ENDOMETRIOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Endometriosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83656-6 1. Endometriosis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on endometriosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENDOMETRIOSIS........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Endometriosis................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 41 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENDOMETRIOSIS ............................................................................ 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Finding Nutrition Studies on Endometriosis ............................................................................ 129 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 143 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENDOMETRIOSIS ..................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 147 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 148 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 151 General References ..................................................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS ....................................................................... 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157 Dissertations on Endometriosis ................................................................................................. 157 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 158 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ENDOMETRIOSIS .................................................................. 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 Recent Trials on Endometriosis ................................................................................................. 159 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 173 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS .................................................................................. 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Patents on Endometriosis........................................................................................................... 175 Patent Applications on Endometriosis....................................................................................... 196 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 227 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS ...................................................................................... 229 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 229 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 229 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 231 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 237 Chapters on Endometriosis ........................................................................................................ 238 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ENDOMETRIOSIS ........................................................................... 239 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 239 Bibliography: Multimedia on Endometriosis ............................................................................. 239 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS ........................................................ 241 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 241 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 241 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 246 Academic Periodicals covering Endometriosis........................................................................... 246 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 249 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 249 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 249 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 251 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 255 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 255
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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 255 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 257 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 259 The Genome Project and Endometriosis .................................................................................... 259 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 263 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 263 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 263 Associations and Endometriosis................................................................................................. 269 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 269 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 271 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 271 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 271 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 271 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 271 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 277 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 280 ENDOMETRIOSIS DICTIONARY............................................................................................ 283 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 365
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with endometriosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about endometriosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to endometriosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on endometriosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to endometriosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on endometriosis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on endometriosis.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and endometriosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Bladder Endometriosis: Conservative Management Source: Journal of Urology. 163(6): 1814-1817. June 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax (301) 824-7290. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of women with bladder endometriosis who are successfully treated with hormonal therapy. Endometriosis is the deposition of endometrial glands and uterine tissue outside the uterine cavity; in approximately 1 to 2 percent the urinary tract (notably the bladder) is a site for endometrial implantation. The records of 14 patients (mean age of 48.6 years, range 26 to 71 years) diagnosed with bladder endometriosis were reviewed for presenting complaints, findings and response to therapy. The most frequent
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presenting complaints were urgency (78 percent), frequency (71 percent), suprapubic pain (43 percent), urge incontinence (21 percent), and dyspareunia (painful intercourse, in 21 percent). Of the patients, 86 percent did not have a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, 6 (42 percent) had a history of endometriosis, including 3 who were previously treated with hysterectomy or oophorectomy (removal of the uterus or ovaries), and 8 (57 percent) were on some form of therapy for estrogen deficiency. In all patients, endometrial implants were identified on cystoscopic examination. Of the patients, 13 were treated either with low dose oral contraceptives, decrease or elimination of the estrogen component of the present regimen, or addition of progesterone to therapy; and 12 (92 percent) reported sustained improvement of symptoms at a mean of 18.6 months (range 8 to 24 months). The authors conclude that in more than 70 percent of cases the presenting symptoms of bladder endometriosis are identical to those of interstitial cystitis. Therefore, endometriosis should always be considered in the patient referred for frequency, urgency, and pain with no documented infection. Hormonal therapy is reasonable and effective management for bladder endometriosis. This option preserves fertility, making it especially attractive to younger women. 2 figures. 1 table. 25 references.
Federally Funded Research on Endometriosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to endometriosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to endometriosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore endometriosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for endometriosis: •
Project Title: ANTIPROGESTINS IN CYNOMOLGUS ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wiehle, Ronald D.; Zonagen, Inc. 2408 Timberloch Pl, B-4 the Woodlands, Tx 77380 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2000; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): In May 1999, a Licensing Agreement between Zonagen, Inc. and the NICHD was finalized to develop new 19-substitutednorprogestins. If the new antiprogestins behave as tissue-specific modulators in the manner of selective estrogen response modulators (SERMs), they may be recognized as an analogous class of drugs, i.e., as SPRMs. Such SPRMs discovered by NICHD and realized as drugs through this SBIR, would bring the results of government-sponsored
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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science into the public domain. We expect that the new generation of compounds will be used for a number of indications where the etiology is dominated by progesterone. Tissues of the reproductive system such as pituitary, breast, myometrium, cervix, and endometrium remain obvious target organs for treatment. Their potential for use in labor and delivery and in breast cancer remains high. The following document outlines experiments to be performed under Phase II of an SBIR that would clarify the properties of these new SPRMs and enhance their utility for the treatment of endometriosis. It was the intention of Phase I of this SBIR program to determine effects on the eutopic endometrium of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) following short-term administration, of our lead compound, CDB-4124. We did not believe SPRMs could affect ectopic lesions (endometriosis) if there was no effect on eutopic endometrium. We found that our lead compound had effects on the endometrium similar to RU 486 but without evidence of effects on ovulation and without raising cortisol. We established methods and the baseline levels of markers of inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of the monkey. We intend to expand this program in Phase II to determine whether the same compound will reduce the size of endometriosis-like lesions in the same species. This animal model has been shown to respond to both GnRH agonists and to RU 486 with a decrease in lesion size. The use of GnRH agonists in women for the amelioration of endometriosis, although far from ideal, is one of the few medical therapies currently available. The primary outcome parameters will be alterations in the growth of ectopic endometrium and effects on hormones with our lead antiprogestin compound, CDB4124. The secondary outcome parameter will be the effects on markers of endometriosis in peritoneal fluid and bone mineral density. The tertiary outcome parameters will be the assessment of the impact of our compound on inflammation markers, on cycling and on liver function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CD1 AND BCR/FC RECEPTOR TARGETED LIGAND Principal Investigator & Institution: Yeaman, Grant R.; Research Assistant Professor; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Non-classical MHC molecules such as CD ld or CD1b have evolved in parallel to classical class II molecules and I. They are however more specialized in the type of ligand they present to T cells. Typically, CD1 molecules present lipids or glycolipids to T cells. CD1 ligands are associated with T cells specific for M. tuberculosis. The studies in this project are based on a unique collaboration. The expertise of Dr. Grant Yeaman an assistant professor at Dartmouth Medical School (DMS) studies the role of carbohydrate antigens in endometriosis and HIV infection will be combined with that of Drs. William Wade and Bruce Reinhold. Dr. Wade is an associate professor whose research interests center on antigen presentation. Dr. Reinhold is an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of New Hampshire who studies CD1 ligands using mass spectrum analysis. This combination of expertise will be used to design synthetic peptide and carbohydrate/lipid antigens to investigate how BCR or Fc receptors internalizes and initiate the processing of these antigens to their effective form that induces T cell activation. Aim 1: To determine if BCR can internalize and target CDlb ligands for presentation to CDlb-restricted T cells. CDlb molecules can bind mycobacterial lipids. We will track internalization of CDlb ligands in the endocytic pathway by confocal microscopy, mass spectral analysis and activation T cells. Aim 2: To demonstrate that BCR can internalize and target CDld ligands for presentation to CDld-restricted T cells. The OVA hydrophobic peptide (IINFEKLTEWTSS) that binds
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CDld will be modified to contain class II, I-Ad OVA peptide and a B cell epitope for the V5 specific Ab. The construct will be linked to an anti-IgG2a (BCR) F(ab)2, and used to treat A20 B cells transfected with murine CDlda; galactosyl ceramide will also be examined in this system. The complexes will be followed functionally through the early endosome (EE), the MIIC and the lysosome by confocal microscopy, biochemical analysis and by T cell activation. Aim 3: Determine the trafficking of CDId/b ligands targeted to FcyRl on DCs and demonstrate that the distribution of CD1 differs with antigen internalization or maturation of the DC. DCs are likely the first cell to acquire mycobaterial antigens for priming T cells. Antigen is acquired through macropinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis. We will use ex vivo DC and target immune complexes or particulate antigen such as bacteria to CD64 as a means of following the intracellular traffic of the complexes (antigen) biochemically and functionally. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELL GROWTH INHIBITON AND ESTROGEN ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Markaverich, Barry M.; Associate Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1983; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by the applicant) A long-range goal of this research is to define the role of MeHPLA and nuclear type II sites in normal and malignant cell proliferation. The identification of MeHPLA as a ligand for type II sites which controls cell growth led to the development of MeHPLA-related compounds with antiproliferative activities and potential for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometriosis, breast and prostatic cancer. We recently identified the nuclear type II binding site as histone H4. This exciting discovery targets very specific genomic pathways for regulation by MeHPLA and related-compounds including bioflavonoids and phytoestrogens. These compounds bind to type II sites (histone H4) with high affinity and have classically been defined as antioxidants that scavage free radicals. Our recent data indicate very specific regulation of gene transcription at the level of chromatin structure and function by type II site (histone H4) ligands. Histone acetylation is temporally and functionally coupled to DNA replication and gene expression in experimental systems including uterus and cancer cells. We propose that MeHPLA and related compounds control normal and malignant cell proliferation by modulating chromatin acetylation patterns and core nucleosome unwinding by binding to histone H4. We will assess hormonal (estrogen, progesterone) modulation of histone H4 gene expression (mRNA and protein), ligand binding activity and cell proliferation in rat uterus and in ER-dependent (MCF-7 cells) and ER-independent (MDA-MD-231) breast cancer cells in vitro and when grown in nude mice (Specific Aim 1). Potential involvement of histones H1, H2A, H2B and H3 in ligand binding to histone H4 will be studied (Specific Aim 2). The identity of the ligand binding domain(s) on histone H4 by will be determined by protein sequencing and site directed mutagenesis studies (Specific Aim 3). Effects of MeHPLA and related histone H4 ligands on chromatin structure, histone acetylation, and steroid hormone-dependent chromatin remodeling and gene transcription in a cell free system (Specific Aim 4) will be assessed. Estrogen, antiestrogen and MeHPLArelated compound effect on the acetylation of histone H4 (or other histones), specific gene (cyclin Dl and p21) transcription and expression and cell proliferation (cell cycle transcition, etc.) in estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo (Specific Aim 5) will be evaluated. The proposed studies should precisely define specific
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effects of MeHPLA and bioflavonoids on chromatin structure and function, growth related gene transcription and cellular proliferation in normal and malignant cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMOKINE REGULATION IN MODELS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Taylor, Robert N.; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Endometriosis is a common human gynecologic disorder associated with dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain and reduced fertility. Prevalence estimates range from 250%, although most scholars of endometriosis believe that it occurs in approximately 10% of reproductive aged American women. The annual United States health costs attributable to endometriosis exceed $1 billion. Recent studies suggest that endometriosis implants activate local peritoneal inflammatory responses that mediate the clinical symptoms. We hypothesize that the recruitment and subsequent accumulation of activated macrophages in the peritoneal cavity was an early and requisite step in the establishment of endometriosis implants and identified elevated concentrations of inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines (RANTES, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF) in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. We propose to investigate the regulation of synthesis and secretion of one representative chemokine, RANTES, a potent chemoattractant for monocytes and T cells. We demonstrated that RANTES is localized in the stromal compartment of normal endometrium and endometriosis implants and that both mRNA and protein are expressed in endometrial stromal but not epithelial cells in vitro. In Specific Aim #1 we will use highly purified (>95%) primary stromal cell cultures to compare RANTES production in eutopic and ectopic cells from normal subjects, women with endometriosis and women with unexplained infertility. Our preliminary data indicate that RANTES protein secretion differs in the former two conditions. In Specific Aim #2, we will study the ability the natural ovarian steroid hormones (estradiol, progesterone), antagonists (tamoxifen, RU486, danazol) and other cytokines (TNF-alpha), IL-1alpha and beta, interferon-gamma) to modulate RANTES expression in vitro at the mRNA and protein levels. An expression vector containing 477 base pairs of the human RANTES gene promoter cloned upstream of a luciferase reporter will be used to map the transcriptional regulatory motifs in transiently transfected endometrial and endometriosis stromal cells. Specific Aim #3 will be executed in collaboration with Dr. Osteen using his in vivo model of human endometrium transplanted into the nude mouse peritoneal cavity. Hormones and cytokines that up- and down-regulate immunoreactive RANTES in vitro will be administered to mice bearing human endometrial implants to determine if these compounds regulate human RANTES in intact tissues in vivo. Cognate anti-hormones or cytokine neutralizing antibodies will be administered to confirm that the RANTES modulating effects are specific. It is likely that RANTES and other chemokines play early, requisite play early, requisite roles in the inflammatory process that accompanies this syndrome. These molecules should provide ideal targets for the future development of novel therapeutic antagonists for the medical treatment of endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COOPERATIVE MULTI CENTER REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Myers, Evan R.; Associate Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Disorders of the reproductive system, such as male and female infertility, leiomyomata, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and sexual dysfunction, have a major public health and economic impact. For some conditions, such as infertility, many patients are responsible for all costs associated with therapy, and unintended consequences, such as multiple gestations, are relatively common. For other conditions, such as endometriosis or leiomyomata, definitive therapy may result in the loss of childbearing potential, and long-term evidence about alternatives is scant. Relatively few interventions for these disorders have subjected to rigorous scientific evaluation. The long-term objective of this project is to improve the care of men and women with disorders affecting the reproductive system by conducting controlled trials of selected diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The specific aims of the Data Coordinating Center (DCC) for the Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network are (A) to develop trial protocols that address important clinical problems using scientifically valid, clinically feasible, and economically reasonable approaches through collaboration with participating Reproductive Medicine Units (RMUs) and NICHD staff, (B) to provide leadership in defining and measuring a range of important outcomes, including physiological measurements, clinical outcomes, and economic and quality of life measures, (C) to coordinate and/or provide all services necessary for conducting trials, including recruiting services, and quality control, and (D) to coordinate the analysis, reporting, and dissemination of trial results to the Data Safety and Monitoring Committee, the RMUs, NICHD, peer-reviewed journals, and the public. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COOPERATIVE MULTICENTER REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Carr, Bruce R.; Dir, Div of Reproductive Endocrinology; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: This research proposal describes the qualifications and experience of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology faculty and research team at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, the facilities, and patient population available to them for carrying out clinical protocols to be designed by the NICHD Reproductive Medicine Unit (RMU) Network. The UT Southwestern Division of Reproductive Endocrinology includes 6 clinicians, 4 of whom are board certified in Reproductive Endocrinology. Within the division is the Women's Research Center which includes 3 research nurses led by a research nurse coordinator with 20 years experience in protocol development and implementation are available for participation in RMU network protocols. This research team has successfully completed an extensive number of randomized trials, some of which were supported by NIH grant support as well as multi-center randomized trials supported by pharmaceutical companies. These investigations included infertility, andrology, endometriosis, uterine leiomyomata, androgen excess, contraception, and menopause. In order to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the study of reproductive disorders we have brought to the RMU network support of UT Southwestern's NIH General Clinical Research Center, Department of Urology, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Internal Medicine. A concept protocol is included which proposes to investigate pain relief in women suffering from endometriosis. This trial compares the effect of the medical treatment standard with gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonist versus continuous low-dose combined oral
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contraceptive pills. It is proposed that if continuous oral contraceptive pills are close in efficacy of relieving pain in women with endometriosis as are gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists, this mode of treatment would benefit a significant number of women wishing to save their reproductive organs for later reproduction. In summary, the reproductive endocrinology research team is experienced in multi- center clinical trials and is committed to collaborative participation consistent with the goals of the RMU network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--TISSUE AND CELL CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Morales, Arlene J.; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CORE--TISSUE PROCUREMENT AND CELL CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Jaffe, Randal C.; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The objective of the Tissue Procurement and Cell Culture Core is to strengthen and support the research of the U54 investigators by establishing an efficient, cost-effective facility for procuring and storing tissue samples, cell lines and for isolating and providing well characterized primary cells. To achieve this goal, the Core proposes to: Serve as a central purchasing and storage facility for common tissue culture reagents where savings will be manifested in terms of either cost or consistency. Coordinate the collection of endometriotic and eutopic endometrial tissues and serve as a tissue bank that provides well documented endometriotic and normal tissue. Prepare primary stromal and epithelial cell cultures from normal and endometriotic tissues. Provide a single source for cell lines used by multiple U54 investigators. Serve as a training center for cell culture. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF KETOROLAC DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilson, Michelle L.; Umd, Inc. 3130 Highland Ave, 3Rd Fl Cincinnati, Oh 45219 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The treatment of uterine pain during menses (dysmenorrhea), a disorder that seriously afflicts 5 million women in the U.S., with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (PSIs), has not been optimal because of significant systemic side effects. Using a rabbit model, we have developed a novel vaginal drug delivery system that takes advantage of the unique vaginal-to-uterine circulation to achieve therapeutic concentrations of PSIs in the uterine musculature without high concentrations in the systemic circulation. This patented delivery system consists of a drug reservoir/carrier assembly that can be incorporated into a series of unique, tampon-containing platforms or a vaginal ring and is designed to carry the PSI through the vaginal mucosa into uterine circulation during menstruation. This innovative approach will provide effective relief during menses to women who still experience
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disabling dysmenorrhea, miss work, or are hampered in their daily activities, as well as absorb the menses. In addition, this drug delivery platform can be modified for delivery of other compounds to treat preterm labor and endometriosis. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT CONTRACEPTION
OF
CONTINUOUS
VS.
SEQUENTIAL
ORAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Legro, Richard S.; Associate Professor; ObstetricsGynecology; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Dr Hershey, Pa 17033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Withdrawal bleeding that occurs during the placebo period of the traditional OCP regimen is unnecessary and unwanted, and contributes to substantial method discontinuation rates. In U.S. women this contributes to one of the highest unwanted pregnancy rates in the world. In this proposal we will test the hypothesis that a long-term (6 month) continuous combined oral contraceptive pill (CCOCP) regimen (20 mug ethinyl estradiol/1 mg norethindrone acetate) will result in more profound endometrial and ovarian suppression than a traditional 21 day active pill/7 day placebo OCP regimen (21/70CP) with a randomized double blind trial. Currently CCOCP is commonly used by clinicians for a variety of indications, with little data of its safety and efficacy. As the clinical marker of endometrial and ovarian activity, we will be using number of bleeding days as the primary outcome in this study. We will secondarily monitor endometrial thickness and ovarian follicle formation by ultrasound, endometrial histology by biopsy, ovarian steroid production by monthly serum and daily urinary measurements, and patient satisfaction by questionnaire. We believe that a reduction in days of bleeding that will occur on a CCOCP regimen will improve patient satisfaction and compliance with this contraceptive regimen. We theorize that a tong-term CCOCP regimen may more effectively suppress ovarian follicular development and endometrial growth, because there are fewer rebounds in hormone levels due to loss of suppression during placebo periods. This regimen may therefore provide both effective contraception (with greater leeway for skipped pills) as well as more effective treatment of multiple gynecological conditions such as dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and peripheral androgen disorders such as acne and hirsutism, as well as a greater reduction in risk for endometrial and ovarian cancer. Therefore, the risks and benefits of a CCOCP regimen are an important women's health issue that warrant investigation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE ON BONE DENSITY IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Leboff, Meryl S.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: We will test two hypothesis. First, that DHEA therapy reduces elevated markers of bone turnover. Second, that DHEA prevents the accelerated bone loss in women treated with GnRH agonists for endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EMMPRIN ENDOMETRIUM
REGULATES
METALLOPROTEINASES
11
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nowak, Romana A.; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The human endometrium undergoes a highly regulated sequence of proliferation, differentiation, and ultimately proteolytic breakdown and shedding of tissue with each menstrual cycle. Metalloproteinases *MMPs) are intimately involved in the breakdown of endometrial tissue at the time of menstruation and also play a critical role during the process of implantation. Attachment and invasion of the implanting conceptus requires the participation of MMPs produced by both the embryo and endometrial cells. Pathological conditions such as endometriosis and adenomyosis are examples of inappropriate invasion by endometrium. An essential component of endometriosis is the attachment and invasion of endometrial fragments through the mesothelial cell layer into the underlying stroma. This process is dependent on expression of specific MMPs by the endometrial tissue. Recent studies have demonstrated that attachment and invasion of endometrial tissue can only occur with intact endometrial tissue fragments containing both epithelial and stromal components. This suggests that an important interaction between the two cell types is needed to allow this invasive event to occur. We have recently identified a protein in human endometrium and endometriotic lesions called extracellular and matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). EMMPRIN is also expressed by uterine epithelial cells and trophoblast cells in the mouse and appears to play an important role in implantation since the EMMPRIN knockout mouse is infertile due to an implantation defect. We hypothesize that EMMPRIN produced the uterine epithelial cells regulates production of MMPs by uterine stromal cells and localization of MMPs within the endometrium. The specific aims of this proposal are: 1. To determine the role of EMMPRIN in regulating MMP production and cellular adhesion by the mouse embryo. 2. To determine whether the failure of implantation in EMMPRIN knockout mice is due to impaired adhesion and MMP production by trophoblast or endometrial stromal cells. 3. To determine whether EMMPRIN regulates the expression of MMPs by eutopic and endometriotic uterine stromal cells and/or serves as a docking protein for specific MMPs produced by these cells. The results of these studies will provide important insights into epithelial-stromal cell communication in the uterus that may clarify the mechanisms involved in implantation as well as pathogenic events such as endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENDOMETRIAL INFECTION BY NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Timmerman, Michelle M.; Microbiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 31-OCT-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The pathogenesis of gonococcal infection of human endometrium is relatively undescribed even though the endometrium is a site of bacterial persistence. Endometrial infection can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease. The human and bacterial factors involved in initial interactions are uncertain. Whether gonococci invade, traverse, or merely attach to endometrial cells is unknown. The types of endometrial cells infected have not been delineated. In this proposal, I plan to elucidate the nature of the molecular interactions between the gonococcus and human
12 Endometriosis
endometrial epithelia. Based on my preliminary studies, I hypothesize that gonococci are internalized by both receptor-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. In order to resolve this hypothesis I propose the following specific aims: 1. Development of a primary human endometrial epithelial cell culture system. 2. Characterization of initial interactions between N. gonorrhoeae and primary endometrial epithelial cells. 3. Characterization of the endometrial receptor(s) for N. ganorrhoeae and the gonococcal ligand for these receptor(s). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENDOMETRIAL INTEGRINS AND UTERINE RECEPTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lessey, Bruce A.; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The endometrium undergoes a period of receptivity towards the embryo, defined by both morphological and biochemical changes. We hypothesize that both endocrine and paracrine regulatory components maintain a "receptive" endometrium. Acquisition of uterine receptivity appears to be associated with disappearance of the progesterone receptor on cycle day 19 to 20. Inadequate progesterone leading to persistent PR results in histological and biochemical immaturity of the endometrium. EGF and EGF-like molecules are important to implantation in both human and rodent species. One endometrial integrin, the alpha v beta vitronectin receptor, appears in the glandular and luminal epithelium at or near the time of embryo attachment, and later in the decidua, when invasion occurs. This integrin is inhibited by estrogen and progesterone and stimulated by EGF. Further, certain conditions associated with infertility exhibit aberrant alpha v beta 3 expression. The purpose os this proposal is to 1)document the use of the alpha v beta 3 integrin marker of uterine receptivity for diagnosis of defects in uterine receptivity in women with infertility, 2) discover shared attributes of women with these defects, 3) identify other proteins or endometrial products aberrantly expressed in the setting of defective uterine receptivity, and 4) clarify the molecular mechanisms regulating endometrial cycle-specific integrin expression. We hypothesize that inflammatory cytokines and androgens contribute to these deficits. To accomplish this we plan to prospectively examine alpha v beta 3 in women with infertility during their initial evaluation and to randomize those with endometriosis to two treatment regimens. Secondly, we will investigate the expression of the alpha v beta 3 integrin in women with polycystic ovarian disease associated with hyperandrogenism and anovulation. RIA will be used to compare concentrations of sex steroids, peptide hormones and selected cytokines between groups, in serum and in peritoneal fluid. The expression of androgen receptors in endometrium of normal and hyperandrogenic women will be examined. Regulation of the beta 3 integrin subunit gene will be investigated using an in vitro model of endometrial epithelium, the well characterized Ishikawa cell line, we will determine the effects of hormones, paracrines factors, and peritoneal fluid on the regulation of the alpha v beta integrin. With the beta 3 promoter in a CAT reporter gene construct, the regulatory sequences involved in control of this integrin subunit will be defined. It is expected that a better understanding of the mediators of normal cycle fecundity will improve our ability to diagnosis and treat couples with infertility as well as to aid in developing new methods of contraception. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENDOMETRIOSIS :TRADITIONAL MEDICINE VS HORMONE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hammerschlag, Richard; Research Director; None; Oregon College of Oriental Medicine 10525 Se Cherry Blossom Dr Portland, or 97216 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): Endometriosis is a significant public health problem affecting 10-15% of women of childbearing age, many of whom suffer persistent pelvic pain and infertility. Therapeutic options include surgery and hormone therapy that are often temporarily effective but produce unwanted side-effects. The present proposal, based on case series reports of the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM: acupuncture and Chinese herbs) for this condition, aims to evaluate whether TCM is as effective as hormone therapy for alleviating endometriosis-related chronic pain. The study is designed as a prospective trial of 66 women, with laparoscopy-diagnosed endometriosis, randomized to TCM or hormone therapy. Women assigned to TCM will be divided into four sub-groups on the basis of the diagnostic categories of endometriosis recognized by TCM. A pre-established acupuncture protocol and herbal formula specific for each sub-group will be followed. This aspect of the research design permits an important feature of the clinical practice of TCM (matching treatment to sub-group diagnosis) to be adopted in a clinical trial. Women assigned to hormone therapy will be treated with the gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), nafarelin, chosen for this study on the basis of its clinical trial-established efficacy, ease of patient usage via intranasal spray and milder sideeffect profile relative to other GnRHa's. Pelvic pain symptoms (patient-scored) and signs (physician-scored) will be assessed at baseline, after 12 weeks of treatment, and at 12and 24-week post-treatment follow-up. Pelvic examination scores will be determined by a physician blinded to the treatment group assignments. Side effects, including those of pseudomenopause known to result from GnRHa therapy, will be recorded in both groups at 4-week intervals during the 12-week treatment, and at each follow-up time. A further objective is to make a preliminary assessment of whether diagnostic sub-groups of endometriosis recognized by TCM serve as predictors of differential response to hormone therapy. Data obtained from this study, on treatment effectiveness, side effect profiles, recurrence of symptoms, compliance with therapy and drop-out rates, will be used to design a large-scale clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENDOMETRIOSIS ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Timms, Kathy L.; Mellon Pitts Corporation (Mpc Corp) Pittsburgh, Pa 152133890 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ENDOMETRIOSIS IN BABOON--ESTABLISHMENT /FERTILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fazleabas, Asgerally T.; Professor; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 02-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside of the uterine cavity. It is one of the most common causes of infertility and chronic
14 Endometriosis
pelvic pain and affects 1 in 10 women in the reproductive age group. It is inherited in a polygenic manner with a complex and multifactorial etiology. Although existence of this disease has been known for over 100 years, our current knowledge of its pathogenesis, the pathophysiology of related infertility and its spontaneous evolution is limited. Several reasons contribute to our lack of knowledge, the most critical being the difficulty in carrying out objective long term studies in women. Therefore, we have developed an appropriate non-human primate to study the etiology of this disease. We propose that endometriosis develops in two distinct phases. Phase I is invasive and dependent on ovarian steroids. Phase II, which is the active phase of the disease, is characterized by endogenous estrogen biosynthesis. Using the baboon model for endometriosis we will; 1) explore the role of paracrine factors produced by the endometrial tissue itself in endometriosis; 2) determine the role of endocrine factors on the ectopic establishment of endometrial tissue; and 3) investigate the physiological consequences of endometriosis on reproduction. Specifically, in Specific Aim 1, we will use the in vivo model system to characterize changes in estrogen receptor and aromatase gene expression during disease progression. These changes will establish the role for estrogen to directly or indirectly regulate metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and MMP-7) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to enable menstrual tissues to implant in an ectopic site. In Specific Aim 2 we will determine the role of ovarian steroids, particularly estradiol, in the establishment of endometriotic lesions. We propose to use three treatment modalities following introduction of menstrual effluent into the peritoneal cavity: a) suppression of ovarian function following menses with GnRH agonists; b) addition of low doses of exogenous progesterone during the follicular phases; c) ovariectomy and steroid replacement following menstruation. In Specific Aim 3 we will determine the effects of endometriotic lesions on uterine receptivity. Using a simulated pregnant baboon model we will determine if the hCG-induced, functional changes in both epithelial and stromal cells are affected in baboons with endometriosis during the period of uterine receptivity. In addition, we will determine if treatment with an aromatase inhibitor suppresses the disease and reverses the deleterious effects on endometriosis on uterine receptivity. These studies will provide significant information on the establishment and progression of endometriosis and its potential effects on fertility. These studies have direct relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease in women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENDOMETRIOTIC HAPTOGLOBIN ALTERS MACROPHAGE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sharpe-Timms, Kathy L.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Endometriosis affects 5 1/2 million reproductive age women and girls in the USA and Canada, and millions more worldwide, causing pelvic pain and infertility. Diagnosis and treatment require costly, invasive surgery to identify and ablate ectopic endometrial tissue. Endometriosis is one of the three top reasons for hysterectomy in the USA; over 1/2 million hysterectomies are performed annually at an estimated cost of more than $5 billion. Yet, the pathogenesis of endometriosis remains poorly defined. The long-term objectives of this research are to develop novel methods of medical management by characterizing endometriotic secretory proteins that correlate with the cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of endometriosis. This research evolves from the discovery that endometriotic lesions actually synthesize and secrete haptoglobin (Hp). Intriguingly, endometriotic
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15
haptoglobin (eHp) is differentially glycosylated compared to hepatic Hp. Preliminary data support a pathologically relevant role for eHp in the aberrant immunological phenomena that support the disease process in women with endometriosis. The hypothesis to be tested is that by expressing eHp, endometriotic tissues from women with endometriosis avoid phagocytic eradication while stimulating peritoneal macrophage inflammatory cytokine secretion. In turn, the macrophage cytokines increase endometriotic tissue eHp production, creating a local, feed-forward loop between ectopic endometrium and macrophages favoring the establishment of endometriosis. To test this hypothesis, peritoneal macrophages, and endometriotic lesions when present, will be collected from women without and with endometriosis. These immune cells and tissues will be used to investigate three specific aims: 1) Identify the effects of eHp on peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis by analyzing the five steps of macrophage function in vitro including chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, oxidative metabolism and activation. 2) Characterize a ligand/receptor mechanism whereby eHp causes aberrant macrophage function, by selectively altering eHp glycans and/or blocking peritoneal macrophage integrins. 3) Quantify the effects of macrophage inflammatory cytokines and growth factors on eHp synthesis and secretion. These experiments will provide insight into the pathogenesis of endometriosis by determining if endometriotic tissues, peritoneal macrophages or both are responsible for this pathology, if this mechanism is unique to women with endometriosis and confirm our feedforward hypothesis. As a result, novel non-invasive strategies for early detection and innovative treatment of endometriosis may be developed that markedly reduce the health burden of this malady. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND BIOLOGIC PREDICTORS OF IVF SUCCESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cramer, Daniel W.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: In 1994, more than 39,000 cycles involving ART were performed in the United States. Given the cost of approximately 8,000 per cycle, studies are needed which could improve the likelihood that ART will result in a successful pregnancy. In 1994, the investigators initiated a study of couples seeking ART that involved collect of baseline epidemiologic data, treatment variables, and biological specimens. The preliminary data collected on 927 couples, support published findings and suggest exciting new ones. Only 8 percent of women over the age of 39 years became pregnant other first ART cycle and the number of eggs retrieved during ART decline more rapidly after the age of 33 years. Key exposure examined in men and women included caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco. In women, smoking was the principal exposure that decreased number of eggs retrieved. The decrease occurred in both current and former smokers. In men, caffeine use decreased ART success. This association was not present if the ART cycle involved direct injection of sperm in eggs which suggests that caffeine (or tannins in coffee or tea) could be affecting ART success (or natural fertility) by interfering with sperm-egg penetration. Women with the primary diagnosis of endometriosis had fewer eggs retrieved, whereas diagnosis of hernia or varicocele was linked to decreased sperm concentration. Use of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist in a long or down regulation fashion prior to ovarian stimulation was associated with markedly better ART success and egg retrieval than used in the short or flare regimen. The joint effect of these female, male and treatment variables will be examined in discrete failure application, the investigators propose continuation of the study, anticipating that in
16 Endometriosis
increase in the sample size of 3,000 would allow them to examine important associations in diagnostic or treatment subgroups, as well as expand the power to study other intriguing preliminary findings. These include an association between endometriosis and a polymorphic variant, known as N314D, a key gene in galactose metabolism; evidence that acetaminophen use may lower follicle stimulating hormone levels; and evidence that alcohol use in men adversely affect sperm morphology. The investigators' ability to study male factor infertility will be enhanced by collection of a blood specimen from men and retrieval of residual semen after ART. The continued goal is to assess the effect of epidemiologic and biologic markers and treatment-related variables of ART success and to address broader aspects of reproductive physiology by examining gamete number and quality as outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES AND TCDD EXPOSURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Eskenazi, Brenda; Professor; None; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1996; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The proposed project is a continuation of the Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS), ongoing since 1996 (R01ES07171). The original purpose of the SWHS was to investigate the relationship of 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, or dioxin) and endometriosis in a nested casecontrol study embedded in a cohort of women exposed to extremely high levels of dioxin as a result of a chemical plant explosion in 1976 in Seveso, Italy. In order to identify cases and controls, the cohort of women aged 0 to 40 years at the time of accident, and who lived in Zone A (n=234) or Zone B (n=1,039) were interviewed extensively about their reproductive and pregnancy histories. Assessments included a blood draw, a pelvic examination, and transvaginal ultrasound. Participants were also asked to complete a menstrual diary. A unique strength of the study is that individual body burden TCDD levels can be measured in sera collected soon after the accident. More than 95% of the women were located twenty years after the accident and roughly 80% of the members of the cohort have participated. The current plan is to analyze the data collected in the SWHS to examine reproductive endpoints other than endometriosis, and to analyze the sera for TCDD necessary to examine these endpoints. In particular, the project will investigate the relationship of TCDD levels in sera with menstrual cycle characteristics (e.g. cycle length and flow), age of menarche, fetal loss, birthweight, clinical infertility, time to conception, and age at menopause. These endpoints were chosen, based on extensive rodent and rhesus monkey data, indicating that exposed animals experience higher rates of fetal mortality and resorption, smaller litter size, lower birthweight, lowered fecundity rates and, more recently, menstrual irregularities, reduced ovulation, delayed onset of puberty, and early onset of menopause. It is because of these animal data that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is reassessing the allowable exposure levels of TCDD, which is ubiquitous in industrialized areas. There are also concerns that the non-cancer effects of this chemical may be the even more urgent threat to humans. The proposed investigation will be the first comprehensive reproductive health study conducted in human populations exposed to TCDD. If the findings in this highly exposed cohort with well-characterized individual exposure data do not confirm the animal findings, there can be less concern about human health effects, thereby having important policy implications for the regulation of TCDD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FETAL ENDOMETRIOSIS
DIOXIN
EXPOSURE
AND
THE
Studies
17
PATHOLOGY
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Osteen, Kevin G.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-MAY-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Endometriosis is a complex and persistent disease, which most often develops following retrograde menstruation and ectopic establishment of endometrial fragments. Ectopic growth is an invasive event, which mimics cancer metastasis, and women with endometriosis appear to have an increased risk for the development of certain neoplasms. Estrogen exposure predisposes development of endometriosis, while progesterone exposure, either therapeutically or during pregnancy, may lower a woman's risk of the disease. Exposure to dioxin (TCDD:2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), an endocrine and immune disrupting toxin increased the rate of spontaneous endometriosis in an exposed primate colony and, at autopsy revealed aggressive endometriosis in exposed animals. Although an association between TCDD and the development of endometriosis in women remains speculative, our studies using a mouse model of endometriosis has revealed TCDD treatment is associated with increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a more aggressive disease. A potential mechanism of TCDD action associated with endometriosis is as an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-132, an essential tissue factor for normal embryonic development as well as MMP regulation in adult tissues. In order to assess the possibility that in utero or neonatal exposure to TCDD may permanently alter steroid-mediated regulation of MMPs later in life, we propose the development of in vivo and in vitro murine (mouse) models in which to explore MMP regulation. Although mice do not spontaneously develop endometriosis, recent data suggest the disease may have an origin in defective steroid sensitivity in the uterus. Identifying the mechanisms by which fetal/neonatal TCDD disrupts steroid-mediated MMP regulation in the adult mouse uterus will provide insight into the potential role of toxin exposure in the development of endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Conn, P M.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Studies dealing with the biochemical and molecular mechanism of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) action have served to (a) identify new human and veterinary uses for GnRH and its analogs, (b) bring these uses to fruition through a rational process based on understanding of the mechanism of hormone action, and (c) provide the means for anticipating, understanding, and ameliorating side-effects of the agents. FDA approvals of GnRH agonists for the treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty, as well as for the use of natural sequence GnRH to induce ovulation and to test the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, are examples of the clinical usefulness derived from these fundamental observations. There are multiple advantages to the study of GnRH-stimulation of the gonadotrope that make it facile to collect interpretable data (a) GnRH stimulation of the gonadotrope cell has clearly defined, specific and measurable endpoints release of endocr ine (a nd potentially endocrine) substances (LH, FSH, secretogranin II, ?-subunit of gonadotropin), regulation of target cell sensitivity, regulation of the GnRH receptor, and biosynthesis of released
18 Endometriosis
substances. (b) The releasing hormone itself (as well as its agonists and antagonists) can be radioiodinated to high specific activity. (c) Many (>3,000) analogs exist that can be chemically derivatized without loss of biological activity. Antagonists and agonists which bind the receptor with greater affinities than the natural sequence GnRH are available. (d) Virtually all known agonists and antagonists are Apure@ in action and metabolically stable agonists are available. The present project is divided into areas of focus that form the basis of organization of the work. The first will provide information on the structure of the GnRH receptor and early actions following the interaction of the receptor with GnRH and its analogs and should advance our understanding of the receptor in the mec hanism of GnRH action. The second area will provide information on the relationship between the multiple effector mechanisms already implicated in GnRH action with the multiple actions stimulated by the releasing hormone (release of multiple endocrine substances, regulation of target cell responsiveness, biosynthesis, and regulation of receptor number). This is important since considerable confusion remains regarding these relations. The third area involves understanding the molecular sites of action of activin and inhibin in relation to GnRH action and are significant to understand the actions of these agents in vivo. The approaches will take advantage of newly available genetic probes, antisera, and cell lines. FUNDING NIH HD19899 PUBLICATIONS Conn PM, Parker JV. Animal rights reaching the public. Science 282:1417, 1998. Conn PM (editor-in-chief). Clinical Management of Diabetic Neuropathy. Contemporary Endocrinology Vol 7 (A Veves, ed). Totowa, NJ Humana, 347 pp, 1998. Conn PM (editor-in-chief). G Proteins, Receptors, and Disease. Contemporary Endocrinology Vol 6 (A Spiegel, ed). Totowa, NJ Humana, 324 pp, 1998. Conn PM, Jennes J, Janovick JA. GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone). In Encyclopedia of Reproduction (E Knobil, JD Neill, eds). New York, NY Academic Press, pp 464-477, 1998. Conn PM. Make science relevant, human and clear. The Scientist 12:9, 1998. Cornea A, Janovick JA, Stanislaus D, Conn PM. Redistribution of Gq/11? in pituitary gonadotrope in response to a GnRH agonist. Endocrinology 1:397-402, 1998. Lin X, Janovick JA, Brothers S, Blomenrvhr J, Bogerd J, Conn PM. Addition of catfish gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor intracellular carboxyl-terminal tail to rat GnRH receptor alters receptor expression and regulation. Mol Endocrinol 12:161-171, 1998. Lin X, Janovick JA, Conn PM. Mutations at the consensus phosphorylation sites in the third intracellular loop of the rat GnRH receptor effects on receptor ligand binding and signal transduction. Biol Reprod 59:1470-1476, 1998. Lin X, Conn PM. Transcriptional activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor gene by GnRH and cyclic AMP. Endocrinology 139:3896-3902, 1998. Lin X, Cornea A, Janovick JA, Conn PM. Visualization of unoccupied and occupied gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in living cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 146:27-37, 1998. Stanislaus D, Ponder S, Ji T, Conn PM. GnRH receptor couples to multiple G-proteins in gonadotropes and in GGH3 cells evidence from palmitoylation and overexpression of G-proteins. Biol Reprod 59:579-586, 1998. Stanislaus D, Janovick JA, Ji T, Wilkie T, Offermanns S, Conn PM. Gonadotropin and gonadal steroid release in response to a GnRH agonist in Gq? and G11? knockout mice. Endocrinology 139:2710-2717, 1998. Stanislaus D, Pinter J, Janovick JA, Conn PM. Mechanisms mediating multiple physiological responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 144:110, 1998. Ulloa-Aguirre A, Stanislaus D, Arora V, Vddndnen J, Brothers S, Janovick JA, Conn PM. The third intracellular loop of the rat gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor couples the receptor to Gs- and Gq/11-mediated signal transduction pathways evidence from loop fragment transfection in GGH3 cells. Endocrinology 5:2472-2478, 1998. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Conn, Paul M.; Professor & Chairman of Pharmacology; None; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1984; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Studies dealing with the biochemical and molecular mechanism of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) action have served to: (a) identify new clinical and veterinary uses for GnRH and its analogs, (b) bring these uses to fruition through a rational process based on understanding of the mechanism of hormone action, and (c) provide the means for anticipating, understanding, and ameliorating side-effects of the agents. FDA approvals of GnRH agonists for the treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty, as well as for the use of natural sequence GnRH to induce ovulation, and to test the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, are examples of the clinical usefulness derived from these fundamental observations. There are multiple advantages to the study of GnRH- stimulation of the gonadotrope that make it facile to collect interpretable data: (a) GnRH stimulation of the gonadotrope cell has clearly defined, specific and measurable endpoints: release of endocrine (and potentially endocrine) substances (LH, FSH, secretogranin II, alpha- subunit of gonadotropin), regulation of target cell sensitivity, regulation of the GnRH receptor, and biosynthesis of released substances. (b)The releasing hormone itself (as well as its agonists and antagonists) can be radioiodinated to high specific activity. (c) Many (>3,000) analogs exist that can be chemically derivatized without loss of biological activity. Antagonists and agonists which bind the receptor with greater affinities than the natural sequence GnRH are available. (d) Virtually all known agonists and antagonists are "pure" in action and metabolically stable agonists are available. The present project is divided into three areas of focus that are detailed in the "Specific Aims" section and form the basis of organization of the "Research Design and Methods" section. The first area will provide information on the structure of the GnRH receptor and early actions following the interaction of the receptor with GnRH and its analogs. At the present time, due to technical difficulties in dealing with the receptor itself, it has not been possible to use standard techniques to purify or even solubilize the receptor for a protracted period. Accordingly, these studies should advance our understanding of the receptor in the mechanism of GnRH action. The second area will provide information on the relationship between the multiple effector mechanisms already implicated in GnRH action with the multiple actions stimulated by the releasing hormone (release of multiple endocrine substances, regulation of target cell responsiveness, biosynthesis, and regulation of receptor number). This is important since considerable confusion remains regarding these relationships. The third area involves understanding the molecular sites of action of activin and inhibin in relation to GnRH action and are significant to understand the actions of these agent in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HORMONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES & CELL GROWTH IN ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sidell, Neil; Professor; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
20 Endometriosis
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Project Title: HORMONE-ACTION AND CYTOKINE REGULATION OF DECIDUA CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chaffin, Charles L.; Associate Professor; Phys Med and Rehabilitation; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Our objectives are to demonstrate with morphological and biochemical evidence that progesterone actions modulate positive and negative growth factors, cell cycle regulators, and cytokines which in turn regulate the stromal cell cycle and cell survival/death during pregnancy in the rat. We hypothesize that protein kinase C plays a pivotal role in mediating these actions. The experimental designs take advantage of the in vivo change in the threshold of stromal cells for PKC-stimulated apoptosis in decidual basalis of the rat at day 10 of pregnancy when the threshold is high and at day 14 when the threshold is low. Our goal is to lower the threshold for apoptosis by ovariectomy (Ovx), administration of anti-progestins and phorbol esters by enhancing PKC activity. We hypothesize the down- stream effects include enhanced expression of cell cycle arrest proteins and effectors of apoptosis. The threshold for apoptosis will be increased by administering progesterone to Ovx pregnant rats and drugs that inhibit PKC activity. We will examine stromal cells for changes in progesterone receptor isoform expression (PR-A, -B, -C), regulators of cell cycle progression (D-cyclins, PCNA) and arrest (p21, p27). Signaling pathways leading to cell death are monitored by expression of Bcl2, Bax, PKC, caspase-3 by Western blot analysis and enzyme assay. The cell-types involved and the distribution of cytokine expression are evaluated by immunochemistry. The role of progesterone and downstream bioactive signals that confer cell cycle progression and resistance to cell death, thus, will be distinguished from anti-progestin/PKC mediated pathways that lead to apoptosis and cell death in a relatively natural context. We hypothesize that each element in the network functions as an active and reactive link in the highly integrated scheme of protein signals that regulate the stromal cell cycle and that the effects of regulatory agents depend upon the cellular context for modulation and interpretation of cytokine signals. The results from this project will lead to a better understanding of the role of progesterone in maintenance of pregnancy and stromal cell function. The results will also provide a physiologic basis for the clinical manipulation of apoptotic thresholds to change the natural progression of related proliferative diseases such as uterine leiomyomatas and endometriosis and aid in the design of cytotoxic chemotherapies and immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of gynecologic cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HYALURONAN/CD44 AND THE EARLY ENDOMETRIOTIC LESION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schenken, Robert S.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disease affecting up to 10% of reproductive-age women. Despite this high prevalence and the severe symptoms associated with the disease, little is known about the pathogenesis of endometriosis. One theory, known as Sampson's theory, proposes that fragments of menstrual endometrium pass retrograde through the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity where they attach and grow on peritoneal surfaces. We recently developed a novel in vitro model of endometriosis using explants of human peritoneum or
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mesothelial cell monolayers and mechanically dispersed endometrial cells. Our studies demonstrate that endometrial fragments rapidly adhere to intact cultured peritoneal mesothelium. Both ESC and EEC adhere to peritoneal mesothelium within one hour of plating. Recent studies suggest that hyaluronan, a linear disaccharides polymer produced by mesothelium, and CD44, a multifunctional type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that regulates cell-cell interactions, are involved in the binding of ovarian cancer and gastric cancer cells to mesothelium. Using our model, we demonstrated that hyaluronidase inhibits attachment of endometrial cells to mesothelial cells suggesting that hyaluronan/CD44 is also involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. A significant body of evidence using cell types other than endometrial suggests that the CD44 isoform expression, CD44 cell surface density, and CD44 glycosylation/glycosaminoglycanation pattern differentially affect a cells ability to adhere to hyaluronan. Our preliminary data demonstrate that endometrial epithelial cells from women with endometriosis have a greater ability to bind to mesothelial cells and that binding to mesothelial cells is dependent on the cell surface density of CD44. These observations coupled with the variable expression of CD44 isoforms in human endometrium lead us to hypothesize that the qualitative and quantitative expression of CD44 regulates the ability of endometrial cells to adhere to peritoneal mesothelium. The novel experiments described herein will characterize CD44 cell isoform expression, cell surface density and glycosylation/glycosaminoglycanation patterns in endometrial cells of women with and without endometriosis. This will enhance our understanding of the development of the early endometriotic lesion. The findings should enable us to predict a woman's risk of developing endometriosis based on endometrial cell CD44 characteristics and suggest new approaches to prevent the disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN UTERO PCB EXPOSURE & MENSTRUAL DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hauser, Russ B.; Assistant Professor; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Taken from application) Currently, there is scientific and public concern about whether exposure to putative endocrine disruptors, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are associated with adverse reproductive health effects. This concern stems from studies showing that PCB residues are found in a large proportion in a large proportion of the general population, as well as animal and some human studies suggesting possible associations of exposure to PCBs with altered reproductive function. The proposed study will investigate the relationship between PCBs and endometriosis, which is an important public health issue because it affects more than five million women in the United States and has large social and economic impacts. Endometriosis is a relatively common disease (prevalence estimated at 5 to 10%) that can affect fertility as well as other aspects of a woman's general health and well-being. Animal and human data suggest that the critical exposure window for endocrine disruptors may be in utero because the developing fetus is extremely sensitive to endocrine hormones during reproductive development. Therefore, the proposed epidemiologic study is designed to investigate the relationship between in utero exposure, the hypothesized critical exposure window, and endometriosis and menstrual cycle dysfunction. The proposed project, a case-control study nested in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP) cohort, will extend follow-up through the reproductive years of the daughters of the pregnant women recruited in the NCPP (1959-1966). During pregnancy, one or more blood samples were taken from the pregnant women and archived. The daughters
22 Endometriosis
will be traced and will complete a question on endometriosis and menstrual cycle characteristics. Cases are daughters with laparoscopy-confirmed endometriosis. The NCPP cohort provides a unique opportunity to study in utero exposure to PTCBs and female reproductive to PCBs and female reproductive health without having to initiate an expensive prospective study and follow individuals for 20 or more years. In addition, in the proposed, a current blood sample will be analyzed to reflect adult PCB levels that may confound the relationship between endometriosis and in utero PCB exposure, and will serve as a source of additional information on cumulative exposure. The area of human reproductive health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as PCBs, was identified as a current topic for special emphasis by the NIEHS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INFLAMMATION AND OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Ness, Roberta B.; Professor and Chair; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The cause of ovarian cancer is unclear. We have suggested that inflammation may be involved. Ovulation, endometriosis, and talc use all promote inflammation, and all increase the risk of ovarian cancer; tubal ligation and hysterectomy prevent the ovaries from being exposed to inflammants, and reduce risk. Furthermore, inflammation entails DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress, and elevations in prostaglandins and cytokines, all of which may be mutagenic. Building on our track record of success with conducting ovarian cancer case-control studies, we propose a population-based study to examine the role of inflammation in the risk for ovarian cancer. We will enroll 900 women with incident ovarian cancer (cases) from hospitals in Western Pennsylvania, Northern Ohio, and Western New York. One thousand eight hundred controls, ascertained via random digit dialing, will be frequency matched to cases on age, race, and residence. Using in-person standardized interviews and blood draws, we propose to: 1) evaluate whether non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) protect against ovarian cancer; 2) compare in cases and controls allelic variants in inflammatory and antinflammatory cytokines and growth factors including IL-1, TNF-a, IL-10, IGF-1 and TGF-b; 3) evaluate whether markers of past PID, i.e. higher antibody titers to chlamydia and its related heat shock protein (HSP)-60, relate to ovarian cancer; 4) in a secondary aim, explore whether allelic variants in the NSAID metabolizing enzymes CYP2C9 and UGT1A6 interact with NSAID use to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Exploring the relationships among inflammatory predisposition, inflammatory exposures, anti-inflammatory medications, and ovarian cancer represents a novel avenue of research. In particular, NSAID use may prove to be a potentially important chemopreventative for this often-fatal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERMEDIATE ALTERNATIVES
OUTCOMES
OF
HYSTERECTOMY
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuppermann, Miriam; Ob, Gyn and Reproductive Scis; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2007 Summary: (TAKEN FROM APPLICANT): The proposed application expands on our existing prospective longitudinal study of 811 women with non-cancerous uterine
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conditions for which hysterectomy is a reasonable treatment option: abnormal uterine bleeding, symptomatic uterine leiomyomata, and pelvic pain/endometriosis. The principal aims of the proposed study are to 1) determine whether and how intermediate-term (4-8 year) clinical and qualityof- life outcomes differ by treatment group (hysterectomy, uterus-preserving surgery, or non-surgical treatments) for their uterine conditions; and 2) develop predictive models of treatment choice and satisfaction from a broad array of domains. The proposed expansion of the existing study is motivated by two main factors. First, by increasing the size of our cohort by an additional 700 we will extend the mean duration of follow-up from 1.7 to 4.1 years, and we will obtain at least four years of follow-up data on over 976 women. The increased sample at four years will allow us to accrue an adequate number of women undergoing hysterectomy and non-surgical treatments to support a statistically meaningful comparison. Because symptoms for women with noncancerous uterine conditions typically extend from the early 40?s to menopause, including intermediate-term, face this decision, providing useful information will help equip women and their physicians to make informed, shared decisions. Second, we will enhance our measures of sexual functioning, depression, and incontinence, and include assessments of newly available alternative treatments. These additions reflect changes in the understanding of the role of these factors in the management of non-cancerous uterine conditions since the inception of the original study. The results of this study are central to our long-term goal of improving decision making in the management of non-cancerous uterine conditions. The findings that emerge from the proposed study will be relevant to the development of evidence-based guidelines and the creation of decision-assisting tools to help women with non-cancerous uterine conditions make informed choices regarding their treatment during their decade of risk for hysterectomy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LHRH SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINE FOR PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Finstad, Connie L.; United Biomedical, Inc. 25 Davids Dr Hauppauge, Ny 11788 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: United Biomedical, Inc, (UBI) has developed an alternative approach to injectable LHRH agonists and other androgen-ablation therapies for the treatment of prostate cancer through development of an anti-LHRH immune response. The LHRH synthetic peptide vaccine comprises the LHRH decapeptide covalently linked to helper T cell epitopes and to an additional peptide that provides specific immune adjuvanting activities. This molecular conformation produces a potent B cell response and antiLHRH antibodies in sufficiently high titer to neutralize circulating LHRH and thereby suppress androgen production. Studies in rodents have demonstrated that the LHRH peptide vaccine can rouse a specific immune response that inhibits and androgendependent tumor growth in the host by blocking synthesis of testosterone. The goal is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the LHRH peptide vaccine prepared in several adjuvant formulations to induce antibody adult male baboons. If successful, these preclinical studies will provide supporting data for an IND application and the testing of the LHRH peptide vaccine formulation as an alternative hormonal ablative therapy for prostate cancer. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The LHRH synthetic peptide vaccine is an immunotherapy for the treatment of androgen-responsive, advanced prostate cancer. This vaccine is predicted to be effective because its mode of action is analogous to the LHRH agonist-androgen-ablation therapies currently used to treat prostate cancer as well as other hormone-responsive benign conditions and tumors
24 Endometriosis
(e.g., endometriosis, leiomyoma). Commercial advantages of the LHRH vaccine therapy over agonists include improved patient compliance and less costly treatment option. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LIVING WITH CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN: PERSONAL/SOCIAL IMPACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Strzempko, Fran M.; Dean's Office; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is an ambiguous and disabling condition, affecting 10-15% of U.S. women of reproductive age. Endometriosis, a condition for which there is no effective treatment, is the most common diagnosis of CPP. Common symptoms include pelvic pain, and dyspareunia. Relationship and role disruptions in endometriosis are reported, but the woman and couple's symptom experiences and responses have not been documented. The purpose of this study is to articulate the woman and her partner's illness understanding, symptom experience, and relationship responses to living with CPP. The larger aim is to develop knowledge to support the holistic care for women with CPP, so we may provide humanistic and effective nursing interventions for women and their partners. The proposed study is a mixed-method design, with qualitative methodology as primary. Interpretive phenomenology guides the design and conduct of the study. A measurement of distress and affective response is the adjunct quantitative method. Specific aims are: 1) articulate the commonalities and differences of the lived experience of women who have CPP with a diagnosis of endometriosis, and their partners; 2) describe the symptom experience from the woman and her intimate partner's perspective; 3) compare dyadic versus individual constructions of living with endometriosis; and 4) describe the relationship between the woman and her partner's symptom experience. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MACROPHAGES, OXIDATION, AND ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Parthasarathy, Sampath; Professor and Director; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Endometriosis is a common disorder that inflicts pain and suffering and is often the cause of infertility in women. There is a consensus that retrograde menstruation may account for the presence of endometrial cells in the peritoneal cavity. However, little is known regarding the etiology of the disease or why the disease occurs only in certain women despite the common occurrence of retrograde menstruation in most women. This program has five projects that propose novel hypotheses regarding the events that may lead to the establishment of endometriosis lesions. These ideas are extended as innovative specific aims that would be addressed using biochemical, immunological, and molecular biological techniques. Project 1 proposes that fundamental alterations in endometrial cell and macrophage scavenger functions to the peritoneal cavity of women with endometriosis are responsible for the survival and growth of the ectopic endometrium. Project 2 proposes an active mechanism by which intrinsic components of the peritoneal fluid may exacerbate an oxidative milieu that is conducive to the recruitment of mononuclear cells and the growth of the endometrial
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cells. This project suggests the presence of mildly oxidized lipoprotein components in the peritoneal fluid. Project 3 proposes that CSF-1 may play both autocrine and paracrine roles in promoting not only the growth of the endometrial cells but also in protecting macrophages from apoptotic death thereby increasing their survival in the peritoneal cavity. Project 4 will study the pharmacological regulation of macrophage scavenger function, production of cytokines, and endometrial cell growth. The effects of antioxidants, hormones, and retinoids on these functions will be determined. Project 5, the mini clinical project will establish the presence and differences in the markers of oxidative stress in the plasma of endometriosis subjects and controls. This project will also evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants to alter the levels of these markers. The program is supported by an administrative core and a tissue/cell culture core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MBRS SCORE PROGRAM AT THE PONCE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Torres-Ruiz, Jose A.; Associate Professor; Biochemistry; Ponce School of Medicine G.P.O. Box 7004 Ponce, Pr 00731 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this supplemental application we are requesting funds to support three additional subprojects in the MBRS-SCORE Program at the Ponce School of Medicine. The goals of our MBRS-SCORE Program are to: 1) increase the biomedical research productivity, 2) the scientific competitiveness and recognition of the faculty, 3) by providing first rate research and development opportunities, and 4) in creating a stimulating research atmosphere at the institution. The present supplemental application contains three (3) new MBRS subprojects. These initiatives include both basic and clinical research activities from faculty in the departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Physiology. The diverse projects include such areas as endometriosis, gastric human physiology, retrovirology, molecular biology, and bacterial genetics. These research projects will be sustained by an administrative component and by technical and personnel support that includes collaborators, consultants, and laboratory technicians. In addition, some of the activities will be complementary to other minority targeted programs in the institution such as the RCMI Program, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Initiative for Biomedical Research Institutions Program, the Health Careers Opportunity Program (HCOP) and, eventually the MBRS RISE Program. Progress in the Specific Aims of each project and in the overall aims of the Program will be evaluated yearly in a formative report and at the end in a summative document. Progress and achievements of the Program will be assessed continuously through an ongoing formative evaluation intended to provide information to improve the performance in the various program subprojects and though a summative evaluation that will finally assess the Program's success and the extent to which the completed project has met its goals. Both the evaluation of the implementation to assess whether the Program is being conducted as planned and of the process, the assessment, and the progress being made by the participant in meeting the individual subprojects and the program goals will be performed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS FOR RACIAL DISPARITY IN PRETERM BIRTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitti, Jane E.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195
26 Endometriosis
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose a five year population-based prospective cohort study to evaluate the relative contributions to pre term birth of 10 genital tract infection, maternal stress and a genetic predisposition to an enhanced immune response among African American and white women resident in King County, Washington. Potential subjects will be identified through birth certificate data, with appropriate measures to protect confidentiality. We will enroll 100 African American and 100 white women with a prior early preterm birth at 20-34 weeks gestation and a comparison group of 100 African American and 100 white women with prior term birth at >36 weeks. The initial assessment will be performed at least 6 months after the index delivery and will include evaluation of vaginal flora and endometritis, maternal stress by qualitative and quantitative measures, periodontitis, and genetic variability in cytokine production. We will offer participants treatment or referral for any modifiable risk factors for preterm birth that are identified in the initial evaluation. We will then follow subjects prospectively and anticipate that 30-40% of the cohort will have a subsequent pregnancy during follow-up. Women with a subsequent pregnancy will be offered evaluation of vaginal flora, cervical length, and maternal stress with treatment or referral offered for modifiable risk factors. Outcomes for second pregnancies will be ascertained. This study design will allow us to examine the following specific aims: 1. Study the role of increased antigenic stimulation from lower genital tract infection as a determinant of endometritis, chorioamnionitis and preterm birth among African American and white women. 2. Examine the correlation of maternal stress with inflammatory arousal, stratified by race and prior pregnancy history. 3. Assess maternal and fetal genetic contributions to the pro-inflammatory response and correlate these with preterm birth and neonatal outcome. In combination, these inter-related aims will address the most plausible mechanisms by which African American women continue to be at least twice as likely as white women to deliver prematurely. We also plan to explore the synergy between genetic predisposition, maternal stress, inflammatory arousal, lower genital tract infection, and preterm birth. We hypothesize that women with more than one predisposing factor are at a markedly increased risk for preterm birth, and that African American women are more likely than white women to have multiple predisposing factors. We hope that these studies may eventually lead to the development of more effective strategies to prevent preterm birth and to reduce the disparity in preterm birth, low birthweight and infant mortality between African American and white women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS ENDOMETRIOSIS
OF
ESTROGEN
BIOSYNTHESIS
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bulun, Serdar E.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: The long range goal is to characterize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that are responsible for local biosynthesis of estrogen in endometriosis. The findings of our preliminary studies include (i) significant levels of aromatase P450 (P450arom) mRNA, protein and activity in stromal cells of endometriotic tissue but not in eutopic endometrium; (ii) P450arom gene expression directed by promoter II and aromatase activity in endometriotic stromal cells are induced strikingly by PGE2 via EP2 receptors or by cAMP analogs; (iii) differential binding of stimulatory (SF-1) and inhibitory (COUP-TFs) transcription factors upstream of promoter II account for the difference in
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aromatase expression in endometriotic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells; (iv) an unusually severe case of recurrent postmenopausal endometriosis resolved after treatment with an aromatase inhibitor. Thus, molecular aberrations in endometriotic tissue in contrast to eutopic endometrium give rise to increased local concentration of estrogen that promotes the growth and development of pelvic endometriosis. To determine the molecular basis for estrogen and PGE2 formation and estrogen action in endometriosis, we propose the following studies: Initially, we will characterize regulatory elements and differential binding of nuclear proteins to these sequences upstream of P450arom promoter II in endometriotic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells using deletion mutations of this regulatory region, site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Transcription factors that bind to these regulatory sequences will be defined and their roles will be characterized in the regulation of aromatase expression in endometriotic stromal cells. This will be accomplished by screening expression libraries using DNA binding sites as probes and determining the effects of these factors on promoter II activity and aromatase expression. We will define mechanisms whereby PGE2 action and production are regulated in endometriotic tissue. The regulation of expression of EP2 receptors and COX-2 will be evaluated in both endometriotic tissue and eutopic endometrium. Finally, the in vivo significance of local estrogen biosynthesis and estrogen (and progesterone) action will be determined in a mouse model of endometriosis. The rate of formation and the site of surgically transplanted endometriotic lesions will be quantified in transgenic mice with disrupted genes of P450arom, estrogen receptor-alpha and progesterone receptor. The role of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of endometriosis (in comparison with conventional treatments) will also be characterized in this model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MENTORING IN RESEARCH ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Murphy, Ana A.; Professor; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Dr. Ana A. Murphy is a professor in Gynecology and Obstetrics and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Emory University School of Medicine. Dr. Murphy initiated, designed and implemented the Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Fellowship at Emory University that is currently approved by the American board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inc. Dr. Murphy became first Director in1997 and accepted her first fellow in 1998. The goal is to help the mentee became published and recognized and to achieve independent research support. The successful mentor must provide instruction on development of hypotheses that are original and worthwhile, the experimental tools to test the hypotheses, help the mentee identify a worthwhile field of investigation, and to remain focused. The line of research used to train the mentees will be the study of the pathophysiology of endometriosis and leiomyoma. She has demonstrated continued commitment to mentoring and training in patient-orientated research. The main focus of Dr. Murphy's research has been endometriosis, its pathophysiology as well as its surgical/medical treatment. Our hypothesis focuses on oxidative stress as the inciting agent that results in peritoneal fluid changes and activation of macrophages that mediate the infertility and pain seen in these patients. In the first year we have accumulated significant basic and clinical data in support of our hypothesis that a significant oxidative stress occurs in women with endometriosis. Recruitment for Aim 1 is complete and the data is being analyzed. Recruitment is underway for Aims 2,3. We have used RU486 as a biologic probe to
