ENLARGED PROSTATE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Enlarged Prostate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84413-5 1. Enlarged Prostate-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on enlarged prostate. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENLARGED PROSTATE .............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Enlarged Prostate.......................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENLARGED PROSTATE ...................................................................... 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Enlarged Prostate .......................................................................... 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 10 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENLARGED PROSTATE .............................................. 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 13 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 15 General References ....................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ENLARGED PROSTATE ........................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Recent Trials on Enlarged Prostate ............................................................................................. 19 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ENLARGED PROSTATE............................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 23 Chapters on Enlarged Prostate .................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ENLARGED PROSTATE .................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENLARGED PROSTATE ................................................. 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 29 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 31 Academic Periodicals covering Enlarged Prostate ....................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 33 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 34 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 41 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 ENLARGED PROSTATE DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with enlarged prostate is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about enlarged prostate, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to enlarged prostate, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on enlarged prostate. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to enlarged prostate, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on enlarged prostate. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on enlarged prostate.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and enlarged prostate, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Enlarged Prostate: What You Need to Know Source: Family Urology. 3(4): 9, 13, 16. 1998. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1126 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383 or (410) 468-1800. Fax (410) 468-1808. Website: www.afud.org. Summary: It is estimated that by the age of 60, half of all men will develop evidence of enlarged prostate (BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia). Despite the large number of men affected by BPH, many men lack an awareness or knowledge about the condition and existing treatments. This article reviews BPH, how it happens, symptoms, and treatment options. BPH is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, a walnut-sized gland
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Enlarged Prostate
located just below the bladder (which stores urine); the prostate surrounds the urethra, the canal through which urine and semen pass out of the body. BPH symptoms occur when growth of muscular tissue and glands in the prostate combine and constrict the urethra. This can cause difficulty urinating, but generally does not interfere with sexual function. The author lists the typical symptoms of BPH. Diagnosis of BPH consists of a visit to a physician or urologist, a physical examination (including a digital rectal examination, or DRE), and patient history. If BPH is diagnosed, it only requires treatment if the symptoms are severe enough to be bothersome and if the function of the urinary tract is seriously affected. Treatment options include watchful waiting or a variety of surgical methods, including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), laser surgery, open prostatectomy, transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT), and transurethral needle ablation (TUNA). Medications may also be used to treat BPH. The authors emphasize that effective therapies exist to help treat the annoying symptoms associated with BPH. The article includes a sidebar describing information brochures that are available from the American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1 figure. •
Thermotherapy: A New Treatment for BPH (Enlarged Prostate) Source: Family Urology. p. 12-13. Summer 1996. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Diseases, Inc. 300 West Pratt Street, Suite 401, Baltimore, MD 21201. (410) 727-2908. Summary: This article explains the technique of thermotherapy for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This nonsurgical treatment has provided relief of urinary problems for over 35,000 men worldwide, and due to recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, is now available in the United States. The author briefly reviews the condition of BPH, including its diagnosis. Treatment options are then outlined, including watchful waiting, drug therapy, surgery, and thermotherapy (also known as transurethral microwave thermotherapy or TUMT). Thermotherapy is the use of controlled heat at high temperatures to safely destroy the excess prostatic tissue which can cause the symptoms of BPH. Heat is delivered to the prostate by using a small microwave treatment catheter that is inserted into the urethra. The inclusion of a cooling system in the microwave applicator allows for deeper penetration of the power, while eliminating local pain and urethral destruction. Because the urethra is constantly cooled and protected, the treatment is anesthesia free, is performed on an outpatient basis, and does not have the side effects associated with other treatments. The benefit of the treatment begins to be felt 6 to 8 weeks following the procedure. This gradual improvement is due to the steady absorption by the body of treated prostate tissue. One sidebar describes the technique of watchful waiting as a treatment option for prostate cancer. 1 figure. (AA-M).
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Alternatives to TURP for the Management of Enlarged Prostate Source: Geriatric Medicine Today. 9(8): 43, 47-51. August 1990. Summary: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the most common method used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This article reviews the pathophysiology of BPH and presents alternative treatments for management of the enlarged prostate. Pharmacological agents that relieve symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction, to which the clinical manifestations of BPH are related, may be effective. Balloon dilatation of the prostate, with success rates of 70 to 80 percent, has also become
Studies
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a new cost-effective alternative and one that can be performed in high-risk patients who are unable to undergo surgery. 2 figures. 1 table. 12 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Enlarged Prostate The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to enlarged prostate. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to enlarged prostate. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore enlarged prostate.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with enlarged prostate, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for enlarged prostate (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A urological diagnostic conundrum: schwannoma masquerading as an enlarged prostate. Author(s): Rane A, Juhasz A, McEwan A, Mene A. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 May; 75(5): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7542135&dopt=Abstract
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Enlarged Prostate
•
By the way, doctor. I'm 77 and have an enlarged prostate. I take Proscar once a day and saw palmetto three times a day. Yet I still have to get up two to seven times a night to urinate. What can I do to reduce the frequency of urination? Author(s): O'Leary MP. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 April; 28(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777237&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental evaluation of injection therapy of enlarged prostate: Part I-Histopathological changes induced by intrao-prostatic injection of carbolic acid-acetic acid-glycerine mixture. Author(s): Bhargava M, Kabra SG, Jhanwar J, Pande SK, Chaturvedi RP, Jain LK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1977 September; 15(9): 762-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=76605&dopt=Abstract
