 W Wart, 4, 162 White blood cell, 125, 146, 148, 152, 162 Wound Healing, 132, 163 Y Yeasts, 138, 139, 163 Yohimbine, 5, 163 Z Zinc Oxide, 69, 86, 95, 106, 163 Zymogen, 154, 163

174 Eucalyptus

Index 175

176 Eucalyptus

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