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study the in vivo regulation of endometrium and leiomyoma seen with low dose, in vivo. Preliminary data, has shown that leiomyoma and myometrium immunostain for glycodelin. In turn, glycodelin has been shown to decrease natural killer cell (NK cell) activity which is also decreased in women with leiomyoma. We hypothesize that RU486 has direct antiproliferative effect mediated by its antioxidant activity and an indirect immunomodulatory effect by decreasing glycodelin levels. Glycodelin may increase NK cell activity thus decreasing tumor growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENDOMETRIUM
METALLOPROTEINASE/DISINTEGRIN
FUNCTION
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoffman, Loren H.; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Endometrial epithelial cells undergo dramatic remodeling during the periimplantation period. Such changes include alterations in cell-cell adhesions, in cellmatrix interactions, modified apical-basal polarity, and, in some species, cell-cell fusion. We have documented the expression of an mRNA encoding a transmembrane protein rbMDC9, a member of the ADAMs gene family with potential cell binding, cell-matrix interactions and fusogenic properties. RbMDC9 expression is up-regulated in rabbit endometrium during hormonal preparation for implantation, and expression is further augmented by blastocysts. Preliminary evidence suggests a similar up-regulation in mouse and human uteri. We will test the hypothesis that MDC9 in rabbits serve as an integrin-binding adhesion molecule between epithelial cells and, in doing so, also functions in the redistribution of junction and cytoskeletal proteins. Furthermore, we hypothesize that ADAMs family proteins participate in cell-matrix interactions and in the fusions between adjacent epithelial cells and between trophoblast and epithelial cells during implantation, and in the ectopic attachment and invasion of endometrial tissue during endometriosis. Aim of the project will be 1) to determine if domain specifictargeting and post-translational processing regulate the function of epithelial cell rbMDC9 in peri-implantation-stage endometrium, 2) to determine if rbMDC9 ligand interactions are required for uterine epithelial junction or cytoskeletal protein modifications during implantation, 3) to define the function of rbMDC9 in implantationspecific cell-cell adhesion and/or fusion processes, and determine whether its expression of processing are regulated by blastocysts in vitro, and 4) to determine if MDC9 is expressed in a cycle-specific pattern in endometrium of women with and without endometriosis, and to analyze its regulation and potential roles in the adhesion and invasion of ectopic endometrium in an experimental model of endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METRONIDAZOLE PRETERM BIRTH IN WOMEN
PLUS
ERYTHROMYCIN
TO
PREVENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Caritis, Steve N.; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Aims of the study are to 1)determine whether or not the administration of antimicrobial therapy in women with elevated cervical oncofetal fibronectin will reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, reduce the risk of early neonatal sepsis, clinical chorioamnionitis, and early postpartum endometritis, and 2)determine the effect of
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antimicrobial therapy on fetal fibronectin positivity and its ability to prevent preterm delivery. Patients are screened at the time of a vaginal exam for the presence of cervical oncofetal fibronectin by obtaining two swabs. If the dipstick test for these swabs is positive, the specimen is sent to a central lab for an ELISA assay for the presence of fetal fibronectin. If the assay is positive, the patient is randomized into the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metronidazole 250mg vs. placebo/placebo. Patients take the study drug for 10 days and return for an exam similar to the screening exam. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Rojas-Cartagena, Carmencita; Microbiology; Ponce School of Medicine G.P.O. Box 7004 Ponce, Pr 00731 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Endometriosis is a disorder characterized by the presence of histologically normal endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Endometriosis often presents with symptoms that mimic gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease, which makes it's diagnosis extremely difficult. Both disease produce similar symptoms, and their pathogenesis still remains to be elucidated. The objective of this study is to elucidate the the role of TNF/TNFR expression in rats models of intestinal endometriosis and Crohn's disease. The proposed rat model of Crohn's disease has been extensively used to study the pathophysiology of this disease. The rat model of intestinal endometriosis wil specfically address the pathopysiological role of TNF/TNFR expression in the implantation of ectopic endometrium in the intestine. The specific aims of the proposed plan are to: 1)determine the TNF'-aipha mRNA and protein expression in the implants, intestine, and peritoneal fluid in a rat model of intestinal endometriosis and compare with the rat model of Crohn's disease 2) determine the expression on TNF receptors (TNFR1/TNFR2) in the endometrial implants and associated intestine in a rat model of intestinal endometriosis and compare with the rat model of Crohn's disease 3) determine the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) in both animals models and, 4) establish a specific pathophysiological role of TNF/TNFR signaling for the rat model of intestinal endometriosis and the rat model of Crohn's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF OVARIAN ENDOMETRIOID ADENOCARC Principal Investigator & Institution: Cho, Kathleen R.; Professor; Pathology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Ovarian carcinoma (OvCa) is a major cause of cancer- associated morbidity and mortality for women, yet much remains to be learned about its pathogenesis. Like other cancers, OvCas are thought to arise through a multi-step process in which repeated cycles of somatic mutation and clonal selection produce variant progeny with increasingly aggressive growth properties. The genes mutated in cancer frequently encode proteins that function in conserved signaling pathways. Molecular genetic analyses suggest that the different histologic subtypes of OvCa (e.g., serous, clear cell, mucinous, and endometrioid) may represent distinct disease entities and that OvCa precursor lesions may be subtype specific. Hence, a clearer understanding of OvCa pathogenesis might be more readily attained by focusing molecular genetic studies on
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distinct OvCa types for defects in cell signaling pathways. The ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas (OEAs) share a number of molecular genetic features with uterine endometrioid adenocarcinomas, including frequent mutations of the CTNNB1 gene which encodes beta-catenin (beta-cat), a critical component of the highly conserved Wnt signaling pathway. Previous studies suggest that although the Wnt/beta-cat/Tcf pathway may be defective in a substantial percentage of OEAs, it is only rarely altered in other histologic subtypes of OvCa. This application describes studies that are focused on defining the molecular mechanisms by which Wnt pathway defects contribute to the development and behavior of a specific type of OvCa, namely endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Toward this end, four specific aims are proposed: 1) To complete a comprehensive mutational analysis of genes encoding proteins known to regulate the Wnt/beta-cat/Tcf signaling pathway in a large group of primary OEAs; 2) To characterize expression of candidate downstream genes transcriptionally activated by the beta-cat/Tcf signaling pathway in OEAs with known pathway defects; 3) To examine a spectrum of endometriosis lesions (putative OEA precursors) for defects in beta-cat/Tcf pathway genes, and to determine whether expression of mutant beta-cat results in malignant transformation of immortalized cells derived from endometriosis, and 4) To determine if selected beta-cat/Tcf- activated genes are necessary and/or sufficient for neoplastic transformation by mutant beta-cat in RK3E cells or human cells with relevance to ovarian cancer (immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells expressing telomerase, or cell lines derived from endometriosis). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NESA-HARVARD ACCUPUNCTURE RESEARCH COLLABORATIVE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wayne, Peter M.; None; New England School of Acupuncture 30 Common St Watertown, Ma 02472 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 25-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: As a Developmental Center for Research in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (DCRC), the New England School of Acupuncture (NESA)-Harvard Acupuncture Research Collaborative will bring together leaders from the oriental medicine (OM) and conventional medicine communities to critically evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture, and develop sound methodologies and feasible study designs required for acupuncture research. Our DCRC will strengthen and build upon already ongoing collaborations between NESA, the Harvard Medical School's (HMS) Osher Institute, and two other HMS-affiliated institutions, the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston. The DCRC will support three developmental/exploratory studies and two infrastructure cores (Administrative and Clinical Trials) that will be synergistically integrated by three themes. The first theme centers around diversifying OM research to evaluate the plurality of approaches employed in clinical practice which will be addressed through the evaluation of both Japanese- and Chinese-style acupuncture. The second theme emphasizes the development and implementation of novel research methods that are required to meet the unique challenges posed in clinical trials of acupuncture and OM. One of our three studies will develop, validate, and test the reliability of an instrument used to derive OM diagnoses in the context of clinical trials. Other methodological issues related to individualization of acupuncture treatments, appropriate controls in acupuncture trials, and the development of outcome measures that reflect the treatment philosophy of OM will also be addressed. The third theme addresses the benefits of acupuncture as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of women's health conditions. Specifically, we will study the application of acupuncture to two conditions for which the current evidence
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evaluating its efficacy and safety is limited-- chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in women with ovarian cancer, and chronic pelvic pain in adolescent and young women with endometriosis. Integral to our DCRC are a number of academic and administrative mentoring programs through which HMS faculty, staff, and training programs will assist NESA in developing its clinical research infrastructure and capacity to autonomously sustain a productive research program that combines the highest standards of science and the integrity of traditional OM practices. The ultimate goal of our DCRC will be for NESA to play the lead role in the future submission of R01 and R21 proposals that build upon our developmental studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL NON-PEPTIDE ANTAGONISTS OF THE GNRH RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Struthers, Richard S.; Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. 10555 Science Center Dr San Diego, Ca 921211100 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-APR-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis and uterine fibroids are fairly common and serious diseases in men and women. Their etiology is not fully understood, but all can be treated by removal of endogenous gonadal steroid hormones, testosterone and estrogen. This has led to the discovery of several successful pharmaceutical products based on blocking the actions of the hypothalamic peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Down-regulation of the GnRH receptor by peptide superagonists, or blockade by peptide antagonists, prevents pituitary gonadotropin secretion and leads to dramatic reductions in gonadal steroid production. GnRH-based drugs are now used extensively in these patients, as well as for hormonal manipulation as part of assisted reproductive therapy or for treatment of precocious puberty. Here we propose to develop orally active small molecule antagonists of the GnRH receptor, in order to overcome many of the limitations of these injectable peptide drugs and expand the clinical utility of GnRHbased strategies. In Phase I we have used high-throughput parallel organic synthesis to design multiple chemical series of highly potent, nonpeptide GnRH antagonists. We have also established a series of in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate absorption, distribution and metabolism of these compounds. In Phase II we propose a combination of parallel synthetic chemistry and assay strategies to optimize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of compounds from three of these series in order to produce compounds suitable for clinical development. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORGANIZATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Fanger, Michael W.; Professor of Microbiology & Medicine; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The tissues of the human female reproductive tract (FRT) exhibit defined and organized microenvironments that influence immune cell function. Furthermore, the sex steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone, have a controlling influence on both the afferent and the efferent arms of the immune system. To date, studies of the human mucosal immune system have largely relied on the study of isolated cells, an approach which does not allow evaluation of the influence of tissue architecture and
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microenvironment. Moreover, relatively few studies of the immune system of the human FRT have been carried out. Thus, our current understanding of the organization and function of the immune system in this critically important organ system is clearly inadequate, as is our understanding of the endocrine influences on immunity in these tissues. The proposed studies will use novel in situ techniques, which utilize viable tissue sections, to test the hypothesis that sex hormones regulate immune cell organization and function in the different microenvironments of the uterine endometrium (EM) of the FRT. In particular, we postulate that during the menstrual cycle, sex hormones and cytokines act in concern to regulate the organization and function of immune cells within the EM of the FRT. More specifically, we will: 1) Determine the organization of T and B lymphocytes and myeloid cells within the different microenvironments of the EM of the FRT and how this varies with stage of the menstrual cycle. 2) Identify the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of architectural remodeling in the EM with regard to the role of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytokines and adhesion molecules. 3) Determine the role of sex hormones and cytokines on cytotoxic T cell and myeloid cell function in the different microenvironments of the EM. The results of these studies should provide valuable insights into the organization and function of the immune system of the FRT, which in turn will enhance our understanding of the susceptibility of the FRT to sexually transmitted diseases, and be of value in the rational design of regimens for immunization against these diseases. These studies will also contribute important information useful for the evaluation of the mechanisms leading to gynecological malignancies and other diseases of the FRT, including endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT PROJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Page, Roy C.; Professor; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROGESTERONE, CELL CYCLE AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Pollard, Jeffrey W.; Professor; Developmtl & Molecular Biology; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: Estrogens are the major carcinogen in the environment of most females with exposure to unopposed estrogen increasing the risk of breast and endometrial cancer. Conversely, it has become increasingly apparent that estrogens are essential for the well being of women (and men) throughout life. Progesterone acts to oppose the effects of estrogen on cell proliferation and, consequently, it is used in the treatment of endometrial cancer and it is an essential component of hormone replacement therapy designed to alleviate post-menopausal symptoms in women. It is, therefore, of fundamental importance to understand the mechanism of action of these hormones on cell proliferation. In adult ovariectomized mice, a single injection of estradiol-17beta (E2) results in the stimulation of a wave of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation that is restricted to the uterine epithelium. This proliferation is completely inhibited by pretreatment with progesterone (P4). The uterine epithelium can be isolated with great purity in a state suitable for biochemical analysis. This method together with defined
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hormonal regimens provides a controllable model in which to study the mechanism of action of these hormones in vivo. In tissue culture cells the cell cycle is regulated by the orderly activation of cyclins and their dependent kinases (Cdk). These include the cyclin D-Cdk4 and cyclin D-Cdk6 complexes acting early in G1 and the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex acting at the G1 to S-phase boundary. Our studies in the uterine epithelium have shown that E2 induces the re-localization of cyclin D1 and Cdk-4 to the nucleus and, results in orderly activation of cyclin-E and cyclin ACdk-2 activities and hyper-phosphorylation of pRb and p107. Progesterone pre- treatment prohibited the cyclin D1/Cdk-4 relocalization to the nucleus with a consequent inhibition of pRb and p107 phosphorylation. In addition, P4 abrogated the E2 induced cyclin E and cyclin A-Cdk2 activities. The specific aims of this grant are: 1) To determine the mechanism whereby P4 prohibits cyclin D1/Cdk4 nuclear accumulation following E2 treatment; 2) To determine the mechanism of action of P4-inhibition of Cdk-2 activation; 3) identify differentially regulated genes in the uterine epithelium following E2 treatment in the presence and absence of P4; 4) to develop methods to interfere with signaling pathways in the uterine epithelium in vivo. It is expected that by the end of the grant that the mechanisms of cyclin D1/Cdk4 exclusion can be identified and novel proteins associated with this process isolated. Furthermore, novel E2 and P4-regulated genes that play important roles in the control of epithelial cell proliferation should be identified. These studies will define specific mechanisms that may result in the development of therapeutics that would inhibit estrogen's mitogenic effects in tumors as well as in benign proliferative diseases such as endometrial polyps and endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF ANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Folkman, M Judah.; Director; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In this competitive renewal, five principal investigators, who have a strong track record in making novel contributions to angiogenesis research, propose to continue their collaborative efforts which are focused on analysis of the molecular mechanisms responsible for control of normal and tumor angiogenesis and on identification of novel angiogenesis inhibitors. M. Klagsbrun, will analyze the function of neuropilins (VEGF and semaphorin receptors) and their ligands in a zebra- model of developmental angiogenesis and in mouse models of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. D. lngber, will analyze the biomechanical mechanisms by which extracellular matrix acts locally to regulate capillary cell sensitivity to soluble angiogenic factors and thereby controls capillary morphogenesis. He will explore how local changes in matrix mechanics alter cytoskeleton tension generation and focal adhesion formation, how these alterations impact on cell migration and whether cell tension contributes to capillary pattern formation. P. D'Amore, has generated mice that express single VEGF isoforms (120, 164, and 188) and will analyze the role of VEGF isoforms in tumor angiogenesis and their interaction with neuropilin. Additionally, she will investigate the role of VEGF in the adult vasculature. M. Moses, will analyze the transcriptional regulation of VEGF expres-sion during the initiation of angiogenesis. She will also determine whether urinary MMPs alone, or in combination with VEGF and bFGF, can predict the initiation of angiogenesis during tumor progression. J. Folkman, will further explore the mechanisms of inhibitors to be used for antiangiogenic therapy. New goals include identification of novel specific inhibitors of lymphangiogenesis, determining whether circulating endothelial cell precursors are predictive of intense
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tumor angiogenesis and whether endometriosis, which has an invasive component, is angiogenesis-dependent and therefore a target of anti-angiogenesis therapy in patients. Together, the five research programs in this application cover a broad range of investigation that should significantly enhance our understanding of how angiogenesis is regulated and how it can be inhibited. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF GNRH RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Clay, Colin M.; Associate Professor; Physiology; Colorado State University Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1995; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: The binding of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to specific, highaffinity receptors located on gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland is central to reproduction. In the absence of GnRH input, synthesis and secretion of luteinzing hormone and, consequently, normal gonadal function ceases. Thus, the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) is the site that receives and mediates the primary stimulatory input to gonadotropes. We have found that expression of the murine GnRHR in gonadotropederived alphaT3-1 cells is mediated by a complex enhancer whose components include a binding site for steroidogenic factor-1 (SF- 1), an AP-1 element, and an element we have termed the GnRH receptor activating sequence (GRAS). This complex enhancer also integrates multiple endocrine inputs. First, we have recently found that GRAS colocalizes with activin regulation of the GnRHR promoter. Unresolved, however, is the identity of the protein(s) that integrate functional activity at GRAS. In Specific Aim 1, we propose to identify the protein(s) that regulate the functional activity, and activin responsiveness of GRAS. Second, AP-1 appears to be the operative element that mediates GnRH regulation; however, important questions remain as to the signal transduction cascades and downstream targets that ultimately lead to GnRH activation at the GnRHR AP-1 site. In Specific Aim 2, our goal is to define the molecular mechanisms underlying GnRH regulation of GnRHR gene expression. We have also found that 1900 bp of proximal promoter is sufficient for tissue-specific expression and GnRH responsiveness in transgenic mice. In Specific Aim 3, we propose to expand these studies to further explore the requirements for tissue/cell-specific expression and hormonal regulation of the GnRHR gene. Finally, we have generated cell lines that express intrinsically fluorescent forms of the GnRHR. These molecules provide a unique opportunity to study the GnRHR as both an occupied and unoccupied receptor in living cells. In Specific Aim 4, we will use fluorescence resonance energy transfer to test the hypothesis that an early event in GnRH signaling is agonist induced receptor selfassociation. In terms of fertility regulation, the relevance of investigating GnRH and its cognate receptor is clear. However, the use of potent agonists and antagonists of GnRH in the treatment of fibroid tumors, endometriosis, and carcinomas of the breast, prostate, testes, and pituitary underscores the need for a full understanding of GnRH and the GnRHR in both health and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF IGFBP-1 BY FKHR AND HOXA10 IN PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Ji-Yong Julie.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 07-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this application is to better understand the dynamic interaction that occurs between the conceptus and the mother that allow for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The major focus of our research is on the molecular events that occur in the endometrium in response to early embryonic signals and the invading trophoblast. Aberrant expression of genes in the endometrium during this time is detrimental to the maintenance of pregnancy and could lead to miscarriages, spontaneous abortions and infertility. In response to pregnancy hormones and conceptus factors, the endometrium undergoes a major transformation, termed decidualization. During this process, the stromal cells of the endometrium express important genes. This study focuses on the regulation of a major secretory product of the decidualizing stromal cells, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). IGFBP-1 modulates the actions of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which are critical during early pregnancy and can act independently of IGFs to regulate trophoblast invasion. Recently, we demonstrated that two transcription factors, FKHR and HOXA10, which have been demonstrated to be important in reproductive processes, interact with one another and up regulate the IGFBP-1 promoter in a cooperative manner in endometrial stromal cells. Based on this novel data, studies have been designed to further delineate the mechanisms involved in the cooperative up regulation of the IGFBP-1 promoter by FKHR and HOXA10. In aim 1 the binding sites of FKHR and HOXA10 on the IGFBP-1 promoter are identified. With the use of a powerful new technique, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP), the binding sites for endogenous FKHR and HOXA10 proteins on the endogenous IGFBP-1 gene within the chromatin in the decidualized stromal cells are determined. This technique allows one to study interaction of transcription factors with the chromatin as they occur in situ. In aim 2, characterization of FKHR and HOXA10 and determination of binding sequences on the IGFBP-1 gene in cells originating from non-pregnant and pregnant baboon endometrium will be performed by taking "snapshots" of the cells and tissue using formaldehyde cross linking. These studies will demonstrate the influence of the conceptus on FKHR and HOXA10 expression and their activation of the IGFBP-1 gene. In aim 3, FKHR and HOXA10 expression and activity in the endometrium of baboons with endometriosis will be studied. The objective of aim 3 is to determine why FKHR and HOXA10 do not significantly activate the IGFBP-1 promoter. The stromal cells from baboons with endometriosis are obviously different from that of a normal animal. These studies will give a better understanding of the molecular events that may be associated with increased implantation failure in women with endometriosis. The three aims in this application will provide valuable insights into the molecular dynamics of the endometrium in response to pregnancy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REPRODUCTIVE/CONTRACEPTIVE ENDOMETRIOSIS
RISK
FACTORS
&
Principal Investigator & Institution: Holt, Victoria L.; Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Endometriosis affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age in the U.S. with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and probable increased risk of infertility. Although the disease has been identified as a top research priority by the National Institutes of Health, the etiology is still uncertain, and few modifiable risk factors have been identified. Past epidemiologic research has been inconclusive about the impact of reproductive or contraceptive history on the development of endometriosis. Most
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studies of these risk factors have been limited by using cases identified at infertility surgery, as these women may be atypical of all endometriosis cases in terms of reproductive and contraceptive history. We propose a population-based case-control study of endometriosis among the entire population of reproductive-age women enrolled in an HMO in western Washington State to test the hypothesis that spontaneous abortion and induced abortion may increase risk of endometriosis, taking into account possible hormonal and immunological influences. The associations between endometriosis and delayed childbearing and various types of contraception will be investigated as well. All 18-44 year old enrollees of Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC) diagnosed with endometriosis by surgery, and a portion of those diagnosed by physical examination or ultrasound examination alone between August l, 1996 and April 30, 2001 will be identified and invited to participate (approximately 750 women of all races). Cases will be selected using computerized records, and eligibility verified by medical records. Controls randomly selected from computerized enrollment files will be frequency matched to cases on age and primary care clinic region. Data will be obtained from cases and controls by in-person interview, and anthropometric measurement; and linked with the GHC computerized pharmacy database. Subjects will be interviewed regarding their reproductive and contraceptive histories; including spontaneous and induced abortions, stillbirths, livebirths, use of hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices, and sterilization procedures; menstrual history; infertility history; and other risk factors for endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RISK FACTORS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunter, David J.; Director; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Endometriosis, the third leading cause of gynecologic hospitalization in the United States, remains one of the most enigmatic gynecologic pathologies. Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. These implants respond to the hormonal cues of the menstrual cycle and "bleed" as they would in the uterus. The consequence is the development of adhesions, scarring, and painful inflammation. Signs and symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility, dysuria, and irritable bowel syndrome.The effects of the disease can be physically and mentally debilitating with frequent misdiagnoses and poor treatment options. Its prevalence among U.S. women has been estimated to be approximately 10%, [the] time from onset of symptoms to laparoscopically confirmed diagnosis is estimated to average between 6 and 11 years. To date, the etiology of endometriosis remains unknown and few epidemiologic studies exist. Using data on 2,690 laparoscopically confirmed incident cases of endometriosis collected from the Nurses' Health Study II, an ongoing, prospective cohort study that began in 1989, the applicant proposes a study to assess the following hypotheses: a) Women with menstrual characteristics of younger age at menarche, longer time to menstrual regularity, or shorter menstrual cycle length are at higher risk of endometriosis. b) Women with a low waist-to-hip ratio are a higher risk of endometriosis. c) Women with a higher body mass index at age 18 are at lower risk of endometriosis. d)Women who were born with a greater birthweight are at higher risk of endometriosis. All analyses will control for other known and suggested risk factors for endometriosis such as oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking. The applicant will have more than 90% power to evaluate the above hypotheses. These analyses will be the
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first prospective data with adequate power to evaluate this important and understudied cause of morbidity among premenopausal women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RISK FACTORS FOR HIP FRACTURES AMONG THE ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Melton, Joseph L.; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This project complements studies of pathophysiology by addressing fractures, the principle clinical manifestation of osteoporosis. Through the unique data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, we can identify large inception cohorts of Rochester and/or Olmsted County, Minnesota., residents with specific medical and surgical conditions and conduct a series of retrospective (=historical) cohort studies to estimate the long-term risk of age-related fractures associated with secondary osteoporosis, an important contributor to bone loss in the elderly. Secondary, osteoporosis is an important area of research because new therapies are being developed for affected men and older women who are not candidates for estrogen replacement. We previously determined the risk of fracture among cohorts with diabetes mellitus, hyperparathryoidism, thyroidectomy, gastrectomy, pernicious anemia, oophorectomy, urolithiasis, anticoagulant therapy, anorexia nervosa, dementia, parkinsonism, epilepsy, poliomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and breast cancer. We now proposed to extend this work by quantifying the fracture risk associated with conditions that might impair peak bone mass (endometriosis, infertility), induce hypogonadism (orchiectomy), disturb extraskeletal bone metabolism in the kidney (chronic renal failure) and gut (inflammatory bowel disease) or cause a generalized increase in bone resorbing cytokine (multiple myeloma). Each condition represents a natural experiment with respect to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, several of which parallel the concerns of other projects. These will be the first assessments of fracture risk among cohorts of unselected patients from the community, and the results should be more valid and more precise than any previous estimates. Our overall goal is to develop new information that will lead to effective strategies for preventing osteoporosis-related fractures among the elderly. This project contributes by demonstrating the public health importance of specific risk factors and, by identifying high risk groups within each cohort, allowing future control programs to be designed and conducted more efficiently. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ROLE OF CSF1 AND ITS RECEPTOR IN ENDOMETRIOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tekmal, Rajeshwar R.; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SEX HORMONE REGULATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wira, Charles R.; Professor of Physiology; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007
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Description (provided by applicant): The overall objective of Project 1 is to define the role of sex hormones in regulating the innate immune system of the FRT. Epithelial cells within the fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and vagina are the first line of defense against potentially pathogenic microbes and are individually responsive to estradiol and progesterone. In studies proposed in this application, we will test the hypothesis that epithelial cells represent the front line of the innate immune system throughout the human FRT and that innate immune protection by these cells is precisely regulated by female sex hormones. These studies will define the mechanisms whereby sex hormones influence phenotype, innate function, and communication between the innate and adaptive immune systems. We postulate that the innate immune responses of epithelial cells are under hormone control and that, in addition to conferring protection, these cells are capable of initiating an adaptive immune response. More specifically, we will: 1) Define the processes by which sex hormones modulate anti-bacterial activity, defensins and Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) produced by epithelial cells throughout the FRT; 2) Determine if exposure to specific PAMP (antigens) enhances or limits continued expression/production of anti-bacterial activity, defensins and SLPI in a way which is mediated through TLRs, and is precisely controlled by sex hormones; 3) Examine the role of sex hormones in regulating cytokine expression by reproductive tract epithelial cells in the presence and/or absence of PAMP; and 4) Define the role of sex hormone environment in modulating the interactions between reproductive tract epithelial cells and immune cells and determine if sex hormones directly influence links between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Understanding how the immune system in the reproductive tract can respond to bacterial and viral challenges requires that we understand the unique characteristics of the immune system in the female reproductive tract and the ways in which the innate and adaptive immune system are either enhanced and/or suppressed at particular times in a woman?s life. These studies should provide the basis of knowledge essential for understanding the role of hormones in autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, the prevention of local infection in the genital mucosa, and the management of sexually transmitted diseases as well as the treatment of gynecological cancers and endometriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES CONTROLLING REPRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rivier, Jean E.; Professor; Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key regulator of reproductive functions. Repeated administration of potent and long acting GnRH agonists inhibits gonadal functions through desensitization of the GnRH receptor. This property is used clinically for t he treatment of prostate cancers, managed of endometriosis and in vitro fertilization for example. Potent peptide antagonists of GnRH have also been identified recently that have the advantage of intermediate and more profound inhibition of gonadotropins than the agonists thus opening the door to the use of the former for male contraception. None of these peptides are potent orally, Peptide GnRH agonists and antagonists are very different structurally. Whereas nothing is known of the conformation of GnRH agonists at the receptor, we have shown that several covalent constraints [cyclo(4-10), cyclo(5-8) and cyclo(1-5)] in GnRH antagonists are compatible with high affinity and in vivo potency. The NMR structures of these analogs led to the determination of a GnRH antagonist consensus model that was used for the successful design of a bioactive tri-aminoglycine-based library. Additionally, this model was
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helpful in identifying a putative one-to-one correspondence with elements of a potent non-peptide ligand (T-98475). We have also successfully introduced urea function in several GnRH antagonist structures that resulted in high affinity and extended duration of action, suggesting an important role for inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in peptide stability, solubility and distribution. One the basis of these results, we propose to test four hypotheses: A. Strategically placed positive and negative charges on residues (1-5), (4-10) and (5-8) will stabilize the GnRH bioactive conformation with retention of biological activity, B. The GnRH antagonist consensus model will be used for the design of small GnRH peptidomimetic ligands containing aminoglycine scaffolds (betide), C. Functional groups found in GnRH rather than in GnRH antagonists will be introduces in betides to field the first peptidomimetic GnRH agonist and structural insights on the process of receptor activation, D. Optimization of hydrogen bonding interactions using urea functionalities will yield safe and long activating GnRH antagonists that display immediate onset of action in short- and longterm indications. Such molecules are not presently available to academic researchers. As in the past twenty years, collaborations with academic colleagues will be initiated, to maximize the impact of this research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ROLE OF TIMP-1 IN UTERINE PHYSIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nothnick, Warren B.; Assistant Professor and Director; Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Kansas Medical Center Msn 1039 Kansas City, Ks 66160 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is expressed in the uteri of both menstruating and non-menstruating species. In menstruating species, TIMP-1 is postulated to control the extent of tissue breakdown that occurs during menses. However, as TIMP-1 is expressed beyond the period of menses as well as within the uterus of non-menstruating species, the role of this TIMP within the uterus beyond the regulation of tissue breakdown is uncertain. We have previously demonstrated and present strong supportive evidence in this application, which suggest that TIMP-1 plays a role in uterine development, growth and function. The goal of the proposed application is to expand these preliminary observations and further examine the role of TIMP-1 within the uterus during post-natal uterine development and growth. The hypothesis to be tested is that TIMP-1 controls steroid-regulated uterine development and cell proliferation via a MMP-dependent mechanism which involves modulation of steroid receptor expression within the uterus. We will use TIMP-1 deficient mice and a variety of molecular, cellular and biochemical approaches to test this hypothesis by: 1) examining the spatio-temporal pattern of TIMPs and the function of TIMP-1 during uterine growth and development, 2) determining the mechanisms by which TIMP-1 regulates uterine cell proliferation, and 3) delineating the processes by which TIMP-1 regulates uterine progesterone receptor expression. The proposed experiments will provide new insight into the control of uterine cell proliferation as well as steroid action thereby defining a novel role for TIMP-1 within the uterus. These studies will broaden our understanding on the role of TIMP-1 in uterine physiology and may help to develop new strategies to treat uterine disorders such as infertility, endometriosis and uterine cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED PELVIC PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Guzick, David S.; Professor and Chair; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Approximately one-third of women with chronic pelvic pain have endometriosis. Surgical treatment of endometriosis with laparoscopic excision of implants and lysis of adhesions is often successful in reducing pain in the short term. Furthermore, several postoperative medical treatments have been shown to be efficacious in maintaining pain reduction for as long as the medication is continued. After stopping the medication, however, the level of pain tends to trend upwards towards pre-treatment levels. The desired postoperative treatment is one that is can be used for a long period of time, so as to minimize the chance of pain recurrence. Simplicity of administration and cost-effectiveness are other desirable characteristics of an ideal postoperative regimen. The only FDA approved 12-month treatment for endometriosis-associated pain is a combination of leuprolide acetate (a GnRH analog), 11.25 mg IM q 12 weeks, and norethindrone acetate, 5 mg PO daily. Use of this regimen has been constrained by its complexity and cost. As an alternative, the continuous use of oral contraceptives has been advocated as a practical, inexpensive strategy for long-term medical treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Although such an approach is frequently used in clinical practice, there has been no clinical trial of its efficacy. The goal of this project is to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of continuous oral contraceptives and leuprolide+norethindrone in the postoperative treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Investigators at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Harvard Medical School will recruit 194 women for randomization to one of the two treatments, each of which will continue for 48 weeks. Randomization will occur after biopsy-proven endometriosis is established. Pelvic pain and quality-of-life assessments will be obtained at regular intervals. The recruitment goal is 88 subjects per arm after a 10% drop-our rate. Change scores for these measures will be compared between the two treatments. The study has 80% power to test non-inferiority of oral contraceptives at the 5% level of significance, using a 1-point difference in the change scores for pain as the threshold. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed by calculating the cost per unit reduction in pain score for each treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VITAMIN A AND REPRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ong, David E.; Professor; Biochemistry; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Vitamin A, retinol, is an essential nutrient that serves as precursor to the important hormone, retinoic acid (RA). Relatively little is known of the control of synthesis of RA from retinol in the normal, fully-developed animal and sites of action of RA are inferred, rather than demonstrated. Previous work has identified estrogen as a physiological signal which induces the synthesis of RA in the rat uterus and that coordinately directs cell-specific expression of the three cellular retinoid-binding proteins present in the uterus during the estrous cycle. Proposed studies will: l) Identify uterine genes that are under estrogen control indirectly, via RA stimulation. The techniques of differential display or subtractive hybridization followed by library screening or will be used to identify these genes. Candidate genes will be followed during the estrous cycle to confirm their physiological significance. 2) Demonstrate the
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site(s) of expression of the estrogen-stimulated RA responsive genes by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization during the estrous cycle. Demonstration of expression/non-expression of candidate genes in cells expressing cellular retinoic acidbinding protein will test the competing hypotheses that this protein either blocks or enhances the RA responsiveness of cells. 3) Establish the mechanism by which estrogen directly regulates cellular retinoic-acid binding protein (II) expression in the uterus. The promoter region of the rat gene will be cloned, dissected and tested using CAT reporter constructs in an estrogen responsive cell line. 4) Demonstrate the mechanism by which estrogen induces RA synthesis in the uterus. Specifically, is this induction a direct effect of estrogen on pre-existing enzymes, does it require transcription, or is it indirect? A novel radioreceptor assay capable of detecting small amounts of RA has been developed for this aim. In summary, the work to be accomplished here will allow dissection of the effects of the demonstrated estrogen-stimulated synthesis of RA signal that is part of a normal physiological process. This will provide important information on retinoic acid action in the unmanipulated, intact animal. Regulation of retinoic acid production by estrogen has direct importance for understanding/treating conditions such as endometriosis, breast cancer, and cancers of the female reproductive system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for endometriosis in the PubMed Central database: •
A case of sigmoid endometriosis difficult to differentiate from colon cancer. by Dimoulios P, Koutroubakis IE, Tzardi M, Antoniou P, Matalliotakis IM, Kouroumalis EA.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=184504
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The public health toll of endometriosis. by Weir E.; 2001 Apr 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80996
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with endometriosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for endometriosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of inguinal endometriosis with difficulty in preoperative diagnosis. Author(s): Hagiwara Y, Hatori M, Katoh H, Kokubun S. Source: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 2002; 107(3): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696574&dopt=Abstract
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A case of persistent endometriosis after total hysterectomy with both salpingooophorectomy managed by radiation therapy. Author(s): Kim KS, Moon WS, Song HW, Kim JH, Cho SN. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 November; 265(4): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789754&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative study of the acceptability and effect of goserelin and nafarelin on endometriosis. Author(s): Bergqvist A; SCANDET Group. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2000 December; 14(6): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228063&dopt=Abstract
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A defective expression of ICAM-1 (CD54) on secretory endometrial cells is associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Prefumo F, Semino C, Melioli G, Venturini PL. Source: Immunology Letters. 2002 January 1; 80(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716965&dopt=Abstract
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A long-term follow-up study of women with asymptomatic endometriosis diagnosed incidentally at sterilization. Author(s): Moen MH, Stokstad T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372455&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective randomized study comparing endocrinological and clinical effects of two types of GnRH agonists in cases of uterine leiomyomas or endometriosis. Author(s): Takeuchi H, Kobori H, Kikuchi I, Sato Y, Mitsuhashi N. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2000 October; 26(5): 32531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11147718&dopt=Abstract
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A systematic review of the accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of endometriosis. Author(s): Moore J, Copley S, Morris J, Lindsell D, Golding S, Kennedy S. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 20(6): 630-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493057&dopt=Abstract
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Aberrant expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and killer inhibitory receptors induces immune tolerance in women with pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Maeda N, Izumiya C, Oguri H, Kusume T, Yamamoto Y, Fukaya T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 April; 77(4): 679-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937115&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal cervicovaginal smears due to endometriosis: a continuing problem. Author(s): Lundeen SJ, Horwitz CA, Larson CJ, Stanley MW. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 January; 26(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782085&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal interleukin-1 receptor type II gene expression in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Kharfi A, Boucher A, Akoum A. Source: Biology of Reproduction. 2002 February; 66(2): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804955&dopt=Abstract
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Accuracy of laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis. Author(s): Mettler L, Schollmeyer T, Lehmann-Willenbrock E, Schuppler U, Schmutzler A, Shukla D, Zavala A, Lewin A. Source: Jsls. 2003 January-March; 7(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722993&dopt=Abstract
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ACOG practice bulletin. Medical management of endometriosis. Number 11, December 1999 (replaces Technical Bulletin Number 184, September 1993).Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Author(s): ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Gynecology. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2000 November; 71(2): 183-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11186465&dopt=Abstract
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Adhesion of endometrial cells labeled with 111Indium-tropolonate to peritoneum: a novel in vitro model to study endometriosis. Author(s): Beliard A, Noel A, Goffin F, Frankenne F, Foidart JM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79 Suppl 1: 724-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620483&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent endometriosis. Author(s): Attaran M, Gidwani GP. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 June; 30(2): 379-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836726&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent endometriosis: diagnosis and treatment approaches. Author(s): Laufer MR, Sanfilippo J, Rose G. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 June; 16(3 Suppl): S3-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742180&dopt=Abstract
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Aggressive endometriosis. Author(s): Zardawi I. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society. 2003 January-February; 13(1): 98-99; Author Reply 100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631230&dopt=Abstract
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Alterations in expression of endometrial endothelial nitric oxide synthase and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Khorram O, Lessey BA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372469&dopt=Abstract
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An association of IgG anti-laminin-1 autoantibodies with endometriosis in infertile patients. Author(s): Inagaki J, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Nomizu M, Nakatsuka M, Ikuta K, Suzuki N, Kaihara K, Kobayashi K, Yasuda T, Shoenfeld Y, Aoki K, Matsuura E. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 18(3): 544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615822&dopt=Abstract
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An evidence-based evaluation of endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Pritts EA, Taylor RN. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2003 September; 32(3): 653-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14560892&dopt=Abstract
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An improved mouse model for endometriosis allows noninvasive assessment of lesion implantation and development. Author(s): Fortin M, Lepine M, Page M, Osteen K, Massie B, Hugo P, Steff AM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80 Suppl 2: 832-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14505761&dopt=Abstract
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An in vitro model to study the pathogenesis of the early endometriosis lesion. Author(s): Witz CA, Dechaud H, Montoya-Rodriguez IA, Thomas MR, Nair AS, Centonze VE, Schenken RS. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 296-307; Discussion 340-2, 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949956&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of an interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphism in women with endometriosis by pyrosequencing. Author(s): Wieser F, Fabjani G, Tempfer C, Schneeberger C, Sator M, Huber J, Wenzl R. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 2003 January; 10(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517591&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in ovarian endometrioid carcinomas arising in endometriosis. Author(s): Prefumo F, Venturini PL, Fulcheri E. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2003 January; 22(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496703&dopt=Abstract
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Anasarca and small bowel obstruction secondary to endometriosis. Author(s): Mussa FF, Younes Z, Tihan T, Lacy BE. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2001 February; 32(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205657&dopt=Abstract
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Anatomical distribution of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: surgical implications and proposition for a classification. Author(s): Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, Barakat H, Dousset B, Pansini V, VacherLavenu MC, Dubuisson JB. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 January; 18(1): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525459&dopt=Abstract
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Anatomopathological lesions of bladder endometriosis are heterogeneous. Author(s): Chapron C, Boucher E, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, Dubuisson JB, VacherLavenu MC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372449&dopt=Abstract
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Anesthetic implications of thoracic endometriosis. Author(s): Gamaleldin H, Tetzlaff JE, Whalley D. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 February; 14(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880020&dopt=Abstract
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Angiogenic activity and IL-8 concentrations in peritoneal fluid and sera in endometriosis. Author(s): Barcz E, Rozewska ES, Kaminski P, Demkow U, Bobrowska K, Marianowski L. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 December; 79(3): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445988&dopt=Abstract
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Angiogenic factors in endometriosis. Author(s): Taylor RN, Lebovic DI, Mueller MD. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 89-100; Discussion 118, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949968&dopt=Abstract
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Antiangiogenic agents are effective inhibitors of endometriosis. Author(s): Hull ML, Charnock-Jones DS, Chan CL, Bruner-Tran KL, Osteen KG, Tom BD, Fan TP, Smith SK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 June; 88(6): 2889-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788903&dopt=Abstract
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Antizona and antisperm antibodies in women with endometriosis and/or infertility. Author(s): Szczepanska M, Skrzypczak J, Kamieniczna M, Kurpisz M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 97-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163823&dopt=Abstract
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Are the basic assumptions correct--is endometriosis a progressive, self-destructive disease? Author(s): Brosens IA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 229; Author Reply 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229335&dopt=Abstract
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Are the basic assumptions correct--is endometriosis a progressive, self-destructive disease? Author(s): Redwine DB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229334&dopt=Abstract
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Aromatase P450 messenger RNA expression in eutopic endometrium is not a specific marker for pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Dheenadayalu K, Mak I, Gordts S, Campo R, Higham J, Puttemans P, White J, Christian M, Fusi L, Brosens J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372463&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of fallopian tube cytology for the diagnosis of endometriosis and hydrosalpinx. Author(s): Matsushima T, Kaseki H, Ishihara K, Araki T. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2002 October; 69(5): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382004&dopt=Abstract
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Association of interleukin-6 and estradiol with hepatocyte growth factor in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Khan KN, Masuzaki H, Fujishita A, Hamasaki T, Kitajima M, Hasuo A, Miyamura Y, Ishimaru T. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 81(8): 764-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174163&dopt=Abstract
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Association of the CYP17 gene and CYP19 gene polymorphisms with risk of endometriosis in Japanese women. Author(s): Kado N, Kitawaki J, Obayashi H, Ishihara H, Koshiba H, Kusuki I, Tsukamoto K, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Honjo H. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 17(4): 897-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925378&dopt=Abstract
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Atherosclerosis, oxidation and endometriosis. Author(s): Santanam N, Song M, Rong R, Murphy AA, Parthasarathy S. Source: Free Radical Research. 2002 December; 36(12): 1315-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607823&dopt=Abstract
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Autoantibodies in endometriosis sera recognize a Thomsen-Friedenreich-like carbohydrate antigen. Author(s): Lang GA, Yeaman GR. Source: Journal of Autoimmunity. 2001 March; 16(2): 151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247641&dopt=Abstract
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Autoantibody responses to carbohydrate epitopes in endometriosis. Author(s): Yeaman GR, Collins JE, Lang GA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 174-82; Discussion 199-200, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949946&dopt=Abstract
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Basal and stimulated secretion of cytokines by peritoneal macrophages in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Rana N, Braun DP, House R, Gebel H, Rotman C, Dmowski WP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 May; 65(5): 925-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612850&dopt=Abstract
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Basic research in endometriosis. Author(s): Sharpe-Timms KL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1997 June; 24(2): 269-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9163767&dopt=Abstract
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Behaviour of cytokine levels in serum and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Pizzo A, Salmeri FM, Ardita FV, Sofo V, Tripepi M, Marsico S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(2): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566749&dopt=Abstract
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Benefit of in vitro fertilization treatment for endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Kodama H, Fukuda J, Karube H, Matsui T, Shimizu Y, Tanaka T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 December; 66(6): 974-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8941064&dopt=Abstract
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Benign, borderline, and malignant endometrioid neoplasia arising in endometriosis in association with tamoxifen therapy. Author(s): McCluggage WG, Bryson C, Lamki H, Boyle DD. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2000 July; 19(3): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907178&dopt=Abstract
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Biases in the endometriosis literature. Illustrated by 20 years of endometriosis research in Leuven. Author(s): Koninckx PR. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 December; 81(2): 259-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989875&dopt=Abstract
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Big picture of endometriosis helps provide guidance on approach to teens: comparative historical data show endo starting younger, is more severe. Author(s): Ballweg ML. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 June; 16(3 Suppl): S21-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742183&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to ovarian remnants with endometriosis. Author(s): Hoffman MS, Durfee JK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 96(5 Pt 2): 845. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11094237&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder detrusor endometriosis: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Author(s): Vercellini P, Meschia M, De Giorgi O, Panazza S, Cortesi I, Crosignani PG. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1996 January; 155(1): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7490905&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder endometriosis must be considered as bladder adenomyosis. Author(s): Donnez J, Spada F, Squifflet J, Nisolle M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 December; 74(6): 1175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11119746&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder endometriosis: conservative management. Author(s): Westney OL, Amundsen CL, McGuire EJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 June; 163(6): 1814-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799189&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder endometriosis: deep infiltrating endometriosis or adenomyosis? Author(s): Fedele L, Piazzola E, Raffaelli R, Bianchi S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 May; 69(5): 972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591511&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder endometriosis: pertinent clinical images. Author(s): Batler RA, Kim SC, Nadler RB. Source: Urology. 2001 April; 57(4): 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306413&dopt=Abstract
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Blaming the victim. The psychologizing of endometriosis. Author(s): Ballweg ML. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1997 June; 24(2): 441-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9163775&dopt=Abstract
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Blood leukocyte subsets are modulated in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Gagne D, Rivard M, Page M, Shazand K, Hugo P, Gosselin D. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 July; 80(1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849800&dopt=Abstract
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Bone density in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Colacurci N, De Seta L, Passaro M, Scala P, De Franciscis P, Zarcone R. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1998 June; 40(2): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689833&dopt=Abstract
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Bowel resection for intestinal endometriosis. Author(s): Urbach DR, Reedijk M, Richard CS, Lie KI, Ross TM. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1998 September; 41(9): 1158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9749501&dopt=Abstract
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Breast-fed infants, possibly exposed to dioxins in milk, have unexpectedly lower incidence of endometriosis in adult life. Author(s): Tsutsumi O, Momoeda M, Takai Y, Ono M, Taketani Y. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2000 February; 68(2): 151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717822&dopt=Abstract
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Breast-feeding and endometriosis. Author(s): Thylan S. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1996 June; 32(3): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827554&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchoscopic and angiographic findings in tracheobronchial endometriosis. Author(s): Kuo PH, Wang HC, Liaw YS, Kuo SH. Source: Thorax. 1996 October; 51(10): 1060-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977610&dopt=Abstract
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Buserelin acetate implants in the treatment of pain in endometriosis. Author(s): Choktanasiri W, Rojanasakul A. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 May; 84(5): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560214&dopt=Abstract
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Caesarean section scar endometriosis: two cases of recurrent disease and a literature review. Author(s): Kaloo P, Reid G, Wong F. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 May; 42(2): 218-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069156&dopt=Abstract
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Can we decrease breakthrough bleeding in patients with endometriosis on norethindrone acetate? Author(s): Muneyyirci-Delale O, Jalou S, Rahman M, Nacharaju V. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 2003 January-February; 48(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643518&dopt=Abstract
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Case 4. Umbilical endometriosis. Author(s): Rubegni P, Sbano P, Santopietro R, Fimiani M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 September; 28(5): 571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950365&dopt=Abstract
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Catamenial hemoptysis and pulmonary endometriosis: a case report. Author(s): Yu Z, Fleischman JK, Rahman HM, Mesia AF, Rosner F. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 2002 September; 69(4): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357268&dopt=Abstract
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Catamenial pneumothorax caused by endometriosis in the visceral pleura. Author(s): Sakamoto K, Ohmori T, Takei H. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003 July; 76(1): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842566&dopt=Abstract
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism and endometriosis. Author(s): Wieser F, Wenzl R, Tempfer C, Worda C, Huber J, Schneeberger C. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2002 July; 19(7): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168735&dopt=Abstract
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CD10 is helpful in detecting occult or inconspicuous endometrial stromal cells in cases of presumptive endometriosis. Author(s): Groisman GM, Meir A. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 August; 127(8): 1003-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873175&dopt=Abstract
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CD10 is useful in demonstrating endometrial stroma at ectopic sites and in confirming a diagnosis of endometriosis. Author(s): Onda T, Ban S, Shimizu M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 January; 56(1): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499444&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical endometriosis presented as a polypoid mass of portio cervix uteri. Author(s): Kano H, Kanda H. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 January; 23(1): 84-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647713&dopt=Abstract
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Cesarean scar endometriosis. A report of two cases. Author(s): Taff L, Jones S. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 January; 47(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11838312&dopt=Abstract
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Cesarean section scar endometriosis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Phupong V, Triratanachat S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85(6): 733-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322849&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of patients with endometriosis in the United States and the United Kingdom. Author(s): Kuohung W, Jones GL, Vitonis AF, Cramer DW, Kennedy SH, Thomas D, Hornstein MD. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372454&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of uterine contractility during menses in women with mild to moderate endometriosis. Author(s): Bulletti C, De Ziegler D, Polli V, Del Ferro E, Palini S, Flamigni C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 June; 77(6): 1156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057721&dopt=Abstract
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Clear cell carcinoma arising in endometriosis of the rectum following progestin therapy. Author(s): Pokieser W, Schmerker R, Kisser M, Peters-Engl C, Muhlbauer H, Ulrich W. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2002; 198(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928865&dopt=Abstract
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Clear cells carcinoma of fallopian tubes associated with tubal endometriosis. Case report and review. Author(s): de la Torre FJ, Rojo F, Garcia A. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 July; 266(3): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197560&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical aspects of endometriosis. Author(s): Murphy AA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 1-10; Discussion 34-6, 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949938&dopt=Abstract
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Coexpression of growth arrest-specific gene 6 and receptor tyrosine kinases, Axl and Sky, in human uterine endometrium and ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Sun WS, Misao R, Iwagaki S, Fujimoto J, Tamaya T. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 June; 8(6): 552-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029073&dopt=Abstract
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Colonic endometriosis or adenoma? Author(s): McCullough TK, Cohen P, Vlavianos T, Sutton CJ, Allen-Mersh TG. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2002 April; 95(4): 202-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934914&dopt=Abstract
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Colorectal endometriosis: aggressive surgical management and practical considerations in a patient with advanced disease. Author(s): Succi L, Urrico GS, Politi A, Scollo P, Prumeri S, Campione S, Latteri F. Source: Chir Ital. 2001 September-October; 53(5): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723904&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative immunohistochemical studies of endometriosis lesions and endometriotic cysts. Author(s): Nezhat FR, Kalir T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 820-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372462&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis: a pilot study. Author(s): Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, Aimi G, Zaina B, Crosignani PG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 August; 80(2): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909492&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of clinical and laparascopic features of infertile women suffering from genital tuberculosis (TB) or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis. Author(s): Avan BI, Fatmi Z, Rashid S. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2001 November; 51(11): 393-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840606&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in diagnosing bladder endometriosis. Author(s): Balleyguier C, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Kinkel K, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, Helenon O, Menu Y. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2002 February; 9(1): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821601&dopt=Abstract
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Complete removal of endometriosis improves fecundity. Author(s): Suginami H, Tokushige M, Taniguchi F, Kitaoka Y. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834863&dopt=Abstract
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Concentration of interleukin-12 in the peritoneal fluid is not influenced by the presence of endometriosis, its stage or the phase of the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Gazvani R, Bates M, Vince G, Christmas S, Lewis-Jones I, Kingsland C. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 February; 80(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167215&dopt=Abstract
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Concerning the article by Meaddough et al: Sexual activity, orgasm and tampon use are associated with a decreased risk for endometriosis. Author(s): Guidone HC, Marvel ME. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(2): 64-5; Author Reply 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566744&dopt=Abstract
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Concerning the article by Meaddough et al: Sexual activity, orgasm and tampon use are associated with a decreased risk for endometriosis. Author(s): Ballweg ML, Quinn BW. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(2): 63; Author Reply 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566743&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous use of an oral contraceptive for endometriosis-associated recurrent dysmenorrhea that does not respond to a cyclic pill regimen. Author(s): Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, Pietropaolo G, Pasin R, Crosignani PG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80(3): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12969698&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of diminished ovarian reserve to hypofertility associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Hock DL, Sharafi K, Dagostino L, Kemmann E, Seifer DB. Source: J Reprod Med. 2001 January; 46(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209637&dopt=Abstract
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Conventional medical therapies for endometriosis. Author(s): Rice VM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 343-52; Discussion 389-93, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949960&dopt=Abstract
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Coordinated but depressed expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and CD14 on peritoneal macrophages in women with pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Izumiya C, Maeda N, Kusume T, Masumoto T, Yamashita C, Yamamoto Y, Oguri H, Fukaya T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80 Suppl 2: 768-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14505752&dopt=Abstract
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Critical appraisal of endometriosis management for pain and subfertility. Author(s): Zuberi NF, Rizvi JH. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2003 April; 53(4): 152-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776900&dopt=Abstract
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Current thinking on the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Donnez J, Van Langendonckt A, Casanas-Roux F, Van Gossum JP, Pirard C, Jadoul P, Squifflet J, Smets M. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54 Suppl 1: 52-8; Discussion 5962. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441661&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous endometriosis and its association with caesarean section and gynaecological procedures. Author(s): Scholefield HJ, Sajjad Y, Morgan PR. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 September; 22(5): 553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521430&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous endometriosis: non-invasive analysis by epiluminescence microscopy. Author(s): De Giorgi V, Massi D, Mannone F, Stante M, Carli P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780722&dopt=Abstract
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Cycle-specific and cumulative fecundity in patients with endometriosis who are undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation-intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Author(s): Dmowski WP, Pry M, Ding J, Rana N. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 750-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372451&dopt=Abstract
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CYP1A1, CYP19, and GSTM1 polymorphisms increase the risk of endometriosis. Author(s): Arvanitis DA, Koumantakis GE, Goumenou AG, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis EE, Spandidos DA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79 Suppl 1: 702-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620480&dopt=Abstract
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Cyproterone acetate versus a continuous monophasic oral contraceptive in the treatment of recurrent pelvic pain after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis. Author(s): Vercellini P, De Giorgi O, Mosconi P, Stellato G, Vicentini S, Crosignani PG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 January; 77(1): 52-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779591&dopt=Abstract
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Cystoscopy-assisted laparoscopic resection of extramucosal bladder endometriosis. Author(s): Seracchioli R, Mannini D, Colombo FM, Vianello F, Reggiani A, Venturoli S. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2002 November; 16(9): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490020&dopt=Abstract
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Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Selak V, Farquhar C, Prentice A, Singla A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd000068. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687066&dopt=Abstract
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Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Selak V, Farquhar C, Prentice A, Singla A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000068. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796483&dopt=Abstract
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De novo formation of adhesions in endometriosis: the role of iron and free radical reactions. Author(s): Arumugam K, Yip YC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1995 July; 64(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789581&dopt=Abstract
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Decrease in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic index in endometriosis: role of prostaglandin E2 release. Author(s): Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Provinciali M, Amati M, Muzzioli M, Governa M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 January; 91(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464715&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased apoptosis and sensitivity to macrophage mediated cytolysis of endometrial cells in endometriosis. Author(s): Dmowski WP, Gebel H, Braun DP. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 1998 September-October; 4(5): 696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027622&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased expression of the decoy interleukin-1 receptor type II in human endometriosis. Author(s): Akoum A, Jolicoeur C, Kharfi A, Aube M. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2001 February; 158(2): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159185&dopt=Abstract
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Deep endometriosis conundrum: evidence in favor of a peritoneal origin. Author(s): Vercellini P, Aimi G, Panazza S, Vicentini S, Pisacreta A, Crosignani PG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 May; 73(5): 1043-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10785236&dopt=Abstract
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Deeply infiltrating endometriosis: implications, diagnosis, and management. Author(s): Kwok A, Lam A, Ford R. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 2001 March; 56(3): 168-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254153&dopt=Abstract
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Degranulating eosinophils in human endometriosis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD000068 Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2000 May; 156(5): 1581-8. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11687066
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Delayed oral estradiol combined with leuprolide increases endometriosis-related pain. Author(s): Hurst BS, Gardner SC, Tucker KE, Awoniyi CA, Schlaff WD. Source: Jsls. 2000 April-June; 4(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917114&dopt=Abstract
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Delineation of a new syndrome: clustering of pyloric stenosis, endometriosis, and breast cancer in two families. Author(s): Liede A, Pal T, Mitchell M, Narod SA. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 October; 37(10): 794-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183186&dopt=Abstract
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Depot leuprorelin acetate versus danazol in the treatment of infertile women with symptomatic endometriosis. Author(s): Rotondi M, Labriola D, Rotondi M, Ammaturo FP, Amato G, Carella C, Izzo A, Panariello S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(6): 523-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556096&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of aromatase cytochrome P-450 in endometrial biopsy specimens as a diagnostic test for endometriosis. Author(s): Kitawaki J, Kusuki I, Koshiba H, Tsukamoto K, Fushiki S, Honjo H. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 December; 72(6): 1100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593388&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of DNA copy number changes in human endometriosis by comparative genomic hybridization. Author(s): Gogusev J, Bouquet de Joliniere J, Telvi L, Doussau M, du Manoir S, Stojkoski A, Levardon M. Source: Human Genetics. 1999 November; 105(5): 444-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10598811&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a Web site for the genetic epidemiology of endometriosis. Author(s): Zondervan K, Cardon L, Kennedy S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 777-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372456&dopt=Abstract
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Development of an endometriosis quality-of-life instrument: The Endometriosis Health Profile-30. Author(s): Jones G, Kennedy S, Barnard A, Wong J, Jenkinson C. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 98(2): 258-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506842&dopt=Abstract
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Development of dysplastic mucinous epithelium from endometriosis of the appendix. Author(s): Mai KT, Burns BF. Source: Histopathology. 1999 October; 35(4): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564392&dopt=Abstract
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Development of endometriosis-like lesions after transplantation of human endometrial fragments onto the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Author(s): Maas JW, Groothuis PG, Dunselman GA, de Goeij AF, Struijker-Boudier HA, Evers JL. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 April; 16(4): 627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11278208&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Wellbery C. Source: American Family Physician. 1999 October 15; 60(6): 1753-62, 1767-8. Review. Erratum In: Am Fam Physician 2000 May 1; 61(9): 2614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10537390&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of sigmoidal endometriosis--a case report. Author(s): Bartkowiak R, Zieniewicz K, Kaminski P, Krawczyk M, Marianowski L, Szymanska K. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 July-August; 6(4): 787-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208411&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathologic examination for the detection of endometriosis. Author(s): Stratton P, Winkel C, Premkumar A, Chow C, Wilson J, Hearns-Stokes R, Heo S, Merino M, Nieman LK. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 May; 79(5): 1078-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738499&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic delay in women with pain and endometriosis. Author(s): Husby GK, Haugen RS, Moen MH. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 July; 82(7): 649-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12790847&dopt=Abstract
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Diaphragmatic endometriosis. Author(s): Cooper MJ, Russell P, Gallagher PJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 August 2; 171(3): 142-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474606&dopt=Abstract
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Diaphragmatic endometriosis: diagnosis, surgical management, and long-term results of treatment. Author(s): Redwine DB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 February; 77(2): 288-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821085&dopt=Abstract
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Dienogest is as effective as triptorelin in the treatment of endometriosis after laparoscopic surgery: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Author(s): Cosson M, Querleu D, Donnez J, Madelenat P, Konincks P, Audebert A, Manhes H. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 April; 77(4): 684-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937116&dopt=Abstract
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Different aetiological mechanisms for unexplained and endometriosis-associated infertility cannot be inferred from unstimulated IVF cycles using HCG to induce ovulation. Author(s): Keay SD, Cahill DJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 July; 17(7): 1926-7; Author Reply 1927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093863&dopt=Abstract
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Different basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-antisense expression in eutopic endometrial stromal cells derived from women with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Mihalich A, Reina M, Mangioni S, Ponti E, Alberti L, Vigano P, Vignali M, Di Blasio AM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 June; 88(6): 2853-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788899&dopt=Abstract
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Differential expression of IGF-I and IGF-II in eutopic and ectopic endometria of women with endometriosis and in women without endometriosis. Author(s): Sbracia M, Zupi E, Alo P, Manna C, Marconi D, Scarpellini F, Grasso JA, Di Tondo U, Romanini C. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 1997 April; 37(4): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9161641&dopt=Abstract
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Differential expression of interleukins (IL)-13 and IL-15 in ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and normal fertile women. Author(s): Chegini N, Roberts M, Ripps B. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2003 February; 49(2): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765345&dopt=Abstract