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Injection treatment of enlarged prostate. Author(s): Talwar GL, Pande SK. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1966 May; 53(5): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4143705&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive evaluation of the enlarged prostate preliminary results. Author(s): Ogreid P, Kloster SE, Guleng R, Skjeggestad O, Mestad O. Source: Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1988; 110: 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2460918&dopt=Abstract
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On call. I'm a 76-year-old man with an enlarged prostate. I've been taking Cardura and it's helped a lot, but my doctor stopped it because he said a study found the drug could cause heart failure. Now I'm getting up three or four times a night again. Is Cadura safe? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2001 July; 5(12): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511462&dopt=Abstract
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On call. Last week I received a mailing from a Canadian company that did not support American drugs like Hytrin and Proscar in dealing with enlarged prostates. There were about 30 testimonials in favor of its product. The company says that zinc is an essential ingredient to shrink the prostate. It further states the need for pyridoxine and certain amino acids, Serenoa, repens (saw palmetto), serrulata, Panax extract, and hydrangea extract. Comments from various European magazines are also cited. Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2000 April; 4(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712767&dopt=Abstract
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Patient education. Your enlarged prostate. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1995 January; 24(1): 64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7532396&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma zinc level estimation in enlarged prostate. Author(s): Bandlish U, Prabhakar BR, Wadehra PL. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1988 July; 31(3): 231-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2466785&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing prostate cancer. Finasteride shrinks enlarged prostates and may prevent some cases of prostate cancer. But it's no panacea. Author(s): Beer TM. Source: Health News. 2003 August; 9(8): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12971313&dopt=Abstract
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Student's forum - let's look at a problem: enlarged prostate. Author(s): Iveson-Iveson J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1982 January 20; 154(3): 32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6173848&dopt=Abstract
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Subpubic prostatectomy: an approach for removal of the enlarged prostate. Author(s): Shafik A. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1972 March; 107(3): 448-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4110844&dopt=Abstract
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Theatre nursing care study: transurethral resection of the benign enlarged prostate. Author(s): Bridges M. Source: Nurs Times. 1980 November 27; 76(48): 2098-107. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6160484&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasonic estimation of the volume of the enlarged prostate. Author(s): Whittingham TA, Bishop R. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 1973 January; 46(541): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4118974&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and enlarged prostate.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Enlarged Prostate The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Enlarged Prostate
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “enlarged prostate” (or a synonym): •
On call. Last week I received a mailing from a Canadian company that did not support American drugs like Hytrin and Proscar in dealing with enlarged prostates. There were about 30 testimonials in favor of its product. The company says that zinc is an essential ingredient to shrink the prostate. It further states the need for pyridoxine and certain amino acids, Serenoa, repens (saw palmetto), serrulata, Panax extract, and hydrangea extract. Comments from various European magazines are also cited. Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2000 April; 4(9): 8 1089-1102
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
Nutrition
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to enlarged prostate; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Stinging Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to enlarged prostate. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to enlarged prostate and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to enlarged prostate: •
Anti-androgenic action by red clover-derived dietary isoflavones reduces nonmalignant prostate enlargement in aromatase knockout (ArKo) mice. Author(s): Jarred RA, McPherson SJ, Jones ME, Simpson ER, Risbridger GP. Source: The Prostate. 2003 June 15; 56(1): 54-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746847&dopt=Abstract
•
By the way, doctor. I'm 77 and have an enlarged prostate. I take Proscar once a day and saw palmetto three times a day. Yet I still have to get up two to seven times a night to urinate. What can I do to reduce the frequency of urination? Author(s): O'Leary MP. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 April; 28(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777237&dopt=Abstract
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Current treatment of BPH. Author(s): Roylance P, Gibelin B, Espie J. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1995; 49(7-8): 332-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8562858&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic and health-related correlates of herbal and specialty supplement use. Author(s): Gunther S, Patterson RE, Kristal AR, Stratton KL, White E. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004 January; 104(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14702580&dopt=Abstract
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Medical treatment modalities for lower urinary tract symptoms: what are the relevant differences in randomised controlled trials? Author(s): Zimmern P. Source: European Urology. 2000; 38 Suppl 1: 18-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11111205&dopt=Abstract
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On call. Last week I received a mailing from a Canadian company that did not support American drugs like Hytrin and Proscar in dealing with enlarged prostates. There were about 30 testimonials in favor of its product. The company says that zinc is an essential ingredient to shrink the prostate. It further states the need for pyridoxine and certain amino acids, Serenoa, repens (saw palmetto), serrulata, Panax extract, and hydrangea extract. Comments from various European magazines are also cited. Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2000 April; 4(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712767&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of massage treatment of prostatic congestion on the prostatic size and secretion of citric acid. Author(s): Paz GF, Fainman N, Homonnai ZT, Kraicer PF. Source: Andrologia. 1980 January-February; 12(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6155093&dopt=Abstract
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The InCare Retracted Penis Pouch: an alternative for incontinent men. Author(s): Doherty W. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2002 June 13-26; 11(11): 7814. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070381&dopt=Abstract
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The medical management of lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Author(s): Holtgrewe HL.
Alternative Medicine 15
Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 1998 November; 25(4): 555-69, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10026765&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to enlarged prostate; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com BPH Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Enlarged Prostate
Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Enlargement Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements Ephedra (Ma huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Nettle Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Saw Palmetto Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Saw Palmetto Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,819,00.html Urtica Dioica Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urtica Urens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the
Alternative Medicine 17
MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning enlarged prostate.
Recent Trials on Enlarged Prostate The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to enlarged prostate.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Safety/tolerability study of Alcohol Injection for Treatment of BPH (enlarged prostate) Condition(s): Prostate Disease; BPH; Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia; Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): American Medical Systems Purpose - Excerpt: Multi-center, prospective randomized dosing and safety research study. A maximum of 150 men will be enrolled in the study. Qualifying patients will receive one of three possible doses of the study drug. Symptoms will be evaluated before treatment, and then 1-week, 1-month, 3-months, and 6-months following treatment. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00037141
5
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Enlarged Prostate
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
Clinical Trials 21
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to enlarged prostate. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on enlarged prostate include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “enlarged prostate” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “enlarged prostate” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “enlarged prostate” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Diseases Explained: Enlarged Prostate Wall Chart by Lexi-Comp; ISBN: 1930598033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930598033/icongroupinterna
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The Prostate Cure : The Revolutionary, Natural Approach to Treating Enlarged Prostates (BPH) by Harry G. Preuss (Author), Brenda Adderly (Author); ISBN: 060960323X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/060960323X/icongroupinterna
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Treating your enlarged prostate (SuDoc HE 20.6520:8) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010LM1K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010LM1K/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Enlarged Prostate In order to find chapters that specifically relate to enlarged prostate, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and enlarged prostate using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on enlarged prostate: •
Medication Use Source: in Dierich, M. and Froe, F. Overcoming Incontinence: A Straightforward Guide to Your Options. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000. p. 49-56. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Distribution Center, 1 Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 08875-1272. (800) 225-5945 or (732) 469-4400. Fax (732) 302-2300. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.wiley.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0471347957. Summary: This chapter on medication use is from a practical guide that dispels the many myths associated with urinary incontinence, offering readers information about the latest options for treatment, from simple lifestyle changes and exercises to devices, medications, and surgery. The authors emphasize that incontinence can be prevented, is almost always treatable, and is often curable. In this chapter, the authors review the numerous medications used to treat incontinence. In general, drug therapy is used to treat urge incontinence (UI), sometimes for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and occasionally for overflow incontinence. Specific drugs covered are oxybutynin (Ditropan and Ditropan XL) which is an antispasmodic; tolterodine (Detrol), an antispasmodic with fewer side effects; hyoscyamine (Levsinex), an antispasmodic that can be taken on an as-needed basis; dicyclomine (Bentyl), traditionally used for intestinal spasms; imipramine (Tofranil), an antidepressant with side effects that can be beneficial to patients with incontinence; propantheline (Probanthine), similar to oxybutynin; flavoxate (Urispas), similar to oxybutynin; phenylpropanolamine, which increases the tone of the sphincter muscle that closes the urethra; pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), similar to phenylpropanolamine; terazoxin (Hytrin), for overflow incontinence caused by prostate or urethral blockage; doxazosin (Cardura), similar to terazoxin; tamsulosin (Flomax), similar to terazosin but with quick response rate; finasteride (Proscar) for treatment of bladder symptoms caused by enlarged prostate; and urecholine, for overflow incontinence due to poor bladder muscle function. The authors also include a section on estrogen, notably estrogen replacement therapy, and a section on herbal treatments for incontinence. The authors caution that, with any medication, interactions and side effects are possible. 2 tables.
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Men's Health Source: in Hagan, P.T., ed. Mayo Clinic Guide to Self-Care: Answers for Everyday Health Problems. New York, NY: Kensington Publishers. 1999. p. 140-143. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 291-1128 or (507) 284-2511. Fax (507) 284-0161. Website: www.mayo.edu. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0962786578.
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Summary: This chapter on men's health issues is from a family health book published by the Mayo Clinic. The chapter covers testicular pain, including the pain caused by testicular torsion, epididymitis, or orchitis; screening for cancer of the testicle; enlarged prostate; screening for prostate cancer; painful urination; erectile dysfunction (impotence); and vasectomy (male birth control). In each section, this consumer oriented reference book explains symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic tests, self care and medical treatment choices, and patient care considerations. 2 figures. •
Causes and Symptoms of Kidney Failure Source: in Gabriel, R. Patient's Guide to Dialysis and Transplantation. 4th ed. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1990. p. 32-45. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station. Hingham, MA 02018. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $24.50. ISBN: 0792389506. Summary: This chapter, from a patient's guide to the treatment of renal failure, reviews the causes and symptoms of kidney failure. Causes covered include glomerulonephritis, diabetes, hypertension, polycystic renal disease, chronic pyelonephritis, and obstruction to urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, or anatomical abnormalities. Symptoms discussed include vague ill health, tiredness, shortness of breath, nocturnal urination, nausea, sexual difficulties, psychological difficulties, and side effects of drugs. Symptoms that improve with dialysis and the role of erythropoietin are briefly noted.
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Kidney and Urinary Disorders Source: in Shaw, M., et al., eds. Everything You Need to Know About Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 313-352. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. Attention: Trade and Textbook Department, 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 3313170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 646-8716. PRICE: $24.95 (as of 1995). ISBN: 0874348226. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a consumer handbook about medical practice and disease, covers kidney and urinary disorders. Written in a question and answer format, the chapter discusses acute glomerulonephritis; acute kidney failure; acute pyelonephritis; chronic glomerulonephritis; chronic kidney failure; enlarged prostate; inflammation of the epididymis; inflammation of the prostate; kidney stones; lower urinary tract infections; nephrotic syndrome; neurogenic bladder; polycystic kidney disease; renal hypertension; renal infarction; renal vein clot; urinary reflux; and water in the kidney. For each condition discussed, the authors cover definition, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Numerous sidebars and line drawings help make the material accessible to the lay reader.