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Dioxin stimulates RANTES expression in an in-vitro model of endometriosis. Author(s): Zhao D, Pritts EA, Chao VA, Savouret JF, Taylor RN. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 September; 8(9): 849-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200463&dopt=Abstract
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Dioxins and endometriosis: a plausible hypothesis. Author(s): Birnbaum LS, Cummings AM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 January; 110(1): 15-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781160&dopt=Abstract
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Distinct mechanisms regulate cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in peritoneal macrophages of women with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Wu MH, Sun HS, Lin CC, Hsiao KY, Chuang PC, Pan HA, Tsai SJ. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 December; 8(12): 1103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468643&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis. Author(s): Ota H, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Tanaka T. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 16(3): 561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228229&dopt=Abstract
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DNA microarray analysis of gene expression markers of endometriosis. Author(s): Eyster KM, Boles AL, Brannian JD, Hansen KA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 January; 77(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779588&dopt=Abstract
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Do soluble cell adhesion molecules play a role in endometriosis? Author(s): Daniel Y, Geva E, Amit A, Eshed-Englender T, Baram A, Fait G, Lessing JB. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2000 March; 43(3): 160-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735592&dopt=Abstract
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Does deep endometriosis infiltrating the uterosacral ligaments present an asymmetric lateral distribution? Author(s): Chapro C, Fauconnier A, Dubuisson JB, Vieira M, Bonte H, Vacher-Lavenu MC. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 October; 108(10): 1021-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702831&dopt=Abstract
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Does endometriosis really have premalignant potential? A clonal analysis of lasermicrodissected tissue. Author(s): Mayr D, Amann G, Siefert C, Diebold J, Anderegg B. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 April; 17(6): 693-5. Epub 2003 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594178&dopt=Abstract
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Does ovulation induction affect the pregnancy rate after laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis? Author(s): Karabacak O, Kambic R, Gursoy R, Ozeren S. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1999 January-February; 44(1): 38-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206198&dopt=Abstract
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Dominant expression of progesterone receptor form B mRNA in ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Misao R, Iwagaki S, Fujimoto J, Sun W, Tamaya T. Source: Hormone Research. 1999; 52(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640897&dopt=Abstract
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Dynamic aspects of endometriosis in a mouse model through analysis of implantation and progression. Author(s): Rossi G, Somigliana E, Moschetta M, Santorsola R, Cozzolino S, Filardo P, Salmaso A, Zingrillo B. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2000 February; 263(3): 102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763836&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of prolonged gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy on the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Surrey ES, Silverberg KM, Surrey MW, Schoolcraft WB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372443&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of presacral neurectomy in women with severe dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis who were treated with laparoscopic conservative surgery: a 1-year prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Zullo F, Palomba S, Zupi E, Russo T, Morelli M, Cappiello F, Mastrantonio P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 July; 189(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861130&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated soluble Fas ligand levels may suggest a role for apoptosis in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Garcia-Velasco JA, Mulayim N, Kayisli UA, Arici A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372468&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging role of genomics in endometriosis research. Author(s): Taylor RN, Lundeen SG, Giudice LC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 694-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372442&dopt=Abstract
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Endometrial adenocarcinoma arising from endometriosis of the rectosigmoid colon. Author(s): Jones KD, Owen E, Berresford A, Sutton C. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 August; 86(2): 220-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144831&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: thoughts on shared pathophysiology. Author(s): Ness RB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 July; 189(1): 280-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861175&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis causing cyclic compression of the right external iliac vein with cyclic edema of the right leg and thigh. Author(s): Rosengarten AM, Wong J, Gibbons S. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 January; 24(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196886&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis causing extensive intestinal obstruction simulating carcinoma of the sigmoid colon: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Varras M, Kostopanagiotou E, Katis K, Farantos Ch, Angelidou-Manika Z, Antoniou S. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(4): 353-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214744&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis co-existing with bilateral dermoid cysts of the ovaries treated by laparoscopy. Author(s): Frederick J, DaCosta V, Wynter S, Tenant I, McKenzie C, McDonald Y. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2003 June; 52(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506771&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis in reproductive immunology. Author(s): Ulcova-Gallova Z, Bouse V, Svabek L, Turek J, Rokyta Z. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 May; 47(5): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148541&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of abdominal wall masses. Author(s): Divani S, Vardouli A, Exarhos N, Lioupis A. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 September-October; 47(5): 944-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526686&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis is sustained by tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Author(s): Bullimore DW. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2003 January; 60(1): 84-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450770&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis of the urinary tract. Author(s): Comiter CV. Source: The Urologic Clinics of North America. 2002 August; 29(3): 625-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476526&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis presenting as a groin tumour: case report. Author(s): Oyetunde O, Akang EE. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 July; 77(7): 398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862163&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis presenting as an obstructed femoral hernia: a case report. Author(s): Makunike R, Muronda C, Saburi SD. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 2001 July; 47(7): 184-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201030&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium. Author(s): Leyendecker G, Herbertz M, Kunz G, Mall G. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 October; 17(10): 2725-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351554&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis, tampons and orgasm during menstruation: science, press and patient organizations. Author(s): D'Hooghe TM, Yankowitz J. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(2): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566742&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis. Author(s): Gould D. Source: Nurs Stand. 2003 March 19-25; 17(27): 47-53; Quiz 54-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683119&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis. Author(s): Farquhar C. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1654-62. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230778&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: candidate genes. Author(s): Campbell IG, Thomas EJ. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 15-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212068&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: correlation between histologic and visual findings at laparoscopy. Author(s): Martin DC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 June; 188(6): 1663; Author Reply 1663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825014&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: current concepts and therapy. Author(s): Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 Aug;69(8):654 Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 August; 78(2): 107-19. Review. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12184474
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Endometriosis: modern surgical management to improve fertility. Author(s): Gordts S, Campo R, Brosens I, Puttemans P. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003 April; 17(2): 275-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12758100&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: novel etiopathogenetic concepts and clinical perspectives. Author(s): Vignali M, Infantino M, Matrone R, Chiodo I, Somigliana E, Busacca M, Vigano P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 665-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372439&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: preoperative and postoperative medical treatment. Author(s): Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, Pietropaolo G, Pasin R, Crosignani PG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 163-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699264&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Author(s): Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP Jr. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2001 January-February; 21(1): 193-216; Questionnaire 288-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158655&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: still tough to diagnose and treat. Author(s): Attaran M, Falcone T, Goldberg J. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 August; 69(8): 647-53. Review. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12184473&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis: the pathophysiology as an estrogen-dependent disease. Author(s): Kitawaki J, Kado N, Ishihara H, Koshiba H, Kitaoka Y, Honjo H. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2002 December; 83(1-5): 149-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650711&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis--a missed malady. Author(s): Taylor MM. Source: Aorn Journal. 2003 February; 77(2): 298, 301-9, 312-3; Quiz 314-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619848&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma: differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and estrogen/progesterone receptors. Author(s): Del Carmen MG, Smith Sehdev AE, Fader AN, Zahurak ML, Richardson M, Fruehauf JP, Montz FJ, Bristow RE. Source: Cancer. 2003 October 15; 98(8): 1658-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14534882&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriotic haptoglobin binds to peritoneal macrophages and alters their function in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Sharpe-Timms KL, Zimmer RL, Ricke EA, Piva M, Horowitz GM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 810-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372461&dopt=Abstract
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Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide 78 concentrations are elevated in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Mueller MD, Mazzucchelli L, Buri C, Lebovic DI, Dreher E, Taylor RN. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79 Suppl 1: 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620496&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation and management of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Winkel CA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 August; 102(2): 397-408. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907119&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for asymmetric distribution of sciatic nerve endometriosis. Author(s): Vercellini P, Chapron C, Fedele L, Frontino G, Zaina B, Crosignani PG. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 August; 102(2): 383-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907116&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for local production of inhibin A and activin A in patients with ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Reis FM, Di Blasio AM, Florio P, Ambrosini G, Di Loreto C, Petraglia F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 February; 75(2): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11172841&dopt=Abstract
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Exceptionally high levels of CA125 due to endometriosis. Author(s): Caroline C, Bashir T. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 May; 22(3): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521524&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in peritoneal endometriosis. Author(s): Matsuzaki S, Canis M, Yokomizo R, Yaegashi N, Bruhat MA, Okamura K. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 January; 18(1): 152-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525458&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of serum human leukocyte antigen and growth factor levels in a Greek family with familial endometriosis. Author(s): Matalliotakis IM, Goumenou AG, Koumantakis GE, Athanassakis I, Dionyssopoulou E, Neonaki MA, Vassiliadis S. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 2003 February; 10(2): 11821. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594002&dopt=Abstract
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Expression profiling of endometrium from women with endometriosis reveals candidate genes for disease-based implantation failure and infertility. Author(s): Kao LC, Germeyer A, Tulac S, Lobo S, Yang JP, Taylor RN, Osteen K, Lessey BA, Giudice LC. Source: Endocrinology. 2003 July; 144(7): 2870-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810542&dopt=Abstract
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Extremely elevated serum CA125 due to endometriosis. Author(s): Kashyap RJ. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1999 May; 39(2): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10755799&dopt=Abstract
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Familial risk among patients with endometriosis. Author(s): dos Reis RM, de Sa MF, de Moura MD, Nogueira AA, Ribeiro JU, Ramos ES, Ferriani RA. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1999 October; 16(9): 500-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10530406&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal acute hepatic failure induced by danazol in a patient with endometriosis and aplastic anemia. Author(s): Hayashi T, Takahashi T, Minami T, Akaike J, Kasahara K, Adachi M, Hinoda Y, Takahashi S, Hirayama T, Imai K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 36(11): 783-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757752&dopt=Abstract
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Fecundity of infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis and women with unexplained infertility. The Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis. Author(s): Berube S, Marcoux S, Langevin M, Maheux R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 June; 69(6): 1034-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627289&dopt=Abstract
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Fecundity of infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. A clinical study. Author(s): Milingos S, Mavrommatis C, Elsheikh A, Kallipolitis G, Loutradis D, Diakomanolis E, Michalas S. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2002 November; 267(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410372&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility after laparoscopic management of deep endometriosis infiltrating the uterosacral ligaments. Author(s): Chapron C, Fritel X, Dubuisson JB. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 February; 14(2): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10099973&dopt=Abstract
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Fertility drugs and ovarian epithelial cancer: the endometriosis hypothesis. Author(s): Paulson RJ. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1997 April; 14(4): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130072&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrinolysis in the peritoneal fluid during adhesions, endometriosis and ongoing pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Edelstam G, Lecander I, Larsson B, Astedt B. Source: Inflammation. 1998 August; 22(4): 341-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9675606&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrinolytic factors in endometriotic tissue, endometrium, peritoneal fluid, and plasma from women with endometriosis and in endometrium and peritoneal fluid from healthy women. Author(s): Bruse C, Bergqvist A, Carlstrom K, Fianu-Jonasson A, Lecander I, Astedt B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 November; 70(5): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806560&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrogenesis in peritoneal endometriosis. A semi-quantitative analysis of type-I collagen. Author(s): Matsuzaki S, Canis M, Darcha C, Dechelotte P, Pouly JL, Bruhat MA. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1999; 47(3): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10087417&dopt=Abstract
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Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of endometriosis in an abdominal scar after caesarean section. Author(s): Gupta RK, Green C, Wood KP. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2000 February; 11(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10714379&dopt=Abstract
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Flare-up of endometriosis induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leading to bowel obstruction. Author(s): Hall LL, Malone JM, Ginsburg KA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1995 December; 64(6): 1204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7589678&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescence diagnosis of endometriosis on the chorioallantoic membrane using 5aminolaevulinic acid. Author(s): Malik E, Meyhofer-Malik A, Berg C, Bohm W, Kunzi-Rapp K, Diedrich K, Ruck A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2000 March; 15(3): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686200&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescence diagnosis of endometriosis using 5-aminolevulinic acid. Author(s): Malik E, Berg C, Meyhofer-Malik A, Buchweitz O, Moubayed P, Diedrich K. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 May; 14(5): 452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858470&dopt=Abstract
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Focus group study of endometriosis: struggle, loss and the medical merry-go-round. Author(s): Cox H, Henderson L, Andersen N, Cagliarini G, Ski C. Source: International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2003 February; 9(1): 2-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588614&dopt=Abstract
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Follicular fluid of women with endometriosis stimulates the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells. Author(s): Bahtiyar MO, Seli E, Oral E, Senturk LM, Zreik TG, Arici A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 December; 13(12): 3492-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9886538&dopt=Abstract
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Follicular hormonal environment and embryo quality in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Garrido N, Navarro J, Remohi J, Simon C, Pellicer A. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 67-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711831&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up of laparoscopic treatment of stage III-IV endometriosis. Author(s): Busacca M, Bianchi S, Agnoli B, Candiani M, Calia C, De Marinis S, Vignali M. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999 February; 6(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9971852&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up report on a randomized controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal to moderate endometriosis. Author(s): Sutton CJ, Pooley AS, Ewen SP, Haines P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 December; 68(6): 1070-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9418699&dopt=Abstract
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Functional and phenotypic alterations in peritoneal macrophages from patients with early and advanced endometriosis. Author(s): Raiter-Tenenbaum A, Baranao RI, Etchepareborda JJ, Meresman GF, Rumi LS. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1998; 261(3): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9651659&dopt=Abstract
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Gene expression of adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in endometriosis. Author(s): Ueda M, Yamashita Y, Takehara M, Terai Y, Kumagai K, Ueki K, Kanda K, Hung YC, Ueki M. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2002 October; 16(5): 391-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587534&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic abnormalities detected by comparative genomic hybridization in a human endometriosis-derived cell line. Author(s): Gogusev J, Bouquet de Joliniere J, Telvi L, Doussau M, du Manoir S, Stojkoski A, Levardon M. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2000 September; 6(9): 821-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10956554&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic alterations in microsatellite marker sites among tumor suppressor genes in endometriosis. Author(s): Nakayama K, Toki T, Nikaido T, Zhai YL, Konishi I. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 51(4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408734&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic contribution of the interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism in endometriosis susceptibility. Author(s): Kitawaki J, Obayashi H, Ohta M, Kado N, Ishihara H, Koshiba H, Kusuki I, Tsukamoto K, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Honjo H. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 January; 47(1): 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883743&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic factors contribute to the risk of developing endometriosis. Author(s): Stefansson H, Geirsson RT, Steinthorsdottir V, Jonsson H, Manolescu A, Kong A, Ingadottir G, Gulcher J, Stefansson K. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 March; 17(3): 555-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870102&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic influences on endometriosis in an Australian twin sample.
[email protected]. Author(s): Treloar SA, O'Connor DT, O'Connor VM, Martin NG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 April; 71(4): 701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202882&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics of endometriosis. Author(s): Simpson JL, Bischoff FZ, Kamat A, Buster JE, Carson SA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 21-40, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699256&dopt=Abstract
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Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotypes and endometriosis risk: a casecontrolled study. Author(s): Lin J, Zhang X, Qian Y, Ye Y, Shi Y, Xu K, Xu J. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2003 May; 116(5): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875700&dopt=Abstract
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Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to endometriosis in a French population. Author(s): Baranova H, Bothorishvilli R, Canis M, Albuisson E, Perriot S, Glowaczower E, Bruhat MA, Baranov V, Malet P. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1997 September; 3(9): 775-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358003&dopt=Abstract
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Glycosidases in the peritoneal fluid from infertile women with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Brandelli A, Passos EP. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1998 April; 31(3): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629492&dopt=Abstract
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Glycosylation and over-expression of endometriosis-associated peritoneal haptoglobin. Author(s): Piva M, Moreno JI, Sharpe-Timms KL. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 2002 January; 19(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652078&dopt=Abstract
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Gn-RH agonists and ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Descamps P, Lansac J. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 August; 79(2): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720831&dopt=Abstract
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GnRH analogs in treating uterine leiomyomata and endometriosis. Author(s): Szczurowicz A, Wydra D. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 23(4): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9001782&dopt=Abstract
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GnRH analogues, transvaginal ultrasound-guided drainage and intracystic injection of recombinant interleukin-2 in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Acien P, Quereda FJ, Gomez-Torres MJ, Bermejo R, Gutierrez M. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2003; 55(2): 96-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771456&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD000155 Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000346. Review. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12917884
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and danazol normalize aromatase cytochrome P450 expression in eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis, adenomyosis, or leiomyomas. Author(s): Ishihara H, Kitawaki J, Kado N, Koshiba H, Fushiki S, Honjo H. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 March; 79 Suppl 1: 735-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620485&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist induces apoptosis and reduces cell proliferation in eutopic endometrial cultures from women with endometriosis. Author(s): Meresman GF, Bilotas M, Buquet RA, Baranao RI, Sueldo C, Tesone M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 September; 80 Suppl 2: 702-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14505742&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus “add-back” hormone replacement therapy for treatment of endometriosis: a prospective, randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind trial. Author(s): Franke HR, van de Weijer PH, Pennings TM, van der Mooren MJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 September; 74(3): 534-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10973651&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum. Author(s): Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, Tozzi L, Raffaelli R. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 December; 183(6): 1462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11120511&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog repairs reduced endometrial cell apoptosis in endometriosis in vitro. Author(s): Imai A, Takagi A, Tamaya T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 May; 182(5): 1142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819849&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (goserelin) plus hormone replacement therapy for the treatment of endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Howell R, Edmonds DK, Dowsett M, Crook D, Lees B, Stevenson JC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1995 September; 64(3): 474-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7641897&dopt=Abstract
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue plus hormone replacement therapy for the treatment of endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Gregoriou O, Konidaris S, Vitoratos N, Papadias C, Papoulias I, Chryssicopoulos A. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1997 November-December; 42(6): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459084&dopt=Abstract
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Goserelin acetate (Zoladex) with or without hormone replacement therapy for the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Moghissi KS, Schlaff WD, Olive DL, Skinner MA, Yin H. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 June; 69(6): 1056-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627292&dopt=Abstract
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Goserelin followed by assisted reproduction: results in infertile women with endometriosis. Author(s): Ruiz-Velasco V, Allende S. Source: Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1998 January-February; 43(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9532465&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous peritonitis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy mimicking pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Merchant SH, Haghir S, Gordon GB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 November; 96(5 Pt 2): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11094226&dopt=Abstract
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Growth-regulated alpha expression in the peritoneal environment with endometriosis. Author(s): Oral E, Seli E, Bahtiyar MO, Olive DL, Arici A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 December; 88(6): 1050-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942852&dopt=Abstract
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GSTM1 null polymorphism and susceptibility to endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Author(s): Baxter SW, Thomas EJ, Campbell IG. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 January; 22(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159742&dopt=Abstract
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Haemoperitoneum due to cornual endometriosis during pregnancy resulting in intrauterine death. Author(s): Leung WC, Leung TW, Lam YH. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1998 May; 38(2): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9653849&dopt=Abstract
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Health and fertility outcomes among women surgically treated for endometriosis. Author(s): Batt RE, Buck GM, Smith RA. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1997 August; 4(4): 435-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9224576&dopt=Abstract
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Healthy women and patients with endometriosis show high concentrations of inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A in peritoneal fluid throughout the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Florio P, Luisi S, Vigano P, Busacca M, Fadalti M, Genazzani AR, Petraglia F. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 September; 13(9): 2606-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9806293&dopt=Abstract
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Hemoperitoneum secondary to pelvic endometriosis in pregnancy. Author(s): Ismail KM, Shervington J. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1999 November; 67(2): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636055&dopt=Abstract
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Hemorrhagic ascites associated with endometriosis. A case report. Author(s): Dias CC, Andrade JM, Ferriani RA, Villanova MG, Meirelles RS. Source: J Reprod Med. 2000 August; 45(8): 688-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986691&dopt=Abstract
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Hemothorax after Lupron therapy of a patient with pleural endometriosis--a case report and literature review. Author(s): Margolis MT, Thoen LD, Mercer LJ, Keith LG. Source: Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1996 January-February; 41(1): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8673157&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatic endometriosis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Reid GD, Kowalski D, Cooper MJ, Kaloo P. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2003 February; 43(1): 87-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755358&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatic endometriosis: a case report. Author(s): Cravello L, D'Ercole C, Le Treut YP, Blanc B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 October; 66(4): 657-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8816634&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatocyte growth factor concentrations are elevated in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Osuga Y, Tsutsumi O, Okagaki R, Takai Y, Fujimoto A, Suenaga A, Maruyama M, Momoeda M, Yano T, Taketani Y. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 June; 14(6): 1611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357985&dopt=Abstract
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Heritability and molecular genetic studies of endometriosis. Author(s): Simpson JL, Bischoff FZ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 239-51; Discussion 293-5, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949952&dopt=Abstract
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Heritability and molecular genetic studies of endometriosis. Author(s): Bischoff FZ, Simpson JL. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2000 January-February; 6(1): 37-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711828&dopt=Abstract
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High frequency of endometrial polyps in endometriosis. Author(s): Kim MR, Kim YA, Jo MY, Hwang KJ, Ryu HS. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2003 February; 10(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554993&dopt=Abstract
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High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: a survey analysis. Author(s): Sinaii N, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Nieman LK, Stratton P. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 October; 17(10): 2715-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351553&dopt=Abstract
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High resolution imaging of endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma with optical coherence tomography: feasibility for laparoscopic-based imaging. Author(s): Boppart SA, Goodman A, Libus J, Pitris C, Jesser CA, Brezinski ME, Fujimoto JG. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 October; 106(10): 1071-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10519434&dopt=Abstract
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High-frequency power Doppler angiographic appearance and microvascular flow velocity in recurrent scar endometriosis. Author(s): Wu YC, Tsui KH, Hung JH, Yuan CC, Ng HT. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 21(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528172&dopt=Abstract
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Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-G is not expressed by endometriosis or endometrial tissue. Author(s): Hornung D, Fujii E, Lim KH, Vigne JL, McMaster MT, Taylor RN. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 April; 75(4): 814-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287041&dopt=Abstract
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Histologic appearance of endometriosis infiltrating uterosacral ligaments in women with painful symptoms. Author(s): Bonte H, Chapron C, Vieira M, Fauconnier A, Barakat H, Fritel X, VacherLavenu MC, Dubuisson JB. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2002 November; 9(4): 519-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386367&dopt=Abstract
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Histologic transformation of benign endometriosis to early epithelial ovarian cancer. Author(s): Sainz de la Cuesta R, Eichhorn JH, Rice LW, Fuller AF Jr, Nikrui N, Goff BA. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1996 February; 60(2): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8631545&dopt=Abstract
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Histological classification of endometriosis as a predictor of response to treatment. Author(s): Abrao MS, Neme RM, Carvalho FM, Aldrighi JM, Pinotti JA. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 July; 82(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834939&dopt=Abstract
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How does endometriosis affect infertility? Author(s): Navarro J, Garrido N, Remohi J, Pellicer A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 181-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699265&dopt=Abstract
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How old is endometriosis? Late 17th- and 18th-century European descriptions of the disease. Author(s): Knapp VJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 July; 72(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428141&dopt=Abstract
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HOX gene expression is altered in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Taylor HS, Bagot C, Kardana A, Olive D, Arici A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 May; 14(5): 1328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325287&dopt=Abstract
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Human arylhydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene: genomic structure and analysis of polymorphism in endometriosis. Author(s): Watanabe T, Imoto I, Kosugi Y, Fukuda Y, Mimura J, Fujii Y, Isaka K, Takayama M, Sato A, Inazawa J. Source: Journal of Human Genetics. 2001; 46(6): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393538&dopt=Abstract
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Human endometriosis-derived permanent cell line (FbEM-1): establishment and characterization. Author(s): Bouquet de Joliniere J, Validire P, Canis M, Doussau M, Levardon M, Gogusev J. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 1997 March-April; 3(2): 117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286736&dopt=Abstract
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Human issues and medical economics of endometriosis. Three- vs. six-month GnRHagonist therapy. Author(s): Heinrichs WL, Henzl MR. Source: J Reprod Med. 1998 March; 43(3 Suppl): 299-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564665&dopt=Abstract
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Human peritoneal macrophage and T lymphocyte populations in mild and severe endometriosis. Author(s): Becker JL, Widen RH, Mahan CS, Yeko TR, Parsons AK, Spellacy WN. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 1995 September; 34(3): 179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8561876&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperalgesia, nerve infiltration and nerve growth factor expression in deep adenomyotic nodules, peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Anaf V, Simon P, El Nakadi I, Fayt I, Simonart T, Buxant F, Noel JC. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 July; 17(7): 1895-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093857&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperestrogenism: a relevant risk factor for the development of cancer from endometriosis. Author(s): Zanetta GM, Webb MJ, Li H, Keeney GL. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 October; 79(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11006024&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperprolactinemia and luteal insufficiency in infertile patients with mild and minimal endometriosis. Author(s): Cunha-Filho JS, Gross JL, Lemos NA, Brandelli A, Castillos M, Passos EP. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2001 April; 33(4): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383925&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of an invasive, N-cadherin-expressing epithelial cell type in endometriosis using a new cell culture model. Author(s): Zeitvogel A, Baumann R, Starzinski-Powitz A. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2001 November; 159(5): 1839-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11696444&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of the cadherin subtypes present in the human peritoneum and endometriotic lesions: potential role for P-cadherin in the development of endometriosis. Author(s): Chen GT, Tai CT, Yeh LS, Yang TC, Tsai HD. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2002 July; 62(3): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112590&dopt=Abstract
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Ileal perforation due to ileocecal endometriosis: a case with an unusual clinical and pathological presentation. Author(s): Bossotti M, Bona A, Oliveri MG, Coda R, Micca FB, Fasciano F, Bili G. Source: Chir Ital. 2000 September-October; 52(5): 597-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11190557&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging features of pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Umaria N, Olliff JF. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2001 June; 74(882): 556-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459736&dopt=Abstract
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Immunobiology of endometriosis. Author(s): Lebovic DI, Mueller MD, Taylor RN. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163805&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical analysis of the role of angiogenic status in the vasculature of peritoneal endometriosis. Author(s): Matsuzaki S, Canis M, Murakami T, Dechelotte P, Bruhat MA, Okamura K. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 October; 76(4): 712-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591403&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical localization of aromatase and apoptosis-associated proteins in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma arising from ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Kusuki I, Kitawaki J, Ishihara H, Koshiba H, Kado N, Ohshima K, Honjo H. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 September; 98(1): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516810&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical staining with MIB1, bcl2 and p16 assists in the distinction of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from tubo-endometrial metaplasia, endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia. Author(s): Cameron RI, Maxwell P, Jenkins D, McCluggage WG. Source: Histopathology. 2002 October; 41(4): 313-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383213&dopt=Abstract
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Immunomodulators and aromatase inhibitors: are they the next generation of treatment for endometriosis? Author(s): D'Hooghe TM. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2003 June; 15(3): 243-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858113&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of six months of GnRH agonist therapy for endometriosis. Is there an agerelated effect on bone mineral density? Author(s): Agarwal SK. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 July; 47(7): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170527&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired natural killer cell activity in endometriosis?--A technical challenge for validation. Author(s): Somigliana E, Candiani M, Vignali M, Vigano P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 August; 76(2): 422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503606&dopt=Abstract
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Implantation defects in infertile women with endometriosis. Author(s): Lessey BA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 265-80; Discussion 293-5, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949954&dopt=Abstract
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Important effects of cyproterone acetate on endometriosis? Author(s): Moran C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 886; Author Reply 886-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372480&dopt=Abstract
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In search of pathogenic mechanisms in endometriosis: the challenge for molecular cell biology. Author(s): Starzinski-Powitz A, Zeitvogel A, Schreiner A, Baumann R. Source: Current Molecular Medicine. 2001 December; 1(6): 655-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899254&dopt=Abstract
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Incisional endometriosis. Author(s): McClenathan JH. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2001 January; 192(1): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192918&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in the expression of killer cell inhibitory receptors on peritoneal natural killer cells in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Wu MY, Yang JH, Chao KH, Hwang JL, Yang YS, Ho HN. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 December; 74(6): 1187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11119748&dopt=Abstract
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Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in local lesions of endometriosis patients. Author(s): Chishima F, Hayakawa S, Sugita K, Kinukawa N, Aleemuzzaman S, Nemoto N, Yamamoto T, Honda M. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 July; 48(1): 50-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322896&dopt=Abstract
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Increased expression of endoglin in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Kim SH, Choi YM, Chae HD, Kim KR, Kim CH, Kang BM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 November; 76(5): 918-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704111&dopt=Abstract
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Increased killer inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1 expression among natural killer cells in women with pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Maeda N, Izumiya C, Yamamoto Y, Oguri H, Kusume T, Fukaya T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 February; 77(2): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821086&dopt=Abstract
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Increased levels of interleukin-15 in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis: inverse correlation with stage and depth of invasion. Author(s): Arici A, Matalliotakis I, Goumenou A, Koumantakis G, Vassiliadis S, Selam B, Mahutte NG. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 18(2): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571184&dopt=Abstract
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Increased nitric oxide in peritoneal fluid from women with idiopathic infertility and endometriosis. Author(s): Dong M, Shi Y, Cheng Q, Hao M. Source: J Reprod Med. 2001 October; 46(10): 887-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725732&dopt=Abstract
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Increased pregnancy rates after ultralong postoperative therapy with gonadotropinreleasing hormone analogs in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Rickes D, Nickel I, Kropf S, Kleinstein J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372452&dopt=Abstract
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Increased pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) concentrations in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Arici A, Matalliotakis I, Goumenou A, Koumantakis G, Fragouli Y, Mahutte NG. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2003 February; 49(2): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765344&dopt=Abstract
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by peritoneal macrophages in endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Osborn BH, Haney AF, Misukonis MA, Weinberg JB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 January; 77(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779590&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in peritoneal mesothelial and endometrial cells by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis. Author(s): Rong R, Ramachandran S, Santanam N, Murphy AA, Parthasarathy S. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 843-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372466&dopt=Abstract
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Infertility treatment by in vitro fertilization in patients with minimal or mild endometriosis. Author(s): Meden-Vrtovec H, Tomazevic T, Verdenik I. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 27(3-4): 191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11214948&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of pelvic endometriosis and ovarian endometrioma on fertility. Author(s): Fujishita A, Khan KN, Masuzaki H, Ishimaru T. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834867&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of severe endometriosis on gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in granulosa cells from patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Author(s): Yamashita Y, Ueda M, Takehara M, Yamashita H, Suzuki Y, Hung YC, Terai Y, Ueki M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 865-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372470&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF binding protein-1 and -3 in the follicular fluid of infertile patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Cunha-Filho JS, Lemos NA, Freitas FM, Kiefer K, Faller M, Passos EP. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 18(2): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571183&dopt=Abstract
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Integrin pattern in human endometrium--new diagnostic tool in pelvic endometriosis? Author(s): Szymanowski K, Skrzypczak J, Mikolajczyk M. Source: Ginekol Pol. 2003 April; 74(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916266&dopt=Abstract
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Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene polymorphisms in endometriosis. Author(s): Vigano P, Infantino M, Lattuada D, Lauletta R, Ponti E, Somigliana E, Vignali M, DiBlasio AM. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2003 January; 9(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12529420&dopt=Abstract
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Intraspinal endometriosis: a case report. Author(s): Sun Z, Wang Y, Zhao L, Ma L. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2002 April; 115(4): 622-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133314&dopt=Abstract
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Invisible microscopic endometriosis: how wrong is the sampson hypothesis of retrograde menstruation to explain the pathogenesis of endometriosis? Author(s): D'Hooghe TM. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2003; 55(2): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771450&dopt=Abstract
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In-vitro adhesion of endometrium to autologous peritoneal membranes: effect of the cycle phase and the stage of endometriosis. Author(s): Debrock S, Vander Perre S, Meuleman C, Moerman P, Hill JA, D'Hooghe TM. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 October; 17(10): 2523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351522&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of catalase in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis and adenomyosis. Author(s): Ota H, Igarashi S, Sato N, Tanaka H, Tanaka T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 804-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372460&dopt=Abstract
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Iron overload in the peritoneal cavity of women with pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Van Langendonckt A, Casanas-Roux F, Donnez J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 712-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372445&dopt=Abstract
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Is endometriosis really associated with pain? Author(s): Momoeda M, Taketani Y, Terakawa N, Hoshiai H, Tanaka K, Tsutsumi O, Osuga Y, Maruyama M, Harada T, Obata K, Hayashi K. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54 Suppl 1: 18-21; Discussion 213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441656&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated torsion of haematosalpinx associated with tubal endometriosis. Author(s): Ohara N, Narita F, Murao S. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 July; 23(4): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881105&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated umbilical endometriosis--a rare finding. Author(s): Okunlola MA, Adekunle AO, Arowojolu AO, Oluwasola AO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 September; 31(3): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751574&dopt=Abstract
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Isolated vesical endometriosis in the absence of previous surgery. Author(s): Thijs I, Bhal PS, Shaw R, Kynaston H. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 July; 22(4): 448-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521483&dopt=Abstract
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Ki-67, oestrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor proteins in the human rete ovarii and in endometriosis. Author(s): Khan MS, Dodson AR, Heatley MK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 July; 52(7): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605405&dopt=Abstract
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Killer cell activity, statistics, and endometriosis. Author(s): D'Hooghe TM, Hill JA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1995 July; 64(1): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789576&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association of the common immunologically anomalous LH with endometriosis. Author(s): Gazvani R, Pakarinen P, Fowler P, Logan S, Huhtaniemi I. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 17(6): 1532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042273&dopt=Abstract
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Laparascopically assisted vaginal resection of rectovaginal endometriosis. Author(s): Possover M, Diebolder H, Plaul K, Schneider A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 August; 96(2): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960302&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic ablation is not necessary for minimal or mild lesions in endometriosis associated subfertility. Author(s): Al-Inany H. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 80(7): 593-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437714&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis. Author(s): Wood C, Kuhn R, Tsaltas J. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 August; 42(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230063&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: the treatment of choice? Author(s): Garry R. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 May; 104(5): 513-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166188&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic management of 15 patients with infiltrating endometriosis of the bladder and a case of primary intravesical endometrioid adenosarcoma. Author(s): Nezhat CH, Malik S, Osias J, Nezhat F, Nezhat C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 872-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372471&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic management of bladder endometriosis. Author(s): Chapron C, Dubuisson JB. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1999 November; 78(10): 887-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10577619&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic management of colorectal endometriosis. Author(s): Jerby BL, Kessler H, Falcone T, Milsom JW. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1999 November; 13(11): 1125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10556452&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic management of intestinal endometriosis. Author(s): Varol N, Maher P, Woods R. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 August; 7(3): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924638&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic presacral neurolysis for endometriosis-related pelvic pain. Author(s): Soysal ME, Soysal S, Gurses E, Ozer S. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 18(3): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615830&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic resection of deep pelvic endometriosis with rectosigmoid involvement. Author(s): Duepree HJ, Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Marcello PW, Brady KM, Falcone T. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002 December; 195(6): 754-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495306&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic segmental resection for infiltrating endometriosis of rectosigmoid colon: a preliminary report. Author(s): Nezhat F. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2001 February; 11(1): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269562&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis: a long-term follow-up. Author(s): Tokushige M, Suginami H, Taniguchi F, Kitaoka Y. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2000 December; 26(6): 40916. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152325&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic surgery for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Jacobson TZ, Barlow DH, Garry R, Koninckx P. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd001300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687104&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Jacobson TZ, Barlow DH, Koninckx PR, Olive D, Farquhar C. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd001398. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519555&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic treatment of complete obliteration of the cul-de-sac associated with endometriosis: long-term follow-up of en bloc resection. Author(s): Redwine DB, Wright JT. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 August; 76(2): 358-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11476786&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic uterosacral ligament resection for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Vercellini P, Aimi G, Busacca M, Apolone G, Uglietti A, Crosignani PG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 August; 80(2): 310-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909493&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopic vesicopsoas hitch for infiltrative ureteral endometriosis. Author(s): Nezhat CH, Nezhat FR, Freiha F, Nezhat CR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 February; 71(2): 376-9. Erratum In: Fertil Steril 1998 June; 71(6): 1174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988415&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopically assisted definitive treatment of severe endometriosis. Author(s): Soysal ME, Soysal S, Vicdan K. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2001 February; 72(2): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166755&dopt=Abstract
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Laparoscopically assisted vaginal management of deep endometriosis infiltrating the rectovaginal septum. Author(s): Chapron C, Jacob S, Dubuisson JB, Vieira M, Liaras E, Fauconnier A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 April; 80(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264611&dopt=Abstract
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Laser laparoscopy for endometriosis and endometriotic cysts. Author(s): Sutton CJ, Jones KD. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2002 November; 16(11): 1513-7. Epub 2002 July 29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140633&dopt=Abstract
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Left lateral predisposition of endometriosis and endometrioma. Author(s): Al-Fozan H, Tulandi T. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 101(1): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517662&dopt=Abstract
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Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata associated with endometriosis: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Herrero J, Kamali P, Kirschbaum M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1998 February; 76(2): 189-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481573&dopt=Abstract
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Leukotrienes in gynaecology: the hypothetical value of anti-leukotriene therapy in dysmenorrhoea and endometriosis. Author(s): Abu JI, Konje JC. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2000 March-April; 6(2): 200-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10782578&dopt=Abstract
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Leuprolide acetate depot and hormonal add-back in endometriosis: a 12-month study. Lupron Add-Back Study Group. Author(s): Hornstein MD, Surrey ES, Weisberg GW, Casino LA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 January; 91(1): 16-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464714&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of antibodies to transferrin and alpha 2-HS glycoprotein in women with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Mathur SP, Holt VL, Lee JH, Jiang H, Rust PF. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 1998 August; 40(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9764347&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of lipid peroxides and superoxide dismutase in peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Liu Y, Luo L, Zhao H. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2001; 21(2): 166-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523228&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of transferrin and alpha 2-HS glycoprotein in women with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Mathur SP, Lee JH, Jiang H, Arnaud P, Rust PF. Source: Autoimmunity. 1999; 29(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433073&dopt=Abstract
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Liesegang rings and endometriosis. Author(s): Perrotta PL, Ginsburg FW, Siderides CI, Parkash V. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1998 October; 17(4): 358-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785137&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage and association studies of the relationship between endometriosis and genes encoding the detoxification enzymes GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1. Author(s): Hadfield RM, Manek S, Weeks DE, Mardon HJ, Barlow DH, Kennedy SH; OXEGENE Collaborative Group. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2001 November; 7(11): 1073-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675474&dopt=Abstract
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Local cytokines in endometrial tissue: the role of interleukin-8 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Arici A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 101-9; Discussion 118, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949939&dopt=Abstract
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Localization in tissues and secretion of eotaxin by cells from normal endometrium and endometriosis. Author(s): Hornung D, Dohrn K, Sotlar K, Greb RR, Wallwiener D, Kiesel L, Taylor RN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000 July; 85(7): 2604-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902814&dopt=Abstract
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Location, color, size, depth, and volume may predict endometriosis in lesions resected at surgery. Author(s): Stratton P, Winkel CA, Sinaii N, Merino MJ, Zimmer C, Nieman LK. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372450&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term outcome of nonconservative surgery (hysterectomy) for endometriosisassociated pain in women <30 years old. Author(s): MacDonald SR, Klock SC, Milad MP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 June; 180(6 Pt 1): 1360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368472&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and hormone replacement therapy in the management of endometriosis: a randomized trial with a 6-year followup. Author(s): Pierce SJ, Gazvani MR, Farquharson RG. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 November; 74(5): 964-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056241&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose danazol after combined surgical and medical therapy reduces the incidence of pelvic pain in women with moderate and severe endometriosis. Author(s): Morgante G, Ditto A, La Marca A, De Leo V. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 September; 14(9): 2371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469713&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose GnRH agonist therapy for the management of endometriosis. Author(s): Uemura T, Shirasu K, Katagiri N, Asukai K, Suzuki T, Suzuki N, Osada H, Hiroshi M. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 1999 October; 25(5): 295301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10533322&dopt=Abstract
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Lower antigenecity of long-term in vitro cultured eutopic endometrial stromal cells from endometriotic patients: a possible evidence of genetic disorders in endometriosis. Author(s): Tanaka T, Umesaki N, Ogita S. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1998 June; 44(1): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9834622&dopt=Abstract
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Low-penetrance genes are associated with increased susceptibility to endometriosis. Author(s): Arvanitis DA, Goumenou AG, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis EE, Spandidos DA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 December; 76(6): 1202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730751&dopt=Abstract
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Macrophages, oxidation, and endometriosis. Author(s): Santanam N, Murphy AA, Parthasarathy S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 183-98; Discussion 19-200, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949947&dopt=Abstract
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Magnetic resonance imaging and endometriosis: deeply infiltrating endometriosis does not originate from the rectovaginal septum. Author(s): Chapron C, Liaras E, Fayet P, Hoeffel C, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, Barakat H, Dousset B, Legmann P, Bonnin A, Dubuisson JB. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(4): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186984&dopt=Abstract
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Malignancy in endometriosis: frequency and comparison of ovarian and extraovarian types. Author(s): Stern RC, Dash R, Bentley RC, Snyder MJ, Haney AF, Robboy SJ. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2001 April; 20(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293158&dopt=Abstract
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Malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Nishida M, Watanabe K, Sato N, Ichikawa Y. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 50 Suppl 1: 18-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093057&dopt=Abstract
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Malignant transformation of residual endometriosis in women on unopposed oestrogen hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Lavery S, Gillmer M. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 October; 108(10): 1106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702846&dopt=Abstract
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Management of deep endometriosis. Author(s): Chapron C, Dubuisson JB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 September; 943: 276-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594547&dopt=Abstract
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Management of endometriosis and its impact on infertility. Author(s): Gunasheela S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2001 August; 99(8): 436, 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881858&dopt=Abstract
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Management of endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Surrey ES, Schoolcraft WB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 193-208. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699266&dopt=Abstract
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Management of intramedullary endometriosis of the conus medullaris. A case report. Author(s): Erbayraktar S, Acar B, Saygili U, Kargi A, Acar U. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 November; 47(11): 955-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497691&dopt=Abstract
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Marked elevation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Kats R, Collette T, Metz CN, Akoum A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 July; 78(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095493&dopt=Abstract
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Massive ascites secondary to severe endometriosis. Author(s): Fletcher H, McFarlane M, Shirley SE, Clarke WF, Lyon K. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1999 September; 48(3): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10555466&dopt=Abstract
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Massive ascites--an uncommon presentation of endometriosis. Author(s): Cheong EC, Lim DT. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 February; 44(2): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14503785&dopt=Abstract
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Massive hemorrhagic ascites secondary to endometriosis. Author(s): El Khalil T, Mourad FH, Barada K, Uthman S. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 29(4): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599639&dopt=Abstract
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Massive pleural endometriosis. Author(s): Moffatt SD, Mitchell JD. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 August; 22(2): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142212&dopt=Abstract
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1: a possible role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Szamatowicz J, Laudanski P, Tomaszewska I. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 February; 17(2): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821264&dopt=Abstract
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 mRNA expression in ectopic and eutopic endometrium in women with endometriosis: a rationale for endometriotic invasiveness. Author(s): Chung HW, Wen Y, Chun SH, Nezhat C, Woo BH, Lake Polan M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 152-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163831&dopt=Abstract
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Matrix metalloproteinases and TACE play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Gottschalk C, Malberg K, Arndt M, Schmitt J, Roessner A, Schultze D, Kleinstein J, Ansorge S. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000; 477: 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10849774&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of serum and peritoneal fluid LH concentrations as a diagnostic tool for human endometriosis. Author(s): Illera JC, Silvan G, Illera MJ, Munro CJ, Lessey BA, Illera M. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2001 May; 121(5): 761-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427164&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of excessive estrogen formation in endometriosis. Author(s): Bulun SE, Gurates B, Fang Z, Tamura M, Sebastian S, Zhou J, Amin S, Yang S. Source: Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2002 May-June; 55(1-2): 21-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062819&dopt=Abstract
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Medical and surgical therapies for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Winkel CA, Scialli AR. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2001 March; 10(2): 13762. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11268298&dopt=Abstract
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Medical management of endometriosis and infertility. Author(s): Lessey BA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 June; 73(6): 1089-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856462&dopt=Abstract
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Medical management of endometriosis-associated pain. Author(s): Mahutte NG, Arici A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 133-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699262&dopt=Abstract
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Medical treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Moghissi KS. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 42(3): 620-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451774&dopt=Abstract
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Menstruation in an unusual place: a case of thoracic endometriosis in Kampala, Uganda. Author(s): Byanyima RK. Source: Afr Health Sci. 2001 December; 1(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789123&dopt=Abstract
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Metastatic carcinoid diagnosed at laparoscopic excision of pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Robbins ML, Sunshine TJ. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 May; 7(2): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806272&dopt=Abstract
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Microlaparoscopy for an intact ectopic pregnancy and endometriosis with the use of a diode laser: case report. Author(s): Abrao MS, Ikeda F, Podgaec S, Pereira PP. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2000 June; 15(6): 1369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831571&dopt=Abstract
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Microsatellite DNA assays reveal an allelic imbalance in p16(Ink4), GALT, p53, and APOA2 loci in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Goumenou AG, Arvanitis DA, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis EE, Spandidos DA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163832&dopt=Abstract
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Mini symposium on pathogenesis of endometriosis and treatment of endometriosisassociated subfertility. Introduction: the endometriosis enigma. Author(s): Bergqvist A, D'Hooghe T. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2002 January-February; 8(1): 79-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866243&dopt=Abstract
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Modern combined oral contraceptives for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Moore J, Kennedy S, Prentice A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001019. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796731&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis by plasma and peritoneal fluid from patients with advanced endometriosis. Author(s): Kwak JY, Park SW, Kim KH, Na YJ, Lee KS. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 March; 17(3): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870109&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular basis for treating endometriosis with aromatase inhibitors. Author(s): Bulun SE, Zeitoun KM, Takayama K, Sasano H. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2000 September-October; 6(5): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045871&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular genetic defects in endometriosis. Author(s): Thomas EJ, Campbell IG. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 50 Suppl 1: 44-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093061&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Heinig J, von Otte S, Greb RR, Kiesel L. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2002 December; 16(6): 493-504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626036&dopt=Abstract
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Mouse embryo toxicity of IL-6 in peritoneal fluids from women with or without endometriosis. Author(s): Wu MY, Chen SU, Chao KH, Chen CD, Yang YS, Ho HN. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 January; 80(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167181&dopt=Abstract
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MRI appearances of bladder endometriosis. Author(s): Umaria N, Olliff JF. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2000 July; 73(871): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089464&dopt=Abstract
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MRI facilitated a diagnosis of endometriosis of the rectum. Author(s): Eguchi S, Komuta K, Haraguchi M, Furui J, Kanematsu T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000; 35(10): 784-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063224&dopt=Abstract
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Mucocele of the appendix secondary to endometriosis. Report of two cases, one with localized pseudomyxoma peritonei. Author(s): Driman DK, Melega DE, Vilos GA, Plewes EA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000 June; 113(6): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874887&dopt=Abstract
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Mullerian adenosarcoma of vagina arising in persistent endometriosis: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Liu L, Davidson S, Singh M. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 August; 90(2): 486-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893226&dopt=Abstract
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Mutation analysis of BrCA1, BrCA2, and p53 versus soluble HLA class I and class II in a case of familial endometriosis. Author(s): Goumenou AG, Vassiliadis S, Matalliotakis IM, Koumantakis EG, Lembessis P, Koutsilieris M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 February; 79(2): 445-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568865&dopt=Abstract
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Nafarelin vs. leuprolide acetate depot for endometriosis. Changes in bone mineral density and vasomotor symptoms. Nafarelin Study Group. Author(s): Agarwal SK, Hamrang C, Henzl MR, Judd HL. Source: J Reprod Med. 1997 July; 42(7): 413-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9252932&dopt=Abstract
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Natural cycle IVF in unexplained, endometriosis-associated and tubal factor infertility. Author(s): Omland AK, Fedorcsak P, Storeng R, Dale PO, Abyholm T, Tanbo T. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 December; 16(12): 2587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726579&dopt=Abstract
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Natural cytotoxicity and GnRH agonist administration in advanced endometriosis: positive modulation on natural killer activity. Author(s): Garzetti GG, Ciavattini A, Provinciali M, Muzzioli M, Di Stefano G, Fabris N. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 August; 88(2): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692508&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal fellowship. McKusick-Kaufman syndrome with legal complications of hydrometrocolpos and congenital endometriosis. Author(s): Arcellana RC, Robinson TW, Tyson RW, Joyce MR. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1996 May-June; 16(3 Pt 1): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817436&dopt=Abstract
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Neoplastic and pre-neoplastic changes in gastrointestinal endometriosis: a study of 17 cases. Author(s): Yantiss RK, Clement PB, Young RH. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2000 April; 24(4): 513-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757398&dopt=Abstract
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Nerve fibers and histopathology of endometriosis-harboring peritoneum. Author(s): Tulandi T, Felemban A, Chen MF. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 February; 8(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11172122&dopt=Abstract
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New advances in the understanding of endometriosis related infertility. Author(s): Mahutte NG, Arici A. Source: Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2002 May-June; 55(1-2): 73-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062823&dopt=Abstract
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New considerations for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Gazvani R, Templeton A. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 February; 76(2): 117-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818105&dopt=Abstract
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Non-functioning pituitary tumour after long-term treatment with gonadotrophinreleasing hormone agonists in a patient with vaginal agenesis who underwent neovaginoplasty and cauterization of endometriosis under laparoscopy. Author(s): Takai Y, Tsutsumi O, Momoeda M, Osuga Y, Sadatsuki M, Kaibara M, Taketani Y. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1999 October; 14(10): 2661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10528004&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive diagnosis of endometriosis: the role of imaging and markers. Author(s): Brosens J, Timmerman D, Starzinski-Powitz A, Brosens I. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 95-114, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699260&dopt=Abstract
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Nonmalignant epithelial cells, potentially invasive in human endometriosis, lack the tumor suppressor molecule E-cadherin. Author(s): Gaetje R, Kotzian S, Herrmann G, Baumann R, Starzinski-Powitz A. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1997 February; 150(2): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9033262&dopt=Abstract
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Novel vaginal danazol ring therapy for pelvic endometriosis, in particular deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Author(s): Igarashi M, Iizuka M, Abe Y, Ibuki Y. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 July; 13(7): 1952-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740456&dopt=Abstract
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Nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma have opposing effects on monocyte chemotaxis in endometriosis. Author(s): Hornung D, Waite LL, Ricke EA, Bentzien F, Wallwiener D, Taylor RN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001 July; 86(7): 3108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443174&dopt=Abstract
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Obstructive uropathy secondary to endometriosis. Author(s): Deprest J, Marchal G, Brosens I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 October 16; 337(16): 1174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9340514&dopt=Abstract
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Oestrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta isoforms in normal endometrial and endometriosis-derived stromal cells. Author(s): Brandenberger AW, Lebovic DI, Tee MK, Ryan IP, Tseng JF, Jaffe RB, Taylor RN. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1999 July; 5(7): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381820&dopt=Abstract
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Oestrogen receptor-alpha gene polymorphism is associated with endometriosis, adenomyosis and leiomyomata. Author(s): Kitawaki J, Obayashi H, Ishihara H, Koshiba H, Kusuki I, Kado N, Tsukamoto K, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Honjo H. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 January; 16(1): 51-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11139535&dopt=Abstract
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Office hydrolaparoscopy for the diagnosis of endometriosis and tubal infertility. Author(s): Brosens I, Campo R, Gordts S. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1999 August; 11(4): 371-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10498023&dopt=Abstract
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Office transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy for early diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis and adhesions. Author(s): Gordts S, Campo R, Brosens I. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 February; 7(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648738&dopt=Abstract
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Omental endosalpingiosis with endometrial-type stroma in a woman with extensive hemorrhagic pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Santeusanio G, Ventura L, Partenzi A, Spagnoli LG, Kraus FT. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 February; 111(2): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9930148&dopt=Abstract
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Oophorectomy at the time of surgery for moderate endometriosis: a survey of Australian gynaecologists. Author(s): Dover RW, Chen J, Torode H. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000 November; 40(4): 455-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194436&dopt=Abstract
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Operative management of deep endometriosis infiltrating the uterosacral ligaments. Author(s): Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Fritel X, Fernandez B, Poncelet C, Beguin S, Pinelli L. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1999 February; 6(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9971848&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraceptive use and risk of endometriosis. Italian Endometriosis Study Group. Author(s): Parazzini F, Di Cintio E, Chatenoud L, Moroni S, Mezzanotte C, Crosignani PG. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 July; 106(7): 695-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428526&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraceptives suppress cell proliferation and enhance apoptosis of eutopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Meresman GF, Auge L, Baranao RI, Lombardi E, Tesone M, Sueldo C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 June; 77(6): 1141-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057719&dopt=Abstract