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Urinary Frequency, Urgency, and Urge Incontinence Source: in Blaivas, J.G. Conquering Bladder and Prostate Problems: The Authoritative Guide for Men and Women. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1998. p. 45-60. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013-1578. (800) 221-9369 or (212) 620-8035. Fax (212) 647-1898. Website: www.plenum.com. PRICE: $26.95. ISBN: 0306458640.
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Summary: Urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence are a group of symptoms each of which may occur alone or, more commonly, in combination with one another. This chapter on urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence is from a book for people who have urinary bladder and prostate problems: people who urinate too often, who plan their daily activities around the availability of a bathroom, men with prostate problems, women with incontinence, and people with bladder pain. The book is written in a clear, nontechnical, humorous style that makes the material more accessible to the lay reader. Urinary frequency (voiding too often) is probably the most common of all lower urinary tract symptoms. It may be caused by nothing more serious than drinking too much fluid, or it may be the only initial sign of diabetes or a urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary urgency is the sudden feeling that one must urinate. Urge incontinence is the loss of urinary control because the urgency is so intense that one cannot hold back the urine. Urgency and urge incontinence are usually caused by involuntary contractions of the bladder. The most common cause is probably cystitis (bladder infection), but many other conditions can be responsible. After UTI, the most common causes include an enlarged prostate in men and sphincteric incontinence in women. The author discusses treatment options, including behavior modification, drug therapy, biofeedback, electrical stimulation, absorbent pads, and surgery. 1 table.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on enlarged prostate. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on enlarged prostate is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “enlarged prostate” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on enlarged prostate: •
What You Really Need to Know About Enlarged Prostate Source: [Toronto, ON, Canada]: Videos for Patients. 1994. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Medical Audio Visual Communications, Inc. Suite 240, 2315 Whirlpool Street, Niagara Falls, NY 14305. Or P.O. Box 84548, 2336 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON M6S 1TO, Canada. (800) 757-4868 or (905) 602-1160. Fax (905) 602-8720. PRICE: $99.00 (Canadian); contact producer for current price in American dollars. Order Number VFP023. Summary: This videotape provides viewers with information about prostate enlargement. The videotape is introduced with a brief sketch featuring comedian John Cleese and Dr. Robert Buckman illustrating the difficulties sometimes experienced by patients during the traditional doctor's explanation. Dr. Buckman presents the medical facts using visual aids. Topics include why the prostate becomes enlarged, problems caused by an enlarged prostate, treatment options, including the details of various
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Enlarged Prostate
surgical options and nonsurgical hormone treatments, and the side effects and aftereffects of the different types of treatment. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENLARGED PROSTATE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover enlarged prostate.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on enlarged prostate is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to enlarged prostate. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for enlarged prostate: •
Two drugs better than one for enlarged prostate Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 17, 2003
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•
Glaxo files dutasteride for enlarged prostate in Europe Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 04, 2001
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European application filed for dutasteride to treat enlarged prostate Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 04, 2001
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FDA warns of injuries associated with devices used to treat enlarged prostate Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 12, 2000
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Diet linked with enlarged prostate Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 10, 1999
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FDA OKs Laser For Enlarged Prostate Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 15, 1998
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Treatment For Enlarged Prostate Clarified Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 1996
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FDA Approves Device To Treat Enlarged Prostate Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 07, 1996 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is
Periodicals and News
31
technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to enlarged prostate, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on enlarged prostate: •
Enlarged Prostate Gland: Many Treatment Options Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 19(4): 1-3. April 2001. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Health Letter. Subscription Services, P.O. Box 53889, Boulder, CO 80322-3889. (800) 333-9037 or (303) 604-1465. Summary: This health newsletter article discusses enlarged prostate gland (benign prostatic hyperplasia), a common problem that affects half of men in their 60s and close to 80 percent of men in their 80s. The prostate gland is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that drains the bladder. This gland often enlarges with age and constricts the urethra, making it more difficult for urine to pass through. Signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may include excessive urination at night, a weak urine stream, stopping and starting while urinating, a frequent urge to urinate, and a feeling that the bladder has not been emptied completely. Diagnosis includes a symptom questionnaire, a urine test to rule out infection, a prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, and a digital rectal exam (DRE) to rule out prostate cancer, and sometimes more tests including cystoscopy and urine flow tests. Generally, no treatment is required for mild BPH symptoms. Monitoring the
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situation and simple lifestyle changes may be all that is necessary. For men with moderate to severe symptoms, treatment options include oral medications, surgery, and minimally invasive techniques. Drug options include alpha blockers, finasteride, and plant extracts (including saw palmetto). Surgical treatments include transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), open prostatectomy (removal of the prostate), microwave and radiofrequency, laser therapy, and stents. One sidebar summarizes lifestyle changes that may be recommended to help men deal with symptoms of BPH. 1 figure. 1 table.
Academic Periodicals covering Enlarged Prostate Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to enlarged prostate. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering enlarged prostate that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for enlarged prostate. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with enlarged prostate. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to enlarged prostate: Doxazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cardura http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202629.html
Tamsulosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flomax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203479.html
Terazosin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hytrin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202546.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
6
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
7
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 388 14 946 0 33 1381
HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
10
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
14 Adapted 15
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on enlarged prostate can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to enlarged prostate. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to enlarged prostate. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “enlarged prostate”:
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Enlarged Prostate
Other guides Bladder Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladderdiseases.html Kidney Stones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneystones.html Prostate Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatecancer.html Prostate Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prostatediseases.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on enlarged prostate. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Answers to Your Questions About Having an Enlarged Prostate Source: Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1998. [9 p.]. Contact: Available from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ridgefield, CT 06877. Website: http://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet helps readers understand benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the use of tamsulosin hydrochloride (Flomax) to treat BPH. The booklet describes BPH and dispels myths about the conditions then explains how BPH is diagnosed with symptoms and a digital rectal examination (DRE). The booklet outlines the common symptoms of BPH, which can include waking up several times during the night to urinate, having a greater urge to urinate or more difficulty postponing urination, a weak flow of urine, difficulty getting urination started, difficulty controlling the starts and stops of the urine stream, a sense of incomplete emptying of the bladder, and losing urine just after emptying the bladder. Treatment options are outlined and include transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA), transurethral vaporization of the prostate (TUVP), transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), and open prostatectomy (removal of the prostate). The remainder of the booklet describes the use of tamsulosin hydrochloride, which relieves the symptoms of an enlarged prostate by relaxing the muscle in the prostate and the neck of the
Patient Resources
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bladder. A summary of the prescribing information for this drug is printed and enclosed with the booklet. 1 figure. 2 references. •
Treating Your Enlarged Prostate: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patient Guide Source: Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. 1994. 21 p. Contact: Available from AHCPR Publications Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 8547, Silver Spring, MD 20907. (800) 358-9295. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet is designed to help readers understand benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and how it can be treated. The booklet describes the benefits and risks of the various treatments available for BPH. Specific topics include a description of the anatomy and physiology of the prostate; a definition of BPH; the symptoms and etiology of BPH; how to know when to consult a health care provider; diagnostic tests used to confirm BPH; and treatment choices, including watchful waiting, alpha blocker treatment, finasteride drug treatment, balloon dilation, and surgery. One chart summarizes the outcomes of these five BPH treatments. 8 figures.
•
Treatment Choices for BPH: Enlarged Prostate Source: Baltimore, MD: Prostate Health Council. American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1996. 10 p. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1126 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383 or (410) 468-1800. Fax (410) 468-1808. Website: www.afud.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet was written to help patients make informed choices about treatment options for their benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The brochure begins with a description of the prostate and its role. More than half of men over age 60 have BPH, an enlarged prostate that is not cancerous. BPH affects the inner part of the prostate first. As a result, the prostate may begin to squeeze the urethra. This sometimes causes problems in urinating. BPH generally does not interfere with sexual functioning. BPH should be treated only if the symptoms are severe enough to affect lifestyle or if the urinary tract is seriously affected. Currently, the main ways of dealing with BPH are watchful waiting, alpha-blocker drug treatment, finasteride drug treatment, and surgery. Surgery often does the best job of relieving symptoms, but it also has more risk than the other treatments. The brochure also describes laser surgery and other new treatments, including electrovaporization and thermal therapy. The brochure outlines the benefits and risks of each type of traditional therapy. The booklet concludes with a glossary of related terms; a pretest and answers are also included.
•
Enlarged Prostate Gland: What You Should Know Source: Emeryville, CA: Parlay International. 199x. [1 p]. Contact: Available from Parlay International. P.O. Box 8817, Emeryville, CA 94662-0817. (800) 457-2752. Fax (510) 601-1008. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.parlay.com. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brief fact sheet offers basic information about enlarged prostate glands (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). When the prostate gland becomes enlarged, it can partially or entirely block the urethra, making urination difficult or impossible. The prostate enlarges normally as part of the aging process, starting in a man's late 40s. The fact sheet reviews the symptoms of BPH, tests that will be performed to confirm a
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Enlarged Prostate
diagnosis of BPH, and treatment options. The most common form of treatment for an enlarged prostate is oral medication. Surgery is also a successful method of treatment (usually transurethral prostate resection), but can adversely affect sexual potency and control of urination. Readers are encouraged to have a yearly digital rectal examination to detect and monitor an enlarged prostate. 1 figure. •
Enlarged Prostate: BPH and Male Urinary Problems Source: Baltimore, MD: American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1998. 12 p. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD). 1128 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383. Website: www.afud.org. PRICE: $13.00 for pack of 50; plus shipping and handling. Summary: This brochure describes a particular prostate disease: noncancerous enlargement of the prostate or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Topics include the anatomy and physiology of the prostate, a definition of BPH, the symptoms of BPH, how it is diagnosed, how it differs from prostate cancer, when to see a specialist, when BPH requires treatment, surgical treatment, nonsurgical treatments, and lifestyle issues. A brief quiz at the beginning of the brochure emphasizes the information that all men should know. The prostate is a gland of the male reproductive system; the gland is made up largely of muscular and glandular tissues and its main function is to produce fluid for semen, which transports sperm. The symptoms of BPH can include a weak urinary stream, difficulty starting urination, interruption of the stream (stopping and starting), pain or burning on urination, urgency (difficulty postponing urination), frequent urination, and awakening frequently at night to urinate. Diagnostic methods include a thorough medical history and the physical examination, including the digital rectal examination. For BPH, if men are not bothered by their symptoms, they may just be put on a program of watchful waiting, which entails regular followup but no actual treatment. Other treatments are drug therapy, thermal (heat based) therapy, surgery, and alternative treatments (such as herbal remedies). The brochure describes the four types of surgery that may be used for BPH: transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP), open prostatectomy (removal of the prostate), and laser surgery. The brochure reiterates the differences between BPH and prostate cancer and cautions readers that they must stay vigilant for the signs of prostate cancer, which is best treated when detected early. The brochure concludes with a glossary of terms used in the text and the answers to the pretest. 5 figures.