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Organochlorine exposure and the risk of endometriosis. Author(s): Lebel G, Dodin S, Ayotte P, Marcoux S, Ferron LA, Dewailly E. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 February; 69(2): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496332&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of IVF in patients with endometriosis in comparison with tubal-factor infertility. Author(s): Bergendal A, Naffah S, Nagy C, Bergqvist A, Sjoblom P, Hillensjo T. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1998 October; 15(9): 530-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9822979&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian and extraovarian endometriosis-associated cancer. Author(s): Modesitt SC, Tortolero-Luna G, Robinson JB, Gershenson DM, Wolf JK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 100(4): 788-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383550&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian atypical endometriosis. Author(s): Seidman JD. Source: Histopathology. 1998 February; 32(2): 182. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543678&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian atypical endometriosis: its close association with malignant epithelial tumours. Author(s): Fukunaga M, Nomura K, Ishikawa E, Ushigome S. Source: Histopathology. 1997 March; 30(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088954&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian cancer in a woman previously diagnosed with endometriosis and an extremely high serum CA-125 level. Author(s): Check JH, Check ML, Kiefer D, Aikins J Jr. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 28(2): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491380&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian carcinoma in patients with endometriosis: MR imaging findings. Author(s): Tanaka YO, Yoshizako T, Nishida M, Yamaguchi M, Sugimura K, Itai Y. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 November; 175(5): 1423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11044056&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian carcinomas in endometriosis: an immunohistochemical and comparative genomic hybridization study. Author(s): Mhawech P, Kinkel K, Vlastos G, Pelte MF. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2002 October; 21(4): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352189&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian dysfunction in endometriosis-associated and unexplained infertility. Author(s): Cahill DJ, Wardle PG, Maile LA, Harlow CR, Hull MG. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1997 November; 14(10): 554-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9447453&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian endometriosis and clear cell carcinoma, leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata, and endometrial adenocarcinoma: an unusual, pathogenetically related association. Author(s): Guarch R, Puras A, Ceres R, Isaac MA, Nogales FF. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2001 July; 20(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444203&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian endometriosis and peritoneal endometriosis: are they different entities from a fertility perspective? Author(s): Nisolle M. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2002 June; 14(3): 283-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032383&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian endometriosis associated with ovarian carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Ogawa S, Kaku T, Amada S, Kobayashi H, Hirakawa T, Ariyoshi K, Kamura T, Nakano H. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 May; 77(2): 298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10785482&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian endometriosis showing decidual change and Arias-Stella reaction with biotin-containing intranuclear inclusions. Author(s): Sakaki M, Hirokawa M, Sano T, Takahashi H, Tezuka K, Abe K, Sano M. Source: Acta Cytol. 2003 March-April; 47(2): 321-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685213&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian endometriosis: a marker for more extensive pelvic and intestinal disease. Author(s): Redwine DB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 August; 72(2): 310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439002&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian fecundity in patients with endometriosis can be estimated by the incidence of apoptotic bodies. Author(s): Nakahara K, Saito H, Saito T, Ito M, Ohta N, Takahashi T, Hiroi M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 May; 69(5): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591505&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian hormones modulate monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in endometrial cells of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Boucher A, Mourad W, Mailloux J, Lemay A, Akoum A. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2000 July; 6(7): 618-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871649&dopt=Abstract
102 Endometriosis
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Ovarian hyperstimulation-like syndrome after administration of triptorelin to a woman with endometriosis. Author(s): Inaudi P, Mazzini M, D'Aniello G, Trusso P, Joghtapour A, Petraglia F. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2002 October; 16(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587535&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian mucinous and mixed epithelial carcinomas of mullerian (endocervical-like) type: a clinicopathologic analysis of four cases of an uncommon variant associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Lee KR, Nucci MR. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2003 January; 22(1): 42-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496697&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian pregnancy associated with microscopic decidualized endometriosis of the ovary: report of a case. Author(s): Toki T, Obinata M, Nakayama K, Oguchi O, Fujii S. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 1998 February; 24(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564105&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian response to repeated controlled stimulation in in-vitro fertilization cycles in patients with ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Al-Azemi M, Bernal AL, Steele J, Gramsbergen I, Barlow D, Kennedy S. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2000 January; 15(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10611191&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian steroid regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in the human endometrium: implications for angiogenesis during the menstrual cycle and in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Shifren JL, Tseng JF, Zaloudek CJ, Ryan IP, Meng YG, Ferrara N, Jaffe RB, Taylor RN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 August; 81(8): 3112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8768883&dopt=Abstract
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Ovarian yolk sac tumor with endometrioid carcinoma arising from endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman, with special reference to expression of alpha-fetoprotein, sex steroid receptors, and p53. Author(s): Horiuchi A, Osada R, Nakayama K, Toki T, Nikaido T, Fujii S. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1998 August; 70(2): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740709&dopt=Abstract
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Ovulation suppression for endometriosis. Author(s): Hughes E, Fedorkow D, Collins J, Vandekerckhove P. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd000155. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917884&dopt=Abstract
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Ovulation suppression for endometriosis. Author(s): Hughes E, Fedorkow D, Collins J, Vandekerckhove P. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000155. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796697&dopt=Abstract
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Oxidative stress may be a piece in the endometriosis puzzle. Author(s): Szczepanska M, Kozlik J, Skrzypczak J, Mikolajczyk M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 June; 79(6): 1288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798872&dopt=Abstract
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Paracrine mediators of endometrial matrix metalloproteinase expression: potential targets for progestin-based treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Osteen KG, Bruner-Tran KL, Ong D, Eisenberg E. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 139-46; Discussion 157-8, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949943&dopt=Abstract
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Paracrine regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in endometriosis. Author(s): Sharpe-Timms KL, Cox KE. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 147-56; Discussion 157-8, 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949944&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Seli E, Berkkanoglu M, Arici A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 41-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699257&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Witz CA. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 52-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834869&dopt=Abstract
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Patient satisfaction and changes in pain scores after ablative laparoscopic surgery for stage III-IV endometriosis and endometriotic cysts. Author(s): Jones KD, Sutton C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 May; 79(5): 1086-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738500&dopt=Abstract
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Pelvic endometriosis diagnosed on touch imprint cytology. Author(s): Selvaggi SM. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 December; 27(6): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451571&dopt=Abstract
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Pericardial effusion, right-sided pleural effusion and ascites associated with stage IV endometriosis. A case report. Author(s): Francis M, Badero OO, Borowsky M, Lee YC, Abulafia O. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 June; 48(6): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856520&dopt=Abstract
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Perineal endometriosis after vaginal delivery--clinical experience with 10 patients. Author(s): Zhu L, Wong F, Lang JH. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 November; 42(5): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495118&dopt=Abstract
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Perineal endometriosis in episiotomy scar with anal sphincter involvement. Author(s): Kanellos I, Kelpis T, Zaraboukas T, Betsis D. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2001 August; 5(2): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862568&dopt=Abstract
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Perineal endometriosis without perineal trauma: a case report. Author(s): Zhu L, Lang J, Wong F, Guo L. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2003 April; 116(4): 639-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875740&dopt=Abstract
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Peritoneal defects and the development of endometriosis in relation to the timing of endoscopic surgery during the menstrual cycle. Author(s): Schweppe KW, Ring D. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372453&dopt=Abstract
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Peritoneal endometriosis in the broad ligament presenting as a large tumor. Author(s): Itoga T, Matsumoto T, Suzuki C, Miyazaki R, Kurosaki Y, Suda K, Kinoshita K. Source: Pathology International. 2002 May-June; 52(5-6): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100525&dopt=Abstract
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Peritoneal environment, cytokines and angiogenesis in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Author(s): Gazvani R, Templeton A. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2002 February; 123(2): 217-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866688&dopt=Abstract
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Peritoneal fluid concentrations of interleukin-11 in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Gazvani MR, Bates M, Vince G, Christmas S, Lewis-Jones DI, Kingsland C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 December; 74(6): 1182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11119747&dopt=Abstract
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Peritoneal fluid concentrations of interleukin-8 in patients with endometriosis depend on the severity of the disorder and are higher in the luteal phase. Author(s): Calhaz-Jorge C, Costa AP, Santos MC, Palma-Carlos ML. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 18(3): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615831&dopt=Abstract
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Peritoneal fluid-mediated enhancement of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cell proliferation is dependent on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in women with endometriosis. Author(s): Braun DP, Ding J, Dmowski WP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372447&dopt=Abstract
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Pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK) mRNA expression in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in advanced stage endometriosis. Author(s): Chung HW, Wen Y, Choi EA, Hao-Li, Moon HS, Yu HK, Polan ML. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 April; 8(4): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912283&dopt=Abstract
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Postlaparoscopic small bowel obstruction secondary to unrecognized nodular endometriosis of the terminal ileum. Author(s): Dmowski WP, Rana N, Jafari N. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 February; 8(1): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11172135&dopt=Abstract
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Postmenopausal cancer risk after self-reported endometriosis diagnosis in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Author(s): Olson JE, Cerhan JR, Janney CA, Anderson KE, Vachon CM, Sellers TA. Source: Cancer. 2002 March 1; 94(5): 1612-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920519&dopt=Abstract
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Potential involvement of hemoglobin and heme in the pathogenesis of peritoneal endometriosis. Author(s): Van Langendonckt A, Casanas-Roux F, Dolmans MM, Donnez J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 March; 77(3): 561-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872213&dopt=Abstract
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Prediction of endometriosis with serum and peritoneal fluid markers: a prospective controlled trial. Author(s): Bedaiwy MA, Falcone T, Sharma RK, Goldberg JM, Attaran M, Nelson DR, Agarwal A. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 February; 17(2): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821289&dopt=Abstract
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Prediction of pregnancy in infertile women with endometriosis. Author(s): Murakami T, Okamura C, Matsuzaki S, Terada Y, Yokomizo R, Noda T, Yaegashi N, Okamura K. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834865&dopt=Abstract
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Premenstrual and menstrual changes in the macaque and human endometrium: relevance to endometriosis. Author(s): Brenner RM, Nayak NR, Slayden OD, Critchley HO, Kelly RW. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 60-74; Discussion 86-8, 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949966&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-ovulatory granulosa cells of infertile women with endometriosis are less sensitive to luteinizing hormone. Author(s): Cahill DJ, Harlow CR, Wardle PG. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2003 February; 49(2): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12765343&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of endometriosis in malignant epithelial ovary tumours. Author(s): Oral E, Ilvan S, Tustas E, Korbeyli B, Bese T, Demirkiran F, Arvas M, Kosebay D. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2003 July 1; 109(1): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818453&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of bone loss and hypoestrogenic symptoms by estrogen and interrupted progestogen add-back in long-term GnRH-agonist down-regulated patients with endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Mitwally MF, Gotlieb L, Casper RF. Source: Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2002 July-August; 9(4): 236-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082359&dopt=Abstract
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Primary umbilical endometriosis--a rare variant of cutaneous endometriosis. Author(s): Hussain M, Noorani K. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 March; 13(3): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689538&dopt=Abstract
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Progesterone-mediated endometrial maturation limits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in an inflammatory-like environment: a regulatory system altered in endometriosis. Author(s): Osteen KG, Bruner-Tran KL, Keller NR, Eisenberg E. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 37-47; Discussion 86-8, 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949963&dopt=Abstract
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Prolactin and growth hormone secretion after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone infusion and dopaminergic (DA2) blockade in infertile patients with minimal/mild endometriosis. Author(s): Cunha-Filho JS, Gross JL, Lemos NA, Dias EC, Vettori D, Souza CA, Passos EP. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 17(4): 960-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925390&dopt=Abstract
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Pulmonary endometriosis in a patient with unicornuate uterus and noncommunicating rudimentary horn. Author(s): Matalliotakis IM, Goumenou AG, Koumantakis GE, Neonaki MA, Koumantakis EE, Arici A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 July; 78(1): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095511&dopt=Abstract
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Quantification of endometriosis-associated pain and quality of life during the stimulatory phase of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy: a doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Miller JD. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 June; 182(6): 1483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871469&dopt=Abstract
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Recommendations for the design of epidemiologic studies of endometriosis. Author(s): Holt VL, Weiss NS. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2000 November; 11(6): 654-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11055625&dopt=Abstract
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Rectal endometrial stromal sarcoma arising in endometriosis: report of a case. Author(s): Bosincu L, Massarelli G, Cossu Rocca P, Isaac MA, Nogales FF. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2001 June; 44(6): 890-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11391154&dopt=Abstract
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Rectal passage of intestinal endometriosis. Author(s): Barclay RL, Simon JB, Vanner SJ, Hurlbut DJ, Jeffrey JF. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 September; 46(9): 1963-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575450&dopt=Abstract
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Rectal surgery for endometriosis--should we be aggressive? Author(s): Varol N, Maher P, Healey M, Woods R, Wood C, Hill D, Lolatgis N, Tsaltas J. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2003 May; 10(2): 182-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732769&dopt=Abstract
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Rectosigmoid endometriosis: endoscopic ultrasound features and clinical implications. Author(s): Roseau G, Dumontier I, Palazzo L, Chapron C, Dousset B, Chaussade S, Dubuisson JB, Couturier D. Source: Endoscopy. 2000 July; 32(7): 525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10917184&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrence of endometriosis in women with bilateral adnexectomy (with or without total hysterectomy) who received hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Matorras R, Elorriaga MA, Pijoan JI, Ramon O, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 February; 77(2): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821087&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrence of ovarian endometriosis and anatomical location of the primary lesion. Author(s): Ghezzi F, Beretta P, Franchi M, Parissis M, Bolis P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163828&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent pneumothorax associated with thoracic endometriosis. Author(s): Alifano M, Venissac N, Mouroux J. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 2000 July; 14(7): 680. Epub 2000 May 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11290982&dopt=Abstract
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Red hair color, melanoma, and endometriosis: suggestive associations. Author(s): Wyshak G, Frisch RE. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2000 October; 39(10): 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095205&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced developmental potential in oocytes from women with endometriosis. Author(s): Norenstedt SN, Linderoth-Nagy C, Bergendal A, Sjoblom P, Bergqvist A. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 2001 December; 18(12): 644-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11808845&dopt=Abstract
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Regular review: Endometriosis. Author(s): Prentice A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 14; 323(7304): 93-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451786&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation and modulation of abnormal immune responses in endometriosis. Author(s): Sidell N, Han SW, Parthasarathy S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 159-73; Discussion 199-200, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949945&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in uterine endometrial cells of patients with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Sillem M, Prifti S, Koch A, Neher M, Jauckus J, Runnebaum B. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 April; 95(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301163&dopt=Abstract
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Relation between pain symptoms and the anatomic location of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Author(s): Fauconnier A, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB, Vieira M, Dousset B, Breart G. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 719-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372446&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between apoptosis and the number of macrophages in eutopic endometrium from women with and without endometriosis. Author(s): Braun DP, Ding J, Shen J, Rana N, Fernandez BB, Dmowski WP. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 830-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372464&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between stage, site and morphological characteristics of pelvic endometriosis and pain. Author(s): Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dell'Endometriosi. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2001 December; 16(12): 2668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726593&dopt=Abstract
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Relieving endometriosis pain: why is it so tough? Author(s): Campbell PF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 209-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699267&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive disorders affecting fertility in endometriosis. Author(s): Brosens I, Campo R, Gordts S. Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2002; 4 Suppl 3: 59-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470568&dopt=Abstract
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Reproductive outcome after laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Porpora MG, Pultrone DC, Bellavia M, Franco C, Crobu M, Cosmi EV. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 29(4): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635743&dopt=Abstract
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Research aspects of endometriosis surgery. Author(s): Martin DC. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 353-9; Discussion 389-93, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949961&dopt=Abstract
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Results of assisted reproductive technologies in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Rinesi L, Morente C, Botti G, Miechi H, Figueroa Casas PR, Tozzini R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 January; 77(1): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779616&dopt=Abstract
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Results of insemination (AIH) following GnRH treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Kereszturi A, Szollosi J, Daru J, Koloszar S, Pal A. Source: Archives of Andrology. 2002 July-August; 48(4): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137584&dopt=Abstract
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Retrocervical, retrovaginal pouch, and rectovaginal septum endometriosis. Author(s): Martin DC, Batt RE. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2001 February; 8(1): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274616&dopt=Abstract
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Retroperitoneal endometriosis causing unilateral hip pain. Author(s): Rana S, Stanhope RC, Gaffey T, Morrey BF, Dumesic DA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 2): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704226&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible hypertension in a young female: ureteric obstruction due to endometriosis. Author(s): Aldington S, Gujral S, Sibley GN. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 September; 56(7): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296621&dopt=Abstract
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Role of cytokines in endometriosis. Author(s): Harada T, Iwabe T, Terakawa N. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 July; 76(1): 1-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438312&dopt=Abstract
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Role of cytokines in endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Iwabe T, Harada T, Terakawa N. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 19-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834864&dopt=Abstract
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Role of cytokines in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Barcz E, Kaminski P, Marianowski L. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2000 September-October; 6(5): 1042-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208452&dopt=Abstract
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Role of endometriosis in cancer and tumor development. Author(s): Swiersz LM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 281-92; Discussion 293-5, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949955&dopt=Abstract
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Role of laparoscopy in the treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Osuga Y, Koga K, Tsutsumi O, Yano T, Maruyama M, Kugu K, Momoeda M, Taketani Y. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53 Suppl 1: 33-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834866&dopt=Abstract
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Scar endometriosis manifested as a recurrent inguinal hernia. Author(s): Majeski J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 February; 94(2): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235045&dopt=Abstract
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Screening of endometriosis at an early stage: a simple clinical approach. Author(s): Chatterjee S, Chakravarti S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 July; 98(7): 387-8, 393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143860&dopt=Abstract
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Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs): a novel therapeutic concept in endometriosis. Author(s): Chwalisz K, Garg R, Brenner RM, Schubert G, Elger W. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 373-88; Discussion 389-93, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949964&dopt=Abstract
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Serous adenocarcinoma of the inguinal region arising from endometriosis followed by a successful pregnancy. Author(s): Slomovitz BM, Soslow RA, Chang RC, Golub R, Kuo DY. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 October; 87(1): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468359&dopt=Abstract
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Serum CA-125 in preoperative patients at high risk for endometriosis. Author(s): Cheng YM, Wang ST, Chou CY. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 March; 99(3): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864662&dopt=Abstract
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Serum concentrations of growth factors in women with and without endometriosis: the action of anti-endometriosis medicines. Author(s): Matalliotakis IM, Goumenou AG, Koumantakis GE, Neonaki MA, Koumantakis EE, Dionyssopoulou E, Athanassakis I, Vassiliadis S. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 January; 3(1): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538037&dopt=Abstract
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Serum dioxin concentrations and endometriosis: a cohort study in Seveso, Italy. Author(s): Eskenazi B, Mocarelli P, Warner M, Samuels S, Vercellini P, Olive D, Needham LL, Patterson DG Jr, Brambilla P, Gavoni N, Casalini S, Panazza S, Turner W, Gerthoux PM. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002 July; 110(7): 629-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117638&dopt=Abstract
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Serum leptin concentrations in endometriosis. Author(s): Vigano P, Somigliana E, Matrone R, Dubini A, Barron C, Vignali M, di Blasio AM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 March; 87(3): 10857. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889169&dopt=Abstract
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Severe endometriosis and apoptotic granulosa cells. Author(s): Demirel LC, Cengiz B, Unlu C. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 March; 75(3): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11265664&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual activity, orgasm and tampon use are associated with a decreased risk for endometriosis. Author(s): Meaddough EL, Olive DL, Gallup P, Perlin M, Kliman HJ. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 53(3): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053101&dopt=Abstract
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Sigmoid endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman. Author(s): Deval B, Rafii A, Felce Dachez M, Kermanash R, Levardon M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1723-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501094&dopt=Abstract
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Signal transduction pathways involved in macrophage migration induced by peritoneal fluid chemotactic factors in stages I and II endometriosis. Author(s): Perez MC, Bodine PV, Leiva MC, Isaacson KB, Komm BS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 June; 77(6): 1261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057738&dopt=Abstract
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Silent pelvic endometriosis presenting as pyelonephritis and ureteric obstruction. Author(s): Sanyal D, Argent VP. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 May; 23(3): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918509&dopt=Abstract
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Soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II blocks monocyte chemotactic protein-1 secretion by U937 cells in response to peripheral blood serum of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Kharfi A, Akoum A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 836-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372465&dopt=Abstract
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Somatic DNA alterations in endometriosis: high frequency of chromosome 17 and p53 loss in late-stage endometriosis. Author(s): Bischoff FZ, Heard M, Simpson JL. Source: Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2002 May-June; 55(1-2): 49-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062821&dopt=Abstract
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Sonographic detection of previously unsuspected vesical endometriosis in a woman with dysmenorrhea. Author(s): Chen CP, Chang HK, Sheu CY, Chen BF, Chang SJ, Wang W. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 18(2): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547764&dopt=Abstract
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Sonovaginography is a new technique for assessing rectovaginal endometriosis. Author(s): Dessole S, Farina M, Rubattu G, Cosmi E, Ambrosini G, Nardelli GB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 April; 79(4): 1023-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749448&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous endometriosis of the abdominal wall. Author(s): Ideyi SC, Schein M, Niazi M, Gerst PH. Source: Digestive Surgery. 2003; 20(3): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759505&dopt=Abstract
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Staging of pelvic endometriosis using magnetic resonance imaging compared with the laparoscopic classification of the American Fertility Society: a prospective study. Author(s): Zanardi R, Del Frate C, Zuiani C, Del Frate G, Bazzocchi M. Source: Radiol Med (Torino). 2003 April; 105(4): 326-38. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835626&dopt=Abstract
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Stem cell factor (SCF) concentrations in peritoneal fluid of women with or without endometriosis. Author(s): Osuga Y, Koga K, Tsutsumi O, Igarashi T, Okagaki R, Takai Y, Matsumi H, Hiroi H, Fujiwara T, Momoeda M, Yano T, Taketani Y. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2000 October; 44(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076095&dopt=Abstract
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Steroid and cytokine regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in endometriosis and the establishment of experimental endometriosis in nude mice. Author(s): Bruner-Tran KL, Eisenberg E, Yeaman GR, Anderson TA, McBean J, Osteen KG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 October; 87(10): 4782-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364474&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the human leukocyte antigen class I antigens in Japanese patients with macroscopically diagnosed endometriosis. Author(s): Ishii K, Takakuwa K, Adachi H, Higashino M, Hataya I, Tanaka K. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54(3): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571436&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the human leukocyte antigen-DR in patients with endometriosis: genotyping of HLA-DRB1 alleles. Author(s): Ishii K, Takakuwa K, Mitsui T, Tanaka K. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 March; 17(3): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870103&dopt=Abstract
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Subdermal progestin implant (Nestorone) in the treatment of endometriosis: clinical response to various doses. Author(s): Ylanen K, Laatikainen T, Lahteenmaki P, Moo-Young AJ. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 82(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648180&dopt=Abstract
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Successful endoscopic Nd-YAG laser treatment of endobronchial endometriosis. Author(s): Puma F, Carloni A, Casucci G, Puligheddu C, Urbani M, Porcaro G. Source: Chest. 2003 September; 124(3): 1168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970053&dopt=Abstract
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Successful laparoscopic treatment of ileo-cecal endometriosis producing bowel obstruction. Author(s): Fujimoto A, Osuga Y, Tsutsumi O, Fujii T, Okagaki R, Taketani Y. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2001 August; 27(4): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11721734&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial endometriosis of the uterine cervix: a report of 20 cases of a process that may be confused with endocervical glandular dysplasia or adenocarcinoma in situ. Author(s): Baker PM, Clement PB, Bell DA, Young RH. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1999 July; 18(3): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090586&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression of natural killer cell activity by splenocyte transplantation in a rat model of endometriosis. Author(s): Ota H, Rong H, Igarashi S, Tanaka T. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 17(6): 1453-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042260&dopt=Abstract
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Surgical management of endometriosis-associated pain. Author(s): Martin DC, O'Conner DT. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 151-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699263&dopt=Abstract
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Survivin gene expression in endometriosis. Author(s): Ueda M, Yamashita Y, Takehara M, Terai Y, Kumagai K, Ueki K, Kanda K, Yamaguchi H, Akise D, Hung YC, Ueki M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3452-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107265&dopt=Abstract
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Teaching teens about endometriosis. Author(s): Thomas P. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 June; 16(3 Suppl): S29-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848154&dopt=Abstract
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The aetiology of parous endometriosis. Author(s): Quinn M. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003 January; 110(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504948&dopt=Abstract
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The association of minimal and mild endometriosis without adhesions and infertility with therapeutic strategies. Author(s): Check JH. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 30(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731742&dopt=Abstract
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The association of minimal and mild endometriosis without adhesions and infertility with therapeutic strategies. Author(s): Check JH. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 30(1): 13-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12731736&dopt=Abstract
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The best-fit model for endometriosis. Author(s): Guo SW. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 July; 80(1): 232; Author Reply 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849840&dopt=Abstract
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The current staging system for endometriosis: does it help? Author(s): Roberts CP, Rock JA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 115-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699261&dopt=Abstract
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The diagnostic dilemma of minimal and mild endometriosis under routine conditions. Author(s): Buchweitz O, Poel T, Diedrich K, Malik E. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2003 February; 10(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555000&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of medical and surgical treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility and pelvic pain. Author(s): Donnez J, Squifflet J, Pirard C, Jadoul P, Wyns C, Smets M. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2002; 54 Suppl 1: 2-7; Discussion 7-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441654&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of medical and surgical treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility: arguments in favour of a medico-surgical aproach. Author(s): Donnez J, Chantraine F, Nisolle M. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2002 January-February; 8(1): 89-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866245&dopt=Abstract
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The endometrium versus embryonic quality in endometriosis-related infertility. Author(s): Garrido N, Navarro J, Garcia-Velasco J, Remoh J, Pellice A, Simon C. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 2002 January-February; 8(1): 95-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866246&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of endometriosis. Author(s): Missmer SA, Cramer DW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 1-19, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699255&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of endometriosis. Author(s): Cramer DW, Missmer SA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 11-22; Discussion 34-6, 396-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949940&dopt=Abstract
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The evil twins of chronic pelvic pain syndrome: endometriosis and interstitial cystitis. Author(s): Chung MK, Chung RR, Gordon D, Jennings C. Source: Jsls. 2002 October-December; 6(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500828&dopt=Abstract
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The International Endogene Study: a collection of families for genetic research in endometriosis. Author(s): Treloar S, Hadfield R, Montgomery G, Lambert A, Wicks J, Barlow DH, O'Connor DT, Kennedy S; International Endogene Study Group. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 679-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372440&dopt=Abstract
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The molecular basis for implantation failure in endometriosis: on the road to discovery. Author(s): Giudice LC, Telles TL, Lobo S, Kao L. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 252-64; Discussion 293-5, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949953&dopt=Abstract
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The outcome of in vitro fertilization in advanced endometriosis with previous surgery: a case-controlled study. Author(s): Aboulghar MA, Mansour RT, Serour GI, Al-Inany HG, Aboulghar MM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 188(2): 371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592242&dopt=Abstract
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The pathogenesis of bladder detrusor endometriosis. Author(s): Vercellini P, Frontino G, Pisacreta A, De Giorgi O, Cattaneo M, Crosignani PG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 187(3): 538-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237623&dopt=Abstract
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The potential role of exposure to environmental toxicants in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Author(s): Rier SE. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 201-12; Discussion 230-2, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949948&dopt=Abstract
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The surgical management of deep rectovaginal endometriosis. Author(s): Koh CH, Janik GM. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2002 August; 14(4): 357-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151824&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of endometriosis: a review of the evidence. Author(s): Olive DL, Pritts EA. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 March; 955: 360-72; Discussion 389-93, 396-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949962&dopt=Abstract
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Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging of ovarian stromal blood flow in women with endometriosis undergoing in vitro fertilization. Author(s): Wu MH, Tsai SJ, Pan HA, Hsiao KY, Chang FM. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 May; 21(5): 480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768561&dopt=Abstract
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Tips on treating teens with endometriosis. Author(s): Ballweg ML. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 June; 16(3 Suppl): S27-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742184&dopt=Abstract
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Total cortisol levels are reduced in the periovulatory follicle of infertile women with minimal-mild endometriosis. Author(s): Smith MP, Keay SD, Margo FC, Harlow CR, Wood PJ, Cahill DJ, Hull MG. Source: American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989). 2002 January; 47(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885559&dopt=Abstract
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Transvaginal ultrasonographic identification of appendicitis in a setting of chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis. Author(s): Scineaux TL, Sills ES, Perloe M, Daly JP, Schattman GL. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 January; 94(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213949&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of chronic pelvic pain in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Schattman GL. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 April; 17(4): 1128-9; Author Reply 1129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925420&dopt=Abstract
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Tubal ectopic pregnancy: a patho-physiological explanation involving endometriosis. Author(s): Hunter RH. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 July; 17(7): 1688-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093825&dopt=Abstract
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 promoter gene polymorphisms are not associated with an increased risk of endometriosis. Author(s): Lee MK, Park AJ, Kim DH. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 June; 77(6): 1304-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057750&dopt=Abstract
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not interleukin-1 beta or interleukin-8 concentrations correlate with angiogenic activity of peritoneal fluid from patients with minimal to mild endometriosis. Author(s): Maas JW, Calhaz-Jorge C, ter Riet G, Dunselman GA, de Goeij AF, StruijkerBoudier HA. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163835&dopt=Abstract
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Twenty-year history of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: too much surgery or not enough? Author(s): Matalliotakis IM, Mahutte NG, Goumenou AG, Arici A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 April; 188(4): 1103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712119&dopt=Abstract
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Typical and subtle atypical presentations of endometriosis. Author(s): Donnez J, Squifflet J, Casanas-Roux F, Pirard C, Jadoul P, Van Langendonckt A. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 83-93, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699259&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical endometriosis after unprotected removal of uterine pieces through the umbilicus. Author(s): Koninckx PR, Donders G, Vandecruys H. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 May; 7(2): 227-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10806267&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical endometriosis without previous pelvic surgery: a case report. Author(s): Zollner U, Girschick G, Steck T, Dietl J. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 February; 267(4): 258-60. Epub 2002 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592434&dopt=Abstract
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Umbilical endometriosis. Author(s): von Stemm AM, Meigel WN, Scheidel P, Gocht A. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 January; 12(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188146&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected increase of the CA 19-9 tumour marker in patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Matalliotakis I, Panidis D, Vlassis G, Neonaki M, Goumenou A, Koumantakis E. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1998; 19(5): 498-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9863924&dopt=Abstract
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Unexplained infertility, endometriosis, and fibroids. Author(s): Hart R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 September 27; 327(7417): 721-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14512481&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral hydronephrosis resulting from intraluminal obstruction of the ureter by adenosquamous endometrioid carcinoma arising from disseminated endometriosis. Author(s): Jimenez RE, Tiguert R, Hurley P, An T, Grignon DJ, Lawrence D, Triest J. Source: Urology. 2000 August 1; 56(2): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925117&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual sites (thorax and umbilical hernial sac) of endometriosis. Author(s): Yuen JS, Chow PK, Koong HN, Ho JM, Girija R. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 2001 October; 46(5): 3135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697703&dopt=Abstract
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Update on the medical treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Minjarez DA, Schlaff WD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2000 September; 27(3): 641-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958009&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteral displacement associated with pelvic peritoneal defects and endometriosis. Author(s): Nackley AC, Yeko TR. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 February; 7(1): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648753&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteral endometriosis diagnosed at ureteroscopy. Author(s): Zanetta G, Webb MJ, Segura JW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 May; 91(5 Pt 2): 857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9572191&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteral endometriosis. Author(s): Yohannes P. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 July; 170(1): 20-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796637&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteral endometriosis. Author(s): Peringa J, van Haarst ER, Montauban van Swijndregt AD. Source: Jbr-Btr. 2002 June-July; 85(3): 148-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152726&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteral endometriosis: a case report and a review of the Japanese literature. Author(s): Tanuma Y. Source: Hinyokika Kiyo. 2001 August; 47(8): 573-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579599&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteral endometriosis: a complication of rectovaginal endometriotic (adenomyotic) nodules. Author(s): Donnez J, Nisolle M, Squifflet J. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 January; 77(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11779587&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteric and pulmonary endometriosis. Author(s): Ludwig M, Bauer O, Wiedemann GJ, Diedrich K. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 August; 265(3): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561747&dopt=Abstract
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Ureteric obstruction with mucocoele of the appendix due to endometriosis. Author(s): O'Sullivan MJ, Kumar U, Kiely EA. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 January; 108(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212988&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary tract endometriosis: report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Sepich CA, Cecchi M, Pampaloni S, Notaro M, Ippolito C, Pagni GL, Fiorentini L. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 1997; 29(4): 433-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406000&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in the treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis. Author(s): Fedele L, Bianchi S, Zanconato G, Portuese A, Raffaelli R. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 March; 75(3): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239528&dopt=Abstract
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Use of anal endosonography in diagnosis of endometriosis of the external anal sphincter: report of a case. Author(s): Bacher H, Schweiger W, Cerwenka H, Mischinger HJ. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1999 May; 42(5): 680-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344694&dopt=Abstract
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Use of GnRH antagonists in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Kupker W, Felberbaum RE, Krapp M, Schill T, Malik E, Diedrich K. Source: Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2002 July-August; 5(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470539&dopt=Abstract
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Use of intraperitoneal interferon alpha-2b therapy after conservative surgery for endometriosis and postoperative medical treatment with depot gonadotropinreleasing hormone analog: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Acien P, Quereda F, Campos A, Gomez-Torres MJ, Velasco I, Gutierrez M. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 705-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372444&dopt=Abstract
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Use of knockout transgenic mice in the study of endometriosis: insights from mice lacking beta(2)-microglobulin and interleukin-12p40. Author(s): Somigliana E, Vigano P, Filardo P, Candiani M, Vignali M, Panina-Bordignon P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 January; 75(1): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11163839&dopt=Abstract
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Use of MRI in genetic studies of endometriosis. Author(s): Kennedy S, Hadfield R, Barlow D, Weeks DE, Laird E, Golding S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 August 22; 71(3): 371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9268112&dopt=Abstract
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Use of nafarelin versus placebo after reductive laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Author(s): Hornstein MD, Hemmings R, Yuzpe AA, Heinrichs WL. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1997 November; 68(5): 860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9389816&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of CA19-9 versus CA125 for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Author(s): Harada T, Kubota T, Aso T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2002 October; 78(4): 733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372448&dopt=Abstract
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Uterine adenomyosis and tubal endometriosis: diagnostic imaging. Author(s): Belli P, De Gaetano AM, Mirk P, Speca S, Valentini AL. Source: Rays. 1998 October-December; 23(4): 693-701. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191665&dopt=Abstract
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Uterine rupture following laparoscopic resection of rectovaginal endometriosis: a new risk factor? Author(s): Van De Putte I, Campo R, Gordts S, Brosens I. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 June; 106(6): 608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426623&dopt=Abstract
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Uterus didelphys with cervical agenesis associated with adenomyosis, a leiomyoma and ovarian endometriosis. A case report. Author(s): Yang CC, Tseng JY, Chen P, Wang PH. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 November; 47(11): 936-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497685&dopt=Abstract
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Uterus-like mass in the uterine cervix: superficial cervical endometriosis with florid smooth muscle metaplasia? Author(s): Fukunaga M. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2001 March; 438(3): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315628&dopt=Abstract
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Utility of trichrome and reticulin stains in the diagnosis of superficial endometriosis of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Kim KR. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 2001 April; 20(2): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293164&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal adenosarcoma arising from endometriosis. Author(s): Judson PL, Temple AM, Fowler WC Jr, Novotny DB, Funkhouser WK Jr. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 January; 76(1): 123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620454&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal endometriosis. Two case reports and review of the literature on rare urogenital sites. Author(s): Azzena A, Ferrara A, Castellan L, Quintieri F, Salmaso R. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 23(2): 94-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8737621&dopt=Abstract
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Validation study of nonsurgical diagnosis of endometriosis. Author(s): Eskenazi B, Warner M, Bonsignore L, Olive D, Samuels S, Vercellini P. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 November; 76(5): 929-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704113&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations are elevated in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): McLaren J, Prentice A, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith SK. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 January; 11(1): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671190&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endometriosis. Author(s): Donnez J, Smoes P, Gillerot S, Casanas-Roux F, Nisolle M. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 June; 13(6): 1686-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9688413&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Mahnke JL, Dawood MY, Huang JC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2000 January; 73(1): 166-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10632434&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular endothelial growth factor is produced by peritoneal fluid macrophages in endometriosis and is regulated by ovarian steroids. Author(s): McLaren J, Prentice A, Charnock-Jones DS, Millican SA, Muller KH, Sharkey AM, Smith SK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 July 15; 98(2): 482-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8755660&dopt=Abstract
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Vesical endometriosis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Price DT, Maloney KE, Ibrahim GK, Cundiff GW, Leder RA, Anderson EE. Source: Urology. 1996 October; 48(4): 639-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8966846&dopt=Abstract
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Vesico-adnexal fistula following endometriosis of an ovary. Author(s): Yazawa K, Nonomura N, Kokado Y, Aozasa K, Miki T. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1997 April; 79(4): 658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126108&dopt=Abstract
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Visible and non-visible endometriosis at laparoscopy in fertile and infertile women and in patients with chronic pelvic pain: a prospective study. Author(s): Balasch J, Creus M, Fabregues F, Carmona F, Ordi J, Martinez-Roman S, Vanrell JA. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1996 February; 11(2): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671229&dopt=Abstract
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Visual findings and histologic diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis under laparoscopy and laparotomy. Author(s): Ueki M, Saeki M, Tsurunaga T, Ueda M, Ushiroyama N, Sugimoto O. Source: Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 September-October; 40(5): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556029&dopt=Abstract
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Voice changes in women treated for endometriosis and related conditions: the need for comprehensive vocal assessment. Author(s): Pattie MA, Murdoch BE, Theodoros D, Forbes K. Source: Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation. 1998 September; 12(3): 366-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9763187&dopt=Abstract
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What is the optimal medical management of infertility and minor endometriosis? Analysis and future prospects. Author(s): Cahill DJ. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 May; 17(5): 1135-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980728&dopt=Abstract
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What makes a good case-control study? Design issues for complex traits such as endometriosis. Author(s): Zondervan KT, Cardon LR, Kennedy SH. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 17(6): 1415-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042253&dopt=Abstract
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What role does decreased ovarian reserve play in the aetiology of infertility related to endometriosis? Author(s): Check JH. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 March; 18(3): 653-4; Author Reply 654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615841&dopt=Abstract
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When should you refer in suspected endometriosis? Author(s): Hart R, Magos A. Source: The Practitioner. 1998 February; 242(1583): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10476552&dopt=Abstract
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Whole endometrial fragments form characteristics of in vivo endometriosis in a mesothelial cell co-culture system: an in vitro model for the study of the histogenesis of endometriosis. Author(s): Wild RA, Zhang RJ, Medders D. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 1994 January-March; 1(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9419749&dopt=Abstract
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Whole explants of peritoneum and endometrium: a novel model of the early endometriosis lesion. Author(s): Witz CA, Monotoya-Rodriguez IA, Schenken RS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1999 January; 71(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9935116&dopt=Abstract
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Women of reproductive age with endometriosis are not osteopenic. Author(s): Ulrich U, Murano R, Skinner MA, Yin H, Chesnut CH 3rd. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 May; 69(5): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591486&dopt=Abstract
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Women who are not exposed to spermatozoa and infertile women have similar rates of stage I endometriosis. Author(s): Matorras R, Rodriguez F, Pijoan JI, Etxanojauregui A, Neyro JL, Elorriaga MA, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 November; 76(5): 923-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704112&dopt=Abstract
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Wound endometriosis: risk factor evaluation and treatment. Author(s): Wang PH, Juang CM, Chao HT, Yu KJ, Yuan CC, Ng HT. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 February; 66(2): 113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716010&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthine oxidase in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis and adenomyosis. Author(s): Ota H, Igarashi S, Tanaka T. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 April; 75(4): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287035&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and endometriosis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Endometriosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
130 Endometriosis
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on endometriosis: •
A case of pulmonary endometriosis--a rare case report and a successful treatment experience. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
[email protected] Source: Kuo, C H Tsai, E M Chou, C I Chen, H S Su, J H Kaohsiung-J-Med-Sci. 2001 May; 17(5): 278-81 1607-551X
•
A prospective randomized study comparing endocrinological and clinical effects of two types of GnRH agonists in cases of uterine leiomyomas or endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Takeuchi, H Kobori, H Kikuchi, I Sato, Y Mitsuhashi, N J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 2000 October; 26(5): 325-31 1341-8076
•
Acute abdomen due to endometriosis as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany. Source: Karthaus, M Prahst, A Geissler, R G Hertenstein, B Degenhardt, F Ganser, A Ann-Hematol. 1997 January; 74(1): 29-31 0939-5555
•
Adenocarcinoma from endometriosis causing urinary tract obstruction in a patient on oestrogen replacement therapy after hysterectomy. A case report. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Johannesburg Hospital. Source: Frohlich, E P Koller, A B van Blerk, P J Margolius, K A S-Afr-Med-J. 1988 December 17; 74(12): 638-9 0038-2469
•
Anti-endometrial IgM autoantibodies in endometriotic patients: a preliminary study. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan. Source: Tanaka, T Umesaki, N Mizuno, K Fujino, Y Ogita, S Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 2000; 27(2): 133-7 0390-6663
•
Buserelin acetate implants in the treatment of pain in endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Choktanasiri, W Rojanasakul, A J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2001 May; 84(5): 656-60 01252208
•
CA-125 monitored therapy with GnRH analogue of pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Universita di Ferrara. Source: Negri, P Ricciardelli, M A Tomasi, A Grechi, E Fortini, R M Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1992 Jul-August; 23(4): 171-4 0587-2421
•
Clinical effects of gestrinone for the treatment of pelvic endometriosis in infertile patients. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Pruksananonda, K Suwajanakorn, S Boonkasemsanti, W Virutamasen, P J-MedAssoc-Thai. 1999 Jan; 82(1): 9-14 0125-2208
•
Clinical experience in the treatment of endometriosis with GnRH agonist. Author(s): Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
Nutrition
13 1
Source: Hill, G A Obstet-Gynecol-Survolume 1989 May; 44(5): 305-7 0029-7828 •
Coexpression of growth arrest-specific gene 6 and receptor tyrosine kinases, Axl and Sky, in human uterine endometrium and ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu City, 500-8705, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sun, W S Misao, R Iwagaki, S Fujimoto, J Tamaya, T Mol-Hum-Reprod. 2002 June; 8(6): 552-8 1360-9947
•
Comparison of the mechanisms of action of LHRH analogs and steroids in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hopital Bicetre, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Source: Bouchard, P Garcia, E Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16260-5 0304-4246
•
Delayed oral estradiol combined with leuprolide increases endometriosis-related pain. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
[email protected] Source: Hurst, B S Gardner, S C Tucker, K E Awoniyi, C A Schlaff, W D JSLS. 2000 AprJune; 4(2): 97-101
•
Effects of an extended-interval dosing regimen of triptorelin depot on the hormonal profile of patients with endometriosis: prospective observational study. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Source: Tse, C Y Chow, A M Chan, S C Hong-Kong-Med-J. 2000 September; 6(3): 260-4 1024-2708
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Endometrial patterns during therapy with danazol or gestrinone for endometriosis: structural and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Istituto Ostetrico-Ginecologico II, Universita di Milano, Italy. Source: Marchini, M Fedele, L Bianchi, S Di Nola, G Nava, S Vercellini, P Hum-Pathol. 1992 January; 23(1): 51-6 0046-8177
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Endometriosis and assisted reproductive technologies: are outcomes affected? Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA. Source: Mahutte, N G Arici, A Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 2001 June; 13(3): 275-9 1040872X
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Endometriosis and infertility. Author(s): University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla. Source: el Roeiy, A Murphy, A A Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 1990 April; 2(2): 166-72 1040-872X
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Endometriosis of the lung. Author(s): Cattedra di Patologia Chirurgica, Istituto Scientifico S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy. Source: Di Palo, S Mari, G Castoldi, R Staudacher, C Taccagni, G Di Carlo, V RespirMed. 1989 May; 83(3): 255-8 0954-6111
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Endometriosis of the rectum treated with a long term GnRH agonist and surgery. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Grant United States Air Force Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, Calif. Source: Markham, S M Welling, D R Larsen, K S Snell, M J N-Y-State-J-Med. 1991 February; 91(2): 69-71 0028-7628
132 Endometriosis
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Endometriosis of the urinary tract. Author(s): Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston. Source: Shook, T E Nyberg, L M Urology. 1988 January; 31(1): 1-6 0090-4295
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Endometriosis therapy with gestrinone by oral, vaginal or parenteral administration. Author(s): Maternidade Climerio de Oliviera, Salvador Bahia, Brazil. Source: Coutinho, E Goncalves, M T Azadian Boulanger, G Silva, A R Contrib-GynecolObstet. 1987; 16227-35 0304-4246
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Endometriosis treated by the method of resolving blood stasis to eliminate obstruction in the lower-jiao. Author(s): Longhua Hospital, Shanghai College of TCM. Source: Wang, D Wang, Z Yu, C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 March; 18(1): 7-11 0254-6272
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Endometriosis-associated intestinal tumors: a clinical and pathological study of 6 cases with a review of the literature. Author(s): Cascade Pathology Group, Legacy Portland Hospitals, OR, USA. Source: Slavin, R E Krum, R Van Dinh, T Hum-Pathol. 2000 April; 31(4): 456-63 00468177
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Estrogenic suppression by different administration schedules of goserelin depot for treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Unita di Endocrinologia, University of Florence, Italy. Source: Magini, A Pellegrini, S Tavella, K Forti, G Massi, G B Serio, M J-EndocrinolInvest. 1993 November; 16(10): 775-80 0391-4097
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Evaluation of combined endoscopic and pharmaceutical management of endometriosis during adolescence. Author(s): 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Areteion Hospital, Greece. Source: Hassan, E Kontoravdis, A Hassiakos, D Kalogirou, D Kontoravdis, N Creatsas, G Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1999; 26(2): 85-7 0390-6663
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Gestrinone (Dimetriose)--another option in endometriosis. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1991 June 10; 29(12): 45 0012-6543
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GnRH agonists in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): I Clinica Ostetrico-Ginecologica Universita di Milano, Italy. Source: Fedele, L Bianchi, S Arcaini, L Vercellini, P Candiani, G B Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1988 Jan-February; 19(1): 5-12 0587-2421
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GnRH analogs in treating uterine leiomyomata and endometriosis. Author(s): 2nd Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. Source: Szczurowicz, A Wydra, D Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1996; 23(4): 214-9 0390-6663
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Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 2SW.
[email protected] Source: Prentice, A Deary, A J Goldbeck Wood, S Farquhar, C Smith, S K CochraneDatabase-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD000346 1469-493X
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues for endometriosis. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1993 March 15; 31(6): 21-2 0012-6543
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Goserelin versus danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Obstetric and Gynecologic Pathology Department, University of Padua, Italy.
Nutrition
13 3
Source: Giorgino, F L Cetera, C de Laurentiis, G Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1991; 18(2): 127-31 0390-6663 •
Gossypol in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine myoma. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Source: Han, M L Wang, Y F Tang, M Y Ge, Q S Zhou, L F Zhu, P D Sun, Y T ContribGynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16268-70 0304-4246
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Hormone treatment related bone mineral content changes in Japanese women with endometriosis. Author(s): Akita University College of Allied Medical Science, Japan. Source: Fukushima, M Shindo, M Sato, K Asia-Oceania-J-Obstet-Gynaecol. 1993 September; 19(3): 299-307 0389-2328
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Indomethacin and fertility in experimental endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universita Cattolica del Sarco Cuore, Rome, Italy. Source: Dargenio, R Corbucci, M G Lamanna, M A Garcea, N Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1992 MarApril; 23(2): 85-8 0587-2421
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Infertility treatment by in vitro fertilization in patients with minimal or mild endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Source: Meden Vrtovec, H Tomazevic, T Verdenik, I Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 2000; 27(3-4): 191-3 0390-6663
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Leukotrienes in gynaecology: the hypothetical value of anti-leukotriene therapy in dysmenorrhoea and endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: Abu, J I Konje, J C Hum-Reprod-Update. 2000 Mar-April; 6(2): 200-5 1355-4786
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LH-RH agonist treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Hopital St-Francois-d'Assise, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. Source: Lemay, A Maheux, R Quesnel, G Bureau, M Faure, N Merat, P Contrib-GynecolObstet. 1987; 16247-53 0304-4246
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Long-term follow-up of endometriosis after two different therapies (Gestrinone and Buserelin). Author(s): Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias. Source: Nieto, A Tacuri, C Serra, M Keller, J Cortes Prieto, J Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1996; 23(4): 198-204 0390-6663
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Low-dose GnRH agonist therapy for the management of endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Uemura, T Shirasu, K Katagiri, N Asukai, K Suzuki, T Suzuki, N Osada, H Hiroshi, M J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 1999 October; 25(5): 295-301 1341-8076
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Management of endometriosis and its impact on infertility. Author(s): Gunasheela Surgical & Maternity Hospital & Gunasheela Institute of Research in Reproduction, Bangalore. Source: Gunasheela, S J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 2001 August; 99(8): 436, 438-40 0019-5847
134 Endometriosis
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Management of mild and moderate endometriosis. Author(s): Section of Reproductive Endocrinology/Infertility, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill. Source: Dmowski, W P Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16350-5 0304-4246
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Mechanism of action of Tripterygium Wilfordii polyglycoside on experimental endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, China. Source: Xiao, Y H Chen, D P Yan, J H Yokoyama, Y Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 2002; 23(1): 63-7 0392-2936
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Medical and surgical therapies for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Source: Winkel, C A Scialli, A R J-Womens-Health-Gend-Based-Med. 2001 March; 10(2): 137-62 1524-6094
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Medical reversible castration with D-Trp-6-LH-RH microcapsules for the treatment of endometriosis. Preliminary results in a series of 51 patients. Author(s): Clinique Universitaire Baudelocque, Paris, France. Source: Zorn, J R Soubrane, O Siboni, O Papageorgiou, G Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16254-9 0304-4246
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New concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. Source: Brosens, I A Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1989; 1736-43 0304-4246
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Oestradiol and testosterone implants after hysterectomy for endometriosis. Author(s): Dulwich Hospital Menopause Clinic, Dulwich Hospital, London, England. Source: Montgomery, J C Studd, J W Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16241-6 0304-4246
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Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University Lubeck, Germany. Source: Kupker, W Schultze Mosgau, A Diedrich, K Hum-Reprod-Update. 1998 SepOctober; 4(5): 719-23 1355-4786
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Prevention of bone loss and hypoestrogenic symptoms by estrogen and interrupted progestogen add-back in long-term GnRH-agonist down-regulated patients with endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Mitwally, M F Gotlieb, L Casper, R F Menopause. 2002 Jul-August; 9(4): 236-41 1072-3714
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Primary gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for suspected endometriosis: a nonsurgical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Author(s): Department of OB/GYN, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Barbieri, R L Am-J-Manag-Care. 1997 February; 3(2): 285-90 1096-1860
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Profile of endometriosis in the aging female rhesus monkey. Author(s): Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715, USA.
[email protected]
Nutrition
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Source: Coe, C L Lemieux, A M Rier, S E Uno, H Zimbric, M L J-Gerontol-A-Biol-SciMed-Sci. 1998 January; 53(1): M3-7 1079-5006 •
Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 2SW.
[email protected] Source: Prentice, A Deary, A J Bland, E Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD002122 1469-493X
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Rates of endometriosis recurrence and pregnancy 1 year after treatment with intranasal buserelin acetate (Suprecur) (a prospective study). Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Mori, H Taketani, Y Uemura, T Miyake, A Tango, T J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 1999 June; 25(3): 153-64 1341-8076
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Receptors--rationales of steroid therapy for pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University, School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Tamaya, T Okada, H Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16170-5 0304-4246
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Risk factors for endometriosis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a case-control study. Author(s): Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK. Source: Hadfield, R M Yudkin, P L Coe, C L Scheffler, J Uno, H Barlow, D H Kemnitz, J W Kennedy, S H Hum-Reprod-Update. 1997 Mar-April; 3(2): 109-15 1355-4786
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Serum CA 125 concentrations in women with endometriosis or uterine fibroids treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist analogues. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital. Source: van der Spuy, Z M Wood, M Fieggen, G Hendricks, M S S-Afr-Med-J. 1993 July; 83(7): 510-3 0038-2469
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Steroidal drugs in endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Finland. Source: Kauppila, A J Telimaa, S Ronnberg, L Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand-Suppl. 1989; 1507-13 0300-8835
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Successful use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in a patient with pulmonary endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Komoro Kosei Sogo Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan. Source: Koizumi, T Inagaki, H Takabayashi, Y Kubo, K Respiration. 1999 NovDecember; 66(6): 544-6 0025-7931
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The immunotherapy during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer cycles in infertile patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Source: Kim, C H Chae, H D Kang, B M Chang, Y S Mok, J E J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 1997 October; 23(5): 463-70 1341-8076
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The medical treatment of mild endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, U.K. Source: Cooke, I D Thomas, E J Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand-Suppl. 1989; 15027-30 03008835
136 Endometriosis
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The outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer therapy in women with endometriosis failing to conceive after laparoscopic conservative surgery. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Source: Huang, H Y Lee, C L Lai, Y M Chang, M Y Chang, S Y Soong, Y K J-Am-AssocGynecol-Laparosc. 1997 May; 4(3): 299-303 1074-3804
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The role of GnRH agonists plus add-back therapy in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Source: Gargiulo, A R Hornstein, M D Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 273-84 0734-8630
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Tissue and endocrine responses to gestrinone and danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): University of Queensland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia. Source: Forbes, K L Thomas, F J Reprod-Fertil-Devolume 1993; 5(1): 103-9 1031-3613
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Treating endometriosis pain: a multidisciplinary approach. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Source: Metzger, D A Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 245-50 0734-8630
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Treating endometriosis with nafarelin. Source: Few, B J MCN-Am-J-Matern-Child-Nurs. 1988 Sep-October; 13(5): 323 0361-929X
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Treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA. Source: Adamson, G D Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 263-71 0734-8630
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Treatment of pain in endometriosis. Author(s): Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France. Source: Erny, R Guidicelli, B Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16205-11 0304-4246
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Use of adhesion prevention barriers in ovarian surgery, tubalplasty, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, adhesiolysis, and myomectomy. Author(s): University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livingston Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Los Angeles 90033, USA. Source: diZerega, G S Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 1996 June; 8(3): 230-7 1040-872X
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “endometriosis” (or a synonym): •
A case of pulmonary endometriosis--a rare case report and a successful treatment experience. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
[email protected] Source: Kuo, C H Tsai, E M Chou, C I Chen, H S Su, J H Kaohsiung-J-Med-Sci. 2001 May; 17(5): 278-81 1607-551X
•
A prospective randomized study comparing endocrinological and clinical effects of two types of GnRH agonists in cases of uterine leiomyomas or endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Nutrition
13 7
Source: Takeuchi, H Kobori, H Kikuchi, I Sato, Y Mitsuhashi, N J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 2000 October; 26(5): 325-31 1341-8076 •
Acute abdomen due to endometriosis as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany. Source: Karthaus, M Prahst, A Geissler, R G Hertenstein, B Degenhardt, F Ganser, A Ann-Hematol. 1997 January; 74(1): 29-31 0939-5555
•
Adenocarcinoma from endometriosis causing urinary tract obstruction in a patient on oestrogen replacement therapy after hysterectomy. A case report. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Johannesburg Hospital. Source: Frohlich, E P Koller, A B van Blerk, P J Margolius, K A S-Afr-Med-J. 1988 December 17; 74(12): 638-9 0038-2469
•
Anti-endometrial IgM autoantibodies in endometriotic patients: a preliminary study. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan. Source: Tanaka, T Umesaki, N Mizuno, K Fujino, Y Ogita, S Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 2000; 27(2): 133-7 0390-6663
•
Buserelin acetate implants in the treatment of pain in endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Choktanasiri, W Rojanasakul, A J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2001 May; 84(5): 656-60 01252208
•
CA-125 monitored therapy with GnRH analogue of pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica, Universita di Ferrara. Source: Negri, P Ricciardelli, M A Tomasi, A Grechi, E Fortini, R M Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1992 Jul-August; 23(4): 171-4 0587-2421
•
Clinical effects of gestrinone for the treatment of pelvic endometriosis in infertile patients. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Pruksananonda, K Suwajanakorn, S Boonkasemsanti, W Virutamasen, P J-MedAssoc-Thai. 1999 Jan; 82(1): 9-14 0125-2208
•
Clinical experience in the treatment of endometriosis with GnRH agonist. Author(s): Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Source: Hill, G A Obstet-Gynecol-Survolume 1989 May; 44(5): 305-7 0029-7828
•
Coexpression of growth arrest-specific gene 6 and receptor tyrosine kinases, Axl and Sky, in human uterine endometrium and ovarian endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu City, 500-8705, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Sun, W S Misao, R Iwagaki, S Fujimoto, J Tamaya, T Mol-Hum-Reprod. 2002 June; 8(6): 552-8 1360-9947
•
Comparison of the mechanisms of action of LHRH analogs and steroids in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Hopital Bicetre, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France. Source: Bouchard, P Garcia, E Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16260-5 0304-4246
138 Endometriosis
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Delayed oral estradiol combined with leuprolide increases endometriosis-related pain. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
[email protected] Source: Hurst, B S Gardner, S C Tucker, K E Awoniyi, C A Schlaff, W D JSLS. 2000 AprJune; 4(2): 97-101
•
Effects of an extended-interval dosing regimen of triptorelin depot on the hormonal profile of patients with endometriosis: prospective observational study. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Source: Tse, C Y Chow, A M Chan, S C Hong-Kong-Med-J. 2000 September; 6(3): 260-4 1024-2708
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Endometrial patterns during therapy with danazol or gestrinone for endometriosis: structural and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Istituto Ostetrico-Ginecologico II, Universita di Milano, Italy. Source: Marchini, M Fedele, L Bianchi, S Di Nola, G Nava, S Vercellini, P Hum-Pathol. 1992 January; 23(1): 51-6 0046-8177
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Endometriosis and assisted reproductive technologies: are outcomes affected? Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA. Source: Mahutte, N G Arici, A Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 2001 June; 13(3): 275-9 1040872X
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Endometriosis and infertility. Author(s): University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla. Source: el Roeiy, A Murphy, A A Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 1990 April; 2(2): 166-72 1040-872X
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Endometriosis of the lung. Author(s): Cattedra di Patologia Chirurgica, Istituto Scientifico S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy. Source: Di Palo, S Mari, G Castoldi, R Staudacher, C Taccagni, G Di Carlo, V RespirMed. 1989 May; 83(3): 255-8 0954-6111
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Endometriosis therapy with gestrinone by oral, vaginal or parenteral administration. Author(s): Maternidade Climerio de Oliviera, Salvador Bahia, Brazil. Source: Coutinho, E Goncalves, M T Azadian Boulanger, G Silva, A R Contrib-GynecolObstet. 1987; 16227-35 0304-4246
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Endometriosis treated by the method of resolving blood stasis to eliminate obstruction in the lower-jiao. Author(s): Longhua Hospital, Shanghai College of TCM. Source: Wang, D Wang, Z Yu, C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 March; 18(1): 7-11 0254-6272
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Endometriosis-associated intestinal tumors: a clinical and pathological study of 6 cases with a review of the literature. Author(s): Cascade Pathology Group, Legacy Portland Hospitals, OR, USA. Source: Slavin, R E Krum, R Van Dinh, T Hum-Pathol. 2000 April; 31(4): 456-63 00468177
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Estrogenic suppression by different administration schedules of goserelin depot for treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Unita di Endocrinologia, University of Florence, Italy. Source: Magini, A Pellegrini, S Tavella, K Forti, G Massi, G B Serio, M J-EndocrinolInvest. 1993 November; 16(10): 775-80 0391-4097
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Evaluation of combined endoscopic and pharmaceutical management of endometriosis during adolescence. Author(s): 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, Areteion Hospital, Greece. Source: Hassan, E Kontoravdis, A Hassiakos, D Kalogirou, D Kontoravdis, N Creatsas, G Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1999; 26(2): 85-7 0390-6663
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Gestrinone (Dimetriose)--another option in endometriosis. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1991 June 10; 29(12): 45 0012-6543
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GnRH agonists in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): I Clinica Ostetrico-Ginecologica Universita di Milano, Italy. Source: Fedele, L Bianchi, S Arcaini, L Vercellini, P Candiani, G B Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1988 Jan-February; 19(1): 5-12 0587-2421
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GnRH analogs in treating uterine leiomyomata and endometriosis. Author(s): 2nd Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. Source: Szczurowicz, A Wydra, D Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1996; 23(4): 214-9 0390-6663
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Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 2SW.
[email protected] Source: Prentice, A Deary, A J Goldbeck Wood, S Farquhar, C Smith, S K CochraneDatabase-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD000346 1469-493X
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Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues for endometriosis. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1993 March 15; 31(6): 21-2 0012-6543
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Goserelin versus danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Obstetric and Gynecologic Pathology Department, University of Padua, Italy. Source: Giorgino, F L Cetera, C de Laurentiis, G Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1991; 18(2): 127-31 0390-6663
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Gossypol in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine myoma. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Source: Han, M L Wang, Y F Tang, M Y Ge, Q S Zhou, L F Zhu, P D Sun, Y T ContribGynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16268-70 0304-4246
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Hormone treatment related bone mineral content changes in Japanese women with endometriosis. Author(s): Akita University College of Allied Medical Science, Japan. Source: Fukushima, M Shindo, M Sato, K Asia-Oceania-J-Obstet-Gynaecol. 1993 September; 19(3): 299-307 0389-2328
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Indomethacin and fertility in experimental endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universita Cattolica del Sarco Cuore, Rome, Italy. Source: Dargenio, R Corbucci, M G Lamanna, M A Garcea, N Acta-Eur-Fertil. 1992 MarApril; 23(2): 85-8 0587-2421
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Infertility treatment by in vitro fertilization in patients with minimal or mild endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Source: Meden Vrtovec, H Tomazevic, T Verdenik, I Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 2000; 27(3-4): 191-3 0390-6663 •
Leukotrienes in gynaecology: the hypothetical value of anti-leukotriene therapy in dysmenorrhoea and endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, UK. Source: Abu, J I Konje, J C Hum-Reprod-Update. 2000 Mar-April; 6(2): 200-5 1355-4786
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LH-RH agonist treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Hopital St-Francois-d'Assise, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. Source: Lemay, A Maheux, R Quesnel, G Bureau, M Faure, N Merat, P Contrib-GynecolObstet. 1987; 16247-53 0304-4246
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Long-term follow-up of endometriosis after two different therapies (Gestrinone and Buserelin). Author(s): Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias. Source: Nieto, A Tacuri, C Serra, M Keller, J Cortes Prieto, J Clin-Exp-Obstet-Gynecol. 1996; 23(4): 198-204 0390-6663
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Low-dose GnRH agonist therapy for the management of endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Uemura, T Shirasu, K Katagiri, N Asukai, K Suzuki, T Suzuki, N Osada, H Hiroshi, M J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 1999 October; 25(5): 295-301 1341-8076
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Management of endometriosis and its impact on infertility. Author(s): Gunasheela Surgical & Maternity Hospital & Gunasheela Institute of Research in Reproduction, Bangalore. Source: Gunasheela, S J-Indian-Med-Assoc. 2001 August; 99(8): 436, 438-40 0019-5847
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Management of mild and moderate endometriosis. Author(s): Section of Reproductive Endocrinology/Infertility, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill. Source: Dmowski, W P Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16350-5 0304-4246
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Mechanism of action of Tripterygium Wilfordii polyglycoside on experimental endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, China. Source: Xiao, Y H Chen, D P Yan, J H Yokoyama, Y Eur-J-Gynaecol-Oncol. 2002; 23(1): 63-7 0392-2936
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Medical and surgical therapies for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Source: Winkel, C A Scialli, A R J-Womens-Health-Gend-Based-Med. 2001 March; 10(2): 137-62 1524-6094
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Medical reversible castration with D-Trp-6-LH-RH microcapsules for the treatment of endometriosis. Preliminary results in a series of 51 patients. Author(s): Clinique Universitaire Baudelocque, Paris, France. Source: Zorn, J R Soubrane, O Siboni, O Papageorgiou, G Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16254-9 0304-4246
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New concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Source: Brosens, I A Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1989; 1736-43 0304-4246 •
Oestradiol and testosterone implants after hysterectomy for endometriosis. Author(s): Dulwich Hospital Menopause Clinic, Dulwich Hospital, London, England. Source: Montgomery, J C Studd, J W Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16241-6 0304-4246
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Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University Lubeck, Germany. Source: Kupker, W Schultze Mosgau, A Diedrich, K Hum-Reprod-Update. 1998 SepOctober; 4(5): 719-23 1355-4786
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Prevention of bone loss and hypoestrogenic symptoms by estrogen and interrupted progestogen add-back in long-term GnRH-agonist down-regulated patients with endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute and Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Mitwally, M F Gotlieb, L Casper, R F Menopause. 2002 Jul-August; 9(4): 236-41 1072-3714
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Primary gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for suspected endometriosis: a nonsurgical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Author(s): Department of OB/GYN, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Source: Barbieri, R L Am-J-Manag-Care. 1997 February; 3(2): 285-90 1096-1860
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Profile of endometriosis in the aging female rhesus monkey. Author(s): Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715, USA.
[email protected] Source: Coe, C L Lemieux, A M Rier, S E Uno, H Zimbric, M L J-Gerontol-A-Biol-SciMed-Sci. 1998 January; 53(1): M3-7 1079-5006
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Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 2SW.
[email protected] Source: Prentice, A Deary, A J Bland, E Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD002122 1469-493X
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Rates of endometriosis recurrence and pregnancy 1 year after treatment with intranasal buserelin acetate (Suprecur) (a prospective study). Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Mori, H Taketani, Y Uemura, T Miyake, A Tango, T J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 1999 June; 25(3): 153-64 1341-8076
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Receptors--rationales of steroid therapy for pelvic endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University, School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Tamaya, T Okada, H Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16170-5 0304-4246
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Risk factors for endometriosis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a case-control study. Author(s): Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK.
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Source: Hadfield, R M Yudkin, P L Coe, C L Scheffler, J Uno, H Barlow, D H Kemnitz, J W Kennedy, S H Hum-Reprod-Update. 1997 Mar-April; 3(2): 109-15 1355-4786 •
Serum CA 125 concentrations in women with endometriosis or uterine fibroids treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist analogues. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Groote Schuur Hospital. Source: van der Spuy, Z M Wood, M Fieggen, G Hendricks, M S S-Afr-Med-J. 1993 July; 83(7): 510-3 0038-2469
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Steroidal drugs in endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Finland. Source: Kauppila, A J Telimaa, S Ronnberg, L Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand-Suppl. 1989; 1507-13 0300-8835
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Successful use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in a patient with pulmonary endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Komoro Kosei Sogo Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan. Source: Koizumi, T Inagaki, H Takabayashi, Y Kubo, K Respiration. 1999 NovDecember; 66(6): 544-6 0025-7931
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The immunotherapy during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer cycles in infertile patients with endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Source: Kim, C H Chae, H D Kang, B M Chang, Y S Mok, J E J-Obstet-Gynaecol-Res. 1997 October; 23(5): 463-70 1341-8076
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The medical treatment of mild endometriosis. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, Sheffield, U.K. Source: Cooke, I D Thomas, E J Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand-Suppl. 1989; 15027-30 03008835
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The outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer therapy in women with endometriosis failing to conceive after laparoscopic conservative surgery. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China. Source: Huang, H Y Lee, C L Lai, Y M Chang, M Y Chang, S Y Soong, Y K J-Am-AssocGynecol-Laparosc. 1997 May; 4(3): 299-303 1074-3804
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The role of GnRH agonists plus add-back therapy in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Source: Gargiulo, A R Hornstein, M D Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 273-84 0734-8630
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Tissue and endocrine responses to gestrinone and danazol in the treatment of endometriosis. Author(s): University of Queensland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia. Source: Forbes, K L Thomas, F J Reprod-Fertil-Devolume 1993; 5(1): 103-9 1031-3613
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Treating endometriosis pain: a multidisciplinary approach. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Source: Metzger, D A Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 245-50 0734-8630
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Treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Author(s): Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA. Source: Adamson, G D Semin-Reprod-Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 263-71 0734-8630
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Treatment of pain in endometriosis. Author(s): Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France. Source: Erny, R Guidicelli, B Contrib-Gynecol-Obstet. 1987; 16205-11 0304-4246
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Use of adhesion prevention barriers in ovarian surgery, tubalplasty, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, adhesiolysis, and myomectomy. Author(s): University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Livingston Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Los Angeles 90033, USA. Source: diZerega, G S Curr-Opin-Obstet-Gynecol. 1996 June; 8(3): 230-7 1040-872X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to endometriosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html
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Minerals Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium/magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html
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Food and Diet Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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CHAPTER 3. ENDOMETRIOSIS
ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE
AND
Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to endometriosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: •
Imagine This!: Infinite Uses of Guided Imagery in Women's Health Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing. 17(4): 317-330. December 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the range of applications for guided imagery in women's health. First, it presents background information about the history of imagery, definitions, theoretical foundations, and guided imagery techniques. Then, it reviews research supporting the effectiveness of imagery in various applications such as reducing labor pain, promoting successful lactation, decreasing postpartum depression, and decreasing stress during cancer treatment. Next, it describes an approach to introducing the techniques of guided imagery during routine office procedures such as the pelvic examination, so women will be prepared for crisis situations such as the birth of a child or the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Finally, it suggests additional applications for guided imagery in women's health care, including other stressful office
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procedures, endometriosis, premenstrual syndrome, chemotherapy, high risk pregnancy, labor, menopause, urinary incontinence, and chronic illness. The article has 2 tables and 34 references.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to endometriosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to endometriosis: •
Acute abdomen due to endometriosis as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia. Author(s): Karthaus M, Prahst A, Geissler RG, Hertenstein B, Degenhardt F, Ganser A. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1997 January; 74(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9031612&dopt=Abstract
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Altered sensitivity to anti-endometriosis medicines in an adenomyosis patient with thyroid dysfunction. Author(s): Tanaka T, Umesaki N, Ogita S. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2000 October; 14(5): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11109979&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative medical treatment for endometriosis. Author(s): Taylor H, Guarnaccia M, Olive D. Source: Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 1997; 15(3): 285-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9383837&dopt=Abstract
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Anti-endometrial IgM autoantibodies in endometriotic patients: a preliminary study. Author(s): Tanaka T, Umesaki N, Mizuno K, Fujino Y, Ogita S. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 27(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968355&dopt=Abstract
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Considerations in selecting appropriate medical therapy for endometriosis. Author(s): Dawood MY. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1993; 40 Suppl: S29-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8099023&dopt=Abstract
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Conventional and alternative treatments for endometriosis. Author(s): Dog TL. Source: Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2001 November-December; 7(6): 50-6; Quiz 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712471&dopt=Abstract
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Endometrial adenocarcinoma arising during estrogenic treatment 17 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: a case report. Author(s): Debus G, Schuhmacher I. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 80(6): 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380300&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis and infertility: new concepts. Author(s): Ryan IP, Taylor RN. Source: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1997 June; 52(6): 365-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178310&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis and pain. Author(s): Martin DC, Ling FW. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 September; 42(3): 664-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451777&dopt=Abstract
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Endometriosis treated by the method of resolving blood stasis to eliminate obstruction in the lower-jiao. Author(s): Wang D, Wang Z, Yu C. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 March; 18(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437253&dopt=Abstract
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Future directions in endometriosis research. Author(s): D'Hooghe TM, Debrock S, Meuleman C, Hill JA, Mwenda JM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 March; 30(1): 221-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699268&dopt=Abstract
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Heterologous transplantation of activated murine peritoneal macrophages inhibits gamete interaction in vivo: a paradigm for endometriosis-associated subfertility. Author(s): Steinleitner A, Lambert H, Lauredo I. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1990 October; 54(4): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2209896&dopt=Abstract
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High omega-3:omega-6 fatty acid ratios in culture medium reduce endometrial-cell survival in combined endometrial gland and stromal cell cultures from women with
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and without endometriosis. Author(s): Gazvani MR, Smith L, Haggarty P, Fowler PA, Templeton A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2001 October; 76(4): 717-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591404&dopt=Abstract •
Importance of lay organizations for coping with endometriosis. Author(s): Whitney ML. Source: J Reprod Med. 1998 March; 43(3 Suppl): 331-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9564669&dopt=Abstract
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Learning to take charge: women's experiences of living with endometriosis. Author(s): Cox H, Henderson L, Wood R, Cagliarini G. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2003 May; 9(2): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697156&dopt=Abstract
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Management of adolescent chronic pelvic pain from endometriosis: a pain center perspective. Author(s): Greco CD. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 June; 16(3 Suppl): S17-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742182&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of action of Tripterygium Wilfordii polyglycoside on experimental endometriosis. Author(s): Xiao YH, Chen DP, Yan JH, Yokoyama Y. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876396&dopt=Abstract
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Medroxyprogesterone acetate supplementation diminishes the hypoestrogenic side effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist without changing its efficacy in endometriosis. Author(s): Makarainen L, Ronnberg L, Kauppila A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 January; 65(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8557151&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacologic, but not dietary, genistein supports endometriosis in a rat model. Author(s): Cotroneo MS, Lamartiniere CA. Source: Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2001 May; 61(1): 68-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294976&dopt=Abstract
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Relation of endometriosis and neuromuscular disease of the gastrointestinal tract: new insights. Author(s): Mathias JR, Franklin R, Quast DC, Fraga N, Loftin CA, Yates L, Harrison V. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1998 July; 70(1): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9660426&dopt=Abstract
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RU486: pharmacology and potential use in the treatment of endometriosis and leiomyomata uteri. Author(s): Murphy AA, Castellano PZ. Source: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1994 June; 6(3): 269-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8038415&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil fatty acids on surgically induced endometriosis in the rabbit. Author(s): Covens AL, Christopher P, Casper RF. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1988 April; 49(4): 698-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2832216&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of endometriosis involving a self-help group positively affects patients' perception of care. Author(s): Wingfield MB, Wood C, Henderson LS, Wood RM. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1997 December; 18(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443134&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to endometriosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Alternative names: Painful Menstruation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Endometriosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Female Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Hirsuitism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Aristolochia Alternative names: Snakeroot, Guaco; Aristolochia sp Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dong Quai (angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html
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Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gla (gamma-linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Gravel Root Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Lipotropic Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,861,00.html Melatonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10084,00.html Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Natural Progesterone Cream Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10099,00.html Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Soy Isoflavones Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10057,00.html Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Yam Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10070,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to endometriosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “endometriosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on endometriosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Endometriosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to endometriosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
From 'career Woman's' Disease to 'an Epidemic Ignored': Endometriosis in United States Culture since 1948 by Sanmiguel, Lisa Michelle; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2000, 474 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9955666
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Psychosocial Adjustment and Coping Strategies of Women with Endometriosis by Silverton, Rona Susan, Phd from New York University, 1990, 584 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9124707
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Shared Decision Making in the Treatment of Endometriosis Pain by Araki, Sally Sawa; Phd from Harvard University, 2003, 208 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091507
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'well Now, Who's the Doctor Here?': Boundary-work and Transgression in Patient and Expert Knowledges of Endometriosis by Whelan, Emma Christine; Phd from Carleton University (canada), 2001, 501 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ57638
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning endometriosis.
Recent Trials on Endometriosis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to endometriosis.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage III, Stage IV, or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer; stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and carboplatin use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known which combination chemotherapy regimen is more effective in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of two combination chemotherapy regimens in treating patients who have stage III, stage IV, or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063999
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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Combination Chemotherapy Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma; endometrial adenocarcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Combining chemotherapy with radiation therapy may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy in treating women who have stage III or stage IV endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005830
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Comparison of Radiation Therapy With or Without Combination Chemotherapy Following Surgery in Treating Patients with Stage I or Stage II Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Gynecologic Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor tissue. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known if radiation therapy is more effective with or without combination chemotherapy for endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with or without combination chemotherapy following surgery in treating patients who have stage I or stage II endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006027
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Comparison of Two Combination Chemotherapy Regimens Plus Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma; endometrial adenoacanthoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one chemotherapy drug with radiation therapy may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known which combination chemotherapy regimen plus radiation therapy is more effective for endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of two combination chemotherapy regimens plus radiation therapy in treating patients who have stage III or stage IV endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006011 •
Docetaxel Plus Carboplatin in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer; Fallopian Tube Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; peritoneal cavity cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining docetaxel and carboplatin in treating patients who have stage III or stage IV ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003560
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Doxorubicin and Cisplatin With or Without Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer; stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. It is not yet known whether doxorubicin and cisplatin are more effective with or without paclitaxel in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of doxorubicin and cisplatin combined with paclitaxel to that of doxorubicin and cisplatin alone in treating patients who have locally advanced, metastatic, and/or relapsed endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00052312 •
Erlotinib in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies such as erlotinib may interfere with the growth of tumor cells and slow the growth of the tumor. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to determine the effectiveness of erlotinib in treating patients who have locally advanced and/or metastatic endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00030485
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Gefitinib in Treating Patients With Persistent or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Biological therapies such as gefitinib may interfere with the growth of tumor cells and slow the growth of endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of gefitinib in treating patients who have persistent or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00027690
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Hormone Therapy in Preventing Cancer in Women With a Genetic Risk For Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Hormone therapy may prevent the development of endometrial cancer. It is not yet known which hormone therapy regimen is more effective in preventing endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to compare different hormone therapy regimens in preventing endometrial cancer in women who have a genetic risk for endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00033358 •
Interleukin-12, Paclitaxel, and Trastuzumab in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors Condition(s): recurrent breast cancer; recurrent gastric cancer; recurrent non-small cell lung cancer; recurrent ovarian epithelial cancer; Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital & Richard J. Solove Research Institute; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Interleukin-12 may kill tumor cells by stopping blood flow to the tumor and by stimulating a person's white blood cells to kill cancer cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab can locate tumor cells and either kill them or deliver tumor-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. Combining interleukin-12, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I trial to study the effectiveness of interleukin-12, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab in treating patients who have solid tumors. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00028535
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Laparoscopic Surgery or Standard Surgery in Treating Patients With Endometrial Cancer or Cancer of the Uterus Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; stage I uterine sarcoma; stage II uterine sarcoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Laparoscopic surgery is a less invasive type of surgery for cancer of the uterus and may have fewer side effects and improve recovery. It is not known whether laparoscopic surgery is more effective than standard surgery in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery with standard surgery in treating patients with endometrial cancer or cancer of the uterus. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002706
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Macrobiotic Diet and Flax Seed: Effects on Estrogens, Phytoestrogens, & Fibrinolytic Factors Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Osteoporosis; Breast Cancer; Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
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Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will assess whether alternative, high phytoestrogen dietary interventions result in favorable effects on biological parameters that have been associated with hormone-dependent cancers, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00010829 •
Medroxyprogesterone in Treating Women With Breast Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer; stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; intraductal breast carcinoma; lobular breast carcinoma in situ; Paget's disease of the breast Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Cancer and Leukemia Group B Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: It is not yet known whether medroxyprogesterone is effective in preventing endometrial disorder in patients with breast cancer who are taking tamoxifen. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to study the effectiveness of medroxyprogesterone in preventing endometrial disorder in postmenopausal women who have ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, Paget's disease of the nipple, stage I breast cancer, or stage II breast cancer and who are taking tamoxifen. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002920
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Norplant and Irregular Bleeding/Spotting Condition(s): Endometrial bleeding; Periodontal Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Irregular or prolonged menstrual bleeding and/or spotting are common side effects in patients using progestin-only hormonal contraception such as levonorgestrel implants (Norplant). Doxycyline, a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat gum disease, may reduce the occurrence of uterine bleeding and spotting in women who use Norplant. This study will evaluate the effects of doxycycline on uterine bleeding/spotting in women using Norplant. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064766
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Phase 2 study of ET-743 in persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma Condition(s): Endometrial Neoplasms Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C.; PharmaMar Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study is to test the safety and effectiveness of an investigational chemotherapy agent in subjects with persistent or recurrent endometrial cancer. After a subject meets all entry criteria and signs informed consent she will be enrolled in the study. Participants will be required to attend regular clinic visits to receive study medication and have their status monitored. They will also be required to have radiologic tumor assessments performed at multiple times throughout the study. A detailed explanation can be provided by the investigator conducting this study. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050440
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Radiation Therapy or No Further Treatment Following Surgery in Treating Patients With Stage I Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage cancer cells. It is not yet known whether receiving radiation therapy after surgery is more effective than receiving no further therapy after surgery for endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with that of no further therapy following surgery in treating patients who have stage I endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002807
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Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With HighRisk Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Nordic Society for Gynaecologic Oncology; EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from
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dividing so they stop growing or die. It is not yet known whether radiation therapy with chemotherapy is more effective than radiation therapy alone in treating high-risk endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in treating patients who have highrisk endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005583 •
Surgery With or Without Lymphadenectomy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage I Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Medical Research Council Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Lymphadenectomy may remove cancer cells that have spread to nearby lymph nodes. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. It is not yet known whether conventional surgery is more effective with or without lymphadenectomy and/or radiation therapy in treating stage I endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of conventional surgery with or without lymphadenectomy and/or radiation therapy in treating patients who have stage I endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003749
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The Safety and Effectiveness of Surgery with or without Raloxifene for the Treatment of Pelvic Pain Caused by Endometriosis Condition(s): Endometriosis; Pelvic Pain Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Many women with lower abdominal pain have endometriosis. Endometriosis is a condition in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) is found outside of the uterus. The diagnosis of endometriosis is usually made at surgery. The treatment of endometriosis includes medical and surgical approaches alone or in combination. The hormone estrogen stimulates the growth of the endometrium and may also stimulate the growth of endometriosis. Medical therapies that act to decrease the level of estrogen can reduce the amount of endometriosis and pain. When therapies are discontinued, symptoms often return. In addition, medical treatment for endometriosis is expensive and is often associated with weak bones (osteoporosis) and hot flashes as a result of low levels of estrogen. Surgical treatment is removal or destruction of the endometriosis tissue. Studies show the pain from endometriosis is relieved longer with tissue removal than with destruction. This study was developed to see if surgery followed by daily doses of Raloxifene (Evista) is effective in reducing pain, for a longer
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time than surgery in combination with a placebo (inactive "sugar pill") treatment. Raloxifene acts like estrogens in some tissues and not like estrogens in others. Postmenopausal women receiving Raloxifene for the prevention of osteoporosis had an increase in bone density and an improvement of their blood lipids (fat content in the blood). However, unlike estrogen, Raloxifene does not promote the growth of breast tissue or the uterus. If Raloxifene blocks estrogen action in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) of reproductive age women, as it does in post-menopausal women, it may also limit the growth of endometriosis and prevent the return of pain. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001848 •
Whole Body Hyperthermia Combined With Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Breast, Ovarian, Endometrial, or Cervical Cancer Condition(s): Breast Cancer; Cervical Cancer; Endometrial Cancer; Male Breast Cancer; ovarian epithelial cancer; ovarian germ cell tumor Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Texas Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Hyperthermia therapy kills tumor cells by heating them to several degrees above body temperature. Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of fluorouracil and liposomal doxorubicin combined with systemic hyperthermia in treating patients with metastatic breast, ovarian, endometrial, or cervical cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003135
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Combination Chemotherapy Compared With Hormone Therapy in Treating Patients With Recurrent, Stage III, or Stage IV Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Gynecologic Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Estrogen can stimulate the growth of tumor cells. Hormone therapy using tamoxifen and megestrol may fight endometrial cancer by blocking the absorption of estrogen. It is not yet known whether chemotherapy is more effective than hormone therapy in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy with that of hormone therapy in treating patients who have recurrent, stage III, or stage IV endometrial cancer.
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Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00016341 •
Doxorubicin, Paclitaxel, and Carboplatin in Treating Patients With Primary Stage III, Stage IV, or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and carboplatin in treating patients who have primary stage III, stage IV, or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006377
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Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Treating Women With Early-Stage Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; Southwest Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Estrogen replacement therapy may improve qualityof-life in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer. It is not yet known whether estrogen replacement therapy will affect cancer recurrence. PURPOSE: Randomized double-blinded phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of estrogen replacement therapy in treating women who have stage I or stage II endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002976
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Liposomal Doxorubicin and Carboplatin in Treating Patients With Gynecologic Cancer Condition(s): Cervical Cancer; Endometrial Cancer; Fallopian Tube Cancer; uterine sarcoma; ovarian sarcoma; ovarian carcinosarcoma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients.
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Sponsor(s): AGO Ovarian Cancer Study Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Combining more than one drug may kill more tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to study the effectiveness of combining liposomal doxorubicin with carboplatin in treating patients who have gynecologic cancer. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032162 •
Liposomal Doxorubicin in Treating Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Gynecologic Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of liposomal doxorubicin in treating women who have recurrent, stage III, or stage IVendometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005861
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Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Refractory or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer; endometrial papillary carcinoma Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of paclitaxel in treating patients who have refractory or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022620
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Quality of Life in Survivors of Gynecologic Cancer Condition(s): stage I ovarian epithelial cancer; stage II ovarian epithelial cancer; stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; Quality of Life Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients.
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Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Gynecologic Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Quality-of-life assessment in cancer survivors may help determine the long-term effects of having had gynecologic cancer and may help improve the quality of life for future cancer survivors. PURPOSE: Clinical trial to study quality of life in survivors of gynecologic cancer. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003795 •
Surgery Plus Medroxyprogesterone in Preventing Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): Endometrial Cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development or recurrence of cancer. The use of surgery with or without medroxyprogesterone may be an effective way to prevent the development of endometrial cancer in patients who have endometrial hyperplasia. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to compare the effectiveness of surgery alone with that of medroxyprogesterone followed by surgery in preventing endometrial cancer in patients who have endometrial hyperplasia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00003179
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Thalidomide in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): endometrial adenosquamous cell carcinoma; endometrial adenocarcinoma; endometrial adenoacanthoma; endometrial clear cell carcinoma; endometrial papillary carcinoma; recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); Gynecologic Oncology Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Thalidomide may stop the growth of cancer by stopping blood flow to the tumor. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of thalidomide in treating patients who have recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025467
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Endometrial Biopsy in Infertile Patients Condition(s): Infertility Study Status: This study is completed.
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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: When a woman becomes pregnant, the fertilized egg attaches itself to the lining of the uterus (endometrium). The endometrium is constantly changing throughout a woman's menstrual cycle in response to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. The endometrium must have certain characteristics (be at a specific phase in its cycle) in order for the fertilized egg to successfully attach. Infertility may be caused by an "out of phase" endometrium (i.e., the endometrium doesn't have the right characteristics when the fertilized egg reaches it). The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the endometrial biopsy is useful in predicting the potential for becoming pregnant and bearing a child. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064935 •
Endometriosis : Traditional Medicine vs Hormone Therapy Condition(s): Endometriosis; Pelvic Pain Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This 12-week study will determine whether traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture and Chinese herbs) is as effective as hormone therapy for alleviating endometriosis-related pelvic pain. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00034047
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Flavopiridol in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): recurrent endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is suspended. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of flavopiridol in treating patients who have recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00023894
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ICI 182780 in Treating Patients With Recurrent, Persistent, or Metastatic Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer
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Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Estrogen can stimulate the growth of cancer cells. Hormone therapy using ICI 182780 may fight cancer by blocking the uptake of estrogen by the tumor cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of ICI 182780 in treating patients who have recurrent, persistent, or metastatic endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006903 •
Medroxyprogesterone in Treating Patients With Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): endometrial adenocarcinoma; recurrent endometrial cancer; stage I endometrial cancer; stage II endometrial cancer; stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Hormone therapy using medroxyprogesterone may be effective in treating endometrial cancer. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of medroxyprogesterone in treating patients who have endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064025
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Soy Estrogen Alternative Study (SEA) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Heart Diseases; Menopausal Complaints; Uterine Diseases; Menopause Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To conduct a three-armed trial assessing the effect of soy phytoestrogens on menopausal complaints, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, vaginal bleeding and endometrial proliferation, and health related quality of life. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000612
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Trastuzumab in Treating Patients With Stage III, Stage IV, or Recurrent Endometrial Cancer Condition(s): stage III endometrial cancer; stage IV endometrial cancer; recurrent endometrial cancer; endometrial adenocarcinoma
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Study Status: This study is suspended. Sponsor(s): Gynecologic Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab can locate tumor cells and either kill them or deliver tumor-killing substances to them without harming normal cells. PURPOSE: Phase II trial to study the effectiveness of trastuzumab in treating patients who have stage III, stage IV, or recurrent endometrial cancer. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006089
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “endometriosis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “endometriosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on endometriosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Endometriosis By performing a patent search focusing on endometriosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on endometriosis: •
Angiogenesis inhibition Inventor(s): Moulton; Steven (Weston, MA) Assignee(s): Trustees of Boston University (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,472,379 Date filed: March 15, 2000 Abstract: Angiogenesis is inhibited by the local administration of a pharmaceutical preparation formed from the reaction of hyaluronic acid, carboxymethylcellulose and a carbodiimide. The preparation, which can be in the form of a film or a gel, is advantageously applied directly to the site of a tumor, such as a cancerous tumor, used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic techniques, or used to treat a chronic inflammatory condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis, arteriosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, proliferative retinopathy, and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for inhibiting angiogenesis in a mammal by the local administration of an activated hyaluronic acid composition to the site where the anti-angiogenesis effect is desired. The anti-angiogenesis method of this invention can be used to control or inhibit solid tumor growth in cancer patients, to modulate wound healing, and to prevent or reduce inflammation. Vasculogenesis is a necessary process in the establishment of embryonic tissue whereby endothelial cells are born from progenitor cell types. In contrast, angiogenesis is a process wherein new capillaries sprout from existing vessels. Thus, angiogenesis is necessary for the establishment and development of tumor tissue, as well as the control of certain inflammatory conditions. Angiogenesis is also known to play an integral role in wound healing by allowing tissue generation and remodeling. The inhibition of angiogenesis can be a useful tool for the control of wound healing, inflammation and solid tumor growth. Angiogenesisdependent diseases are those diseases which require or induce vascular growth. Such diseases represent a significant portion of all diseases for which medical treatment is sought, and include cancers and inflammatory arthritis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06472379__
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Cloning and expression of dog gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor Inventor(s): Mount; George R. (Morrisville, PA), Cui; Jisong (Scotch Plains, NJ), Lo; JaneLing (North Brunswick, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,407,222 Date filed: May 31, 2000 Abstract: The dog GnRH receptor has been isolated, cloned and sequenced. The dog GnRH receptor may be used to screen and identify compounds which bind to the GnRH receptor. Such identified compounds may be used in the treatment of sex hormone related conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian disease, hirsutism, precocious puberty, gonadal steroid-dependent neoplasias such as cancers of the prostate, breast and ovary, gonadotrophe pituitary adenomas, sleep apnea, irritable bowel syndrome, premenstrual syndrome and benign prostatic hypertrophy. The
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receptor proteins and polypeptides, nucleic acids, cells and assays of this invention are useful in drug screening and development, diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the cloning and isolation of the dog gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) receptor, and also to mutant or polymorphic forms of the receptor and recombinant nucleic acids encoding the same. The invention also relates to genetically engineered host cells which express the receptor, antibodies against the receptor and polypeptides thereof. The invention also relates to uses of the receptor, recombinant nucleic acids and recombinant host cells in drug screening and development, diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a pivotal role in the control of reproduction. It is a neuronal decapeptide hormone released from hypothalamus in a pulsatile manner. GnRH interacts with its receptor on the gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary and which, in turn, activates phospholipase C (PLC) via a pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein, Gq/G11. Two second messengers, inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG), are formed from the hydrolysis of phosphoinositide bisphosphate by PLC. IP3 and DG then act either separately or in concert, via increase of intracellular Ca.sup.2+ and activation of protein kinase C, to regulate the synthesis and release of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH released from the pituitary gland is primarily responsible for the regulation of gonadal steroid production in both sexes, whereas FSH regulates spermatogenesis in males and follicle development in females. The GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) is mainly expressed in the pituitary gland. It was also detected in extrapituitary tissues such as brain, breast, gonads, and ovarian tumors. The GnRH receptor has been cloned and sequenced from several mammalian species including human, ovine, bovine, pig, rat, and mouse. The cloning and expression of the murine and human receptors has recently been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,366. The GnRH receptor from bovine, cow, sheep, and human contains 328 amino acids, while the rodent receptor has 327 amino acids, due to a deletion of a residue in the second extracellular domain. Analysis of the primary sequence identifies the GnRH receptor as a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family with seven transmembrane (TM) domains. However, the mammalian GnRH receptors have several unique structural features compared with other GPCRs. These include (1) the lack of the entire intracellular C-terminal tail; (2) the replacement of Tyr by Ser in the conserved G protein signature DRY motif of the proximal second intracellular domain; and (3) the reciprocal exchange of two amino acids, Asp in TM II and Asn in TM VII, that are highly conserved in most other GPCRs. In addition to pituitary gland, the expression of GnRH receptor message has also been demonstrated in extrapituitary tissues such as brain, breast, gonads, and ovarian tumors. The receptor sequences obtained from extrapituitary sources were identical to the corresponding pituitary GnRH receptor cDNAs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06407222__ •
Combinations of protein farnesyltransferase and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and their use to treat cancer Inventor(s): Newton; Roger Schofield (Ann Arbor, MI), Leopold; Judith (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 6,492,410 Date filed: November 6, 2000
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Abstract: Novel combinations of inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase enzymes and HMG CoA reductases enzymes are described, as well as methods for the preparation and pharmaceutical compositions of the same, which are useful in preventing or treating cancer, restenosis, psoriasis, endometriosis, atherosclerosis, or viral infections. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to combinations of compounds that can be used in the medicinal field to treat, prophylactically or otherwise, uncontrolled or abnormal proliferation of human tissues. Specifically, the present invention relates to the combination of (I) compounds that inhibit protein farnesyltransferase (PFT), which has been determined to activate ras proteins that in turn activate cellular division and are implicated in cancer and restenosis; and (2) compounds that inhibit HMG CoA reductase, a necessary component in the biosynthesis of farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), which is essential in the activation of ras proteins by PFT. Ras protein (or p21) has been examined extensively because mutant forms are found in 20% of most types of human cancer and greater than 50% of colon and pancreatic carcinomas (Gibbs J. B., Cells 1991;65: 1, Cartwright T., et al., Chimica Oggi., 1992; 10:26). These mutant ras proteins are deficient in the capability for feedback regulation that is present in native ras, and this deficiency is associated with their oncogenic action since the ability to stimulate normal cell division cannot be controlled by the normal endogenous regulatory cofactors. The recent discovery that the transforming activity of mutant ras is critically dependent on post-translational modifications (Gibbs J., et al., Microbiol. Rev., 1989;53:171) has unveiled an important aspect of ras function and identified novel prospects for cancer therapy. In addition to cancer, there are other conditions of uncontrolled cellular proliferation that may be related to excessive expression and/or function of native ras proteins. Post-surgical vascular restenosis is such a condition. The use of various surgical revascularization techniques such as saphenous vein bypass grafting, endarterectomy, and transluminal coronary angioplasty are often accompanied by complications due to uncontrolled growth of neointimal tissue, known as restenosis. The biochemical causes of restenosis are poorly understood and numerous growth factors and protooncogenes have been implicated (Naftilan A. J., et al., Hypertension, 1989; 13:706 and J. Clin. Invest., 83:1419; Gibbons G. H., et al., Hypertension, 1989;14:358; Satoh T., et al., Molec. Cell. Biol., 1993;13:3706). The fact that ras proteins are known to be involved in cell division processes makes them a candidate for intervention in many situations where cells are dividing uncontrollably. In direct analogy to the inhibition of mutant ras related cancer, blockade of ras dependant processes has the potential to reduce or eliminate the inappropriate tissue proliferation associated with restenosis, particularly in those instances where normal ras expression and/or function is exaggerated by growth stimulatory factors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06492410__ •
Compounds and methods for modulation of estrogen receptors Inventor(s): Gangloff; Anthony R. (Daly City, CA), McKie; Jeffrey A. (San Diego, CA), Rice; Kenneth D. (Mill Valley, CA), Chao; Qi (San Diego, CA), Stein; Bernd M. (San Diego, CA), Gayo-Fung; Leah Marie (San Diego, CA), Bhagwat; Shripad S. (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Signal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 6,593,322 Date filed: September 21, 2000
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Abstract: Compounds that modulate the estrogen receptor (ER) are disclosed, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the same. In a specific embodiment, the compounds are selective for ER-.beta. over ER-.alpha. Methods are disclosed for modulating ER-.beta. in cell and/or tissues expressing the same, including cells and/or tissue that preferentially ER-.beta. Methods for treating estrogen-related conditions are also disclosed, including conditions such as is breast cancer, testicular cancer, osteoporosis, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic carcinomas, obesity, hot flashes, skin effects, mood swings, memory loss, urinary incontinence, hairloss, cataracts, natureal hormonal imbalances, and adverse reproductive effects associated with exposure to environmental chemicals. Excerpt(s): This invention is generally directed to estrogen antagonists and agonists, including pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof, and more specifically to compounds which selectively modulate estrogen receptor-beta (ER-.beta.) activity. The estrogen hormone has a broad spectrum of effects on tissues in both females and males. Many of these biological effects are positive, including maintenance of bone density, cardiovascular protection, central nervous system (CNS) function, and the protection of organ systems from the effects of aging. However, in addition to its positive effects, estrogen also is a potent growth factor in breast and endometrium that increases the risk of cancer. Until recently, it has been assumed that estrogen binds to a single estrogen receptor (ER) in cells, causing conformational changes that result in release from heat shock proteins and binding of the receptor as a dimer to the so-called estrogen response element in the promoter region of a variety of genes. Further, pharmacologists have generally believed that non-steroidal small molecule ligands compete for binding of estrogen to ER, acting as either antagonists or agonists in each tissue where the estrogen receptor is expressed. Thus, such ligands have traditionally been classified as either pure antagonists or agonists. This is no longer believed to be correct. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06593322__ •
Condensed-ring thiophene derivatives, their production and use Inventor(s): Choh; Nobuo (Tsukuba, JP), Hinuma; Shuji (Tsukuba, JP), Furuya; Shuichi (Tsukuba, JP), Kato; Koichi (Tsukuba, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,514,988 Date filed: September 29, 2000 Abstract: A gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonistic composition, which comprises an optionally substituted condensed-bicyclic compound consisting of a homo or hetero 5 to 7 membered ring and a homo or hetero 5 to 7 membered ring is effective as a propylactic or therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of several hormone dependent diseases, for example, a sex hormone dependent cancer (e.g. prostatic cancer, cancer of uterine cervix, breast cancer, pituitary adenoma), benign prostatic hypertrophy, myoma of the uterus, endometriosis, precocious puberty, amenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, pplycystic ovary syndrome and acne vulgaris; is effective as a fertility controlling agent in both sexes (e.g. a pregnancy controlling agent and a menstrual cycle controlling agent); can be used as a contraceptive of male or female, as an ovulation-inducing agent of female; can be used as an infertility treating agent by using a rebound effect owing to a stoppage of administration thereof; is useful as modulating estrous cycles in animals in the field of animal husbandry, as an agent fro
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improving the quality of edible meat or promoting the growth of animals; is useful as an agent of spawning promotion in fish. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for antagonizing a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) containing a condensedbycyclic compound consisting of a homo or hetero 5 to 7-membered ring group and a homo or hetero 5 to 7-membered ring group. The present invention also relates to novel condensed-ring thiophene derivatives and salts thereof. The present invention further relates to methods for manufacturing the novel condensed-ring thiophene derivatives and the salts thereof. Secretion of anterior pituitary hormone undergoes the control by peripheral hormone secreted from target organs for the respective hormones and by secretion-accelerating or -inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus, which is the upper central organ of anterior lobe of pituitary (in this specification, these hormones are collectively called "hypothalamic hormone"). At the present stage, as hypothalamic hormones, nine kinds of hormones including, for example, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) or gonadotropin releasing hormone {GnRH: sometimes called as LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone)} are confirmed their existence (cf. Seirigaku 2, compiled by M. Iriku and K Toyama, published by Bunkohdo, p610-618, 1986). These hypothalamic hormones are assumed to show their actions via the receptor which is considered to exist in the anterior lobe of pituitary (cf. ibid), and observatinal studies of receptor genes specific to these hormones, including cases of human, have been developed (Receptor Kiso To Rinsho, compiled by H. Imura, et al., published by Asakura Shoten, p297-304, 1993). Accordingly, antagonists or agonists specifically and selectively acting on these receptors control the action of hypothalamic hormone and controlling the secretion of anterior pituitary hormone. As the results,they are expected to be useful for prophylactic and therapeutic agents of anterior pituitary hormone dependent diseases. Leuprorelin acetate [Fujino et al., Biological and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol.60, 00.406-413, 1974); Oliver, R. T. D. et al., British Journal of Cancers, Vol.59, p.823, 1989; and Toguchi et al., Journal of International Medical Research, Vol.18, pp.35-41], which is a highly potent derivative of gonadotropic hormone-releasing hormone, one of the hypothalamic hormones, (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as GnRH) [Schally A. V. et at., Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 246, pp.7230-7236, 1971; and Burgus, R. et al., Proceeding of Natural Academic Science, USA, Vol.69, pp278-282, 1972], by administration of multiple doses, lowers release production of gonadotropic hormone in pituitary, causing lowering of reactivity on gonadotropic hormone is spermary and ovary to suppress secretion of testosterone and estrogen. Leuprorelin acetate has, therefore, been known to show antitumor activity on such hormone-dependent cancers as exemplified by prostate cancer, and has been widely used in the clinical field. Leuprorelin acetate has been widely used clinically also as a therapeutic agent of e.g. endometriosis and precocious puberty. The high antitumor activity of leuprorelin acetate is assumed to be due to its high resistance, as compared with natural GnRH, against protease,and to high affinity to GnRH receptor causing desensitization of GnRH due to decrease in number of receptors. However, as leuprorelin acetate is an ultra-agonist on GnRH receptor, it has been known that, immediately after the first administration, a transient aggravation accompanied with the rise of serum testosterone concentration due to pituitary-gonadotropic action (acute action) is observed. Circumstances being such as above, GnRH antagonistic drugs which are expected to have substantially the same therapeutic effects as described above but not to cause the above-mentioned transient pituitary-gonadotropic action (acute action) have been desired. As compounds having such GnRH antagonistic activity, a number of compounds including, for example, derivatives of GnRH such as straight-chain peptides, (U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,009, 5,171,835), cyclic hexapeptide derivatives [JPA S61
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(1986)-191698] or bicyclic peptide derivatives [Journal of medicinal chemistry, Vol.36, pp.3265-3273, 1993]. These compounds are, however, all peptides, which leave many problems including, for example, dosage forms, stability of drugs, durability of actions and stability on metabolism. For solving these problems, orally administrable GnRH antagonistic drugs, especially non-peptide ones, are strongly desired. At the present stage, however, no report on non-peptide GnRH antagonistic drugs has been made. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06514988__ •
Crystalline form of 6-hydroxy-3-(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenoxy)-2-(4methoxyphenyl)benzo [b]thiophene hydrochloride Inventor(s): Bush; Julie Kay (Fishers, IN), Conrad; Preston Charles (Indianapolis, IN), Flom; Merlyn Gerard (Noblesville, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,610,706 Date filed: January 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel crystalline hydrate of 6-hydroxy-3(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]-phenoxy)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benz o[b]thiophene hydrochloride and uses for same, including inhibition of disease states associated with estrogen deprivation including cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and osteoporosis; and inhibition of other pathological conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibrosis, estrogen-dependent cancer (including breast and uterine cancer), prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease, prevention of breast cancer, and up-regulating ChAT. Excerpt(s): 6-Hydroxy-3-(4-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenoxy)-2-(4methoxyphenyl)benzo[ b]thiophene hydrochloride (arzoxifene) was first described generically in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,357 and was specifically disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,474 ('474) and European Patent Application 0729956. Arzoxifene is a nonsteroidal mixed estrogen antagonist/agonist, useful for, inter alia, lowering serum cholesterol and for inhibiting hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, estrogen dependent cancers including breast and uterine cancer, endometriosis, CNS disorders including Alzheimer's disease, aortal smooth muscle cell proliferation, and restenosis. Specifically, arzoxifene is useful for, and is being clinically evaluated for the treatment of receptor positive metastatic breast cancer; the adjuvent treatment of receptor positive patients following appropriate systemic or local therapy; the reduction of recurrence of invasive and noninvasive breast cancer; and the reduction of the incidence of invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Arzoxifene is also useful in combination with radiotherapy, aromatase inhibitors, LHRH analogues, and acetyl choline esterase (AChE) inhibitors. Xray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TGA), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (.sup.1 H NMR) and Karl Fischer (KF) analyses of bulk arzoxifene isolated by the procedures taught in '474 later indicated that said material was hydrated, poorly crystalline, and contained variable amounts of an organic volatile (ethyl acetate) in its lattice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610706__