•
Enlarged Prostate: Medication or Surgery Source: Hanover, MD: American Prostate Society. 1994. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Prostate Society. 1340-F Charwood Road, Hanover, MD 21076-3169. (410) 859-3735. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.ameripros.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This brochure helps men with prostatic enlargement make the decision between medications or surgery for treatment. The brochure first describes the use of flutamide, finasteride (Proscar), and terazosin (Hytrin) and the drawbacks to each. The authors discuss two main objections to medication: cost factors and the lack of opportunity to detect prostatic cancer. The man's health, age, and degree of prostatic enlargement will affect the decision regarding treatment modality. Up to half of all men, properly evaluated for medication, could avoid surgery using Proscar or Hytrin under a physician's care. The remainder of the brochure outlines the steps taken prior to, during, and after surgery for prostatic enlargement. More than 400,000 men each year undergo
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surgery to correct prostate enlargement, at a cost of more than three billion dollars per year. The brochure lists the conditions that might require surgery (as opposed to watchful waiting): hesitating or difficult urination; incomplete voiding; recurring bladder infections; inability to control urination; and reduced kidney function. The brochure focuses on the transurethral resection of the prostate, or TURP, procedure. One series of diagrams illustrates how the enlarging prostate affects urination at different points in its enlargement. 5 references. (AA-M). •
Laser Prostatectomy: For an Enlarged Prostate Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Communications. 1995. 2 p. Contact: Available from Krames Communications. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066. (800) 333-3032. Fax (415) 244-4512. PRICE: $0.40 each (as of 1996); bulk prices available. Summary: This educational brochure describes the use of laser prostatectomy for treating an enlarged prostate. Topics include the symptoms of an enlarged prostate, the risks and complications of laser prostatectomy, preoperative preparation, what to expect during the treatment, postoperative care, healing, when to contact a health care provider, and the anatomy of the prostate. Colorful illustrations depict some of the concepts.
•
Living with an Enlarged Prostate Source: Patient Care. 30(3): 36. February 29, 1996. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This fact sheet provides suggestions for minimizing prostate symptoms in patients with enlarged prostates. Topics include the importance of working closely with a health care provider, drug therapy options, managing symptoms, and surgical treatment options. One sidebar lists recommendations for minimizing prostate symptoms with minor adjustments in lifestyle.
•
Prostate Disorders (Enlarged Prostate) at Time of Diagnosis Source: New York, NY: Patient Education Media, Inc. Time Life Medical. 1996. (videocassette). Contact: Available in pharmacies nationwide, or call (800) 588-9959 to find the nearest participating pharmacy. PRICE: $19.95 (suggested, as of 1996). Summary: This videocassette program provides information for patients newly diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The half-hour, newsmagazine style educational program features four sections or 'reports'. The first report examines what is going on inside the body and how the diagnosis was made; computer animation is used to aid viewer understanding. The second report covers what happens after the diagnosis and introduces the viewer to practical issues, including the types of health professionals they may encounter and what lifestyle changes may need to occur. The third report explores options for treatment and management of the condition. The final report addresses issues and answers common questions through the use of an in-studio question-and-answer session. The videotape comes with a personal workbook that includes the program highlights, a glossary, a resource guide, and blank space for readers to record their personal medical journal. (AA-M).
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to enlarged prostate. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to enlarged prostate. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with enlarged prostate. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about enlarged prostate. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
Patient Resources
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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “enlarged prostate” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “enlarged prostate”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “enlarged prostate” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “enlarged prostate” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
17
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
18
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 53
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 55
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
57
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
59
ENLARGED PROSTATE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]
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Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Balloon dilation: A treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate enlargement. A tiny balloon is inflated inside the urethra to make it wider so urine can flow more freely from the bladder. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
Dictionary 61
Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH]
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Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cystoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]
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Digital rectal examination: DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
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Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Health: The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members. [NIH]
Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in
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households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH]
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Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle
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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Orchitis: Inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH]
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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH]
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Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatectomy: Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (transurethral resection of prostate). [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH]
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Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH]
Dictionary 73
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stents: Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]
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Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress urinary: Leakage of urine caused by actions--such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running, or lifting--that place pressure on the bladder from inside the body. Stress urinary incontinence can result from either a fallen bladder or weak sphincter muscles. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testimonials: Information provided by individuals who claim to have been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation.