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Dihydronaphthalene compounds Inventor(s): Yoshihama; Makoto (Utsunomiya, JP), Wachall; Bertil (St. Ingbert, DE), Ikeda; Yoshikazu (Ishibashi-machi, JP), Nomoto; Shin (MinamiKawachi-machi, JP), Hartmann; Rolf Wolfgang (Saarbrucken, DE), Nakakoshi; Masamichi (Utsunomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,559,157 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: Dihydronaphthalene compounds have excellent 17.alpha.hydroxylase/C.sub.17-20 -lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxan A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity and are thereby are useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, uterine cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dihydronaphthalene compounds and processes for their preparation. The compounds of the present invention have excellent 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxane A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity, and are thereby useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. As to the biosyntheses of sex steroids, which express various actions in the body, it is known that C.sub.21 steroids, such as progesterone, are synthesized from cholesterol; further, male sex hormones such as androstenedione and testosterone, which are C.sub.19 steroids, are synthesized by 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase, and using these steroids as substrates, female sex hormones such as estrone and estradiol, which are C.sub.18 steroids, are synthesized. Therefore, syntheses of male sex hormones and/or female sex hormones in the body can be suppressed by inhibiting these sex steroid synthesizing enzymes, i.e., 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 lyase or aromatases, which enables the prevention or treatment of diseases in which male sex hormones or female sex hormones act as exacerbating factors, such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer. Various findings have already shown that male sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer and prostatomegaly can be treated by reducing male sex hormone levels in the blood. The therapeutic efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones by orchiectomy or adrenalectomy has been known for some times, and more recently, the efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones derived from gonads by the administration of an LH-RH (a pituitary hormone) agonist, has been recognized. However, the abovementioned surgical removal of organs is psychologically difficult to accept, and as well causes side effects and other disorders due to the reduction of mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids derived from the adrenal gland. Meanwhile, administration of the LH-RH agonist will inhibit syntheses of hormones derived from gonads only, but not from other organs such as adreahal gland, and even causes a temporary hormone increase known as a flare up phenomenon which is unique to agonists. On the other hand, an anti-male hormone agent to antagonize the male hormone receptor has been developed, but recently, its efficacy has been found to be diminished because of changes in the male sex hormone receptor. Against this background, a more effective male sex hormone reducing agent is desirable. In this
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connection, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase is known to reduce the levels of male sex hormones to a high degree and can be expected to be highly effective in treating male sex hormone-related diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, and masculinization. Furthermore, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20 -lyase also results in the suppression of female sex hormone syntheses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06559157__ •
Endometriosis mouse model Inventor(s): Yamamoto; Karen K. (San Clemente, CA), Van Deerlin; Peter (Wynnewood, PA), Boyd; Jeffrey (New York, NY), Strauss; Jerome J. (Wyndmoor, PA) Assignee(s): Reprogen, Inc. (Irvine, CA), The Trustees of the Universiy of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 6,429,353 Date filed: March 25, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides an endometriosis mouse model wherein severely compromised immune deficient (SCID) female mice are transplanted with human xenografts of normal endometrial tissue, but result in mice with human endometriosis. Typically, the xenografts are treated with a micronized estrogen source prior to transplantation or implantation and the endogenous progesterone of the mice is eliminated also prior to transplantation of the human xenograft. These diseased mice are useful in the study of endometriosis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an endometriosis mouse model wherein severely compromised immune deficient (SCID) female mice are transplanted with human xenografts of normal endometrial tissue, but result in mice with human endometriosis tissue. These diseased mice are useful in the study of endometriosis, in particular to identify nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences that up- or down- regulate the diseased state, or that are endometriosis specific. Endometriosis is a disease affecting women of reproductive age, causing substantial debilitation, such as pelvic pain, and possible sterility or infertility, depending upon the severity of the condition. Most experts agree that endometriosis originates from retrograde menstruation of normal endometrial fragments that then implant on to peritoneal surfaces, from vascular or lymphatic dissemination of endometriosis lesions to other parts of the body, and/or from metaplasia, i.e., the abnormal transformation of one differentiated tissue into another. Modem Approaches to Endometriosis., eds. E. Thomas and J. Rocky, Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston (1991). Typically, diagnosing endometriosis requires an invasive procedure, which results in the possibility of infection and other disadvantages associated with surgery. At present, the most effective therapy for treatment of endometriosis is surgical intervention, along with the administration of growth factor antagonists; ovarian suppression treatments, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists; and immunomodulators to inhibit the implantation of endometrial cells into undesired tissues. Therefore, it is desirable to develop procedures, techniques, and treatments that are easier to use and are more effective in the diagnosis and/or treatment of the disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06429353__
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Endometriosis-associated gene Inventor(s): Silvia; Kotzian (Hattersheim am Main, DE), Starzinski-Powitz; Anna (Zeisselstrasse 9, 60318 Frankfurt, DE), Handrow-Metzmacher; Heike (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Assignee(s): Starzinski-Powitz; Anna (Frankfurt, DE) Patent Number: 6,586,569 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a gene associated with invasive processes, e.g. endometriosis, to a polypeptide coded by said gene, to an antibody directed against the polypeptide, and to the pharmaceutical application of the nucleic acid, the polypeptide and the antibody. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a gene associated with invasive processes, for example endometriosis, to a polypeptide encoded by it, to an antibody directed against the polypeptide, and to the pharmaceutical application of the nucleic acid, the polypeptide and the antibody. Endometriosis is the second most common disease in women and is defined as the occurrence of endometrial cells outside the womb. Endometriosis affects about one in five women of reproductive age, and as many as one in two women with fertility problems. In normal circumstances the endometrium is only found in the womb. In endometriosis, tissue with a histological appearance resembling the endometrium is found outside the womb, for example externally on the womb, on the intestine or even in the pancreas or the lung. Although these endometriotic foci are located outside the womb, they also bleed during menstruation, thus they are influenced by hormones of the female cycle. Since endometriotic foci like the endometrium go through volume changes during the cycle, these changes may cause pain depending on location. Moreover, the body reacts to endometriotic cells with an inflammatory response which again causes pain. Furthermore, inflammation leads to adhesions in the area of the ovaries and fallopian tubes and, as a result of these, is responsible for a so-called mechanical sterility of affected women. Apparently however, in endometriosis messengers are released as well (e.g. cytokines, prostaglandins) which can reduce the fertility of affected women even in the absence of adhesions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586569__
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Endometriosis-specific secretory protein Inventor(s): Timms; Kathy L. (Columbia, MO) Assignee(s): The Curators of the University of Missouri (Columbia, MO) Patent Number: 6,531,277 Date filed: March 19, 1998 Abstract: A method and kit of diagnosing endometriosis in a female patient suspected of having endometriosis is disclosed. The method includes obtaining a sample from the patient. The sample is analyzed to detect the presence of ENDO -I glycoprotein or its mRNA in the sample compared to non-endometriosis controls who do not express ENDO-I. The protein is characterized by (i) a molecular weight of 40,000 to 55,000 as determined by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (ii) having an isoelectric point of 4.0 to 5.5; and (iii) being synthesized and secreted specifically by stromal cells of endometriotic tissue origin; and (iv) in humans having a
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cDNA as set forth in SEQ ID No:1. The present invention further discloses a cDNA for human ENDO-I (SEQ ID No:1) and antibody directed against ENDO-I. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of fertility and more particularly, to means and methods for determining and diagnosing endometriosis in women. Endometriosis is defined as the ectopic presence of endometrial glands and stroma. Endometriotic tissue is comprised of tissue that is histologically similar yet biochemically and functionally different or out of phase from that of the uterine endometrium. For example, endometriosis differs from its uterine counterpart in steroid responsiveness and receptor content [Vierikko, et al., 1985; Lessey et al., 1989; Melega et al., 1991] and expression of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor [Melega et al., 1991; Haining et a., 1991]. These altered characteristics, combined with an ectopic location, effect the physiological activity of the endometriotic tissue and thereby alter protein synthesis and secretion by the endometriotic tissue. Deviations in protein synthesis and secretion might be useful in developing unique markers for the nonsurgical diagnosis and management of endometriosis. Unfortunately, limited information is available concerning protein synthesis, secretion, regulation and expression in endometriotic tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531277__ •
Irreversible inhibitors of tyrosine kinases Inventor(s): McNamara; Dennis Joseph (Ann Arbor, MI), Zhou; Hairong (Ann Arbor, MI), Smaill; Jeffrey B. (Auckland, NZ), Showalter; Howard Daniel Hollis (Ann Arbor, MI), Doherty; Annette Marian (Paris, FR), Bridges; Alexander James (Saline, MI), Denny; William Alexander (Auckland, NZ), Fry; David William (Ypsilanti, MI), Dobrusin; Ellen Myra (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 6,602,863 Date filed: September 27, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides compounds that are irreversible inhibitors of tyrosine kinases. Also provided is a method of treating cancer, restenosis, atherosclerosis, endometriosis, and psoriasis and a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a compound that is an irreversible inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compounds that are irreversible inhibitors of tyrosine kinases. This invention also relates to a method of treating cancer, atherosclerosis, restenosis, endometriosis, and psoriasis, and to a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a compound that is an irreversible inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. Cancer has been viewed as a disease of the intracellular signalling system, or signal transduction mechanism. Cells receive instructions from many extracellular sources, instructing them to either proliferate or not to proliferate. The purpose of the signal transduction system is to receive these and other signals at the cell surface, get them into the cell, and then pass the signals on to the nucleus, the cytoskeleton, and transport and protein synthesis machinery. The most common cause of cancer is a series of defects, either in these proteins, when they are mutated, or in the regulation of the quantity of the protein in the cell such that it is over or under produced. Most often, there are key lesions in the cell which lead to a constitutive state whereby the cell nucleus receives a signal to proliferate, when this signal is not actually present. This can occur through a variety of mechanisms. Sometimes the cell may start to produce an
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authentic growth factor for its own receptors when it should not, the so-called autocrine loop mechanism. Mutations to the cell surface receptors, which usually signal into the cell by means of tyrosine kinases, can lead to activation of the kinase in the absence of ligand, and passing of a signal which is not really there. Alternatively, many surface kinases can be overexpressed on the cell surface leading to an inappropriately strong response to a weak signal. There are many levels inside the cell at which mutation or overexpression can lead to the same spurious signal arising in the cell, and there are many other kinds of signalling defects involved in cancer. This invention touches upon cancers which are driven by the three mechanisms just described, and which involve cell surface receptors of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family (EGFR). This family consists of the EGF receptor (also known as Erb-B1), the Erb-B2 receptor, and its constitutively active oncoprotein mutant Neu, the Erb-B3 receptor and the ErbB4 receptor. Additionally, other biological processes driven through members of the EGF family of receptors can also be treated by compounds of the invention described below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06602863__ •
Medicinal composition for treating dysmenorrhea and endometriosis industrial use Inventor(s): Suzuki; Nobutaka (Kanazawa, JP), Kohama; Takafumi (Nanao, JP) Assignee(s): Tradepia Co. Ltd. (Saitama, JP), Horphag Research Limited (St. Peter Port Guernsey, GB) Patent Number: 6,372,266 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: A medicinal composition for treating dysmenorrhea and endometriosis comprising a plant extract and containing proanthocyanidins as an effective component thereof. The composition is provided and administered in the form of soft capsules, tablets, or a powdery or liquid preparation to be used for treating dysmenorrhea and endometriosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicinal composition for treating dysmenorrhea and endometriosis, and more particularly to a medicinal composition comprising as its effective component a plant extract containing proanthocyanidins. Dysmenorrhea is characterized by spasmodic symptoms, such as severe lower abdominal pain, lumbago, headache and nausea, which develop at the onset of and during menstruation and which are not attributable to other gynecological diseases (adnexitis, endometriosis, uterine myoma, adenomyosis of the uterus, etc.). The causes include increased presence of prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid and an abrupt increase in the intrauterine pressure caused by the menstrual fluid held in the uterus due to the constriction of os uteri. Dysmenorrhea is treated by oral administration of Voltaren (generic name: dichlofenac sodium) or Sedes (generic name: pyrazolone analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic composition). However, this treatment may temporality alleviate the symptoms but is generally ineffective. Endometriosis is a disease of ectopic occurrence, growth of endometrium (in the ovary, oviduct and Douglas' cul-de- sac) and the disease causing inflammation at the site and developing severe menstrual pain and lower abdominal pain at times other than the menstrual period. It is also one of the causes of sterility. Although still remaining to be clarified, a causal relation to dioxin has attracted attention in recent years. The disease is most prevalent in the reproductive ages (between ages of about 18 to about 42). Because of its dependence on follicular hormones (estrogens), the disease becomes gradually
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aggravated in menstruating women and conversely becomes alleviated and disappears postmenopausally with reduced production of estrogens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372266__ •
Method for regulating size of vascularized normal tissue Inventor(s): Folkman; Judah (Brookline, MA), Langer; Robert S. (Newton, MA), Rupnick; Maria (Malden, MA) Assignee(s): Children's Medical Center Corporation (Boston, MA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,306,819 Date filed: October 30, 1998 Abstract: Angiogenesis inhibitors are administered to patients in an amount effective to regulate normal, non-transformed vascularized tissue size and/or growth by regulating its vascular compartment. Examples of tissues that can be controlled include adipose tissue, intestinal polyps, muscle (including cardiac) tissue, and endometrial tissue. The response of these tissues to the angiogenesis inhibitors is dose-dependent, reversible, and common to a variety of different angiogenesis inhibitors (examples use TNP-470, angiostatin, and endostatin), based on studies in animal models of obesity, intestinal polyps, cardiac hypertrophy, and endometriosis. Initial studies conducted in an adipose tissue model (genetically obese mice and normal control mice) showed that the growth and mass of adipose tissue is under the control of microvascular endothelium. Expansion of adipose tissue was associated with endothelial cell proliferation. Inhibition of angiogenesis led to reduction in adipose tissue mass. Weight gain in animals receiving angiogenesis inhibitors was significantly restricted, in spite of increases in appetite sufficient to cause weight gain in paired-fed mice. Discontinuation of the inhibitor resulted in rapid expasion of the adipose tissue. The effect was dosedependent, repeatedly reversible, and occurred in response to all of the inhibitors tested. Significant inhibition was also observed in both the intestinal polyp and cardiac hypertrophy animal models, using dosages of two-thirds or less than the dosages used to treat tumors. Preliminary results in an endometriosis model also show a clear trend towards decreased development of endometriosis in animals treated with angiogenesis inhibitors at a dosage of one-third the dosage used to treat tumors. No effect on normal tissue that was not proliferating, other than adipose tissue, was observed. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed generally to the field of treatment of obesity and other disorders characterized by proliferation of normal vascularized tissues, by the administration of effective amount of angiogenesis inhibitors. The prevalence of overweight has reached epidemic proportions in most developed countries and carries with it staggering mortality and morbidity statistics. Obesity is a well established risk factor for a number of potentially life-threatening diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and cancer. (Meisler J., St. Jeor S. 1996. Am J Clin Nutr. 63:409S-411S). (Bray G. 1996. Endocrin Metab Clin North Amer. 25:907-919). Furthermore, it complicates numerous chronic conditions such as respiratory diseases, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, gall bladder disease, and dyslipidemias. The enormity of this problem is best reflected in the fact that death rates escalate with increasing body weight. More than 50% of all-cause mortality is attributable to obesity-related conditions once the body mass index (BMI) exceeds 30 kg/m2, as seen in 35 million Americans. (Lee L, Paffenbarger R. 1992. JAMA. 268:20452049). By contributing to greater than 300,000 deaths per year, obesity ranks second only
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to tobacco smoking as the most common cause of potentially preventable death. (McGinnis J., Foege W. 1993. MA.270:2207-22 12). Accompanying the devastating medical consequences of this problem is the severe financial burden placed on the health care system in the United States. The estimated economic impact of obesity and its associated illnesses from medical expenses and loss of income are reported to be in excess of $68 billion/year. (Colditz G. 1992. Am J Clin Nutr. 55:503S-507S). (Wolf A., Colditz G. 1996. Am J. Clin Nutr. 63:466S-469S). (Wolf A., Colditz G. 1994. Pharmacoeconomics. 5:34-37). This does not include the greater than $30 billion per year spent on weight loss foods, products, and programs. (Wolf A., Colditz G. 1994. Pharmacoeconomics. 5:34-37). (Ezzati, et a. 1992. Vital health Stat [2]. 113). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06306819__ •
Method of detecting endometriosis Inventor(s): Blumenthal; Rosalyn D. (Belleville, NJ), Goldenberg; David M. (Mendham, NJ), Samoszuk; Michael (Rancho Santa Margarita, CA) Assignee(s): Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology (Belleville, NJ) Patent Number: 6,540,980 Date filed: March 31, 2000 Abstract: Kits for detecting and treating endometriosis are provided, which contain a targeting molecule comprising an eosinophil peroxidase-binding component. Methods of detecting and treating endometriosis using eosinophil peroxidase-specific targeting molecules are also provided Targeting molecules comprise an eosinophil peroxidasebinding component and an accessory component; the accessory component comprising an agent conferring detectability or a therapeutic effect. Excerpt(s): Methods to detect endometriosis have included: (a) serum immunoassays [CA-125, endometrial antibodies]; (b) imaging techniques [US, CT and MRI]; and (c) laparoscopic examination [reviewed by Pauerstein, supra]. Neither immunoassay approach is considered sufficiently sensitive. Barbieri, Fertil. Steril. 45:767-772 (1989); Chihal et al., Fertil. Steril. 46:408-420 (1986). Imaging approaches have met with varying degrees of success, with US and CT exhibiting the least sensitivity and specificity. Chihal et al., Fertil. Steril. 46:408-420 (1986); Fishman et al., J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 7:257-263 (1983). The optimal diagnostic tool to date is laparoscopy, resulting in about 90% correct diagnosis. Dmowski et al., Fertil Steril 67:238-43 (1997). There are however, circumstances in which direct visualization is difficult or inaccurate, such as, minimal lesions, adhesions that obscure visualization, ovarian endometriomas, and atypical nonpigmented endometriosis. Schenken et al., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 323:137-148 (1990). It is not, however, unusual to find patients who are normal on laparoscopy, that present with severe disease less than one-year later. Id. The invasiveness of the procedure may also be limiting preventing repeat examination to monitor efficacy of therapy and/or recurrence. Hence a need for a better detection system is needed. Radiolabeled antibodies are a class of imaging agents for the detection of sites of disease. Goldenberg et al., Semin. Cancer Biol. 1:217-25 (1990); Goldenberg, Am. J. Med. 94:297-312 (1993). Results with.sup.131 I-labeled intact IgG have shown a general sensitivity of 80-90%. Murray et al., Diag. Oncol. 2:234-241 (1992); Larson, Cancer Res. 50:892-898 (1990). A specific antibody conjugated with a short half-life radionuclide, might be useful for immunoimaging of endometriosis, as it has been for the detection of primary and metastatic tumor lesions. Although RAID was first developed to identify malignant tissue, other applications have resulted, such as imaging myocardial infarction (Khaw et
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al., J. Nucl. Med. 28:1671-1678 (1987)), thrombi (Oster et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 82:34653468 (1985)), inflammation (Locher et al., Nucl. Med. Comm. 7:659-660 (1986)), and atherosclerotic plaques (Khaw et al., J. Nucl. Med. 32:1005-1012 (1991)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06540980__ •
Non-mammalian GnRH analogs and uses thereof in regulation of fertility and pregnancy Inventor(s): Siler-Khodr; Theresa (13 Mayborough La., San Antonio, TX 78257) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,635,739 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: Specially designed non-mammalian GnRH analog decapeptides resistant to degradation by the placental enzyme, C-ase-1, or a post-proline peptidase, are disclosed. The GnRH analogs are further defined as analogs of chicken II GnRH or salmon GnRH. These non-mammalian analogs incorporate D-arginine, D-leucine, D-tBu-Serine, D-Trp or other active D amino acids at position 6 and ethylamide, aza-Gly-amide or other Gly amide at position 10. The D-Arg (6)-chicken II GnRH-ethylamide, D-Arg (6)-chicken II GnRH-aza-Gly(10)-amide, the D-Arg (6)-salmon GnRH ethylamide, and D-Arg (6)salmon GnRH-aza-Gly(10)-amide analogs are also provided, and demonstrate preferential binding to chorionic GnRH, ovarian, endometrial, tubal, uterine, prostate and testicular receptors. Biopotency is greater at the ovary and endometrium than at the pituitary. These non-mammalian GnRH analogs may be used in pharmaceutical preparation, and specifically in various treatment methods as a contraceptive or postcoital contraceptive agent. The non-mammalian GnRH analogs are also provided in pharmaceutical preparations that may be used clinically for maintaining pregnancy when used in very low doses and administered in pulsatile fashion, as well as in preparations for the treatment of endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and leimyomas. In another aspect, the non-mammalian GnRH analogs may be used a luteolytic agents. The aza-Gly(10) amide non-mammalian analogs are yet other embodiments of the nonmammalian GnRH analogs provided as a part of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of regulating reproductive function, fertility and pregnancy. More particularly, it concerns the use of unique nonmammalian peptide hormone analogs of GnRH designed to be useful in fertility regulation, post-coital contraception and as a menses-inducing agent and the management of ovarian cyst, polycystic ovarian disease, in vitro fertilization protocols, endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, leiomyomas, abnormal pregnancies, ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and trophoblastic disease. Before the chemical characterization of the mammalian hypothalamic GnRH, it was realized that hypothalamic substances regulated production of pituitary LH and FSH. Burgus R., Guillemim R 1970 Hypothalamic releasing factors Ann Rev Biochem 39:499-526. Current contraceptive methods are centered on the existing knowledge of GnRH-gonadotropinovarian physiology. The delineation of mammalian GnRH made possible the ability to create methods to detect and quantify this molecule. The human placenta and the chorionic membranes have also been observed to contain a GnRH-like substance. Gibbons J M, Mitnick M, Chieffo V 1975 In vitro biosynthesis of TSH- and LH-releasing factors by the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 121:127-131. The present investigator has localized, quantified and demonstrated the synthesis of a GnRH-like substance by the human placenta. Siler-Khodr T M, Khodr G S 1978 Luteinizing
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hormone releasing factor content of the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:216219; Khodr G S, Siler-Khodr T M 1978 Localization of luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in the human placenta. Fert Steril 29:523-526; Siler-Khodr T M, Khodr G S 1979 Extrahypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF): Release of immunoreactive LRF by the human placenta in vitro. Fert Steril 22:294-296. Khodr G S, Siler-Khodr T M 1980 Placental LRF and its synthesis. Science 207:315-317. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635739__ •
Pentapeptide LHRH antagonists Inventor(s): Dwight; Wesley (Evanston, IL), Greer; Jonathan (Chicago, IL), Haviv; Fortuna (Deerfield, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,297,354 Date filed: August 12, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to a class of pentapeptide analogs of LHRH. These compounds are useful in the treatment of disease conditions which are mediated by reproductive hormones, including benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate tumors, breast and ovaries tumors, cryptorchidism, hirsuitism, gastric motility disorders, dysmenorrhea, and endometriosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel analogs of LHRH. The novel analogs provide pentapeptides truncated from both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of LHRH antagonist peptides. The invention also relates to processes for preparing the disclosed compounds, pharmaceutical compounds containing such compounds, and use of such compounds for modulating levels of sex hormones in male or female mammals. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) is released from the hypothalamus and binds to a receptor on the pituitary gland causing the release of gonadotropin hormones. The gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, regulate the fundamental reproductive processes, such as ovarian release and gamete maturation. These hormones play a major role in regulating the synthesis of the steroidal reproductive hormones from the gonads, ie. estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males. The ongoing system of feedback between hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the gonads modulates the fundamental processes related to the reproductive cycle. The feedback process, described by A. V. Schally et al., Fertility and Sterility, 22:11 (1971), provides a web of complex relationships related to reproductive function. Pulsatile release of the gonadotropin hormones controls levels of steroidal hormone circulating in the mammalian reproductive cycle. Manipulation of the release of these hormones provides an avenue for the design of novel compounds useful in treating various conditions related to dysfunction of the reproductive cycle and hormone dependent diseases. Several agonists of natural LHRH have been shown to be clinically useful. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06297354__
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Polynucleotide encoding autoantigens associated with endometriosis Inventor(s): El Shami; A. Said (Camarillo, CA), French; Cynthia K. (Irvine, CA), Menon; Surendra Nath (Culver City, CA), El Shami; A. Said (Camarillo, CA), French; Cynthia K. (Irvine, CA), Menon; Surendra Nath (Culver City, CA) Assignee(s): Diagnostic Products Corporation (Los Angeles, CA), Diagnostic Products Corporation (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 6,525,187 Date filed: November 23, 1999 Abstract: This invention provides a polynucleotide encoding Repro-EN-1.0 and IB1, polypeptides associated with endometriosis. Auto-antibodies against Repro-EN-1.0 and IB1 have been found in subjects diagnosed with endometriosis. This invention also provides methods of using this polynucleotide and polypeptide. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the field of molecular biology in general, and, more specifically, to a polypeptide associated with endometriosis, an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and methods of using these molecules. This invention is directed to the field of molecular biology in general, and, more specifically, to a polypeptide associated with endometriosis, an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and methods of using these molecules. Endometriosis is a painful disorder that is characterized by the ectopic implantation of functioning endometrial tissue into the abdominal wall and the outer surface of various organs including, most commonly, the lower bowel, ovaries and fallopian tubes. P. Vigano et al. (1991) Fertility and Sterility 56:894. Currently, endometriosis-specific genes have not been identified and the events relating to the development of endometriosis are poorly understood. However, several reports suggest that retrograde menstruation linked with abnormal immune function may play a role in establishing ectopic endometrium lesions. T. Ishimaru and H. Masuzaki (1991) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165:210-214. Many attempts to isolate antigens from ectopic endometrium lesions have failed, due to the necrotic nature of the lesions. Endometriosis is a painful disorder that is characterized by the ectopic implantation of functioning endometrial tissue into the abdominal wall and the outer surface of various organs including, most commonly, the lower bowel, ovaries and fallopian tubes. P. Vigano et al. (1991) Fertility and Sterility 56:894. Currently, endometriosis-specific genes have not been identified and the events relating to the development of endometriosis are poorly understood. However, several reports suggest that retrograde menstruation linked with abnormal immune function may play a role in establishing ectopic endometrium lesions. T. Ishimaru and H. Masuzaki (1991) Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165:210-214. Many attempts to isolate antigens from ectopic endometrium lesions have failed, due to the necrotic nature of the lesions. Endometriosis also is recognized has having an autoimmune component. IgG and IgA auto-antibodies that react with multiple endometrial antigens have been documented in patients with endometriosis. However, attempts to develop IgG or IgA-based assays for the diagnosis of endometriosis has fallen short of fruition. S. Fernandez-Shaw et al., (1996) Hum. Reprod. 11:180-1184. R. A. Wild et al. (1991) Obstetrics and Gynecology 77:927. Studies have shown that circulating IgG antibodies that bind multiple endometrial proteins can be detected in women with endometriosis to varying degrees. Thirty-five percent to 74% of patients have sera reactive with endometrial proteins. O. Odukoya et al. (1996) Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 75:927-931; J. G. Kim et al. (1995) Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 34:80-87; O. A. Odukoya et al. (1995) Hum. Reprod. 10:1214-1219. It has also been shown that endometrial antibody titers in patients that respond well to danazol are significantly lower (7/18 (39%) treated patients had elevated titers) than those patients
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with untreated endometriosis or patients that responded poorly to treatment (17/23 (74%) untreated patients had elevated titers). A. El-Roeiy et al. (1988) Fertility and Sterility 50:864-871; H. J. Chihal et al. (1986) Fertility and Sterility 46:408-411. In addition, it has been recently reported that women with endometriosis have elevated levels of IL4, a Th2 mediating cytokine, and that treatment with danazol reduces the levels of IL-4 in women that respond well to treatment. C.-C. Hsu et al. (1997) Fertility and Sterility 67:1059-1064. Endometriosis also is recognized has having an autoimmune component. IgG and IgA auto-antibodies that react with multiple endometrial antigens have been documented in patients with endometriosis. However, attempts to develop IgG or IgAbased assays for the diagnosis of endometriosis has fallen short of fruition. S. Fernandez-Shaw et al., (1996) Hum. Reprod. 11:180-1184. R. A. Wild et al. (1991) Obstetrics and Gynecology 77:927. Studies have shown that circulating IgG antibodies that bind multiple endometrial proteins can be detected in women with endometriosis to varying degrees. Thirty-five percent to 74% of patients have sera reactive with endometrial proteins. O. Odukoya et al. (1996) Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 75:927-931; J. G. Kim et al. (1995) Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 34:80-87; O. A. Odukoya et al. (1995) Hum. Reprod. 10:1214-1219. It has also been shown that endometrial antibody titers in patients that respond well to danazol are significantly lower (7/18 (39%) treated patients had elevated titers) than those patients with untreated endometriosis or patients that responded poorly to treatment (17/23 (74%) untreated patients had elevated titers). A. El-Roeiy et al. (1988) Fertility and Sterility 50:864-871; H. J. Chihal et al. (1986) Fertility and Sterility 46:408-411. In addition, it has been recently reported that women with endometriosis have elevated levels of IL-4, a Th2 mediating cytokine, and that treatment with danazol reduces the levels of IL-4 in women that respond well to treatment. C.-C. Hsu et al. (1997) Fertility and Sterility 67:1059-1064. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06525187__ •
Prevention of endometriosis signs or symptons Inventor(s): Heinrichs; William LeRoy (8 Campbell La., Menlo Park, CA 94025) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,265,393 Date filed: August 7, 1998 Abstract: Methods and articles of manufacture are provided for the long-term prevention of clinical symptoms and signs produced by endometriosis. Such methods and articles of manufacture involve the continuous coadministration of low doses of an estrogen agent and a progestin agent to maintain an induced state of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in an afflicted woman. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the coadministration of an estrogen agent and a progestin agent in low doses for the long-term prevention of endometriosis signs or symptoms. Many women, approximately 5-10 percent of those in their reproductive years, are afflicted with endometriosis and suffer progressive, disabling dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain around the time of their menses (Brosens, Endometriosis-A Disease Because it is Characterized by Bleeding, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176:263-7 (1997)). In addition, pelvic pain unassociated with menses may restrict afflicted women to measured participation in athletic and other physical activities, such as dancing and hiking. Through dyspareunia, they suffer not only the pain and often-missed orgasmic fulfillment, but also the doubts of sincerity and the cautious love of their sexual partners, perhaps even marital discord, separation, or infertility. Through relative
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infertility, they suffer further reductions in self-esteem from the pangs of guilt and failure engendered by struggles to conceive, suffering that adds personal, physical, and economic cost. Often, coital events or pelvic exams produce pelvic aching for hours or even days thereafter. The peri-menstrual pain experienced by afflicted women may be relieved in part by non-steroidal anti-inflanmmatory drugs (NSAID's). But those not benefitted adequately require ovulation-suppressing treatments, or finally laparoscopy, where the majority are discovered to have the findings typical of endometriosis, i.e., ectopic `implants` of endometrial tissue on the peritoneal surface of the pelvis or extragenital areas. Others with unexplained infertility have similar findings. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06265393__ •
Tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds as estrogen agonists/antagonists Inventor(s): DaSilva-Jardine; Paul A. (Providence, RI), Lefker; Bruce A. (Gales Ferry, CT), Day; Robert F. (Groton, CT), Cameron; Kimberly O. (East Lyme, CT), Zawistoski; Michael P. (West Warwick, RI), Chesworth; Richard (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,608,203 Date filed: December 21, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to compounds useful for treating or preventing obesity, breast cancer, osteoporosis, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, prostatic disease, and the like, and to pharmaceutical composition, methods, and kits comprising such compounds. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds that are useful as estrogen agonists and antagonists, and the pharmaceutical uses thereof. The value of naturally occurring estrogens and synthetic compositions demonstrating "estrogenic" activity has typically been in their medical and therapeutic uses. A traditional listing of the therapeutic applications for estrogens alone or in combination with other active agents includes, but is not limited to, oral contraception, relief for the symptoms of menopause, prevention of threatened or habitual abortion, relief of dysmenorrhea, relief of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, an aid in ovarian development, treatment of acne, diminution of excessive growth of body hair in women (hirsutism), the prevention of cardiovascular disease, treatment of osteoporosis, treatment of prostatic carcinoma, and suppression of postpartum lactation (Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics (7th Ed.), Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985, pages 1421-1423). Accordingly, there has been increasing interest in finding newly synthesized compounds and new uses for previously known compounds that are demonstrably estrogenic, that is, able to mimic the action of estrogen in estrogen responsive tissue. From the viewpoint of pharmacologists interested in developing new drugs useful for the treatment of human diseases and specific pathological conditions, it is desirable to procure compounds having demonstrable estrogen-like function, but which are devoid of unwanted side-effects. Exemplifying this latter view, osteoporosis, a disease in which bone becomes increasingly more fragile, is greatly ameliorated by the use of fully active estrogens. However, due to the recognized increased risk of uterine cancer in patients treated chronically with active estrogens, it is not clinically advisable to treat osteoporosis in intact women with fully active estrogens for prolonged periods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06608203__
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Thienopyridine compounds, their production and use Inventor(s): Furuya; Shuichi (Tsukuba, JP), Imada; Takashi (Tsukuba, JP), Choh; Nobuo (Tsukuba, JP), Suzuki; Nobuhiro (Tsukuba, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,329,388 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: The compounds of the present invention possess excellent gonadotropinreleasing hormone antagonizing activity, and is useful for preventing or treating sex hormone-dependent diseases, e.g., sex hormone-dependent cancers (e.g., prostatic cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, pituitary tumor), prostatic hypertrophy, hysteromyoma, endometriosis, precocious puberty, amenorrhea syndrome, multilocular ovary syndrome, pimples etc, or as a pregnancy regulator (e.g., contraceptive), infertility remedy or menstruation regulator. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to thieno[2, 3-b ]pyridine derivatives exhibiting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonizing activity, their production and use. The secretion of hypophysial anterior lobe hormone is regulated by the peripheral hormone secreted by each target organ and the secretion-promoting or secretionsuppressing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus, which is the center superior to the hypophysial anterior lobe, and this group of hormones hereinafter generically referred to as hypothalamic hormone in this specification. To date, nine hypothalamic hormones have been identified, for example, thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone (TRH), and gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH, also known as luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH)], etc. It is conjectured that these hypothalamic hormones exhibit their hormone actions etc. via receptors assumed to be present in the hypophysial anterior lobe, and analyses of receptor genes specific to these hormones, including humans, are ongoing. Antagonists or agonists that act specifically and selectively on these receptors would therefore regulate the action of hypothalamic hormones and hence regulate the secretion of hypophysial anterior lobe hormone. As a result, such antagonists or agonists are expected to prevent or treat diseases depending on these hypophysial anterior lobe hormone. Known compounds possessing GnRHantagonizing activity include GnRH-derived linear peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,009 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,835), a cyclic hexapeptide derivative (JP-A-61-191698), a bicyclic peptide derivative [Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, pp. 3265-3273 (1993)], and so forth. Non-peptide compounds possessing GnRH-antagonizing activity include compounds described in WO 95/28405, WO 97/14697, WO 97/14682, WO 97/41126 and so forth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06329388__
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Treatment of endometriosis with antileukoprotease Inventor(s): Li; Zhen (Mission Viejo, CA), Neilson; Lorna I. (Vista, CA) Assignee(s): Reprogen, Inc. (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 6,544,740 Date filed: June 27, 2000
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Abstract: This invention provides methods for diagnosing and treating endometriosis, and promoting implantation of an embryo. The methods involve determining or modulating antileukoprotease activity in a subject. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. This invention relates to the field of medical treatment and diagnosis. More particularly, it relates to the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis and infertility. Endometriosis is a gynecologic disorder estimated to occur in 10% of reproductive age women. The disease occurs in up to 50% of infertile females (L. C. Gudice et al., J. Reprod. Med., 43:252 (1998)). Endometriosis is defined clinically as the presence of lesions within the peritoneal cavity. Usually, endometriosis is confined to the pelvic and lower abdominal cavity; however, it has been reported in other areas, including the pleural cavity. These lesions originate from endometrial tissue normally found within the interior lining of the uterus. It is believed that cells from the uterine lining (endometrium) are released via the fallopian tubes into the abdominal cavity through retrograde menstruation. While the precise mechanisms by which the displaced endometrial tissue forms ectopic lesions remain to be elucidated, the initial establishment of this disease is clearly an invasive event. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544740__ •
Use of ligands specific to major histocompatibility complex-class I antigens for diagnosing endometriosis Inventor(s): Miron; Pierre (Laval, CA), Roy; Denis-Claude (Laval, CA), Lachapelle; Marie-Helene (Laval, CA) Assignee(s): Procrea Biosciences Inc. (Ville Mont-Royal, CA) Patent Number: 6,376,201 Date filed: March 2, 1999 Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide the clinicians with a new application for ligands specific to MHC-class I antigens, especially HLA-ABC antigens, this new application residing in the detection and diagnosis of endometriosis. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method and a test kit for diagnosing endometriosis, preferably by immunohistochemistry, using a monoclonal anti- HLAABC antibody as a preferred ligand or diagnostic reagent. This new method is noninvasive and is more reliable as a screening test than the conventionally used laparoscopy. When the endometrium of a woman tests negatively with the claimed method, it prevents the use of laparoscopy which is an invasive method for detecting endometriosis. This method can be practised on a specimen obtained from the endometrium of a patient and does not require a specimen sampled directly from the endometriotic foci. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of ligands specific to a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)- class I antigen, especially an HLA-ABC surface antigen, which is normally exposed at the surface of cell membranes, and which is therefore present in or on endometrial cell, for the diagnosis of endometriosis. The detection of this antigen is carried out according to a process comprising the reaction of a ligand, preferably an antibody, which is normally used to detect the presence of a MHC-class I antigen at the surface of all cells expressing it. This invention also relates to a method for the diagnosis of endometriosis using the same ligand(s). Endometriosis is one of the most common disorders encountered in the field of gynaecology, affecting the health of an estimated 10 to 15% of women during their reproductive years. Although
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not life threatening, endometriosis is often associated with severe pelvic pain and infertility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06376201__
Patent Applications on Endometriosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to endometriosis: •
21-SUBSTITUTED PROGESTERONE ANTIPROGESTATIONAL AGENTS
DERIVATIVES
AS
NEW
Inventor(s): BLYE, RICHARD P.; (HIGHLAND, MD), ACOSTA, CARMIE K.; (SAN ANTONIO, TX), CESSAC, JAMES W.; (SAN ANTONIO, TX), RAO, PEMMARAJU N.; (SAN ANTONIO, TX), KIM, HYUN K.; (BETHESDA, MD) Correspondence: EUGENIA GARRETT WACKOWSKI; TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; 8TH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111 Patent Application Number: 20020025951 Date filed: May 24, 1999 Abstract: A compound having the general formula: 1in which: R.sup.1 is a member selected from the group consisting of --OCH.sub.3, --SCH.sub.3, --N(CH.sub.3).sub.2,-NHCH.sub.3, --CHO, --COCH.sub.3 and --CHOHCH.sub.3; R.sup.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy, alkyl carbonate, cypionyloxy, S-alkyl and S-acyl; R.sup.3 is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy and acyloxy; R.sup.4 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and X is a member selected from the group consisting of.sub.dbd.O and.sub.dbd.N--OR.sup.5 , wherein R.sup.5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl.In addition to providing the compounds of Formula I, the present invention provides methods wherein the compounds of Formula I are advantageously used, inter alia, to antagonize endogenous progesterone; to induce menses; to treat endometriosis; to treat dysmenorrhea; to treat endocrine hormone-dependent tumors; to treat uterine fibroids; to inhibit uterine endometrial proliferation; to induce labor; and for contraception. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of steroids and, in particular, to new 11.beta.-substituted-21-substituted-19-nor-pro- gesterone analogs which possess potent antiprogestational activity with minimal antiglucocorticoid activity. There have been numerous attempts over the past few decades to prepare steroids with antihormonal activity. These have been reasonably successful where antiestrogens and anti-androgens are concerned. However, the discovery of effective antiprogestational and antiglucocorticoid steroids has proved to be a formidable task for the steroid chemist. It has been generally recognized for some years, however, that antiprogestational steroids would find wide applicability in population control, while antiglucocorticoids would be extremely valuable in the treatment of, for example, 10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Cushing's syndrome and other conditions characterized by excessive endogenous production of cortisone. In the last decade, largely through the efforts of Teutsch, et al. of the Roussel-Uclaf group in France, a new series of 19-nortestosterone derivatives has been synthesized with strong affinity for the progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors and with marked antiprogestational and antiglucocorticoid activity in vivo. This important discovery revealed the existence of a pocket in the progesterone/glucocorticoid receptors that is able to accommodate a large 11.beta.substituent on selected 19-nortestosterone derivatives. By suitable selection of such a substituent, steroids with antihormonal properties were obtained. The pioneering studies of Teutsch, et al. on the synthesis of antiprogestational and antiglucocorticoid steroids is summarized in a recent review article (G. Teutsch in Adrenal Steroid Antagonism. Ed. M. K. Agarwal, Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, 1984. pp. 43-75) describing the work leading to the discovery of RU-38,486, the first steroid of this type selected for clinical development. RU-38,486 or mifepristone was found to be an effective antiprogestational/contragestat- ive agent when administered during the early stages of pregnancy (IPPF Medical Bulletin 20; No. 5, 1986). In addition to these antiprogestational properties, mifepristone has very significant antiglucocorticoid activity and was successfully used by Nieman, et al. (J. Clin. Endocrinology Metab. 61:536, 1985) in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. In common with the vast majority of steroidal hormone analogs, mifepristone additionally exhibits a range of biological properties. Thus, for example, it exhibits growth-inhibitory properties towards estrogeninsensitive T47Dco human breast cancer cells (Horwitz, Endocrinology 116:2236, 1985). Experimental evidence suggests that the metabolic products derived from mifepristone contribute to its antiprogestational and antiglucocorticoid properties (Heikinheimo, et al., J. Steroid Biochem. 26:279, 1987). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Agents implicated in endometriosis Inventor(s): Pappa, Helen; (Wokingham, GB), Lnenicek-Allen, Mirna; (Wokingham, GB) Correspondence: KLAUBER & JACKSON; 411 HACKENSACK AVENUE; HACKENSACK; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20030124551 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the discovery of genes and their products that are associated with the disease endometriosis. It has been discovered that cathepsin D, AEBP-1, stromelysin-3, cystatin B, protease inhibitor 1, sFRP4, gelsolin, IGFBP-3, dual specificity phosphatase 1, PAEP, immunoglobulin.lambda. chain, ferritin, complement component 3, pro-alpha-1 type III collagen, proline 4-hydroxylase, alpha-2 type I collagen, claudin-4, melanoma adhesion protein, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer, nascent-polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1.alpha.), vitamin D3 25 hydroxylase, CSRP-1, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, apolipoprotein E, transcobalamin II, prosaposin, early growth response 1 (EGR1), ribosomal protein S6, adenosine deaminase RNA-specific protein, RAD21, guanine nucleotide binding protein beta polypeptide 2-like 1 (RACK1) and podocalyxin are all implicated in this disease. The discovery of these associations has clear implications for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis and related conditions.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the discovery of genes and their products that are associated with the disease endometriosis. The discovery of these agents has implications for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis and related conditions. Endometriosis is the name given to the disease resulting from the presence of endometrial cells outside of the uterine cavity. This disease affects women during their childbearing years with deleterious social, sexual and reproductive consequences. Endometriosis has been proposed as one of the most commonly-encountered diseases of gynaecology, with the incidence of endometriosis in the general population being estimated to be around 5%, although it is thought that at least 25% of women in their thirties and forties may be suffering from this disease. The development and maintenance of endometriosis involves the establishment and subsequent sustained growth of endometrial cells at ectopic sites, most commonly the pelvic peritoneum and ovaries, following retrograde menstruation (see Thomas & Prentice (1992) Repro. Med. Rev. (1): 21-36). Implantation of autologous non-malignant ectopic tissue is a unique phenomenon suggesting that an abnormal host response may be present in women who develop this disease. This theory is supported by the fact that only a minority of women will develop the disease in spite of the common occurrence of retrograde menstruation as a source of endometrial tissue. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Angiogenesis inhibition Inventor(s): Moulton, Steven; (Weston, MA) Correspondence: ROPES & GRAY; ONE INTERNATIONAL PLACE; BOSTON; MA; 02110-2624; US Patent Application Number: 20020169144 Date filed: May 16, 2002 Abstract: Angiogenesis is inhibited by the local administration of a pharmaceutical preparation formed from the reaction of hyaluronic acid, carboxymethylcellulose and a carbodiimide. The preparation, which can be in the form of a film or a gel, is advantageously applied directly to the site of a tumor, such as a cancerous tumor, used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic techniques, or used to treat a chronic inflammatory condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis, arteriosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, proliferative retinopathy, and the like. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/124,703 filed Mar. 15, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This invention relates to methods for inhibiting angiogenesis in a mammal by the local administration of an activated hyaluronic acid composition to the site where the anti-angiogenesis effect is desired. The anti-angiogenesis method of this invention can be used to control or inhibit solid tumor growth in cancer patients, to modulate wound healing, and to prevent or reduce inflammation. Vasculogenesis is a necessary process in the establishment of embryonic tissue whereby endothelial cells are born from progenitor cell types. In contrast, angiogenesis is a process wherein new capillaries sprout from existing vessels. Thus, angiogenesis is necessary for the establishment and development of tumor tissue, as well as the control of certain inflammatory conditions. Angiogenesis is also known to play an integral role in wound healing by allowing tissue generation and remodeling. The inhibition of angiogenesis can be a useful tool for the control of wound healing, inflammation and solid tumor growth.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Combination regimens using 3,3-substituted indoline derivatives Inventor(s): Ullrich, John W.; (Exton, PA), Edwards, James P.; (San Diego, CA), Fensome, Andrew; (Wayne, PA), Jones, Todd K.; (Solana Beach, CA), Wrobel, Jay E.; (Lawrenceville, NJ), Grubb, Gary S.; (Newtown Square, PA), Tegley, Christopher M.; (Thousand Oaks, CA), Zhi, Lin; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: HOWSON AND HOWSON; ONE SPRING HOUSE CORPORATION CENTER; BOX 457; 321 NORRISTOWN ROAD; SPRING HOUSE; PA; 19477; US Patent Application Number: 20020035099 Date filed: October 15, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to cyclic combination therapies and regimens utilizing substituted indoline derivative compounds that are antagonists of the progesterone receptor having the general structure: 1wherein: R.sub.1, and R.sub.2 are chosen independently from each other from H, OH; OAc; alkylaryl; alkylheteroaryl; 1propynyl; 3-propynyl; and optionally substituted alkyl, O(alkyl); aryl; or heteroaryl groups; or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are joined to form a ring comprising -CH.sub.2(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2-where n=0-5; --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CMe.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; --O(CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.2-where m=1-4; O(CH.sub.2).sub.pO-- where p=1-4; --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2--; -CH.sub.2CH.sub.2N(H or alkyl)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--;or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together comprise a double bond to CMe.sub.2; C(cycloalkyl), O, or C(cycloether);R.sub.3 is H, OH, NH.sub.2, COR.sup.A; or optionally substituted alkenyl or alkynyl groups;R.sup.A=H or optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, or aminoalkyl groups;R.sub.4=H, halo, CN, NH.sub.2, or optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, or aminoalkyl;R.sub.5 is selected from optionally substituted benzene ring; a five or six membered heterocyclic ring; a 4 or 7-substituted indole or a substituted benzothiophene; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These methods of treatment may be used for contraception or for the treatment and/or prevention of secondary amenorrhea, dysfunctional bleeding, uterine leiomyomata, endometriosis; polycystic ovary syndrome, carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, prostate, or mininization of side effects or cyclic menstrual bleeding. Additional uses of the invention include stimulation of food intake. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/552,631, filed Apr. 19, 2000, which claims the benefit of the priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/183,057, filed May 4, 1999, now abandoned. This invention relates to regimens of administering compounds, which are antagonists of the progesterone receptor in combination with a progestin, an estrogen, or both. Intracellular receptors (IR) form a class of structurally related gene regulators known as "ligand dependent transcription factors" (R. M. Evans, Science, 240, 889, 1988). The steroid receptor family is a subset of the IR family, including progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of ovarian and endometrial cancer Inventor(s): Xu, Jiangchun; (Bellevue, WA), Chenault, Ruth A.; (Seattle, WA) Correspondence: SEED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW GROUP PLLC; 701 FIFTH AVE; SUITE 6300; SEATTLE; WA; 98104-7092; US Patent Application Number: 20030059781 Date filed: November 28, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods for the therapy and diagnosis of cancer, such as ovarian or endometrial cancer, are disclosed. Compositions may comprise one or more ovarian carcinoma proteins, immunogenic portions thereof, or polynucleotides that encode such portions. Alternatively, a therapeutic composition may comprise an antigen presenting cell that expresses such an antigen, or a T cell that is specific for cells expressing such an antigen. Such compositions may be used, for example, for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as ovarian and endometrial cancer. Diagnostic methods based on detecting an ovarian carcinoma protein, or mRNA encoding such an antigen, in a sample are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to therapy and diagnosis of cancer, such as ovarian or endometrial cancer. The invention is more specifically related to polypeptides comprising at least a portion of an ovarian carcinoma protein, and to polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides. Such polypeptides and polynucleotides may be used in vaccines and pharmaceutical compositions for prevention and treatment of cancers such as ovarian and endometrial cancer, and for the diagnosis and monitoring of such cancers. Ovarian cancer is a significant health problem for women in the United States and throughout the world. Although advances have been made in detection and therapy of this cancer, no vaccine or other universally successful method for prevention or treatment is currently available. Management of the disease currently relies on a combination of early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, which may include one or more of a variety of treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The course of treatment for a particular cancer is often selected based on a variety of prognostic parameters, including an analysis of specific tumor markers. However, the use of established markers often leads to a result that is difficult to interpret, and high mortality continues to be observed in many cancer patients. Immunotherapies have the potential to substantially improve cancer treatment and survival. Such therapies may involve the generation or enhancement of an immune response to an ovarian carcinoma protein. However, to date, relatively few ovarian carcinoma proteins are known and the generation of an immune response against such antigens has not been shown to be therapeutically beneficial. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Compounds and methods for modulation of estrogen receptors Inventor(s): Bhagwat, Shripad S.; (San Diego, CA), Gayo-Fung, Leah M.; (San Diego, CA), Chao, Qi; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: PENNIE AND EDMONDS; 1155 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; NEW YORK; NY; 100362711 Patent Application Number: 20030087901 Date filed: February 27, 2002
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Abstract: Compounds that modulate the estrogen receptor (ER) are disclosed, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the same. In a specific embodiment, the compounds are selective modulators for ER-.beta. over ER-.alpha. Methods are disclosed for modulating ER-.beta. in cell and/or tissues expressing the same, including cells and/or tissue that preferentially express ER-.beta. More generally, methods for treating estrogen-related conditions are also disclosed, including conditions such as is breast cancer, testicular cancer, osteoporosis, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic carcinomas, obesity, hot flashes, skin effects, mood swings, memory loss, urinary incontinence, hairloss, cataracts, natural hormonal imbalances, and adverse reproductive effects associated with exposure to environmental chemicals. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. ______ filed Mar. 17, 1999; which provisional application was originally filed as U.S. application Ser. No. 09/270,977 on Mar. 17, 1999. This invention is generally directed to estrogen antagonists and agonists, including pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof, and more specifically to compounds which selectively modulate estrogen receptor-beta (ER-.beta.) activity. The estrogen hormone has a broad spectrum of effects on tissues in both females and males. Many of these biological effects are positive, including maintenance of bone density, cardiovascular protection, central nervous system (CNS) function, and the protection of organ systems from the effects of aging. However, in addition to its positive effects, estrogen also is a potent growth factor in breast and endometrium that increases the risk of cancer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Delivery of thrombospondin from implantable tissue matrices Inventor(s): Detmar, Michael; (Arlington, MA), Stephen, Antonia E.; (Boston, MA), Streit, Michael; (Boston, MA), Vacanti, Joseph P.; (Winchester, MA) Correspondence: PATREA L. PABST; HOLLAND & KNIGHT LLP; SUITE 2000, ONE ATLANTIC CENTER; 1201 WEST PEACHTREE STREET, N.E.; ATLANTA; GA; 303093400; US Patent Application Number: 20020022592 Date filed: March 30, 2001 Abstract: Normal cells, such as fibroblasts or other tissue or organ cell types, are genetically engineered to express biologically active, anti-angiogenic compounds, in particular, thrombospondin-2. These cells are seeded into a matrix for implantation into the patient to be treated. Cells may also be engineered to include a lethal gene, so that implanted cells can be destroyed once treatment is completed. Cells can be implanted in a variety of different matrices. In a preferred embodiment, these matrices are implantable and biodegradable over a period of time equal to or less than the expected period of treatment, during which the engrafted cells form a functional tissue producing the desired biologically active agent for longer periods of time. These devices and strategies are used as delivery systems, which may be implanted by standard or minimally invasive implantation techniques, for delivery of anti-angiogenic molecules, especially thrombospondin-2, for the treatment of a variety of conditions that produce abnormal growth, including treatment of malignant and benign neoplasias, vascular malformations (hemangiomas), inflammatory conditions, keloid formation and adhesion, endometriosis, congenital or endocrine abnormalities, and other conditions that can produce abnormal growth such as infection.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 09/536,087 filed Mar. 24, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/127,221, filed Mar. 31, 1999, and to U.S. Ser. No. 09/770,339 filed Jan. 26, 2001, which claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/178,842 filed Jan. 27, 2000. The present invention is generally in the area of methods and systems for treatment of disorders such as cancer with angiogenesis inhibitors, using genetically engineered host cells or natural cells to secrete the angiogenesis inibitors following implantation into the patient using biodegradable polymeric matrices. One of the difficulties in treatment of conditions such as cancer using protein or other biological modifiers is the need for large quantities of the therapeutic agent to be delivered over an extended period of time. For most of the compounds discovered during research on complex pathways or unique tissues, it has not been possible, or has not been commercially feasible, to produce the compounds in sufficient quantity to treat the disorders. Numerous examples of these compounds, especially proteins, have been reported. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
DETERMINATION OF ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY TOWARD EMBRYO IMPLANTATION Inventor(s): LESSEY, BRUCE; (HAVERTOWN, PA) Correspondence: HELLER EHRMAN WHITE & MCAULIFFE LLP; 4350 LA JOLLA VILLAGE DRIVE; 7TH FLOOR; SAN DIEGO; CA; 92122-1246; US Patent Application Number: 20030113806 Date filed: September 8, 1998 Abstract: Methods for detecting receptivity of mammalian endometrium to embryo implantation comprising obtaining a sample of the endometrium, contacting the endometrium with a monoclonal antibody for.beta.sub.3 and detecting.beta.sub.3 in the endometrium. The invention also provides for methods of diagnosing infertility in a mammal and methods of detecting the window of embryo implantation in endometrium. Methods of in vitro fertilization, methods of preventing embryo implantation and a method of monitoring endometrial maturation are also within the scope of the present invention. The present invention is also directed to contraceptives. Diagnostic kits useful in the practice of the methods of the invention are also provided. Excerpt(s): Over the past decade, investigators have come to recognize the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in directing the growth, differentiation and function of the overlying epithelium. Getzenberg et al., "The Tissue Matrix: Cell Dynamics and Hormone Action", Endocrine Rev., 11:399-417 (1990). The interaction between cell and extracellular matrix (or substratum) is mediated by several classes of cell adhesion molecules, one of the most important being the integrins. Albelda et al., "Integrins and Other Cell Adhesion Molecules", FESEB J., 4:2868-2880 (1990). Buck et al., "Integrin, a Transmembrane Glycoprotein Complex Mediating Cell-Substratum Adhesion", J. Cell Sci. Suppl., 8:231-250 (1987). This diverse family of glycoprotein receptors is expressed on the cell membrane as heterodimeric.alpha. and.beta. subunits and is involved in both cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion. Specific recognition and binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as fibronectin (FN), laminin (LM) and collagen (Col) transmit information to the cytoskeletal structure, an interaction which may have major roles in promoting hormone responsiveness and genomic activation. Burridge et al., "Focal Adhesions: Transmembrane Junctions Between the Extracellular Matrix and the Cytoskeleton", Ann. Rev. Cell. Biol. 4: 487-525 (1988) and Getzenberg et al. supra.