Dictionary 75
Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection: Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. [NIH] Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Resection of the prostate using a cystoscope passed through the urethra. [NIH] Transurethral resection of the prostate: Surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using an instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TURP. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the
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kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]
Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH]
77
INDEX A Ablation, 4, 44, 59 Adrenergic, 59, 64, 70, 74 Adverse Effect, 59, 73 Agonist, 59, 70 Agoraphobia, 59, 66, 70 Algorithms, 59, 60 Alpha-1, 59, 64 Alternative medicine, 30, 59 Amino acid, 6, 10, 14, 59, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75 Anatomical, 25, 59, 61, 66 Androgenic, 13, 59 Androgens, 59, 60 Anesthesia, 4, 59 Antibody, 59, 60, 62, 67 Anticoagulants, 60, 61 Antidepressant, 24, 60, 66 Antigen, 31, 59, 60, 62, 67 Antispasmodic, 24, 60, 63, 65, 71 Anuria, 60, 67 Anus, 60, 61, 67, 72 Aromatase, 13, 60 Arterial, 60, 66, 71, 74 Arteries, 60, 61, 63, 68 B Bacteria, 60, 64, 76 Balloon dilation, 45, 60 Base, 60, 67 Benign, 3, 4, 7, 14, 15, 19, 31, 44, 45, 46, 47, 60, 65, 72 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 3, 4, 14, 31, 44, 45, 46, 47, 60, 65 Benzene, 60, 67 Biliary, 60, 63 Biotechnology, 5, 30, 39, 60 Bladder, 4, 24, 25, 26, 31, 44, 47, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 Blood pressure, 61, 66, 68 Blood vessel, 61, 72, 73, 74, 76 Bone Marrow, 60, 61, 64, 68 Bowel, 61, 63, 74 Bowel Movement, 61, 63, 74 Branch, 55, 61, 73, 74 C Calcium, 61, 62, 64 Cardiovascular, 61, 63 Cardiovascular System, 61, 63 Catheter, 4, 61
Cell, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 72 Cervix, 61, 72 Chin, 61, 68 Cholesterol, 61, 64, 73 Chronic, 25, 61, 64, 67, 71, 74 Chronic renal, 61, 71 Citric Acid, 14, 61 Citrus, 61, 62 Clinical trial, 5, 19, 20, 39, 62, 72 Cloning, 60, 62 Coagulation, 61, 62, 68, 75 Collagen, 59, 62 Combination Therapy, 62, 64 Complement, 62, 63 Complementary and alternative medicine, 13, 16, 62 Complementary medicine, 13, 63 Computational Biology, 39, 63 Congestion, 14, 63 Constrict, 4, 63 Contraindications, ii, 63 Coronary, 63, 68 Coronary Thrombosis, 63, 68 Curative, 63, 74 Cyproterone, 63, 65 Cystitis, 26, 63 Cystoscopy, 31, 63 Cytochrome, 60, 63 D Diagnostic procedure, 31, 63 Diastolic, 63, 66 Dicyclomine, 24, 63 Digestive system, 20, 63 Digital rectal examination, 4, 44, 46, 64 Dilatation, 4, 64 Dilation, 64 Direct, iii, 33, 64, 65, 70, 72 Doxazosin, 24, 34, 64 Drug Interactions, 34, 64 Dyspareunia, 64 E Edema, 64, 69 Ejaculation, 64, 73 Electrolytes, 64, 67 Embolus, 64, 67 End-stage renal, 61, 64, 71 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 64 Enzymatic, 59, 61, 62, 64
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Enzyme, 60, 64, 72 Erectile, 25, 64, 70 Erection, 64 Erythropoietin, 25, 64 Esophagus, 63, 64, 72, 73 Estrogen, 24, 60, 63, 64 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 24, 64 Excrete, 60, 65, 67 F Fallopian tube, 65, 72 Family Health, 25, 65 Family Planning, 39, 65 Fatigue, 65, 66 Fetus, 64, 65, 70, 76 Finasteride, 7, 24, 32, 45, 46, 65 Flavoxate, 24, 65 Flutamide, 46, 65 G Gallbladder, 60, 63, 65 Gas, 65, 76 Gastrin, 65, 66 Gastrointestinal, 63, 65, 74 Gene, 60, 65 Gland, 3, 31, 45, 46, 65, 70, 71, 73 Glomerular, 65, 67, 72 Glomeruli, 65, 72 Glomerulonephritis, 25, 65 Glycine, 59, 65, 69 Gonad, 65, 74 Gonorrhoea, 65, 69 Governing Board, 66, 71 Growth, 4, 59, 66, 68 H Health Status, 65, 66 Heart failure, 6, 66 Hemodialysis, 66, 67 Hemorrhage, 66, 74 Hormonal, 64, 66 Hormone, 28, 64, 65, 66, 74 Hydroxyproline, 59, 62, 66 Hyperplasia, 66 Hypertension, 25, 64, 66 Hypertrophy, 19, 60, 66 I Id, 10, 15, 48, 54, 56, 66 Imipramine, 24, 66 Immune response, 60, 66, 74 Impairment, 66, 68 Impotence, 25, 64, 66 Incision, 4, 32, 44, 46, 66, 67, 71 Incontinence, 16, 24, 25, 26, 63, 66, 71, 74 Indicative, 23, 66, 76
Infarction, 25, 63, 67, 68 Infection, 16, 26, 31, 65, 67, 68, 72, 74 Infiltration, 65, 67 Inflammation, 25, 63, 67, 69, 70, 72 Interstitial, 67, 72 Intestinal, 24, 67 Intestines, 65, 67 Intracellular, 67 Invasive, 32, 67 Involuntary, 26, 67, 68, 73 Isoflavones, 13, 67 K Kb, 38, 67 Kidney Disease, 20, 25, 38, 67 Kidney Failure, 25, 64, 67 Kidney Failure, Acute, 67 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 67 Kidney stone, 25, 68 L Large Intestine, 63, 67, 68, 72, 73 Laser Surgery, 4, 45, 46, 68 Laser therapy, 32, 68 Library Services, 54, 68 Ligament, 65, 68, 71 Liver, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68 Localized, 67, 68 Lymphatic, 67, 68 Lymphocyte, 60, 68 M Malignant, 13, 68, 72 MEDLINE, 39, 68 Mental, iv, 5, 21, 38, 40, 61, 65, 68, 71, 75 Mental Disorders, 21, 68 MI, 57, 68 Modification, 26, 59, 68 Molecular, 39, 41, 60, 63, 68, 75 Molecule, 60, 62, 68, 72 Monitor, 46, 68 Motion Sickness, 68, 69 Myocardium, 68 N Nausea, 25, 69, 70, 75 NCI, 1, 20, 37, 69 Need, 3, 6, 10, 14, 24, 25, 27, 31, 47, 49, 61, 69 Nephropathy, 67, 69 Nephrosis, 69 Nephrotic, 25, 69 Nephrotic Syndrome, 25, 69 Nerve, 59, 61, 69, 72 Neurogenic, 25, 69 Neuromuscular, 69, 71
Index 79
Neurotransmitter, 59, 65, 69, 74 Norepinephrine, 59, 69, 70 Nursing Care, 7, 69 O Oliguria, 67, 69 Orchitis, 25, 69 Osteoporosis, 64, 69 Outpatient, 4, 69 Ovaries, 60, 69, 72 P Palliative, 63, 70, 74 Pancreas, 63, 70 Panic, 66, 70 Panic Disorder, 66, 70 Pathophysiology, 4, 70 Patient Education, 44, 47, 52, 54, 57, 70 Pelvic, 70, 71 Pelvis, 69, 70, 72, 76 Penis, 14, 64, 70, 72 Peptide, 59, 70, 71 Peripheral Nervous System, 69, 70, 72, 74 Pharmacologic, 59, 70, 75 Phenylpropanolamine, 24, 70 Physical Examination, 4, 46, 70 Physiology, 45, 46, 70 Placenta, 60, 70 Plasma, 7, 67, 70, 73 Pneumonia, 63, 70 Poisoning, 69, 71 Polycystic, 25, 71 Polysaccharide, 60, 71 Postmenopausal, 64, 69, 71 Postoperative, 47, 71 Practice Guidelines, 40, 71 Preoperative, 47, 71 Progressive, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 72 Propantheline, 24, 71 Prostate gland, 31, 45, 71 Prostatectomy, 4, 7, 32, 44, 46, 47, 71 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 15, 19, 31, 45, 71 Protein S, 60, 71 Proteins, 59, 60, 62, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75 Proteinuria, 69, 71 Psychic, 68, 71 Public Policy, 39, 71 Pulmonary, 61, 67, 71, 72 Pulmonary Edema, 67, 72 Pulse, 68, 72 Pyelonephritis, 25, 72 R Randomized, 19, 72 Receptor, 60, 72
Rectal, 31, 72 Rectum, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 Reductase, 60, 65, 72 Refer, 1, 62, 72 Reflux, 25, 72 Renal failure, 25, 72 Renal pelvis, 68, 72 Reproductive system, 46, 71, 72 Resection, 46, 72, 75 Respiration, 68, 72 Response rate, 24, 72 Retropubic, 71, 72 Rhinitis, 71, 72 Risk factor, 25, 72 Risk patient, 5, 72 S Salivary, 63, 72 Salivary glands, 63, 72 Schwannoma, 5, 72 Screening, 25, 62, 73 Secretion, 14, 63, 73 Sedative, 66, 73 Self Care, 25, 73 Semen, 4, 46, 64, 71, 73 Serum, 62, 64, 67, 73 Side effect, 4, 24, 25, 28, 33, 59, 73, 75 Skin graft, 73 Small intestine, 66, 67, 73 Smooth muscle, 65, 73, 74 Sneezing, 73, 74 Spasm, 60, 73 Specialist, 46, 48, 64, 73 Species, 65, 73 Sperm, 46, 59, 73, 76 Sphincter, 24, 73, 74 Stem Cells, 64, 73 Stents, 32, 73 Steroid, 60, 73 Stomach, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73 Stool, 66, 68, 74 Stress, 24, 69, 74 Stress urinary, 24, 74 Stroke, 21, 38, 74 Subacute, 67, 74 Subclinical, 67, 74 Substance P, 73, 74 Sympathomimetic, 69, 70, 74 Symphysis, 61, 71, 74 Syphilis, 69, 74 Systemic, 34, 61, 67, 74 Systolic, 66, 74
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T Testicle, 25, 65, 74 Testicular, 25, 60, 74 Testimonials, 6, 10, 14, 74 Testis, 69, 74 Testosterone, 65, 72, 74 Therapeutics, 34, 74 Thermal, 45, 46, 74 Threshold, 66, 74 Thrombosis, 71, 74 Thrombus, 63, 67, 74 Tissue, 4, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Tone, 24, 75 Tonus, 75 Torsion, 25, 67, 75 Toxic, iv, 60, 75 Toxicity, 64, 75 Toxicology, 40, 75 Toxins, 60, 67, 75 Transfection, 60, 75 Translation, 59, 75 Transurethral, 4, 7, 32, 44, 46, 47, 71, 75 Transurethral resection, 4, 7, 32, 44, 46, 47, 71, 75 Transurethral Resection of Prostate, 71, 75 Transurethral resection of the prostate, 4, 32, 44, 46, 47, 75
Tricyclic, 66, 75 U Unconscious, 66, 75 Uremia, 67, 72, 75 Ureters, 68, 75, 76 Urethra, 4, 24, 31, 45, 60, 70, 71, 75, 76 Urinary, 4, 14, 16, 24, 25, 26, 45, 46, 63, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 Urinary tract, 4, 14, 25, 26, 45, 63, 75, 76 Urinary tract infection, 25, 26, 76 Urinate, 6, 13, 26, 31, 44, 46, 76 Urine, 4, 25, 26, 31, 44, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 Urologist, 4, 76 Uterus, 61, 69, 72, 76 V Vagina, 61, 72, 76 Vascular, 67, 70, 74, 76 Vasectomy, 25, 76 Vasomotor, 64, 76 VE, 6, 76 Vein, 25, 76 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 76 Volition, 67, 76 W Watchful waiting, 4, 45, 46, 47, 76 Womb, 72, 76