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Although extensive information exists about specific integrin proteins, for example, Hemler, M. E. "VLA Proteins in the Integrin Family: Structures, Functions and Their Role on Leukocytes", Annu. Rev. Immunol: 365-400 (1990), little is known concerning the distribution of these receptors in the female reproductive tract. In the uterus, the endometrium, composed of glandular epithelium and associated mesenchyme (stroma), maintains complex temporal and spatial functions in response to the cyclic hormonal milieu. The search for morphological or biochemical markers for uterine receptivity has been unsuccessful to date as reported by Rogers and Murphy, "Uterine Receptivity for Implantation: Human Studies", in Blastocyst Implantation, Yoshinaga, K. ed., Serono Symposia, pp. 231-238 (1989). Once such markers are identified, their role in endometrial phenomena including embryo implantation, fertility, contraception and endometrial maturation and receptivity can likely also be identified. Thus, as some integrins appear to meet the criteria for markers of receptivity there is a great need for methods of detecting integrin cell adhesion molecules in endometrium. The present invention is directed to methods of detecting receptivity of endometrium to embryo implantation by detecting the.beta.sub.3 subunit of the.alpha.sub.v/.beta.sub.3 integrin in endometrium with a monoclonal antibody. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Diagnosis of endometrial precancers Inventor(s): Mutter, George L.; (Chestnut Hill, MA), Eng, Charis; (Columbus, OH) Correspondence: WOLF GREENFIELD & SACKS, PC; FEDERAL RESERVE PLAZA; 600 ATLANTIC AVENUE; BOSTON; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20020061541 Date filed: May 31, 2001 Abstract: The invention disclosed herein describes novel methods for diagnosing endometrial precancers by measuring PTEN expression and offers an immunohistochemical biomarker for premalignant disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 from U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/208,542, filed Jun. 1, 2000, and from U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/289,449, filed May 8, 2001. The invention relates to immunological methods for diagnosis of conditions characterized by abnormal levels of PTEN protein. PTEN tumor suppressor gene mutations are the most frequent genetic lesion in the highest incidence female genital tract tumor, endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. The role of PTEN in mediating risk conferred by an abnormal hormonal environment and endometrial hyperplasias is uncertain, because of inadequate reagents for protein expression studies in situ and controversy in precancer diagnosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Diagnosis of endometriosis from menstrual blood Inventor(s): Leyendecker, Gerhard; (Darmstadt, DE) Correspondence: Lisa M.W. Hillman, Ph.D.; McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 32nd Floor; 300 S. Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030113746 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing endometriosis. The method comprises obtaining a sample of menstrual blood, measuring basal cells in said sample or measuring at least one gene product typical for cells of the basal endometrium in said sample and correlating said measurement to the diagnosis of endometriosis. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to European Patent Application EP01129389.1 filed Dec. 18, 2001. The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing endometriosis. The method comprises obtaining a sample of menstrual blood, measuring basal cells in said sample or measuring at least one gene product typical for cells of the basal endometrium in said sample and correlating said measurement to the diagnosis of endometriosis. Endometriosis is a common and painful disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial cells at extra uterine (ectopic) sites. Ectopic implantation and growth of endometrical tissue is found on the peritoneum of the abdominal wall and at the outer surface of various organs, including primarily, the lower bowel, ovaries and fallopian tubes (Vigano, P., et al., Fertil Steril 56 (1991) 894-9). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Diagnostic assay for endometriosis Inventor(s): Yeaman, Grant R.; (Etna, NH) Correspondence: Leopold Presser; Scully, Scott, Murphy & Presser; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20010046713 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for detecting endometriosis in a patient and is an improvement over invasive and expensive surgical procedures. The method employs immunoassays which detect autoantibodies in a serum sample which react with Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (Tf). Increased levels of autoantibodies in a serum sample from the patient which bind to Tf-like antigen is indicative of endometriosis in the patient. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/198,881, filed on Apr. 19, 2000. Endometriosis is a common disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial cells at extrauterine (ectopic) sites. It is a common disease which may affect up to 10% of reproductive age women (1) Although the etiology of endometriosis remains enigmatic, altered cellular and humoral immune function is clearly a feature of established disease (2-4). Autoantibodies to endometrial antigens and deposition of complement components have been described in a number of studies (reviewed in 2) and a number of serum, peritoneal fluid and endometrial antigens have been described. Perhaps the best characterized tissue antigens described, thus far, are the human chorionic gonadotropin receptor (5) and isoforms I and II of the enzyme
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carbonic anhydrase 6-8. Antibodies to transferrin and.alpha.2-Heremans Schmidt glycoprotein (.alpha.sub.2-HSG) have also been described and proposed as diagnostic markers 9, 10 While considerable work has been carried out in terms of measuring the incidence of these antibodies in endometriosis, reproductive diseases, and other autoimmune diseases, the nature of the epitopes involved has received scant attention. The identified antigens are all glycoproteins. With only one apparent exception (5), carbohydrate antigens on these proteins have not been evaluated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Diagnostic method Inventor(s): Smith, John C.; (Macclesfield, GB) Correspondence: Pillsbury Winthrop LLP; Intellectual Property Group; Ninth Floor; 1100 New York Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20005-3918; US Patent Application Number: 20020192647 Date filed: February 8, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to novel sequence and polymorphisms in the human flt1 gene. Eight specific polymorphisms are identified. The invention also relates to methods and materials for analysing allelic variation in the flt-1 gene and to the use of flt-1 polymorphism in the diagnosis and treatment of angiogenic diseases and cancer. Diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis include diabetic retinopathies, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and endometriosis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel sequence and polymorphisms in the human flt-1 gene. The invention also relates to methods and materials for analysing allelic variation in the flt-1 gene and to the use of f1t-1 polymorphism in the diagnosis and treatment of angiogenic diseases and cancer. Diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis include diabetic retinopathies, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and endometriosis. Flt-1 is one of the two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR-1). The other being KDR (VEGFR-2). The flt-1 protein consists of an external domain containing seven immunoglobulin like domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region containing a tyrosine kinase domain. In contrast to other members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, the kinase domain of flt-1 is in two segments with an intervening sequence of.about.70 amino acids. The biology of the VEGF receptors has been reviewed (Neufeld et al., (1999) FASEB Journal. 13:11-22; Zachary (1998) Experimental Nephrology. 6:480-487) and the tyrosine phosphorylation sites have been identified (Ito et al., (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:23410-23418). It is thought that flt-1 may be important in regulating the tissue architecture in developing vasculature while the second VEGF receptor (KDR, VEGFR-2) mediates the mitogenic and angiogenic effects of VEGF in endothelial cells. Evidence to support this theory has come from knockout studies in mice (Fong et al., (1995) Nature. 376:66-70). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Differentially-expressed genes and polypeptides in angiogenesis Inventor(s): Sun, Zairen; (Rockville, MD), Jay, Gilbert; (North Bethesda, MD) Correspondence: ORIGENE TECHNOLOGIES, INCORPORATED; 6 TAFT COURT; SUITE 100; ROCKVILLE; MD; 20850; US Patent Application Number: 20030148334 Date filed: October 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to all facets of polynucleotides, the polypeptides they encode, antibodies and specific binding partners thereto, and their applications to research, diagnosis, drug discovery, therapy, clinical medicine, forensic science and medicine, etc. The polynucleotides are expressed during angiogenesis and are therefore useful in variety of ways, including, but not limited to, as molecular markers, as drug targets, and for detecting, diagnosing, staging, monitoring, prognosticating, preventing or treating, determining predisposition to, etc., diseases and conditions, such as abnormal, insufficient, excessive, etc., angiogenesis, such as inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), endometriosis, cancer, Coats' disease, peripheral retinal neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma, psoriasis, retrolental fibroplasias, angiofibroma, inflammation, etc Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/328,395, filed Oct. 12, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to all facets of polynucleotides, the polypeptides they encode, antibodies and specific binding partners thereto, and their applications to research, diagnosis, drug discovery, therapy, clinical medicine, forensic science and medicine, etc. The polynucleotides are expressed during angiogenesis and are therefore useful in variety of ways, including, but not limited to, as molecular markers, as drug targets, and for detecting, diagnosing, staging, monitoring, prognosticating, preventing or treating, determining predisposition to, etc., diseases and conditions, especially relating to the vascular system. The identification of specific genes, and groups of genes, expressed in pathways physiologically relevant to angiogenesis permits the definition of functional and disease pathways, and the delineation of targets in these pathways which are useful in diagnostic, therapeutic, and clinical applications. The present invention also relates to methods of using the polynucleotides and related products (proteins, antibodies, etc.) in business and computer-related methods, e.g., advertising, displaying, offering, selling, etc., such products for sale, commercial use, licensing, etc. Angiogenesis, the process of blood vessel formation, is a key event in many physiological processes that underlie normal and diseased tissue function. During ontogeny, angiogenesis is necessary to establish to the network of blood vessels required for normal cell, tissue and organ development and maintenance. In the adult organism, the production of new blood vessels is needed for organ homeostasis, e.g., in the cycling of the female endometrium, for blood vessel maturation during wound healing, and other processes involved in the maintenance of organism integrity. It also is important in regenerative medicine, including, e.g., in promoting tissue repair, tissue engineering, and the growth of new tissues, inside and outside the body. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Endometrial gene therapy Inventor(s): Taylor, Hugh S.; (Shelton, CT) Correspondence: Barry L. Kelmachter; BACHMAN & LaPOINTE, P.C.; 900 Chapel Street, Suite 1201; New Haven; CT; 06510-2802; US Patent Application Number: 20020177574 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: A method for treating the uterus includes transfecting the uterus with a liposome-mediated gene. Hox genes have been found particularly relevant to diseases such as endometriosis, and manipulation of their expression can affect embryonic implantation. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/285,102, filed Apr. 19, 2001, entitled ENDOMETRIAL GENE THERAPY. The invention relates to endometrial gene therapy. Endometriosis affects at least 10% of reproductive age women and is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrium. The association between endometriosis and infertility is well established, but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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ENDOMETRIOSIS MOUSE MODEL Inventor(s): BOYD, JEFFREY; (NEW YORK, NY), DEERLIN, PETER VAN; (WYNNEWOOD, PA), YAMAMOTO, KAREN K.; (SAN CLEMENTE, CA), STRAUSS, JEROME J.; (WYNDMOOR, PA) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; 8TH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020066116 Date filed: March 25, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides an endometriosis mouse model wherein severely compromised immune deficient (SCID) female mice are transplanted with human xenografts of normal endometrial tissue, but result in mice with human endometriosis. Typically, the xenografts are treated with a micronized estrogen source prior to transplantation or implantation and the endogenous progesterone of the mice is eliminated also prior to transplantation of the human xenograft. These diseased mice are useful in the study of endometriosis. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/042,542 filed Mar. 26, 1997, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to an endometriosis mouse model wherein severely compromised immune deficient (SCID) female mice are transplanted with human xenografts of normal endometrial tissue, but result in mice with human endometriosis tissue. These diseased mice are useful in the study of endometriosis, in particular to identify nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences that up- or downregulate the diseased state, or that are endometriosis specific. Endometriosis is a disease affecting women of reproductive age, causing substantial debilitation, such as pelvic pain, and possible sterility or infertility, depending upon the severity of the condition. Most experts agree that endometriosis originates from retrograde menstruation of normal endometrial fragments that then implant on to peritoneal surfaces, from
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vascular or lymphatic dissemination of endometriotic lesions to other parts of the body, and/or from metaplasia, i.e., the abnormal transformation of one differentiated tissue into another. Modern Approaches to Endometriosis., eds. E. Thomas and J. Rocky, Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston (1991). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Endometriosis-related markers and uses thereof Inventor(s): Prive, Charles; (Montreal, CA), Hugo, Patrice; (Sainte Dorothee, Laval, CA), Baban, Soheyl; (Montreal, CA), Miron, Pierre; (Laval, CA), Bernard, Monique; (Boucherville, CA), Malette, Brigitte; (Montreal, CA), Gosselin, Diane; (Pointe Calumet, CA), Shazand, Kamran; (Lle des Soeurs, Verdun, CA), Cherry, Elana; (Montreal, CA) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec, L.L.P.; Suite 250; 111 Corning Road; Cary; NC; 27511; US Patent Application Number: 20020127555 Date filed: February 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to markers of endometriosis which are differentially expressed in the endometrial cells of females with endometriosis compared to endometriosis-free females. The invention also relates to methods for determining likelihood of endometriosis in female subjects, to methods for grading endometriosis in females suffering from endometriosis and to methods for treating this disease. The invention is also concerned with polynucleotides, probes, primers and kits useful for reducing into practice the above-mentioned methods which are more rapid, non invasive, much less complicated and much less costly than laparoscopy. Excerpt(s): This is a non-provisional application of U.S. provisional application No. 60/185,063 filed on Feb. 25, 2000 and No. 60/225,063 filed on Aug. 17, 2000. The present invention relates to markers of endometriosis and more particularly to methods for determining likelihood of endometriosis in female subjects, to methods for grading endometriosis in females suffering from endometriosis and to methods for treating this disease. The invention is also concerned with polynucleotides, probes, primers and kits useful for reducing into practice the above-mentioned methods. Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological disorders, affecting up to 10-15% of women of reproductive age. It is mainly associated with severe pelvic pain and/or infertility, but also with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and several other symptoms such as intraperitoneal bleeding, back pain, constipation and/or diarrhea. Endometriosis is characterized by the implantation and growth of endometrial cells (which normally constitute the lining of the uterus) in extra-uterine sites, most frequently in the peritoneal cavity. The severity of the disease can be graded. According the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the disease is classified in four stages, namely, minimal (stage I), mild (stage II), moderate (stage III), and severe (stage IV). Although the etiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis remain unclear, the theory of retrograde menstruation is the most widely accepted to explain the presence of endometrial cells in ectopic sites. However, retrograde menstruation occurs in most women. Thus, a certain genetic potential or predisposition, present in the endometrial cells, might be responsible for the presence of the disease. Initially, this genetic potential may relate to mutations in the genome, but in addition, it may also lead to subsequent altered gene expression. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Endometriosis-specific secretory protein Inventor(s): Timms, Kathy L.; (Columbia, MO) Correspondence: Kenneth I. Kohn; KOHN & ASSOCIATES, PLLC; Suite 410; 30500 Northwestern Highway; Farmington Hills; MI; 48334; US Patent Application Number: 20030166014 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: A method and kit of diagnosing endometriosis in a female patient suspected of having endometriosis. The method includes obtaining a sample from the patient. The sample is analyzed to detect the presence of a purified and isolated endometriotic haptoglobin designated ENDO-I and functional analogs thereof. A therapeutic for treating endometriosis by modulating the expression of a purified and isolated endometriotic haptoglobin designated ENDO-I and functional analogs thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/044,604, filed Mar. 19, 1998, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/328,451, filed Oct. 25, 1994. The present invention relates to the field of fertility and more particularly, to means and methods for determining and diagnosing endometriosis in women. Endometriosis is defined as the ectopic presence of endometrial glands and stroma. Endometriotic tissue is comprised of tissue that is histologically similar yet biochemically and functionally different or out of phase from that of the uterine endometrium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Estrogen receptor modulators Inventor(s): Parker, Dann LeRoy JR.; (Cranford, NJ), Ratcliffe, Ronald W.; (Matawan, NJ), Wilkening, Robert R.; (Maplewood, NJ), Wildonger, Kenneth J.; (Bridgewater, NJ) Correspondence: MERCK AND CO INC; P O BOX 2000; RAHWAY; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20030027840 Date filed: February 14, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds and derivatives thereof, their synthesis, and their use as estrogen receptor modulators. The compounds of the instant invention are ligands for estrogen receptors and as such may be useful for treatment or prevention of a variety of conditions related to estrogen functioning including: bone loss, bone fractures, osteoporosis, cartilage degeneration, endometriosis, uterine fibroid disease, hot flashes, increased levels of LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, impairment of cognitive functioning, cerebral degenerative disorders, restinosis, gynacomastia, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, obesity, incontinence, and cancer, in particular of the breast, uterus and prostate. Excerpt(s): Naturally occurring and synthetic estrogens have broad therapeutic utility, including: relief of menopausal symptoms, treatment of acne, treatment of dysmenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding, treatment of osteoporosis, treatment of hirsutism, treatment of prostatic cancer, treatment of hot flashes and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Because estrogen is very therapeutically valuable, there has been
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great interest in discovering compounds that mimic estrogen-like behavior in estrogen responsive tissues. For example, estrogen-like compounds would be beneficial in the as treatment and prevention of bone loss. Bone loss occurs in a wide range of subjects, including women that are post-menopausal or have had a hysterectomy, patients who were or are currently being treated with corticosteroids, and patient's having gonadal dysgenesis. The current major bone diseases of public concern are osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hyperparathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization-induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. All of these conditions are characterized by bone loss, resulting from an imbalance between bone resorption, i.e. breakdown, and bone formation, which continues throughout life at the rate of about 14% per year on the average. However, the rate of bone turnover differs from site to site, for example, it is higher in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and the alveolar bone in the jaws than in the cortices of the long bones. The potential for bone loss is directly related to turnover and can amount to over 5% per year in vertebrae immediately following menopause, a condition which leads to increased fracture risk. In the U.S., there are currently about 20 million people with detectable fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. In addition, there are about 250,000 hip fractures per year attributed to osteoporosis. This clinical situation is associated with a 12% mortality rate within the first two years, while 30% of the patients require nursing home care after the fracture. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Formulations comprising selective androgen receptor modulators Inventor(s): Dalton, James T.; (Columbus, OH), Veverka, Karen A.; (Cordova, TN), Steiner, Mitchell S.; (Germantown, TN), Miller, Duane D.; (Germantown, TN) Correspondence: Eitan, Pearl, Latzer & Cohen Zedek, LLP.; Suite 1001; 10 Rockefeller Plaza; New York; NY; 10020; US Patent Application Number: 20030162761 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and formulations comprising a novel class of androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA) which demonstrate androgenic and anabolic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor. The agents define a new subclass of compounds which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM) which are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia,osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF), such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of chronic muscular wasting; and/or e) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer. The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compounds, together with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
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Excerpt(s): This Application is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/935,044, filed Aug. 23, 2001 and of U.S. Ser. No. 09/935,045, filed Aug. 23, 2001, which are Continuation-in-Part applications of U.S. Ser. No. 09/644,970 filed Aug. 24, 2000; and claims priority of U.S. Serial No. 60/300,083, filed Jun. 25, 2001, which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and formulations comprising a novel class of androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA), which demonstrate androgenic and anabolic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor. The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM); c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF); d) treatment and/or prevention of chronic muscular wasting; and/or e) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer. The androgen receptor ("AR") is a ligandactivated transcriptional regulatory protein that mediates induction of male sexual development and function through its activity with endogenous androgens. Androgens are generally known as the male sex hormones. The androgenic hormones are steroids which are produced in the body by the testes and the cortex of the adrenal gland or can be synthesized in the laboratory. Androgenic steroids play an important role in many physiologic processes, including the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics such as muscle and bone mass, prostate growth, spermatogenesis, and the male hair pattern (Matsumoto, Endocrinol. Met. Clin. N. Am. 23:857-75 (1994)). The endogenous steroidal androgens include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"). Testosterone is the principal steroid secreted by the testes and is the primary circulating androgen found in the plasma of males. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase in many peripheral tissues. DHT is thus thought to serve as the intracellular mediator for most androgen actions (Zhou, et al., Molec. Endocrinol. 9:208-18 (1995)). Other steroidal androgens include esters of testosterone, such as the cypionate, propionate, phenylpropionate, cyclopentylpropionate, isocarporate, enanthate, and decanoate esters, and other synthetic androgens such as 7-MethylNortestosterone ("MENT") and its acetate ester (Sundaram et al., "7 Alpha-MethylNortestosterone(MENT): The Optimal Androgen For Male Contraception," Ann. Med., 25:199-205 (1993) ("Sundaram")). Because the AR is involved in male sexual development and function, the AR is a likely target for effecting male contraception or other forms of hormone replacement therapy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Irreversible inhibitors of tyrosine kinases Inventor(s): Bridges, Alexander James; (Saline, MI) Correspondence: Rosanne Goodman; Warner-Lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth Road; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20030087881 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides compounds that are irreversible inhibitors of tyrosine kinases. Also provided is a method of treating cancer, restenosis, atherosclerosis, endometriosis, and psoriasis and a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a compound that is an irreversible inhibitor of tyrosine kinases.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compounds that are irreversible inhibitors of tyrosine kinases. This invention also relates to a method of treating cancer, atherosclerosis, restenosis, endometriosis, and psoriasis, and to a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a compound that is an irreversible inhibitor of tyrosine kinases. Cancer has been viewed as a disease of the intracellular signalling system, or signal transduction mechanism. Cells receive instructions from many extracellular sources, instructing them to either proliferate or not to proliferate. The purpose of the signal transduction system is to receive these and other signals at the cell surface, get them into the cell, and then pass the signal on to the nucleus, the cytoskeleton, and transport and protein synthesis machinery. The most common cause of cancer is a series of defects, either in these proteins, when they are mutated, or in the regulation of the quantity of the position in the cell such that it over or under produced. Most often, there are key lesions in the cell which lead to a constitutive state whereby the cell nucleus receives a signal to proliferate, when this signal is not actually present. This can occur through a variety of mechanisms. Sometimes the cell may start to produce an authentic growth factor for its own receptors when it should not, the so-called autocrine loop mechanism. Mutations to the cell surface receptors, which usually signal into the cell by means of tyrosine kinases, can lead to activation of the kinase in the absence of ligand, and passing of a signal which is not really there. Alternatively, many surface kinases can be overexpressed on the cell surface leading to an inappropriately strong response to a weak signal. There are many levels inside the cell at which mutation or overexpression can lead to the same spurious signal arising in the cell, and there are many other kinds of signalling defects involved in cancer. This invention touches upon cancers which are driven by the three mechanisms just described, and which involve cell surface receptors of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family (EGFR). This family consists of the EGF receptor (also known as Erb-B1), the Erb-B2 receptor, and its constitutively active oncoprotein mutant Neu, the Erb-B3 receptor and the Erb-B4 receptor. Additionally, other biological processes driven through members of the EGF family of receptors can also be treated by compounds of the invention described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mammalian relaxin receptors Inventor(s): Hsu, Sheau Yu; (Mountain View, CA), Hsueh, Aaron J.W.; (Stanford, CA) Correspondence: BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP; 200 MIDDLEFIELD RD; SUITE 200; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030088884 Date filed: August 15, 2002 Abstract: High affinity relaxin receptors, polypeptide compositions related thereto, as well as nucleotide compositions encoding the same, are provided. These proteins, herein termed LGR7 and LGR8, are orphan leucine-repeat-containi- ng, G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors have a wide and a unique tissue expression pattern. The receptors, particularly soluble fragments thereof, are useful as therapeutic agents capable of inhibiting the action of relaxin and InsL3. The receptors and fragments thereof also find use in the screening and design of relaxin agonists and antagonists. Conditions treatable with relaxin agonists or antagonists include prevention or induction of labor, treatment of endometriosis, treatment of skin conditions such as scleroderma that require collagen or extracellular matrix remodelling. Additionally, relaxin has been implicated in the dilation of blood vessels' smooth muscle cells directly
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and through release of nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide. Relaxin has also been used in the treatment of severe chronic pain, particularly pain arising from stretching, swelling, or dislocation of tissues. Excerpt(s): Relaxin is a pregnancy hormone discovered in 1926 (Hisaw (1926) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 23: 661-663), based on its ability to relax the public ligament in guinea pig. Mature human relaxin is a hormonal peptide of approximately 6000 daltons known to be responsible for remodelling the reproductive tract before parturition, thus facilitating the birth process. A concise review of relaxin was provided by Sherwood, D. in The Physiology of Reproduction, Chapter 16, "Relaxin", Knobil, E. and Neill, J., et al. (eds.), (Raven Press Ltd., New York), pp. 585-673 (1988). Relaxin has local autocrine and/or paracrine roles that contribute to connective tissue remodeling at the maternalfetal interface during late pregnancy and at parturition, including an increase in the expression of the genes, proteins, and enzyme activities of the matrix metalloproteinases interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin (MMP-3), and gelatinase B (MMP-9). Two human gene forms of relaxin have been identified, (H1) and (H2) (Hudson et al. (1983) Nature 301:628-631; Hudson et al. (1984) EMBO Journal 3:2333-2339; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,758,516 and 4,871,670). Only the H2 form is expressed in corpus luteum. The primary translation product of H2 relaxin is a preprorelaxin consisting of a 24 amino acid signal sequence followed by a B chain of about 29 amino acids, a connecting peptide of 104-107 amino acids, and an A chain of about 24 amino acids. Although relaxin itself has been well-characterized for a number of years, it's receptor has remained elusive. To date, binding studies have had to rely on crude cellular extracts, which indicated that a specific binding molecule was present, but gave no clue as to its molecular identity. Relaxin binding sites have been reported in the reproductive tract (Kohsaka et al. (1998) Biol Reprod 59(4):991-9), as well as other tissues, including cardiac and other smooth muscle, and specific nuclei in the brain (Tan et al. (1999) Br J Pharmacol 127(1):91-8). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for in vitro diagnosis of endometriosis Inventor(s): Kraetzschmar, Joern; (Berlin, DE), Kreft, Berrolt; (Berlin, DE), Hess-Stumpp, Holger; (Berlin, DE), Regidor, Pedro; (Essen, DE), Scotti, Simone; (Hattingen, DE), Winterhager, Elke; (Essen, DE), Haendler, Bernard; (Berlin, DE) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C.; 2200 CLARENDON BLVD.; SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030077589 Date filed: September 25, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for diagnosis of endometriosis, whereby the amount of gene product of at least one gene from the group that consists of fibronectin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2, transmembrane receptor PTK7, plateletderived growth factor receptor alpha, collagen type XVIII alpha 1, subtilisin-like protein (PACE4), laminin M chain (merosin), elastin, collagen type IV alpha 2, p27 interferon alpha-inducible gene, reticulocalbin, aldehyde dehydrogenase 6, gravin, nidogen and phospholipase C epsilon is determined in a patient sample. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/243,265 filed Oct. 26, 2000. The invention relates to a method for in vitro diagnosis of endometriosis. Endometriosis is one of the most frequently occurring gynecological diseases, by which roughly 5-10% of all women of child-bearing
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age are affected (Sillem, M. 1998; Programmed.sup.(R) 23, Suppl. 1, 1-28). It is characterized by the occurrence of endometrial tissue outside of the physiological mucous membrane lining of the uterus. In addition to pain and numerous other symptoms, many endometriosis patients are sterile, and a large portion of IVF patients (IVF=in vitro fertilization) suffer from endometriosis (Adamson, G. D. 1997; Sem. Reprod. Biol. 15, 263-271). Very recently, publications that speak for a genetic predisposition in the development of an endometriosis have been multiplying (Kennedy, S. 1997; Sem. Reprod. Biol. 15, 309-318). The loss of tumor suppressor molecules and family clusters in the case of endometriosis patients was thus described. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for selecting medical and biochemical diagnostic tests using neural networkrelated applications Inventor(s): Lapointe, Jerome; (Oakland, CA), DeSieno, Duane; (La Jolla, CA) Correspondence: HELLER EHRMAN WHITE & MCAULIFFE LLP; 4250 EXECUTIVE SQ; 7TH FLOOR; LA JOLLA; CA; 92037; US Patent Application Number: 20030004906 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: Computer systems and methods for diagnosing endometriosis and for assessing the risk of delivery within selected time period after performing a test to assess the rist of preterm delivery or before thirty-five weeks of gestation are provided. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of allowed U.S. application Ser. No. 08/912,133, filed Aug. 14, 1997, to Jerome Lapointe and Duane DeSieno entitled "METHOD FOR SELECTING MEDICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS USING NEURAL NETWORK-RELATED APPLICATIONS." This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/798,306, filed Feb. 7, 1997 entitled "METHOD FOR SELECTING MEDICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS USING NEURAL NETWORK-RELATED APPLICATIONS" to Jerome Lapointe and Duane DeSieno. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/599,275, filed Feb. 9, 1 996, to Jerome Lapointe and Duane DeSieno, entitled "METHOD FOR DEVELOPING MEDICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS USING NEURAL NETWORKS." U.S. application Ser. No. 08/798,306 is a continuationin-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/599,275. This application and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/798,306 claim the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/011,449, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AIDING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOMETRIOSIS USING A PLURALITY OF PARAMETERS SUITED FOR ANALYSIS THROUGH A NEURAL NETWORK" to Jerome Lapointe and Duane DeSieno, filed Feb. 9, 1 996. The subject matter of each of the above-noted applications and provisional application is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto. Three computer Appendices containing computer program source code for programs described herein have been submitted concurrently with the filing of this application. The Computer Appendices were converted to Computer Program Listing Compact Disk Appendices pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.96(c). Appendices I, II, and IIII are on compact disks, copy 1 and copy 2, and stored under the file name AppenixI-III.txt, 392KB, created on Jan. 10, 2002. The compact disks, copy 1 and copy 2, are identical. The information submitted on the Compact Disk is in compliance with the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) in the IBM-PC machine format compatible with the MS-Windows operating system. The
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Computer Appendices, which are referred to hereafter as the "Compact Disk Appendices", are each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for administering leuprolide by inhalation Inventor(s): Tarara, Thomas E.; (Burlingame, CA), Weers, Jeffry; (Half Moon Bay, CA) Correspondence: INHALE THERAPEUTIC SYSTEMS, INC; 150 INDUSTRIAL ROAD; SAN CARLOS; CA; 94070; US Patent Application Number: 20030003057 Date filed: May 7, 2002 Abstract: Phospholipid based particulate compositions of leuprolide and methods of pulmonary administration via dry powder inhalers are provided. The leuprolide particulate compositions are particularly suited to the treatment of diseases and disorders associated with elevated or inappropriate levels of sex-hormone or that benefit from inhibition of gonadotropin secretion, such as prostate cancer, endometriosis, and central precocious puberty. The leuprolide compositions for inhalation are engineered to be highly dispersible and provide rapid absorption of the active agent so delivered, as well as to exhibit substantially independent emitted doses and lung deposition as functions of device resistance and inspiratory flow rates, respectively. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/851,226, filed May 8, 2001 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/888,311, filed Jun. 22, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/851,226 and 09/888,311, in turn claim the priority of U.S. Provisional Application U.S. Provisional Application 60/216,621 filed Jul. 7, 2000. The present invention relates to particulate compositions of leuprolide and methods for inhalation delivery thereof, particularly for the treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, central precocious puberty and other diseases and disorders that benefit from inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. In particular, the present invention provides particulate compositions of leuprolide and methods for pulmonary administration via dry powder inhalers. This invention relates generally to the field of drug delivery, and in particular to the delivery of pharmaceutical formulations of leuprolide to the lungs to treat diseases and disorders that benefit from the inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. More specifically, the invention relates to the aerosolization of pharmaceutical formulations of leuprolide, preferably using energy created by patient inhalation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods of diagnosing and monitoring endometrial glandular development Inventor(s): Kliman, Harvey J.; (New Haven, CT), Dubowy, Rebecca L.; (Chicago, IL) Correspondence: Woodcock Washburn Kurtz; Mackiewicz & Norris LLP; 46th Floor; One Liberty Place; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020006628 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: Methods of diagnosing an abnormality in endometrial glandular development in a woman suspected of being infertile are disclosed. Methods of predicting abnormal
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endometrial glandular development are also disclosed. In addition, methods of assessing the suitability of the endometrium for embryo implantation in a woman undergoing ovulation induction are disclosed. Further, methods of evaluating the effect of a hormonal protocol on endometrial glandular development in a woman undergoing a hormonal protocol to produce a mock cycle are disclosed. Methods of evaluating a hormone replacement therapy protocol in a woman undergoing hormone replacement therapy are disclosed. Further, methods of diagnosing endometrial glandular mitotic arrest in a woman suspected of having endometrial hyperplasia are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority of application Ser. No. 60/187,682, filed Mar. 8, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to the fields of infertility, endometrial hyperplasia, assisted reproduction, and hormone replacement therapy for women, and methods of assessing and monitoring endometrial development in connection with diagnoses and therapies related to the same. Over 10% of reproductive age couples suffer from infertility. While many of these couples are successfully diagnosed and treated for their underlying conditions, nearly 20-25% are found to have no proven cause for their difficulties in achieving a successful pregnancy. Many of these couples further pursue costly procedures using assisted reproductive technology (ART) in an attempt to overcome their unidentified problems. The ART procedures used in the United States are IVF (in vitro fertilization), GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer), and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer). Yet, even with ART, only 29.5% of fresh, nondonor cycles result in pregnancies and only 24% result in live births. Rates vary between 19% and 25% depending on the cause of the infertility and older women generally have lower rates of success. Also, the live birth rate decreases to 18.6% when frozen embryos are used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods of treating cytokine mediated diseases Inventor(s): Regan, John Robinson; (Larchmont, NY), Moss, Neil; (Ridgefield, CT) Correspondence: BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM CORPORATION; 900 RIDGEBURY ROAD; P O BOX 368; RIDGEFIELD; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030060455 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are methods of treating acute and chronic inflammation in the lung caused by inhalation of smoke, endometriosis, Behcet's disease, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, pancreatitis, cancer, Lyme disease, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, traumatic arthritis, congestive heart failure and restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, known to be cytokine mediated, using aromatic heterocyclic compounds described in WO 00/55139. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit to U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/318,958 filed Sep. 13, 2001. This invention relates to methods of treating acute and chronic inflammation in the lung caused by inhalation of smoke, endometriosis, Behcet's disease, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, pancreatitis, cancer, Lyme disease, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic arthritis, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure indicated to be cytokine mediated diseases using aromatic heterocyclic compounds disclosed in PCT publication WO 00/55139. In WO 00/55139 there are described aromatic heterocyclic compounds useful in treating certain cytokine mediated diseases.
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are important biological entities collectively referred to as proinflammatory cytokines. These, along with several other related molecules, mediate the inflammatory response associated with the immunological recognition of infectious agents. The inflammatory response plays an important role in limiting and controlling pathogenic infections. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods of treatment of uterine pathological conditions Inventor(s): Jabbour, Henry Nicolas; (Edinburgh, GB) Correspondence: Michael L. Goldman; NIXON PEABODY LLP; Clinton Square; P.O. Box 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603-1051; US Patent Application Number: 20030100591 Date filed: October 8, 2002 Abstract: A method of treating or preventing a pathological condition of the uterus in an individual the method comprising administering to the individual any one or more of an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inhibitor of prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), or an EP2 or EP4 receptor antagonist. Typically, the pathological condition is uterine cancer, fibroids or endometriosis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treatment, and in particular methods of treating uterine pathological conditions. Pathological conditions of the uterus represent a serious health problem in women, particularly women of the Western world. Such pathological conditions include uterine carcinoma, and endometrial or myometrial pathological conditions such as endometriosis (endometrial) and fibroids (myometrial). Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, also called prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, (PGHS), catalyse the rate limiting step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H.sub.2 (PGH.sub.2). In turn PGH.sub.2 serves as a substrate for specific prostaglandin synthase enzymes that synthesise the natural prostaglandins. These are named according to the prostaglandin they produce such that prostaglandin D.sub.2 is synthesised by prostaglandin-D-synthase, prostaglandin E.sub.2 (PGE.sub.2) by prostaglandin-E-synthase (PGES) and prostaglandin F.sub.2.alpha. by prostaglandin-Fsynthase. To-date, there are two identified isoforms of the COX enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2 (DeWitt, 1991). COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many tissues and cell types and generates prostaglandins for normal physiological function (Herschman, 1996). By contrast, the expression of COX-2 is rapidly induced following stimulation of quiescent cells by growth factors, oncogenes, carcinogens and tumour-promoting phorbol esters (Herschman, 1996; Subbaramaiah et al., 1996). In addition, two isoforms of PGES have been isolated; a microsomal glutathione-dependent inducible PGES (mPGES) and a constitutive cytosolic glutathione dependent PGES (Jakobsson et al., 1999; Tanioka et al., 2000). In vitro studies support the idea that COX-2 and possibly PGE.sub.2 are involved in neoplastic transformation of certain epithelial cells and subsequently carcinogenesis. Over-expression of COX-2 and PGE.sub.2 synthesis in rat intestinal epithelial cells increases their proliferation rate, resistance to apoptosis, and their invasiveness by suppressing the transcription of target genes that may be involved in cellular growth/transformation and adhesion (Tsujii & DuBois, 1995), In addition, it has been proposed recently that COX-2 and PGE.sub.2 promote cancer development and invasiveness by mediating the transcription of angiogenic factors that induce both migration of endothelial cells and their arrangement into tubular structures (Tsujii et al., 1998; Jones et al., 1999b).
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Non-mammalian GnRH analogs and uses thereof in regulation of fertility and pregnancy Inventor(s): Siler-Khodr, Theresa; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: Michelle L. Evans; Suite 1500; 700 N. St. Mary's Street; San Antonio; TX; 78205; US Patent Application Number: 20020065226 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: Specially designed non-mammalian GnRH analog decapeptides resistant to degradation by the placental enzyme, C-ase-1, or a post-proline peptidase, are disclosed. The GnRH analogs are further defined as analogs of chicken II GnRH or salmon GnRH. These non-mammalian analogs incorporate D-arginine, D-leucine, D-tBu-Serine, D-Trp or other active D amino acids at position 6 and ethylamide, aza-Gly-amide or other Gly amide at position 10. The D-Arg (6)-chicken II GnRH-ethylamide, D-Arg (6)-chicken II GnRH-aza-Gly (10)-amide, the D-Arg (6)-salmon GnRH ethylamide, and D-Arg (6)salmon GnRH-aza-Gly (10)-amide analogs are also provided, and demonstrate preferential binding to chorionic GnRH, ovarian, endometrial, tubal, uterine, prostate and testicular receptors. Biopotency is greater at the ovary and endometrium than at the pituitary. These non-mammalian GnRH analogs may be used in pharmaceutical preparation, and specifically in various treatment methods as a contraceptive or postcoital contraceptive agent. The non-mammalian GnRH analogs are also provided in pharmaceutical preparations that may be used clinically for maintaining pregnancy when used in very low doses and administered in pulsatile fashion, as well as in preparations for the treatment of endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and leimyomas. In another aspect, the non-mammalian GnRH analogs may be used a luteolytic agents. The aza-Gly (10) amide non-mammalian analogs are yet other embodiments of the nonmammalian GnRH analogs provided as a part of the invention. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part patent application based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/419,161 filed Oct. 15, 1999. The present invention relates generally to the field of regulating reproductive function, fertility and pregnancy. More particularly, it concerns the use of unique non-mammalian peptide hormone analogs of GnRH designed to be useful in fertility regulation, post-coital contraception and as a menses-inducing agent and the management of ovarian cyst, polycystic ovarian disease, in vitro fertilization protocols, endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, leiomyomas, abnormal pregnancies, ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and trophoblastic disease. Before the chemical characterization of the mammalian hypothalamic GnRH, it was realized that hypothalamic substances regulated production of pituitary LH and FSH. Burgus R., Guillemim R 1970 Hypothalamic releasing factors Ann Rev Biochem 39:499-526. Current contraceptive methods are centered on the existing knowledge of GnRH-gonadotropin-ovari- an physiology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nonsteroidal gestagens Inventor(s): Strehlke, Peter; (Berlin, DE), Lehmann, Manfred; (Berlin, DE), Schoellkopf, Klaus; (Berlin, DE), Heinrich, Nikolaus; (Berlin, DE), Fritzemeier, Karl-Heinrich; (Berlin, DE), Krattenmacher, Rolf; (Berlin, DE), Muhn, Hans-Peter; (Berlin, DE) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C.; 2200 CLARENDON BLVD.; SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030203902 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: This invention describes the new, nonsteroidal gestagens of general formula I 1in whichA, B, Ar, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings that are, indicated in more detail in the description. The new compounds show a very great affinity to the gestagen receptor. They can be used alone or in combination with estrogens in contraceptive preparations. In addition, they can be used for treating endometriosis. Together with estrogens, they can also be used in preparations for treating gynecological disorders, for treating premenstrual symptoms and for substitution therapy.Based on the androgenic action, they can also be used for male birth control, male HRT and hormone therapy and for treating andrological disease agents. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nonsteroidal compounds, which have a high gestagenic activity. In addition to a large number of steroid compounds with gestagenic action, gestagens that are not steroids are also known (for example from EP 0 253 500 B1 and WO 94/01412, cf. J. Med. Chem. 38 (1995) 4878). in which R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are the same or different and mean a cyano group, a nitro group, a halogen atom, a C.sub.1C.sub.5 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkoxy group, a partially or completely fluorinated C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylthio group, a C.sub.1C.sub.5 alkylsulfinyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylsulfonyl group, and if B stands for a CH.sub.2 group, the physiologically compatible salts of the compounds of general formula I with acids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel dihydronaphthalene compounds and processes of producing the same Inventor(s): Nakakoshi, Masamichi; (Utsunomiya-shi, JP), Nomoto, Shin; (Tochigi-ken, JP), Yoshihama, Makoto; (Utsunomiya-shi, JP), Hartmann, Rolf Wolfgang; (Saarbrucken, DE), Wachall, Bertil; (Ingbert, DE), Ikeda, Yoshikazu; (Tochigi-ken, JP) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020032211 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: Dihydronaphthalene compounds have excellent 17.alpha.hydroxylase/C.sub.17- -20-lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxan A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity and are thereby are useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, uterine cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel dihydronaphthalene compounds and processes for their preparation. The compounds of the present invention have excellent 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase inhibiting activity, thromboxane A.sub.2 synthesis inhibiting activity, and aromatase inhibiting activity, and are thereby useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for various male sex hormone- and female sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer, as well as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and bronchial asthma. As to the biosyntheses of sex steroids, which express various actions in the body, it is known that C.sub.21 steroids, such as progesterone, are synthesized from cholesterol; further, male sex hormones such as androstenedione and testosterone, which are C.sub.19 steroids, are synthesized by 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase, and using these steroids as substrates, female sex hormones such as estrone and estradiol, which are C.sub.18 steroids, are synthesized. Therefore, syntheses of male sex hormones and/or female sex hormones in the body can be suppressed by inhibiting these sex steroid synthesizing enzymes, i.e., 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20lyase or aromatases, which enables the prevention or treatment of diseases in which male sex hormones or female sex hormones act as exacerbating factors, such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, masculinization, breast cancer, mastopathy, endometrial cancer, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer. Various findings have already shown that male sex hormone-dependent diseases such as prostate cancer and prostatomegaly can be treated by reducing male sex hormone levels in the blood. The therapeutic efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones by orchiectomy or adrenalectomy has been known for some times, and more recently, the efficacy of reducing the level of male sex hormones derived from gonads by the administration of an LH-RH (a pituitary hormone) agonist, has been recognized. However, the abovementioned surgical removal of organs is psychologically difficult to accept, and as well causes side effects and other disorders due to the reduction of mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids derived from the adrenal gland. Meanwhile, administration of the LH-RH agonist will inhibit syntheses of hormones derived from gonads only, but not from other organs such as adreahal gland, and even causes a temporary hormone increase known as a flare up phenomenon which is unique to agonists. On the other hand, an anti-male hormone agent to antagonize the male hormone receptor has been developed, but recently, its efficacy has been found to be diminished because of changes in the male sex hormone receptor. Against this background, a more effective male sex hormone reducing agent is desirable. In this connection, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase is known to reduce the levels of male sex hormones to a high degree and can be expected to be highly effective in treating male sex hormone-related diseases such as prostate cancer, prostatomegaly, and masculinization. Furthermore, inhibition of 17.alpha.-hydroxylase and/or C.sub.17-20-lyase also results in the suppression of female sex hormone syntheses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 221
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NOVEL ENDOMETRIOSIS-ASSOCIATED GENE Inventor(s): Handrow-Metzmacher, Heike; (Frankfurt/Main, DE), Zickenheiner, Silvia Kotzian; (Hattersheim am Main, DE), Starzinski-Powitz, Anna; (Frankfurt, DE) Correspondence: ARENT FOX KINTNER PLOTKIN & KAHN, PLLC; Suite 600; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-5339; US Patent Application Number: 20030109018 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a gene associated with invasive processes, e.g. endometriosis, to a polypeptide coded by said gene, to an antibody directed against the polypeptide, and to the pharmaceutical application of the nucleic acid, the polypeptide and the antibody. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a gene associated with invasive processes, for example endometriosis, to a polypeptide encoded by it, to an antibody directed against the polypeptide, and to the pharmaceutical application of the nucleic acid, the polypeptide and the antibody. Endometriosis is the second most common disease in women and is defined as the occurrence of endometrial cells outside the womb. Endometriosis affects about one in five women of reproductive age, and as many as one in two women with fertility problems. In normal circumstances the endometrium is only found in the womb. In endometriosis, tissue with a histological appearance resembling the endometrium is found outside the womb, for example externally on the womb, on the intestine or even in the pancreas or the lung. Although these endometriotic foci are located outside the womb, they also bleed during menstruation, thus they are influenced by hormones of the female cycle. Since endometriotic foci like the endometrium go through volume changes during the cycle, these changes may cause pain depending on location. Moreover, the body reacts to endometriotic cells with an inflammatory response which again causes pain. Furthermore, inflammation leads to adhesions in the area of the ovaries and fallopian tubes and, as a result of these, is responsible for a so-called mechanical sterility of affected women. Apparently however, in endometriosis messengers are released as well (e.g. cytokines, prostaglandins) which can reduce the fertility of affected women even in the absence of adhesions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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NOVEL METHOD OF DETECTING AND TREATING CANCER Inventor(s): SCHMIDT, CARL J; (EXTON, PA), WANG, XIN-MIN; (SCHWENKSVILLE, PA) Correspondence: SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION; CORPORATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-US, UW2220; P. O. BOX 1539; KING OF PRUSSIA; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030175279 Date filed: November 3, 1999 Abstract: The presentinvention provides a new method for diagnosing and treating cancers, endometriosis and endometrial fibroids. Further provided are therapeutic agents and pharmaceutical compositions for treating cancers, endometriosis and endometrial fibroids.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates, in part, to newly developed assay for diagnosing cancers, particularly endometrial and mammary, endometriosis and endometrial fibroids along with methods for identifying therapeutic agents that modulate Endometrial steroid binding protein II activity for treatment of the above disorders. Endometrial cancer occurs at a rate of approximately 44,500 new cases per year with approximately 10,000 deaths per year. If diagnosed and treated early, when the cancer is still confined to the endometrium, cure can be achieved in approximately 95% of the cases by hysterectomy. Pap smears can show endometrial cancers but are effective in only 50% of the cases. For the remainder, abnormal vaginal bleeding is typically the first clinical sign of endometrial cancer. There is a great need for sensitive methods for the detection of organ-confined endometrial cancer. Steroid binding proteins, including uteroglobin and CC10, are a class of proteins which bind steroids along with methylsulfonyl metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. The exact function of members of this class of protein is uncertain, but uteroglobin has been shown to inhibit PLA.sub.2 mediated responses. The gene and gene product of the present invention display homology to uteroglobin and CC 10, show elevated expression of mRNA in endometrial cancer samples and is expressed in mammary tissue. This gene encoded product will be referred to as Endometrial Steroid Binding Protein II (ESBPII), and their polypeptide and polynucleotide sequences are given in Table 1 and 2, respectively. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Polynucleotide encoding autoantigens associated with endometriosis Inventor(s): El Shami, A. Said; (Camarillo, CA), Menon, Surendra Nath; (Culver City, CA), French, Cynthia K.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: JOSEPH E. MUETH, ESQ.; JOSEPH E. MUETH LAW CORPORATION; 8TH FLOOR; 225 SOUTH LAKE AVENUE; PASADENA; CA; 91101; US Patent Application Number: 20030083253 Date filed: June 13, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides a polynucleotide encoding Repro-EN-1.0 and IB1, polypeptides associated with endometriosis. Auto-antibodies against Repro-EN-1.0 and IB1 have been found in subjects diagnosed with endometriosis. This invention also provides methods of using this polynucleotide and polypeptide. Excerpt(s): This application is related to co-pending application of Schneider et al., "Diagnosis Of Autoimmune Disease By Detecting IgE or IgG.sub.4 Autoantibodies Against Autoantigens," attorney docket no. 018002-001200, filed on even date herewith, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/359,084 filed Jul. 22, 1999, which, in turn, is a continuation of Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/094,930, filed Jul. 31, 1998. This invention is directed to the field of molecular biology in general, and, more specifically, to a polypeptide associated with endometriosis, an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and methods of using these molecules. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Prevention and treatment of endometriosis with aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding ligands Inventor(s): Agarwal, Sanjay; (Los Angeles, CA), Hughes, Claude L. JR.; (Mebane, NC), Foster, Warren G.; (Ontario, CA) Correspondence: SIDLEY & AUSTIN; 555 West Fifth Street; Los Angeles; CA; 900131010; US Patent Application Number: 20020147155 Date filed: April 6, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed are methods of treating endometriosis in a woman or of preventing endometriosis in a woman at higher than normal risk of developing or suffering recurrence of endometriosis. The inventive methods involve administering to the woman a pharmaceutically acceptable composition containing an aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding ligand, such as indole-3-carbinol, indole-4-carbinol, indole-5-carbinol, diindolylmethane, tryptophan, tryptamine, indole acetic acid, or glucosinolate compounds. Excerpt(s): Throughout the application various publications are referenced in parentheses. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in the application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. This invention relates to the medical arts. In particular, it relates to a method for preventing and treating endometriosis. In the course of the normal menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus, i.e. the endometrium, responds to hormonal regulation by thickening under the influence of estrogen in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and regressing when the hormonal support is withdrawn at the end of the menstrual cycle. Endometriosis is a disease in which abnormal formations of endometriotic tissue develop in locations other than the uterus. Endometriotic tissue resembles endometrium and responds to estrogen by thickening. The presence of endometriotic tissue outside of the uterus is associated with symptoms of infertility and pelvic pain. (Lessey, Medical management of endometriosis and infertility, Fertil. Steril. 73(6):1089-96[2000]; Fedele et al., Pain symptoms associated with endometriosis, Obstet Gynecol 79(5 pt 1):767-69 [1992]). However, the diagnosis of endometriosis generally requires surgical means to identify the abnormal formations. (Farquhar, Endometriosis, BMJ 320(7247):1449-52 [2000]). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for preparing17alpha-acetoxy-11beta-[4-n,n(dimethylamino)phenyl]-2- 1methoxy-19-norpregna-4,9-diene -3,20-dione, intermediates useful in the process , and processes for preparing such intermediates Inventor(s): Simmons, Anne Marie; (San Antonio, TX), Cessac, James W; (San Antonio, TX), Kim, Hyun Koo; (Bethesda, MD), Rao, Pemmaraju N; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: LEYDIG VOIT & MAYER, LTD; 700 THIRTEENTH ST. NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3960; US Patent Application Number: 20030060646 Date filed: June 27, 2002 Abstract: A compound having general formula (I) in which R.sup.1 is a member selected from the group consisting of --OCH.sub.3, --SCH.sub.3, --N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --
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NHCH.sub.3, --CHO, --COCH.sub.3 and --CHOHCH.sub.3; R.sup.2 is a member selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, acyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy, alkyl carbonate, cypionyloxy, S-alkyl and S-acyl; R.sup.3 is a member selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy and acyloxy; R.sup.4 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; and X is a member selected from the group consisting of --O and --N--OR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl. In addition to providing the compounds of formula (I), the present invention provides methods wherein the compounds of formula (I) are advantageously used, inter alia. to antagonize endogenous progesterone; to induce menses; to treat endometriosis; to treat dysmenorrhea; to treat endocrine hormone-dependent tumors; to treat uterine fibroids; to inhibit uterine endometrial proliferation; to induce labor; and for contraception. 1 Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/173,470, filed Dec. 29, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates generally to steroids, and in particular to a process for preparing 17.alpha.-acetoxy-11.beta.-[4-N,N-(- dimethylamino)phenyl]-21methoxy-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione, intermediates useful in the process, and processes for preparing such intermediates. International patent application No. PCT/US 97/07373, filed Apr. 30, 1997, WO 97/41145, published Nov. 6, 1997, and U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/016,628, filed May 1, 1996, both assigned to the same assignee as the present application, disclose, inter alia, 17.alpha.-acetoxy-11.beta.[4-N,N-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-21-methoxy-19-no- rpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione as an antiprogestational agent. This compound also is useful in other treatments, e.g., to induce menses or labor, to treat diseases such as endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and endocrine hormone-dependent tumors, uterine fibroids, and to inhibit uterine endometrial proliferation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Prognostic classification of endometrial cancer Inventor(s): Mutter, George L.; (Chestnut Hill, MA) Correspondence: WOLF GREENFIELD & SACKS, PC; FEDERAL RESERVE PLAZA; 600 ATLANTIC AVENUE; BOSTON; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20020106662 Date filed: July 31, 2001 Abstract: The invention provided sets of genes that are expressed differentially in normal and malignant endometrium. These sets of genes can be used to discriminate between normal and malignant endometrial tissues. Accordingly, diagnostic assays for classification of tumors, prediction of tumor outcome, selecting and monitoring treatment regimens and monitoring tumor progression/regression also are provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of U.S. provisional application 60/221,735, filed Jul. 31, 2000. The invention relates to nucleic acid microarray markers for cancer, particularly for endometrial cancer. The invention also relates to methods for diagnosing cancer as well as optimizing cancer treatment strategies. Endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas are the most common gynecologic malignancy, the risk of which is increased by an abnormal endocrine environment or premalignant lesions with loss of tumor suppressor function. The 6000 deaths yearly make uterine cancer the seventh leading cause of death from malignancy
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in females. It is primarily a disease of postmenopausal women, although 25 percent of cases occur in women below age 50 and 5 percent below age 40 (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 1998). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pyrazine derivatives as modulators of tyrosine kinases Inventor(s): Jolliffe, Linda; (Hillsborough, NJ), Wang, Aihua; (Jamison, PA), Prouty, Catherine; (Doylestown, PA), Connolly, Peter J.; (New Providence, NJ), Emanuel, Stuart; (Doylestown, PA), Kuo, Gee-Hong; (Scotch Plains, NJ), DeAngelis, Alan; (Pennington, NJ), Middleton, Steve; (Flemington, NJ) Correspondence: AUDLEY A. CIAMPORCERO JR.; JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA; NEW BRUNSWICK; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20030060629 Date filed: September 19, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides pyrazine derivatives that inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. Certain pyrazine derivatives are selective inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations containing the pyrazine derivatives and methods of use of these formulations as anti-tumor agents and to treat solid-tumor cancers, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis and psoriasis. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides pyrazine derivatives that inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. Certain pyrazine derivatives are selective inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations containing the pyrazine derivatives and methods for use of these formulations as anti-tumor agents, and to treat diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis, and psoriasis. Angiogenesis plays a role in various processes including development of the vasculature, wound healing and maintenance of the female reproductive system. Pathological angiogenesis is associated with disease states such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis and psoriasis. Solid-tumor cancers, in particular, are dependent on angiogenesis for their growth. The vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are mediators of both normal and pathologic angiogenesis. VEGF transmits signals into cells through their cognate receptors, which belong to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family of transmembrane receptors. These receptors are tripartite, consisting of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, which anchors the receptor in the membrane of the cell, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. One subfamily of RTKs comprises the receptors Flt1/VEGF-R1 and KDR/Flk1/VEGF-R2, which bind VEGFs. Binding of the VEGF ligand to the receptor results in stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase activity and transduction of biological signals into the cell. The KDR/Flk1/VEGF-R2 receptor mediates the biological activities of mitogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cells while the Flt1/VEGF-R1 receptor mediates functions such as endothelial cell adhesion. Inhibition of KDR/Flk1/VEGF-R2 signalling has been shown to inhibit the process of angiogenesis. Inhibitors of this receptor are likely useful in controlling or limiting angiogenesis. where the substituents are defined herein. These pyrazine derivatives are useful as kinase inhibitors; particularly, as inhibitors against the kinase domain of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGF-R), inhibiting the activity of the VEGF receptor in vitro and in vivo.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Transdermal delivery of lasofoxifene Inventor(s): Fikstad, David; (Salt Lake City, UT), Quan, Danyi; (Salt Lake City, UT) Correspondence: BAKER & MCKENZIE; 660 HANSEN WAY; PALO ALTO; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20020037311 Date filed: May 31, 2001 Abstract: The present invention to provide methods, pharmaceutical formulations, and devices for the transdermal delivery of 5-substituted-6-cyclic-5,6,7,8,-tetrahydronaphthalene2-ol compounds ("lasofoxifene" or "CP-336,156") and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The invention also provides transdermal compositions of CP-336,156 or its salts dissolved or dispersed in a suitable carrier vehicle, optionally containing permeation enhancers and other excipients. The carrier vehicle may be a pressure sensitive adhesive, polymeric reservoir, or a fluid of controlled viscosity. The carrier vehicle may be contained in a device for purposes of holding the composition against the skin surface. Such devices may be in the form of matrix patches (drug in adhesive) or reservoir patches (drug in a liquid or polymeric reservoir with peripheral, in-line, or over-layed pressure sensitive adhesive). Further provided by this invention are methods for treating pathologies associated with the binding of lasofoxifene with the human estrogen receptor-alpha. For example, the invention formulations and devices are useful to treat or prevent bone loss, obesity, breast cancer, endometriosis, cardiovascular disease and prostatic disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119 (e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/208,789 filed Jun. 1, 2000. The content of this application is hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure. This invention relates to the transdermal delivery of lasofoxifene (5-substituted-6-cyclic5,6,7,8,-tetrahydronaphthalene2-ol) compounds. Naturally occurring estrogens and synthetic compositions demonstrating "estrogenic" activity are useful for various therapeutic applications for example, oral contraception; relief for the symptoms of menopause; prevention of threatened or habitual abortion; relief of dysmenorrhea; relief of dysfunctional uterine bleeding; aiding in ovarian development; treating acne; diminution of excessive growth of body hair in women (hirsutism); the preventing cardiovascular disease; treating osteoporosis; treating prostatic carcinoma; and suppressing post-partum lactation [Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics (Seventh Edition) Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985, pages 14211423]. Accordingly, there has been increasing interest in finding newly synthesized compositions and new uses for previously known compounds that are demonstrably estrogenic, this is, able to mimic the action of estrogen in estrogen responsive tissue. From the viewpoint of pharmacologists interested in developing new drugs useful for the treatment of human diseases and specific pathological conditions, it is most important to procure compounds with some demonstrable estrogen-like function but which are devoid of proliferative side-effects. For example, osteoporosis, a disease in which bone becomes increasingly, more fragile, is greatly ameliorated by the use of fully active estrogens; however, due to the recognized increased risk of uterine cancer in patients chronically treated with active estrogens, it is not clinically advisable to treat osteoporosis in intact women with fully active estrogens for prolonged periods. Estrogen is the agent of choice in preventing osteoporosis or post menopausal bone loss
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in women; it is the only treatment which unequivocally reduces fractures. However, estrogen stimulates the uterus and is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Although the risk of endometrial cancer is thought to be reduced by a concurrent use of a progestogen, there is still concern about possible increased risk of breast cancer with the use of estrogen. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Use of coagulation factor VII-activating protease for the prophylaxis and therapy of vasoproliferative disorders Inventor(s): Roemisch, Juergen; (Voesendorf, AT), Preissner, Klaus T.; (Giessen, DE), Kanse, Sandip; (Linden-Leihgestern, DE), Kannemeier, Christian; (Giessen, DE) Correspondence: Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow,; Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.; 1300 I Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3315; US Patent Application Number: 20030077271 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The use of coagulation factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) for the prophylaxis and/or therapy of vasoproliferative disorders or oncoses is described. Reference is made in particular to the use of the protease for retinopathy, neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, endometriosis, bronchitis (especially chronic) or chronic inflammations in the gastrointestinal tract. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of the coagulation factor VII-activating protease for vasoproliferative disorders. The German patent application 199 03 693.4 discloses a protease which is isolated from blood plasma and which is able to activate coagulation factor VII. Also previously described therein are a process for obtaining it, detecting it and inactivating it, and pharmaceutical preparations containing this protease. In accordance with its properties, this protease is referred to as factor seven activating protease (=FSAP). The German patent application 199 03 693.4 additionally reports that FSAP has a plasminogen activator activating and/or potentiating action which can be measured through the activation of single-chain urokinase (scu PA, single chain urokinase plasminogen activator) or single-chain tPA (sctPA, single chain tissue plasminogen activator). The German patent application 199 03 693.4 has also described processes and test systems for the qualitative and quantitative detection of FSAP which are based on measurement of the action reducing the blood clotting times and the actions activating plasminogen activators of FSAP. Test systems of these types also allow FSAP to be measured in complex protein solutions such as plasma, as described in particular in the German patent application 199 26 531.3. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with endometriosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “endometriosis” (or synonyms)
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into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on endometriosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning endometriosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to endometriosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on endometriosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on endometriosis: •
The A-to-Z of pregnancy and childbirth: A concise encyclopedia Source: Alameda, CA: Hunter House. 1994. 336 pp. Contact: Available from Hunter House, P.O. Box 2914, Alameda, CA 94501. Telephone: (510) 865-5282. $16.95; $2.50 shipping for 1st book, $0.75 each additional book. Summary: This book for the consumer is presented in a dictionary format providing information on a variety of topics in pregnancy and childbirth. Entries are listed in alphabetical order, and have concise explanations. A short bibliography lists other general publications on women's health, pregnancy, and childbirth. Organizations and hotlines are listed for a few areas of women's health including childbirth education, DES, endometriosis, and breast cancer. A fold out, month-by-month chart of fetal and maternal development is also included.
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Sick and Tired of Feeling Sick and Tired: Living With Invisible Chronic Illness Source: New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. 2000. 306 p. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus. PRICE: $8.95 for 1-9 copies; $6.50 for 10-25 copies. ISBN 0393320650. Summary: This book offers hope and coping strategies to people who suffer from invisible chronic illnesses (ICIs) such as chronic fatigue and chronic pain. Part 1 focuses on the experience of having an ICI. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to ICI. Chapter 2 describes some forms of ICI, including arthritis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome, endometriosis, fibromyalgia, human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, lupus erythematosus, Lyme disease, migraine, multiple sclerosis, post polio syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, and thyroid illnesses. Chapter 3 explores the psychological consequences of ICI, focusing on self doubt, self dislike, uncertainty, fear of mental illness, fear of the course of illness, giving in to illness, interpersonal insecurity, loss of self esteem, guilt, and roller coaster feelings. Chapter 4 examines the dimensions of ICI and their psychological impact, focusing on the social acceptability of the illness, the clarity of diagnosis, and the potential severity of the illness. Chapters 5 through 8 deal with adjusting to and accepting a constant state of unwellness; seeking answers; consulting a doctor; and relating to family, friends, and colleagues. Part 2 focuses on coping with ICI. Chapters deal with living in the present, thinking clearly, handling irrational thinking, using imagery to confront irrational thinking, identifying one's life story and the role played in the story, getting and keeping the attention of the health care system, coping with ICI in the family, saying what one feels, hearing what is said, and managing the stress associated with ICI. The book includes a general reading list on illnesses and a list of illness associations. Numerous references.
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Good Bones: The Complete Guide To Building and Maintaining the Healthiest Bones Source: Palo Alto, CA: Bull Publishing Company. 1999. 184 p. Contact: Available from Bull Publishing Company. P.O. Box 208, Palo Alto, CA 943020208. (650) 322-2855. Fax (650) 327-3300. Website: www.bullpub.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0923521445. Summary: This book provides women with guidelines on building and maintaining healthy bones. By examining 17 major risk factors for bone health, the book helps women assess their overall risk for osteoporosis. A chapter on normal bone physiology is followed by a chapter that discusses risk factors in the prenatal and infancy periods, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, and older adulthood. Chapter three examines hereditary risk factors: race, ethnicity, and family history. The next chapter is devoted to factors affecting women: age at menarche, menstrual cycles, age at menopause, and total reproductive years. Other topics include oral contraceptives, treatments for endometriosis, pregnancy and breast feeding, and hysterectomy. The fifth chapter evaluates the role of body build, weight, and fat in bone health. Chapter six focuses on the effect of exercise and physical activity on bone health and presents an example of an exercise routine that includes both endurance and strength training. The next chapter discusses the impact of hormones, prescription medications, and calcium supplements on bone health, and presents the advantages and disadvantages of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), highlights alternatives to HRT, and explains how to select the best calcium supplements and use them most effectively. Other chapters
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examine lifestyle factors, such as alcohol and caffeine consumption and smoking that affects bone health; identify factors influencing calcium absorption; present calcium requirements for various age groups; and discuss the importance of good nutrition in building strong bones. The final chapter applies the 17 risk factors to case studies presented in the previous chapters. A glossary of terms and a list of suggested readings and resources are included. 15 figures, 21 tables, and numerous references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “endometriosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “endometriosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “endometriosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Slide Atlas of Endometriosis by Shaw, et al; ISBN: 1850705550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850705550/icongroupinterna
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Alternatives for Women With Endometriosis: A Guide by Women for Women by Ruth Carol (Editor); ISBN: 1879427125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879427125/icongroupinterna
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An Atlas of Endometriosis, Second Edition by Caroline Overton (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1842140221; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842140221/icongroupinterna
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Atlas of Endometriosis by Dan C. Martin (Editor); ISBN: 1563755475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563755475/icongroupinterna
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Clinicians Guide Endometriosis by Prentice a; ISBN: 0412805006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412805006/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Endometriosis by Lyle Brietkopf, et al; ISBN: 013277187X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/013277187X/icongroupinterna
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Coping with Endometriosis by Jo Mears (2000); ISBN: 0859697487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859697487/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Endometriosis: Sound, Compassionate Advice for Alleviating the Physical and Emotional Symptoms of This Frequently Misunderstood Illenss by Robert H., Ph.D. Phillips, Glenda Motta (2000); ISBN: 1583330747; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330747/icongroupinterna
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Current Concepts in Endometriosis; ISBN: 0845151738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845151738/icongroupinterna
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Current Concepts in Endometriosis: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endometriosis Held in Houston, Texas, May 1-3, 1989 (Progres) by Dev R. Chadha (Editor), Veasy C. Buttram (Editor); ISBN: 0471566853; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471566853/icongroupinterna
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Current Perspectives on Endometriosis and Infertility: Proceedings of the Fourth Japan Conference on Endometriosis, Hakone Prince Hotel, Kanagawa, Japan, April 28, 2001 by H. Hoshiai (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 3805573758; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805573758/icongroupinterna
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis - A CD-ROM course for physicians and others with an interest in women's healthcare. by Craig A. Winkel MD, et al; ISBN: 096649153X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096649153X/icongroupinterna
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Dr. Susan Lark's Heavy Menstrual Flow & Anemia Self Help Book: Effective Solutions for Premenopause, Bleeding Due to Fibroid Tumors, Hormonal Imbalance, Endometriosis, Endometrial Cancer, and Low Blood Count by Susan M. Lark (1996); ISBN: 0890877742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890877742/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by James Alexander Chalmers; ISBN: 0407000291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0407000291/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by Schwartz; ISBN: 041210251X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041210251X/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by Emery A. Wilson (Editor); ISBN: 0471633380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471633380/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by Julia Older (1985); ISBN: 068418057X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068418057X/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis; ISBN: 0845142291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845142291/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by M.D. Motashaw; ISBN: 0863117449; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863117449/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by Eng-Soon Teoh, Kwang-Meng Seng (1987); ISBN: 1850701555; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850701555/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis by L. Mettler (Editor); ISBN: 1850705313; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850705313/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis & Fibroids by Brewer Dr; ISBN: 0091816491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091816491/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis (Advances in Reproductive Endocrinology, Vol 1) by R.W. Shaw (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0929858484; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929858484/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis (Contributions to Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol 16) by M.A. Bruhat, M. Canis (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3805546270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805546270/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis (Women's Health Series) by Lyle Brietkopf, Marion Gordon Bakoulis; ISBN: 0722528450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722528450/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis : The Complete Reference for Taking Charge of Your Health by Mary Lou Ballweg, Endometriosis Association; ISBN: 0071412484; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071412484/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis and Fibroids by Brewer Dr; ISBN: 0091807530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091807530/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis and Infertility and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Laywoman's Guide by Bob Flaws (1989); ISBN: 0936185147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936185147/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis and Other Disorders and Infections (Advances in Fertility and Sterility Series, Vol 5) by Eng-Soon Teoh, et al (1988); ISBN: 0940813203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940813203/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis the Enigmatic Disease by Stephen Corson (1992); ISBN: 0929240421; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929240421/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis Today: Advances in Research and Practice by Japan)/ Sugimoto, O. World Congress on Endometriosis 1996 Yokohama-Shi (Editor), Hiroshi Minaguchi (Editor); ISBN: 1850709017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850709017/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: A Key to Healing Through Nutrition by Michael Vernon, et al (2002); ISBN: 0007133103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007133103/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: A Natural Approach by Jo Mears (1998); ISBN: 1569750882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569750882/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: A Problem-Oriented Approach by Donald E. Pittaway (Editor); ISBN: 0781702992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781702992/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Advanced Management and Surgical Techniques by Camran R. Nezhat (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0387942432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387942432/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Basic research and clinical practice by Eshre Campus Course on Endometriosis (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1850700575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850700575/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Contemporary Concepts in Clinical Management by Robert S. Schenken (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0397508662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397508662/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Current Understanding and Management by Robert W. Shaw (Editor); ISBN: 0865428212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865428212/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Emerging Research and Intervention Strategies (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences) by Koji Yoshinaga (Editor), Estella C. Parrott (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0801878306; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801878306/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Emerging Research and Intervention Strategies (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 955) by Koji Yoshinaga (Editor), Estella C. Parrott (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 1573313815; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573313815/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Healing Through Nutrition by Dian Shepperson Mills, Michael Vernon; ISBN: 1862043000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862043000/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: Natural and Medical Solutions by Kaz Cooke (Illustrator), Ruth Trickey; ISBN: 1865087610; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1865087610/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: One Woman's Journey by Jennifer Marie Lewis (1998); ISBN: 1882180917; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882180917/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis: One Woman's Story by Megan Harvey; ISBN: 0908704437; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0908704437/icongroupinterna
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Endometrium and Endometriosis by Kevin G., Ph.D. Osteen (Editor), Michael P., Md. Diamond (Editor); ISBN: 0865425027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865425027/icongroupinterna
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Explaining Endometriosis by Lorraine Henderson, Ros Wood; ISBN: 1865081337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1865081337/icongroupinterna
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Fibroid Tumor and Endometriosis Self Help Book by Susan M. Lark (1995); ISBN: 0890877734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890877734/icongroupinterna
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Fibroid Tumors & Endometriosis by Susan M. Lark; ISBN: 091701054X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091701054X/icongroupinterna
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Genital Endometriosis in Infertility by Robert B. Greenblatt, et al (1987); ISBN: 086577059X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/086577059X/icongroupinterna
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Is Endometriosis Potentially Malignant: Third Japan Conference on Endometriosis, Kanagawa, Japan, April 2000: Proceedings (Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation) by H. Hoshiai (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 3805571623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805571623/icongroupinterna
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Is Menstruation Obsolete: How Suppressing Menstruation Can Help Women Who Suffer from Anemia, Endometriosis, or PMS by Elsimar M. Coutinho, Sheldon J. Segal (2003); ISBN: 0195162560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195162560/icongroupinterna
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Japan Conference on Endometriosis: Biology of Endometrium Versus Endometriosis: Second Japan Conference on Endometriosis, Kanagawa, May 1999 (Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation) by H. Hoshiai (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 3805569874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805569874/icongroupinterna
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Laparoscopic Appearance of Endometriosis; ISBN: 0685349721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0685349721/icongroupinterna
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Laparoscopic Appearance of Endometriosis: Color Atlas by Dan C. Martin; ISBN: 999425202X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999425202X/icongroupinterna
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Living with Endometriosis by Hawkridge; ISBN: 0091812615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091812615/icongroupinterna
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Living With Endometriosis: How to Cope With the Physical and Emotional Challenges by Kate Weinstein; ISBN: 020119810X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020119810X/icongroupinterna
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Management of Endometriosis: Proceedings of the Fifth Japan Conference on Endometriosis Hakone Prince Hotes, Kanagawa, Japan, May 18, 2002 (Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, Released December 2002, 54(Syok 1) 1-64 (2002)) by H. Hoshiai (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 3805575106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805575106/icongroupinterna
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Medical Management of Endometriosis by Jean Pierre Raynaud (Editor); ISBN: 0881670405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881670405/icongroupinterna
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Modern Approaches to Endometriosis by Eric J. Thomas, John A. Rock (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 0792389018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792389018/icongroupinterna
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Modern Surgical Management of Endometriosis by Camran Nezhat; ISBN: 3540942432; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540942432/icongroupinterna
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Natural Progesterone: The Natural Way to Alleviate Symptoms of Menopause, Pms, Endometriosis and Other Hormone-Related Problems by Anna Rushton, Shirley A. Bond (2003); ISBN: 000715609X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/000715609X/icongroupinterna
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Natural Treatment of Fibroid Tumors and Endometriosis by Susan M., MD Lark, Phyllis Herman (Editor); ISBN: 0879836903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836903/icongroupinterna
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New Concepts in the Diagnosis & Treatment of Genital Endometriosis by L. Mettler (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 1850702217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850702217/icongroupinterna
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Overcoming Endometriosis: New Help from the Endometriosis Association by Mary Lou Ballweg, et al (1987); ISBN: 0865531900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865531900/icongroupinterna
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Peritoneal, Ovarian and Recto-Vaginal Endometriosis: The Identification of Three Separate Diseases by Michelle Nisolle, Jacques Donnez; ISBN: 1850709416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850709416/icongroupinterna
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PHG: Understanding Endometriosis by C. Hawkridge; ISBN: 0356210936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0356210936/icongroupinterna
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Progress in the Management of Endometriosis by Brazil)/ Spinola, P.G. World Congress on Endometriosis 1994 Salvador (Editor), Elsimar M. Coutinho; ISBN: 1850706514; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850706514/icongroupinterna
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Recent advances in endometriosis : proceedings of a symposium, Augusta, Georgia, March 5-6, 1975; ISBN: 0444151869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444151869/icongroupinterna
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Recent Advances in the Management of Endometriosis by J. A. Rock (Editor), et al (1988); ISBN: 1850701989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850701989/icongroupinterna
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Renewing Female Balance: Pms, Breast & Uterine Fibroids, Ovarian Cysts, Endometriosis, & More by Linda Rector-Page, Linda R. Page (1997); ISBN: 1884334644; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884334644/icongroupinterna
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Strategic Perspectives 2002: Endometriosis - Barriers to Growth Outweigh Investment Incentives [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B00008R3PW; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008R3PW/icongroupinterna
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Successful Living with Endometriosis by Robert H. Phillips, Glenda Motta; ISBN: 1888614072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888614072/icongroupinterna
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Surgical Management of Endometriosis by David B. Redwine (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 1841842486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841842486/icongroupinterna
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Surgical Mgt of Endometriosis
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The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Endometriosis by Icon Health Publications, et al (2002); ISBN: 0597831319; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831319/icongroupinterna
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The Current Status of Endometriosis: Research and Management: Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Endometriosis, Brussels, June 1992 (The Inte) by I. A. Brosens, J. Donnez (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1850704546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850704546/icongroupinterna
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The Endometriosis Answer Book: New Hope, New Help by Niels H., Md. Lauersen, Constance Deswaan; ISBN: 0449903613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449903613/icongroupinterna
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The Endometriosis Sourcebook by Mary Lou Ballweg (Editor), Endometriosis Association (Contributor); ISBN: 0809232634; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809232634/icongroupinterna
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The Endometriosis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and the Best Coping Strategies by Margot Joan Fromer; ISBN: 1572241527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572241527/icongroupinterna
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The First Japan Conference on Endometriosis: Pathogenesis and Progression of Endometriosis by H. Hoshiai (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 3805568584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805568584/icongroupinterna
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The Treatment of Endometriosis-And Other Disorders and Infections (Recent Developments in Fertility and Sterility, Vol 4) by Morocco)/ Gzouli, A. World Congress on Fertility and Sterility 1989 Marrakech (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 185070287X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185070287X/icongroupinterna
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Understanding and Managing Endometriosis: Advances in Research and Practice: The Proceedings of the 6th World Congress o by Quebec)/ Lemay, A. World Congress on Endometriosis 1998 Quebec (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1850700702; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850700702/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Endometriosis (P by Hawkridge; ISBN: 0356154475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0356154475/icongroupinterna
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What to Do When the Doctor Says It's Endometriosis or Fibroids; What to Do When the Doctor Says Its Endometriosis by Cheryl Kimball, Thomas L. Lyons (2003); ISBN: 1592330290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592330290/icongroupinterna
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What Women Can Do About Chronic Endometriosis (The Dell Medical Library) by Judith Sachs, Herbert Jaffin; ISBN: 0440206464; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440206464/icongroupinterna
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Women's Health Concerns Sourcebook: Basic Information About Health Issues That Affect Women, Featuring Facts About Menstruation and Other Gynecological Concerns Including Endometriosis f (Health Reference Series, Vol 27) by Heather Aldred (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0780802195; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802195/icongroupinterna
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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
A clinical and histologic study of clinically significant postmenopausal endometriosis. Author: Kempers, Roger D.; Year: 1959; [Minneapolis] 1959
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A study of endometriosis, endosalpingiosis, endocervicosis, and peritoneo-ovarian sclerosis; a clinical and pathologic study. Author: Goodall, James Robert.; Year: 1963; Philadelphia, Lippincott [1944]
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Clinical pathogenetic and experimental investigations of endometriosis especially regarding the localisation in the abdominal wall (laparotomy scars) with a contribution to the study of experimental transplantation of endometrium, by HansFredrik Harbitz. Author: Harbitz, Hans Fredrik.; Year: 1967; Oslo, Kirstes boktrykkeri, 1934
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Clinically significant endometriosis of the urinary tract. Author: Stanley, Kenneth Emerson,; Year: 1962; [Rochester, Minn.] 1962
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Comparison of danazol and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate for the management of endometriosis genitals externa Author: Telimaa, Sakari.; Year: 1950; Oulu: Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu, 1988; ISBN: 9514226933
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Current concepts on I. endometriosis, II. fibrocystic breast disease: proceedings of a symposium under the auspices of the Scandinavian Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists held in Helsingør, Denmark, June 20-22, 1983 Author: Rannevik, Gunnar.; Year: 1975; Umeå: The Association, 1984; ISBN: 9176260461
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Endometriosis Author: O'Connor, Daniel T.; Year: 1976; Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1987; ISBN: 0443029954 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443029954/icongroupinterna
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Endometriosis; ed. by Thomas H. Green. Amniotic fluid, ed. by Fritz Fuchs. Author: Green, Thomas H. (Thomas Henry),; Year: 1972; [New York] Hoeber, 1966
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Pelvic endometriosis Author: Reyniak, J. Victor,; Year: 1942; New York, N.Y. (381 Park Ave. South, New York 10016): Thieme, c1985
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Pelvic endometriosis and menstrual disorders: proceedings of a conference held in Trinity College, Dublin on 19th June 1982 Author: Bonnar, John.; Year: 1945; Dublin: Cityview Press, [1983]
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Physiology of pregnancy, ed. by Ernest W. Page. Endometriosis, ed. by Charles S. Stevenson. Author: Page, Ernest Winslow,; Year: 1971; [New York] Hoeber, 1960
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Primary endometriosis of the cervix, by Dolphin Henry Overton, Jr. Author: Overton, Dolphin Henry,; Year: 1959; [Minneapolis] 1959
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Serosal endometriosis of the fallopian tubes. Author: Sheldon, Richard Stitzel,; Year: 1960; [Minneapolis] 1963
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Stromal endometriosis; a clinical and pathologic study. Author: Jensen, Paul Alan,; Year: 1969; [Minneapolis] 1963
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The endometriosis answer: new hope, new help Author: Lauersen, Niels H.; Year: 1986; New York: Rawson Associates, c1988; ISBN: 0892563265 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892563265/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Endometriosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to endometriosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and endometriosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on endometriosis: •
Endometriosis: A Gastroenterologist's Perspective Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 573-579. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This gastroenterology text chapter presents a gastroenterologist's perspective on endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrial glands or stroma outside of the uterus. The authors first consider diagnostic issues, including the interplay between endometriosis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). They note that noncyclic symptoms are particularly common in cases of direct gastrointestinal (GI) involvement with endometriosis, and in such cases symptoms may also be influenced by GI activities such as eating or bowel movements. Those areas of the GI tract most contiguous to the uterus are most commonly involved. The authors explore the problem of rectosigmoid endometriosis (RSE), which presents with chronic 'colon' symptoms often indistinguishable from IBS. The authors describe the recommended diagnostic workup and present statistical information about the incidence of RSE; they also briefly discuss treatment options. 61 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on endometriosis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Endometriosis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in endometriosis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on endometriosis: •
Comprehensive review of endometriosis [electronic resource] Source: IMR, Interactive Medical Review; Year: 1996; Format: Electronic resource; Philadelphia, PA: Corporate Technology Ventures, c1996
•
Contemporary laporoscopic surgery for endometriosis, hysterectomy, ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy [videorecording] Source: by Camran Nezhat, Farr Nezhat, Ceana Nezhat; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; Pearl River, N.Y.: Parthenon Pub. Group, c1993
•
Endometriosis [filmstrip] Source: Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Year: 1964; Format: Filmstrip; Los Angeles: The University; [Thousand Oaks, Calif.: for loan or sale by Film Distributors International], c1964
•
Endometriosis [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; [Houston, Tex.]: UT/TV, Houston, c1990
•
Endometriosis [videorecording] Source: Time Life Medical; produced in association with Sonalysts Studios; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; New York, NY: Patient Education Media, c1996
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•
Endometriosis and adenomyosis [slide] Source: Robert W. Kistner; Year: 1975; Format: Slide; New York: Medcom, c1975
•
Endometriosis surgery [videorecording] Source: produced by Advanced Medical Education, Inc. for the Learning Channel; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, c1994
•
Estrogen replacement therapy in patients with previous endometrial and breast cancer [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Marshfield Clinic, Saint Joseph's Hospital, [and] Marshfield Medical Research Foundation; Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: Marshfield Regional Video Network, [1992]
•
Hysterectomy for diffuse ovarian endometriosis [videorecording] Source: American College of Surgeons; produced by DG, Davis & Geck; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Danbury, Conn.: American Cyanamid, c1983
•
Laparoscopic ureteroneocystotomy and psoas hitch with double ureters for infillrative endometriosis [videorecording] Source: Thomas M. Julian; Year: 2003; Format: Videorecording; Washington, DC: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2003
•
Laparoscopically assisted transvaginal segmental bowel resection for endometriosis [videorecording] Source: from the Film Library and the Clinical Congress of ACS; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Woodbury, CT: Ciné-Med, [1995]
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Laparoscopy for endometriosis [videorecording] Source: Celia E. Dominguez; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Woodbury, CT: Cine-Med, 2001
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Managing endometriosis today [videorecording] Source: Marian Damewood; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1986
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Safe laser endoscopic excision or vaporization of peritoneal endometriosis and removal of endometrioma by the technique of hydrodissection [videorecording] Source: by Farr R. Nezhat, Camran Nezhat; produced by Video Tape Associates, Business Communications; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: C. Nezhat, c1989
•
The Choice is ours [videorecording]: new surgeries for endometriosis. Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; [Milwaukee, Wis.]:
•
Thoracic endometriosis [motion picture] Source: James B. Williams, Jasper F. Williams, J. Winston Harper; produced by Davis & Geck; Year: 1972; Format: Motion picture; Danbury, Conn.: Davis & Geck, [1972]
•
Treatment of extensive endometriosis [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Camran Nezhat in association with LaserSonics; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Santa Clara, CA: Cooper LaserSonics, [1986]
•
Videolaserscopy of bowel endometriosis [videorecording]. Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, [1989]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENDOMETRIOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover endometriosis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on endometriosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to endometriosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “endometriosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for endometriosis: •
Continuous oral contraceptive use decreases endometriosis symptoms Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 11, 2003
•
Antiangiogenic agents effective against endometriosis in mouse model Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 2003
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•
Gene study links endometriosis, infertility Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 20, 2003
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Gene dysregulation in endometriosis may prevent embryo implantation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 19, 2003
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MRI not cost-effective for endometriosis detection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 12, 2003
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Clues to how endometriosis affects fertility Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 18, 2002
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Study links endometriosis with other diseases Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 27, 2002
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Praecis says Plenaxis appears as effective as Lupron for endometriosis pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 19, 2002
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Tampons, sex found protective against endometriosis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 05, 2002
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Experimental test shows promise for detecting ovarian, endometrial cancers Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 07, 2002
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Danazol use for endometriosis linked to ovarian cancer risk Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 18, 2002
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Iceland study finds genetic link to endometriosis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 28, 2002
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Autoimmune disease more likely with endometriosis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 26, 2002
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Cyproterone or OCs effective for recurrent pelvic pain after endometriosis surgery Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 15, 2002
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Oxagen, Cerylid partner to study genetic causes of endometriosis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 28, 2001
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Zonagen hires Bridge Organics to produce new agents for endometriosis Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 15, 2001
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Proteins may signal fertility in endometriosis patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 06, 2000
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Rare but there: endometriosis after C-section Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 13, 2000
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Goserelin slows endometriosis recurrence after conservative surgery Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 16, 1999
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HRT recommended with Gn-RH agonist treatment of endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 05, 1999
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Endometriosis associated with estrogen receptor gene variability Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 30, 1999
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Endometriosis described 300 years ago Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 28, 1999
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Endometriosis may increase cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 21, 1999
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Depot leuprolide effective empiric treatment for suspected endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 20, 1999
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Age, parity and other characteristics predict minimal, mild endometriosis in infertile women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 1998
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Pregnancy after surgery for endometriosis confers long-term protection against recurrence Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 21, 1998
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Goserelin Plus Assisted Reproduction Effective For Infertile Women With Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 20, 1998
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Leuprolide Plus Add-Back Hormones Suppresses Endometriosis Pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 20, 1998
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Pelvic Irradiation Palliative In Recurrent Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 17, 1997
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Progestins Effective First-Line Therapy For Symptomatic Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 06, 1997
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Endometriosis Surgery Helps Symptoms Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 08, 1997
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Surgical Treatment Improves Fertility In Women With Mild Or Minimal Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 24, 1997
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Surgery Helps Fertility in Mild Endometriosis Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 23, 1997
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Endometriosis Drug: Fewer Side Effects? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 1997
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Cancer Risk Elevated In Women With Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 11, 1997
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Endometriosis Ups Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 04, 1997
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Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Elevated In Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 28, 1997
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Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Effective For Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 1996
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Endometriosis Adversely Affects Oocyte's Meiotic Ability Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 18, 1996
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IVF-ET: Option For Couples With Endometriosis-Related Infertility Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 03, 1996
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Reliable Test For Detecting Deep Endometriosis Described Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 08, 1996
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RU486: Effective Against Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 1996
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Research Supports Theory Of Pathogenesis of Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 01, 1995
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Endometriosis Therapy Refined Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 20, 1995
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Hysterectomy Without Oophorectomy For Endometriosis Linked With Symptom Recurrence Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 26, 1995
Periodicals and News
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Is Red Hair A Marker For Endometriosis? Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 17, 1995
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Hormone Therapies Benefit Patients With Endometriosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 1995
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Depot Leuprolide Acetate Not Ideal Endometriosis Therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 16, 1995
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Causes Of Endometriosis In Parous Women Identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1995
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “endometriosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to endometriosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/)
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and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “endometriosis” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on endometriosis: •
Pelvic Pain: IBS and Endometriosis Source: Intestinal Fortitude. 8(2): 3. 1997. Contact: Available from Intestinal Disease Foundation. 1323 Forbes Avenue, Suite 200, Pittsburgh, PA 15219. (412) 261-5888. Summary: This article, from a patient education newsletter, offers information on pelvic pain, and the role of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and endometriosis as causes of such pain. Because the nerves supplying the uterus, ovaries, bowel, bladder, and kidney all overlap, it can be very difficult to determine the cause of abdominal pain. The author notes that in women with chronic pelvic pain, about 15 percent have IBS and about 28 percent have endometriosis. Endometriosis is a disease in which the cells lining the uterus break out of the uterus and implant in other parts of the body, including the ovaries, tubes, bowel, and pelvis. Once these cells implant, they grow during the menstrual cycle and bleed during the woman's period. If the endometriosis cells are near the bowel, this can cause changes in bowel movements and pain similar to that caused by IBS. The author explores the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. If a patient has chronic pelvic pain, the physician may try treating for IBS or endometriosis to see if the patient responds before making her undergo the risks of surgery. The author concludes that it is important to watch the symptoms and their relationship to different life events closely to help determine the cause of the pain. Fortunately, both diseases can usually be controlled.
Academic Periodicals covering Endometriosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to endometriosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering endometriosis that have been published
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by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for endometriosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with endometriosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to endometriosis: Clomiphene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clomid; Milophene; Serophene http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202151.html
Danazol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Danocrine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202180.html
Estrogens •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alora; Aquest; Climara; Clinagen LA 40; Delestrogen; depGynogen; Depo-Estradiol; Depogen; Dioval 40; Dioval XX; Dura-Estrin; Duragen-20; E-Cypionate; Estinyl; Estrace; Estraderm; Estragyn 5; Estragyn LA 5; Estra-L 40; Estratab; Estro-A; Estro-Cyp; Estro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202226.html
•
Vaginal - U.S. Brands: Estrace; Estring; Ogen; Ortho Dienestrol; Premarin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202227.html
Estrogens and Progestins Oral Contraceptives •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alesse; Brevicon; Demulen 1/35; Demulen 1/50; Desogen; Estrostep; Estrostep Fe; Genora 0.5/35; Genora 1/35; Genora 1/50; Intercon 0.5/35; Intercon 1/35; Intercon 1/50; Jenest; Levlen; Levlite; Levora 0.15/30; Lo/Ovral; Loestrin 1.5/30; Loestrin 1/20; Lo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202228.html
Goserelin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoladex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202267.html
Leuprolide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lupron; Viadur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202322.html
Nafarelin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Synarel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202646.html
Progestins for Noncontraceptive Use •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amen; Aygestin; Crinone; Curretab; Cycrin; DepoProvera; Gesterol 50; Gesterol LA 250; Hy/Gestrone; Hylutin; Megace; Prodrox; Prometrium; Pro-Span; Provera http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202758.html
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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 11671 290 51 2 3 12017
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “endometriosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
15
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
16
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Endometriosis In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and endometriosis. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.
20 Adapted 21
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for endometriosis: •
Endometriosis Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?131200 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
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Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
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Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
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Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned
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baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the
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drop box next to “Search.” Enter “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
24 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on endometriosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to endometriosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to endometriosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “endometriosis”:
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Guides on endometriosis Endometriosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/endometriosisloader.html
•
Other guides Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Dilation and Curettage http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/dilationandcurettageloader.html Endometriosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endometriosis.html Hormone Replacement Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormonereplacementtherapy.html Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html Uterine Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinecancer.html Uterine Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinediseases.html Uterine Fibroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/uterinefibroids.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to endometriosis, the following was listed: •
General/Overview Endometriosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/endometriosisloader.html Endometriosis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00289
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Laparoscopy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/diagnosticlaparoscopygeneralloa der.html Laparoscopy Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZODAA697C &sub_cat=8 Menstrual Cycle Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/flowcharts/538.html
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Treatment Hysterectomy: Benefits and Alternatives Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00905
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Abortion: Can It Increase the Risk of Endometriosis? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00633 Adenomyosis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00187 Hormone Replacement Therapy: Can It Reactivate Endometriosis? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00146
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From the National Institutes of Health Endometriosis http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/endometriosis.pdf
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Organizations American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/ National Women's Health Information Center Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.4woman.org/
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Pictures/Diagrams Atlas of the Body: Female Reproductive Organs Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ8QKJ56JC&s ub_cat=2
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Research Researchers Identify a Possible Cause of Infertility in Some Women with Endometriosis Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2003/nichd-17.htm Women with Endometriosis Have Higher Rates of Some Diseases Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/sep2002/nichd-26.htm
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•
Teenagers Endometriosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/girls/endometriosis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on endometriosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Chronic Pelvic Pain Source: American Family Physician. 54(7): 2237. November 15, 1996. Summary: This brief patient education fact sheet provides information about chronic pelvic pain, defined as pelvic pain that has lasted for at least 6 months. Four sections cover the possible causes of chronic pelvic pain, including endometriosis, irritable bowel syndrome, urethritis, or sexual abuse; diagnostic issues, including the patient's medical history, activities that seem to contribute to or lessen the pain, and diagnostic tests used; and treatment options for chronic pelvic pain, including drug therapy to stop ovulation, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory pain relievers, relaxation exercises, biofeedback, physical therapy, abdominal trigger point injections, and antibiotics. The fact sheet is designed to be photocopied and distributed to patients.
•
Gynecological Aspects of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Milwaukee, WI: International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1996. 1 p. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.iffgd.org. PRICE: $0.50. Summary: This fact sheet focuses on the gynecological and bladder aspects of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in women. The author reports on research that found women with IBS tended to suffer more from painful periods (menstruation), noticed that their IBS symptoms were worse at the time of their periods, and frequently experienced pain during or after sexual intercourse. The sexual pain resembled bowel pain and often came on some time after intercourse, sometimes as late as the next day. The author encourages patients and their partners to become educated about this aspect of IBS in
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order to reduce stress on the patient. The author discusses the differential diagnosis of IBS from a gynecological perspective, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, and gynecological cancer. The author calls for greater collaboration between gastroenterologists and gynecologists when treating patients with lower abdominal pain. The fact sheet also briefly describes the bladder symptoms that are most often seen in patients with IBS. These symptoms include frequency in passing urine, urgency, and sometimes a degree of incontinence. The author cautions that treating supposed urinary tract infections with antibiotics can make the IBS worse and recommends only treating cystitis when it is proven on urine culture. The author concludes by encouraging readers to educate themselves about the possible nongastrointestinal aspects of IBS and to proceed very cautiously when offered surgical answers to their problems. (AA-M). The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “endometriosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
ACR Appropriateness Criteriaâ„¢ for endometrial cancer of the uterus Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2494&nbr=1720&a mp;string=endometrial
•
American Cancer Society guidelines on testing for early endometrial cancer detectionupdate 2001. In: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer Source: American Cancer Society - Disease Specific Society; 2001; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2749&nbr=1975&a mp;string=endometrial Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Do I Have Endometriosis? Summary: Take this quick 5-question quiz to see if you should talk with your doctor about endometriosis. Source: Endometriosis Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7423
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Facts About Endometriosis Summary: This fact sheet provides basic consumer information about endometriosis symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options and includes a list of resources where users can get additional information. Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=742
•
Hysterectomy: Know Your Options Summary: Answers to women's concerns about this medical procedure that is frequently recommended as a solution to relieve chronic pain and/or heavy bleeding that is caused by fibroids, endometriosis, and other Source: National Women's Health Resource Center http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2596 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to endometriosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on endometriosis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
Patient Resources
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Endometriosis The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to endometriosis: •
Endometriosis Association Telephone: (414) 355-2200 Toll-free: (800) 992-3636 Fax: (414) 355-6065 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.endometriosisassn.org Background: The Endometriosis Association is a nonprofit self-help organization dedicated to providing education, support, and research for girls and women with endometriosis and their loved ones. Endometriosis is a hormone and immune system disease affecting approximately 5.5 million girls and women in North America. The name comes from the word endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus that builds up and sheds each month with the menstrual cycle. In endometriosis, tissue like that of the endometrium occurs outside the uterus. Endometriosis is a leading cause of infertility and disability in women. Several other immune diseases and some forms of cancers are more common in women with endometriosis. The flagship of the Association's research program is the Endometriosis Association Research Program at Vanderbilt. The Association publishes books, brochures, video and audio tapes and cds, and provides support programs including crisis call listeners and local support groups. Relevant area(s) of interest: Endometriosis
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to endometriosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with endometriosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about endometriosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “endometriosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “endometriosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “endometriosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “endometriosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
26
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
27
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
277
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on endometriosis: •
Basic Guidelines for Endometriosis Endometrial biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003917.htm Endometrial cancer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000910.htm Endometriosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000915.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Endometriosis Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abnormal menstrual periods Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003263.htm
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Abnormal uterine bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Dysmenorrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003150.htm Dyspareunia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Low back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Mood changes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Nodules Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003230.htm Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm Spotting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Endometriosis ADH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003702.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Colonoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003886.htm Cyst Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003240.htm Cysts Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003240.htm Endometrial biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003917.htm
Online Glossaries 279
Follicle stimulating hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003710.htm FSH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003710.htm Laparoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003918.htm LH Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003708.htm Luteinizing hormone Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003708.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Pap smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003911.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm •
Surgery and Procedures for Endometriosis Abdominal exploration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002928.htm Abdominal hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm C-section Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002911.htm Dand C Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002914.htm Episiotomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002920.htm Exploratory laparotomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002928.htm Hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm Removal of the uterus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm Vaginal hysterectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002915.htm
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•
Background Topics for Endometriosis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Analgesic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Aspiration Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002216.htm Benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002236.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Cancer - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002166.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Epithelial Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002363.htm Hemorrhagic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002373.htm Radiation therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001918.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
Online Glossaries 281
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
283
ENDOMETRIOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH]
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Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adnexa: The appendages of the eye, as the lacrimal apparatus, the eyelids, and the extraocular muscles. [NIH] Adnexa Uteri: The appendages of the uterus: the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments of the uterus. [NIH] Adnexitis: Inflammation of the adnexa uteri. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association
Dictionary 285
constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allelic Imbalance: A situation where one member (allele) of a gene pair is lost (loss of heterozygosity) or amplified. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU]
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Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alpha-fetoprotein: AFP. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU]
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Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans.
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Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Anovulation: Suspension or cessation of ovulation in animals and humans. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU]
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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles).
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Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the
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thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basalis: Chiasmatic cistern. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy or BPH. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving
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chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Birth Rate: The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition
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used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]
Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buserelin: A potent and durable analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central
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nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Carcinoma in Situ: A malignant tumor that has not yet invaded the basement membrane of the epithelial cell of origin and has not spread to other tissues. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart
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and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catfish: Common name to express the order Siluriformes. This order contains many families and over 2,000 species, including venomous species. Heteropneustes and Plotosus genera have dangerous stings and are aggressive. Most species are passive stingers. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH]
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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Aggregation: The phenomenon by which dissociated cells intermixed in vitro tend to group themselves with cells of their own type. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the
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brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest cavity: Space in body surrounding the lungs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chorioallantoic membrane: The membrane in hen's eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the egg shell. [NIH] Chorioamnionitis: An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels,
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the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus. [NIH]
Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic
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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Compact Disks: Computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. The compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH]
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Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune
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response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Croton Oil: Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality. [NIH] Cruciferous vegetables: A family of vegetables that includes kale, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and turnip. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. [NIH] Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cyproterone Acetate: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and
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cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]
Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH]
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Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Dermoid: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Dermoid Cyst: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]
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Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dioxins: Chlorinated hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms that are present as contaminants of herbicides. Dioxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. They have been banned from use by the FDA. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]
Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Docetaxel: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. [NIH]
Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments,
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pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductal carcinoma in situ: DCIS. Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called intraductal carcinoma. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysmenorrhoea: Painful menstruation. [EU] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH]
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Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Enanthate: An oily injectable contraceptive given every 8 weeks. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrial disorder: Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH]
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Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endosonography: Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with endoscopy which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously. [NIH]
Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelial Growth Factors: These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors but have different amino acid sequences. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH]
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Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Episiotomy: An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the cells that line an organ. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial ovarian cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH]
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Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Antagonists: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the action or biosynthesis of estrogen. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. They act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. They can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Estrone: 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one. A metabolite of estradiol but possessing less biological activity. It is found in the urine of pregnant women and mares, in the human placenta, and in the urine of bulls and stallions. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), estrone may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic estrogen with high oral estrogenic potency. It is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU]
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Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Neck Fractures: Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to
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detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flavopiridol: Belongs to the family of anticancer drugs called flavinols. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Fluid: A fluid consisting of sex steroid hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and electrolytes that is present in the vesicular ovarian follicle (Graafian follicle) surrounding the ovum. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH]
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Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer: A technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. The protocol consists of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, followed by laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, and then the transfer of sperm and oocytes by catheterization into the fallopian tubes. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelsolin: A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base
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sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong antiprogesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
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Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadal Dysgenesis: Any of several developmental anomalies involving the total or partial failure of the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into ovary or testis. This concept includes gonadal agenesis. [NIH] Gonadorelin: A decapeptide hormone released by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Gonadotropic: Stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Goserelin: 6-(O-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-D-serine)-10-deglycinamideluteinizing hormonereleasing factor (pig) 2-(aminocarbonyl)hydrazide. A long-acting gonadorelin agonist. It is used in the treatment of malignant neoplasms of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH]
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Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulosa Cells: Cells of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle which become luteal cells after ovulation. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair Color: Color of hair or fur. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated
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hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is proto-oncogene protein C-met. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hip Fractures: Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term femoral neck fractures is available. [NIH] Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]
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Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and thus lowers the viscosity of the acid and facilitates the spreading of fluids through tissues either advantageously or disadvantageously. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH]
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Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hyperstimulation: Excessive stimulation. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrichosis: Localized or generalized excess hair. The concept does not include hirsutism, which is excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH]
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Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Iliac Vein: A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large
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amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indole-3-carbinol: A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]
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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inguinal Hernia: A small part of the large or small intestine or bladder that pushes into the groin. May cause pain and feelings of pressure or burning in the groin. Often requires surgery. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inhibin: Glyceroprotein hormone produced in the seminiferous tubules by the Sertoli cells in the male and by the granulosa cells in the female follicles. The hormone inhibits FSH and LH synthesis and secretion by the pituitary cells thereby affecting sexual maturation and fertility. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol
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phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1: A cell-surface ligand with a role in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-11: Lymphohematopoietic cytokine that has the ability to modulate antigenspecific antibody responses, potentiate megakaryocytes, and regulate bone marrow adipogenesis. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper
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cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-15: Cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and shares biological activities with IL-2. IL-15 also can induce B-lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Interstitial Collagenase: A member of the metalloproteinase family of enzymes that is principally responsible for cleaving fibrillar collagen. It can degrade interstitial collagens, types I, II and III. EC 3.4.24.7. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestinal Obstruction: Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of intestinal contents toward the anus. [NIH] Intestinal Polyps: Pedunculated or sessile growths arising from the intestinal mucosa and extending into the lumen. The disease includes intestinal polyposis. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraductal carcinoma: Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct. The cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Also called ductal carcinoma in situ. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]
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Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]
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Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Leuprolide: A potent and long acting analog of naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin). Its action is similar to gonadorelin, which regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins. [NIH] Levonorgestrel: A progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (norgestrel). It is used for contraception,
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control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]
Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Litter Size: The number of offspring produced at one birth by an animal. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobular carcinoma in situ: LCIS. Abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. This
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condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast. [NIH] Local therapy: Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close to it. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbago: Pain in the lumbar region. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Luteolytic Agents: Chemical compounds causing corpus luteum regression or degeneration. [NIH]
Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]
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Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e.,
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extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the
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adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesothelial: It lines the peritonealla and pleural cavities. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary
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Cushing syndrome. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]
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Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Nafarelin: 6-(3-(2-Naphthalenyl)-D-alanine)luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (pig). A gonadorelin analog agonist. It has been used in the treatment of central precocious puberty and endometriosis. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH]
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Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nidation: Implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. [EU] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]
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Non-small cell lung cancer: A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. [NIH] Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception. [NIH] Norgestrel: (+-)-13-Ethyl-17-hydroxy-18,19-dinorpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A progestational agent with actions similar to those of progesterone. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (levonorgestrel). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive and ovulation inhibitor and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
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Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligomenorrhea: Abnormally infrequent menstruation. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles. [NIH] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovarian epithelial cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH]
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Ovariectomy: The surgical removal of one or both ovaries. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the
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parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU]
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Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroneal Nerve: The lateral of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The peroneal (or fibular) nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to parts of the leg and foot. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in
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their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Phorbol Esters: Tumor-promoting compounds obtained from croton oil (Croton tiglium). Some of these are used in cell biological experiments as activators of protein kinase C. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]
Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
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Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment
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for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Poliomyelitis: An acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines. [EU] Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical symptom complex characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation, and regularly associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH]
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Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH]
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Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procollagen: A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progestogen: A term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proliferative Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels of the retina of the eye. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the
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configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostaglandins F: (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-Trihydroxyprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGF(1 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11,alpha,13E,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGF(2 alpha)); (5Z,9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13,17-trien-1oic acid (PGF(3 alpha)). A family of prostaglandins that includes three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. All naturally occurring PGF have an alpha configuration at the 9carbon position. They stimulate uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and are often used as oxytocics. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Hyperplasia: Enlargement or overgrowth of the prostate gland as a result of an increase in the number of its constituent cells. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not
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working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudomyxoma peritonei: A build-up of mucus in the peritoneal cavity. The mucus may come from ruptured ovarian cysts, the appendix, or from other abdominal tissues, and mucus-secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. [NIH]
Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH]
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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyloric Stenosis: Obstruction of the pyloric canal. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH]
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Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the ras gene. [NIH] Ras Proteins: Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes. The protooncogene-derived protein (proto-oncogene protein P21(RAS)) plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (oncogene protein P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation). EC 3.6.1.-. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Rebound effect: The characteristic of a drug to produce reverse effects when either the effect of the drug has passed, or when the patient no longer responds to the drug. [EU] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxin: Hormone produced by the ovaries during pregnancy that loosens ligaments that hold the hip bones together. [NIH]
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Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Neovascularization: Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina. [NIH] Retinal Vein: Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
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[NIH]
Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingo-oophorectomy: Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the tibial nerve and the peroneal nerve. [NIH]
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Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of
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certain species. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexual Partners: Married or single individuals who share sexual relations. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Sigmoidal: S-shaped; shaped like the letter sigma. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]
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Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Smooth Muscle Tumor: A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a
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subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatogenesis: Process of formation and development of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to
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induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subtilisin: A serine endopeptidase isolated from Bacillus subtilis. It hydrolyzes proteins
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with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. It also hydrolyzes peptide amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.62. [NIH]
Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicle: The male gonad where, in adult life, spermatozoa develop; the testis. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic,
Dictionary 357
but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot. [NIH]
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Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Total hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the entire uterus. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of
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ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Transvaginal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina, and sound waves bounce off organs inside the pelvic area. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. Also called TVS. [NIH] Trastuzumab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. Trastuzumab blocks the effects of the growth factor protein HER2, which transmits growth signals to breast cancer cells. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Triptorelin: A long-acting gonadorelin analog agonist. It has been used in the treatment of prostatic cancer, ovarian cancer, precocious puberty, endometriosis, and to induce ovulation for in vitro fertilization. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubal ligation: An operation to tie the fallopian tubes closed. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A
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new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tunica Intima: The innermost coat of blood vessels, consisting of a thin lining of endothelial cells longitudinally oriented and continuous with the endothelium of capillaries on the one hand and the endocardium of the heart on the other. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilicus: The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Ureteroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the ureter. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme that converts plasminogen to plasmin where the preferential cleavage is between arginine and valine. It was isolated originally from human urine, but is found in most tissues of most vertebrates. EC 3.4.21.73. [NIH]
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH]
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Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uteroglobin: A protein fraction of pregnant uterine fluid which can induce and regulate blastocystic development. Blastokinin is thought to be similar or identical to uteroglobin. Presence in uterine fluid regulated by progesterone. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicocele: A complex of dilated veins which surround the testicle, usually on the left side. [NIH]
Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or
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viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitelline Membrane: The plasma membrane of the egg. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer: An assisted reproduction technique consisting of hormonal stimulation of the ovaries, laparoscopic follicular aspiration of oocytes, in-vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of the zygote by transabdominal cannulation at the pronuclear
Dictionary 363
stage (before cleavage). [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
365
INDEX A Abdominal Pain, 166, 186, 246, 267, 283, 339 Aberrant, 12, 15, 35, 43, 283, 348 Ablate, 14, 283, 307 Ablation, 23, 85, 283 Abortion, 36, 193, 226, 265, 283, 335 Acatalasia, 283, 295 Acceptor, 283, 327, 337, 358 Acetaminophen, 16, 283 Acetylcholine, 283, 297, 334 Acne, 10, 179, 193, 209, 226, 283, 302 Acne Vulgaris, 179, 283 Acoustic, 283, 308 Actin, 283, 313 Acyl, 196, 224, 283 Adaptability, 283, 296 Adenine, 283, 284 Adenocarcinoma, 63, 101, 112, 116, 130, 137, 149, 160, 162, 163, 165, 168, 170, 172, 203, 283, 335 Adenoma, 53, 179, 284 Adenosine, 197, 284, 290, 294, 340 Adenosine Deaminase, 197, 284 Adhesions, 36, 40, 57, 69, 98, 117, 184, 188, 202, 221, 284 Adipocytes, 284, 300, 326 Adipose Tissue, 187, 284 Adjuvant, 23, 284 Adnexa, 284 Adnexa Uteri, 284 Adnexitis, 186, 284 Adolescence, 132, 139, 230, 284 Adrenal Cortex, 284, 285, 287, 301, 302, 310, 319, 335, 344 Adverse Effect, 284, 352 Aerobic, 284, 337 Aerobic Metabolism, 284, 337 Aerobic Respiration, 284, 337 Aetiology, 116, 127, 284 Afferent, 31, 284, 326 Affinity, 6, 34, 38, 180, 197, 212, 219, 284, 285, 308, 327, 353 Age Groups, 231, 285 Aged, 80 and Over, 285 Agenesis, 97, 124, 285, 315 Aggravation, 180, 285 Airway, 285, 353
Alanine, 285, 333 Albumin, 285, 341 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 213, 285 Aldosterone, 285, 332 Alertness, 285, 294 Algorithms, 285, 292 Alimentary, 285, 337 Alkaline, 285, 286, 294 Alleles, 115, 285, 328 Allelic Imbalance, 94, 285 Allergen, 285, 304 Alpha Particles, 286, 347 Alpha-1, 197, 286 Alpha-Defensins, 286, 303 Alpha-fetoprotein, 102, 286, 312 Alternative medicine, 245, 286 Alveolar Process, 286, 349 Amebiasis, 286, 331 Ameliorated, 193, 226, 286 Ameliorating, 17, 19, 286 Amenorrhea, 179, 192, 194, 199, 286, 288, 335, 342 Amino Acid Sequence, 183, 207, 286, 288, 308, 314, 344 Aminolevulinic Acid, 70, 286 Amino-terminal, 286, 344 Ammonia, 284, 286, 360 Amnion, 286, 298 Ampulla, 286, 308 Anabolic, 210, 211, 286, 305 Anaesthesia, 287, 321 Anal, 104, 123, 287, 309, 328 Analgesic, 186, 280, 283, 287 Analog, 40, 73, 123, 189, 218, 287, 293, 312, 326, 333, 359 Analogous, 4, 23, 287, 358 Anaphylatoxins, 287, 300 Anaplasia, 287 Anatomical, 46, 109, 287, 290, 297, 321, 351 Androgenic, 210, 211, 219, 287, 303, 335 Androgens, 12, 196, 211, 284, 287, 289, 301, 319 Androstenedione, 182, 220, 287 Anemia, 210, 232, 234, 287, 333, 339 Anesthesia, 46, 285, 287, 290, 307 Angina, 182, 219, 220, 287 Angina Pectoris, 182, 219, 220, 287
366 Endometriosis
Angiogenesis, 33, 102, 105, 176, 187, 198, 202, 205, 206, 225, 287, 308, 330 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 33, 187, 202, 287, 308 Angioplasty, 178, 216, 287, 290 Animal Husbandry, 179, 287 Animal model, 5, 187, 287 Anions, 285, 288, 325, 356 Anomalies, 288, 315, 356 Anorexia, 37, 288, 360 Anorexia Nervosa, 37, 288 Anovulation, 12, 288, 342 Antagonism, 197, 288, 294 Antiangiogenic, 33, 46, 241, 288 Antibacterial, 288, 354 Antibiotic, 288, 303, 306, 354, 356 Antibody therapy, 163, 288 Anticoagulant, 37, 288, 345 Antigen, 5, 48, 55, 67, 77, 115, 195, 200, 204, 284, 288, 300, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 330 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 288, 300 Anti-inflammatory, 22, 266, 283, 288, 301, 314 Antimetabolite, 288, 312 Antimicrobial, 28, 288, 303, 306 Antineoplastic, 289, 294, 301, 306, 312, 313, 314, 337 Antioxidant, 28, 289, 337 Antiproliferative, 6, 28, 289 Antipyretic, 186, 283, 289 Antiviral, 289, 313, 323, 338 Anus, 287, 289, 293, 299, 324, 339 Aplastic anemia, 68, 289 Apnea, 289 Apolipoproteins, 289, 327 Apoptosis, 20, 32, 57, 63, 73, 80, 95, 99, 110, 217, 289, 295 Appendicitis, 120, 289 Applicability, 196, 289 Aqueous, 289, 291, 303, 318, 326, 327 Arachidonic Acid, 217, 289, 326, 344 Arginine, 189, 218, 287, 289, 334, 360 Aromatase, 14, 26, 47, 58, 73, 80, 95, 181, 182, 219, 220, 289 Aromatic, 216, 289, 340 Arterial, 289, 290, 297, 319, 345, 356 Arteries, 289, 290, 292, 301, 328, 331, 333, 357, 360 Arterioles, 289, 290, 292, 294, 331, 333 Arteriolosclerosis, 289, 290 Arteriosclerosis, 176, 198, 290, 333
Artery, 287, 289, 290, 301, 307, 347 Articular, 290, 336 Aseptic, 290, 336, 355 Aspiration, 69, 280, 290, 311, 313, 362 Assay, 20, 29, 31, 41, 204, 222, 290, 320 Asymptomatic, 43, 283, 286, 290, 337 Atherectomy, 290, 307 Atopic, 76, 290 ATP, 290, 305, 314, 325, 328, 340, 345, 358 Atrial, 213, 290 Atrium, 290 Atrophy, 290, 342 Atypical, 36, 100, 120, 188, 290 Autoantibodies, 45, 48, 130, 137, 148, 204, 222, 290 Autoantigens, 191, 222, 290 Autodigestion, 290, 337 Autoimmune disease, 38, 205, 242, 290, 333 Autologous, 83, 198, 290 Autopsy, 17, 290 B Back Pain, 208, 278, 290 Bacteria, 6, 283, 288, 291, 308, 311, 328, 331, 351, 352, 354, 358, 360, 361 Bacteriophage, 291, 341, 358 Barbiturate, 291, 356 Basal cells, 204, 291 Basalis, 20, 291 Base, 7, 131, 283, 291, 303, 310, 313, 325, 356, 360 Basement Membrane, 291, 294, 311, 326 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 6, 181, 291 Benzene, 199, 291 Beta-Defensins, 291, 303 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 291, 324 Bilateral, 49, 63, 108, 149, 291, 342 Bile, 291, 313, 318, 327, 355 Biliary, 291, 337 Biliary Tract, 291, 337 Binding Sites, 27, 35, 213, 291 Biochemical, 6, 12, 17, 19, 20, 24, 32, 39, 178, 203, 214, 285, 288, 291, 315, 336, 352 Biological response modifier, 292, 323 Biological therapy, 292, 316 Biopsy, 10, 40, 58, 170, 171, 277, 278, 292, 338 Biopsy specimen, 58, 292 Biotechnology, 41, 42, 237, 245, 257, 292 Biotin, 101, 292 Birth Rate, 216, 292 Blastocyst, 203, 292, 300, 307, 337, 341, 359
Index 367
Blood Cell Count, 292, 339 Blood Coagulation, 292, 294, 357 Blood Glucose, 292, 317, 323 Blood pressure, 292, 295, 319, 332, 353 Blot, 20, 292 Body Burden, 16, 292 Body Fluids, 292, 293, 306, 353, 359 Body Mass Index, 36, 187, 292, 337 Bone Density, 167, 179, 201, 292 Bone Marrow, 289, 291, 293, 310, 313, 320, 323, 329, 330, 333, 353, 355 Bone metastases, 210, 293 Bone Resorption, 210, 293 Bowel Movement, 238, 246, 293, 304, 355 Brachytherapy, 293, 324, 347 Bradykinin, 293, 334, 341 Branch, 275, 293, 329, 338, 346, 353, 357 Breakdown, 11, 39, 210, 293, 304, 313, 336 Breeding, 287, 293 Broad Ligament, 105, 293, 311 Bronchi, 293, 309, 358 Bronchial, 182, 219, 220, 293, 317, 345 Bronchiseptica, 293, 339 Bronchitis, 227, 293, 298 Buccal, 293, 328 Buserelin, 51, 130, 133, 135, 137, 140, 141, 293 Bypass, 178, 293 C Caesarean section, 51, 56, 69, 293 Caffeine, 15, 231, 293 Calcification, 290, 294 Calcium, 144, 230, 294, 297, 299, 313, 319, 330, 352 Capillary, 33, 293, 294, 361 Capsules, 186, 294, 305 Carbohydrate, 5, 48, 205, 294, 301, 315, 343 Carbon Dioxide, 294, 341, 349 Carboplatin, 159, 161, 168, 169, 294 Carboxymethylcellulose, 176, 198, 294 Carcinogen, 32, 294, 310, 331 Carcinogenesis, 74, 217, 294 Carcinogenic, 291, 294, 305, 322, 336, 344, 355 Carcinoid, 94, 294 Carcinoma in Situ, 164, 294, 328 Cardiac, 187, 213, 294, 309, 333, 355 Cardiovascular, 163, 164, 172, 179, 181, 193, 201, 209, 226, 294, 326, 352 Cardiovascular disease, 164, 179, 181, 193, 201, 209, 226, 294 Carotene, 295, 349
Carrier Proteins, 295, 341 Case series, 13, 295, 298 Case-Control Studies, 22, 295, 309 Caspase, 20, 295 Castration, 134, 140, 295 Catalase, 84, 283, 295 Catalyse, 217, 295 Cataracts, 179, 201, 295 Catfish, 18, 295 Catheter, 290, 295, 307 Catheterization, 287, 295, 313 Caudal, 295, 304, 319, 343 Causal, 186, 295, 309 Cause of Death, 224, 295 Caustic, 295 Cauterization, 97, 295 Cell Adhesion, 28, 61, 202, 225, 296, 323 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 61, 202, 296 Cell Aggregation, 296, 336 Cell Communication, 11, 296 Cell Death, 20, 289, 296 Cell Differentiation, 296, 352 Cell Division, 178, 291, 296, 316, 332, 341, 344 Cell Fusion, 28, 296 Cell membrane, 195, 202, 295, 296, 304, 325, 340 Cell motility, 296, 317 Cell proliferation, 6, 32, 39, 73, 99, 105, 181, 209, 290, 296, 324, 352 Cell Respiration, 284, 296, 337, 349 Cell Survival, 20, 149, 296, 316 Cellular adhesion, 11, 296 Central Nervous System, 179, 201, 283, 285, 291, 294, 296, 306, 314, 316, 326, 333, 342, 352 Central Nervous System Infections, 296, 316 Centrifugation, 296, 331 Ceramide, 6, 296 Cerebellum, 296, 301 Cerebral, 209, 297, 309, 357 Cerebrovascular, 295, 297 Cerebrum, 297, 301 Cervical, 26, 28, 52, 80, 124, 167, 168, 297 Cervix, 5, 38, 52, 116, 124, 125, 179, 238, 280, 283, 297, 316, 349 Character, 287, 297, 303 Chemokines, 7, 297 Chemotactic Factors, 113, 297, 300 Chemotaxis, 15, 98, 297
368 Endometriosis
Chemotherapy, 31, 148, 153, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 200, 280, 297 Chest cavity, 297, 342 Chest wall, 297, 342 Chin, 72, 83, 104, 128, 132, 138, 149, 297, 330 Cholecystectomy, 74, 297 Cholesterol, 152, 181, 182, 209, 220, 291, 297, 298, 301, 319, 327, 328, 355, 356 Cholesterol Esters, 297, 327 Choline, 181, 297 Chondrocytes, 297, 312 Chorioallantoic membrane, 59, 69, 297 Chorioamnionitis, 26, 28, 297 Chorion, 297, 298 Choroid, 298, 301, 349, 361 Chromatin, 6, 35, 289, 298 Chromosomal, 298 Chromosome, 114, 298, 327, 328 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 76, 298 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 216, 298 Chronic renal, 37, 298, 342, 360 Chylomicrons, 298, 327 Cicatrix, 298, 325 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 298, 325 CIS, 181, 298, 349 Cisplatin, 159, 161, 298 Clear cell carcinoma, 53, 101, 160, 165, 170, 298, 304 Clinical Medicine, 206, 298, 343 Clinical Protocols, 8, 298 Clinical study, 68, 298 Clinical trial, 4, 9, 13, 30, 40, 159, 170, 173, 257, 298, 301, 306, 346, 348 Cloning, 176, 177, 292, 298 Coagulation, 227, 292, 299, 317, 341 Coal, 291, 299 Cofactor, 299, 345, 357 Cognition, 210, 299 Cohort Studies, 37, 299, 309 Colitis, 299, 322 Collagen, 69, 197, 202, 212, 213, 286, 291, 299, 311, 312, 324, 325, 329, 341, 344, 349 Collapse, 293, 299, 342, 353 Colloidal, 285, 299, 307 Colon, 41, 50, 63, 86, 108, 123, 178, 199, 238, 299, 322, 326, 352 Colorectal, 53, 86, 299 Combination chemotherapy, 159, 160, 161, 167, 299 Combination Therapy, 299, 310
Compact Disks, 214, 299 Complement, 197, 204, 287, 299, 300, 314, 323, 329, 341 Complementary and alternative medicine, 147, 148, 155, 300 Complementary medicine, 148, 300 Compliance, 10, 13, 214, 300 Computational Biology, 257, 300 Conception, 16, 136, 143, 283, 300, 301, 312, 313, 355 Cones, 300, 349 Congestive heart failure, 216, 300 Conjugated, 188, 300, 303, 335 Connective Tissue, 213, 293, 299, 300, 304, 312, 325, 329, 331, 350, 355 Connective Tissue Cells, 300 Consciousness, 287, 300, 303, 305 Constipation, 208, 300, 339 Constriction, 186, 300 Consumption, 231, 301, 304, 349 Contraception, 8, 10, 12, 36, 38, 164, 189, 193, 196, 199, 203, 210, 211, 218, 224, 226, 301, 326, 335 Contractility, 52, 301 Contraindications, ii, 301 Controlled study, 72, 118, 301 Conus, 92, 301, 346 Conventional therapy, 301 Conventional treatment, 27, 301 Coordination, 297, 301, 333 Cornea, 18, 301, 351, 355, 361 Coronary, 178, 216, 287, 295, 301, 331, 333 Coronary Circulation, 287, 301 Coronary heart disease, 295, 301 Coronary Thrombosis, 301, 331, 333 Corpus, 213, 301, 328, 338, 344, 351, 357, 362 Corpus Luteum, 213, 301, 328, 344 Cortex, 211, 301 Cortices, 210, 301 Corticosteroid, 301, 355 Cortisol, 5, 119, 285, 302 Cortisone, 197, 302 Cranial, 296, 302, 316 Craniocerebral Trauma, 302, 316 Cross-Sectional Studies, 302, 309 Croton Oil, 302, 340 Cruciferous vegetables, 302, 321 Cryptorchidism, 190, 302 Cues, 36, 302 Curative, 302, 334, 357 Cutaneous, 56, 107, 302, 328
Index 369
Cyclic, 18, 55, 63, 180, 194, 199, 203, 226, 294, 296, 302, 316, 334, 345 Cyclin, 6, 33, 302 Cyproterone, 56, 80, 242, 302 Cyproterone Acetate, 80, 302 Cyst, 189, 218, 239, 278, 302 Cystitis, 4, 118, 267, 302 Cytochrome, 58, 73, 289, 302 Cytokine, 7, 15, 20, 26, 37, 38, 48, 115, 192, 216, 303, 323, 324, 357 Cytoplasm, 289, 296, 303, 309, 316, 350 Cytoskeleton, 33, 185, 202, 212, 303, 323, 331 Cytotoxic, 20, 32, 303, 347, 352 Cytotoxicity, 96, 298, 303, 325 D Daunorubicin, 303, 306 Deamination, 303, 360 Decidua, 12, 303, 331, 341 Decision Making, 23, 157, 303 Defense Mechanisms, 303, 323 Defensins, 38, 286, 291, 303 Degenerative, 209, 301, 303, 329, 336, 350 Deletion, 27, 177, 289, 303, 328 Dementia, 37, 303 Density, 5, 21, 50, 80, 96, 292, 293, 296, 303, 327, 336, 353 Depolarization, 304, 352 Deprivation, 181, 304 Dermis, 304, 325, 358 Dermoid, 63, 304 Dermoid Cyst, 63, 304 DES, 131, 137, 208, 229, 287, 304 Desensitization, 38, 180, 304 Detoxification, 89, 304 Deuterium, 304, 318 Developed Countries, 187, 304 Diabetes Mellitus, 37, 152, 304, 314, 317 Diabetic Retinopathy, 206, 225, 304, 340 Diagnostic procedure, 175, 245, 304 Diaphragm, 304, 342 Diarrhea, 208, 286, 304 Diastolic, 304, 319 Diencephalon, 304, 319, 357 Digestion, 285, 291, 293, 304, 324, 327, 355, 361 Digestive system, 174, 304, 313 Digestive tract, 305, 353, 354, 362 Dihydrotestosterone, 211, 302, 305, 348 Dilatation, 283, 287, 305, 344, 361 Dilation, 212, 264, 290, 293, 305 Dioxins, 50, 61, 305
Direct, iii, 14, 15, 28, 41, 178, 188, 238, 249, 296, 298, 305, 314, 328, 348 Disaccharides, 21, 305 Discrete, 15, 305 Disease Progression, 14, 305 Dislocation, 64, 213, 305 Disparity, 26, 305 Dissection, 41, 305, 329 Dissociation, 284, 305 Distal, 305, 346 Diuresis, 294, 305 DNA Topoisomerase, 305, 314 Docetaxel, 153, 161, 305 Dosage Forms, 181, 305 Dose-dependent, 187, 306 Double-blind, 29, 62, 73, 108, 168, 306 Double-blinded, 168, 306 Doxorubicin, 159, 161, 167, 168, 169, 306 Doxycycline, 164, 306 Drive, ii, vi, 129, 204, 230, 238, 306, 325, 327 Drug Interactions, 251, 306 Duct, 286, 295, 306, 310, 324, 350 Ductal carcinoma in situ, 164, 181, 306, 324 Duodenum, 291, 306, 308, 355 Dysmenorrhoea, 88, 133, 140, 306 Dyspareunia, 4, 24, 36, 192, 208, 278, 306, 310 Dysplasia, 116, 306 Dyspnea, 306, 346 Dysuria, 36, 306 E Ectopic Pregnancy, 94, 120, 136, 143, 239, 306 Edema, 63, 304, 306, 360 Effector, 18, 19, 283, 299, 306, 325 Efferent, 31, 306 Efficacy, 9, 10, 13, 23, 25, 30, 40, 117, 150, 182, 188, 220, 306 Effusion, 104, 306 Ejaculation, 306, 351 Elasticity, 290, 307 Elastin, 213, 299, 307, 311 Elective, 112, 307 Electrocoagulation, 299, 307 Electrolyte, 285, 301, 307, 332, 343, 353, 360 Electrophoresis, 184, 307 Embryo Transfer, 56, 62, 83, 135, 136, 142, 307 Emphysema, 298, 307
370 Endometriosis
Empiric, 243, 307 Enanthate, 211, 307 Encapsulated, 307, 327 Endarterectomy, 178, 287, 290, 307 Endocrine System, 307 Endocytosis, 6, 12, 307 Endoderm, 307, 362 Endogenous, 14, 31, 35, 178, 183, 196, 197, 207, 211, 224, 290, 307, 331, 358 Endometrial disorder, 164, 307 Endoscope, 308 Endoscopic, 104, 108, 115, 132, 139, 240, 308, 360 Endoscopy, 70, 86, 88, 108, 109, 308 Endosonography, 123, 308 Endostatin, 187, 308 Endothelial cell, 33, 176, 187, 198, 205, 217, 225, 308, 312, 324, 357, 360 Endothelial Growth Factors, 225, 308 Endothelium, 187, 308, 334, 341, 360 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 308 Endothelium, Vascular, 308 Endothelium-derived, 308, 334 Endotoxic, 308, 327 Endotoxin, 308, 359 End-stage renal, 298, 308, 342 Energy balance, 308, 326 Enhancer, 34, 197, 309 Environmental Health, 61, 113, 256, 258, 309 Enzymatic, 286, 294, 295, 300, 309, 349 Enzyme Inhibitors, 309, 341 Eosinophil, 188, 309 Eosinophilic, 309 Epidemic, 157, 187, 309 Epidemiologic Studies, 36, 108, 309 Epidermal, 185, 186, 212, 309, 325, 330 Epidermal Growth Factor, 185, 186, 212, 309 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 185, 186, 212, 309 Epidermis, 291, 304, 309, 325, 347 Epigastric, 309, 337 Epinephrine, 309, 334, 360 Episiotomy, 104, 279, 309 Epithelial carcinoma, 102, 309 Epithelial Cells, 7, 11, 12, 21, 28, 30, 38, 97, 217, 291, 309, 310, 317, 326, 332 Epithelial ovarian cancer, 77, 309 Epithelium, 12, 32, 59, 202, 291, 308, 310 Epitope, 6, 310 Erectile, 210, 310, 338
Erection, 310 Erythrocytes, 287, 292, 293, 310 Erythropoietin, 67, 310 Esophagus, 304, 305, 310, 313, 355 Estradiol, 7, 14, 31, 32, 38, 47, 58, 131, 138, 182, 220, 250, 310 Estrogen, 4, 6, 12, 14, 17, 26, 31, 32, 37, 40, 66, 93, 107, 134, 141, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 190, 192, 193, 197, 199, 200, 201, 207, 209, 223, 226, 240, 243, 289, 302, 310, 351, 356 Estrogen Antagonists, 179, 201, 310 Estrogen receptor, 14, 27, 178, 179, 199, 200, 201, 209, 226, 243, 310 Estrogen Receptor Modulators, 209, 310 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 168, 310 Estrone, 182, 220, 310 Ethinyl Estradiol, 10, 310 Eukaryotic Cells, 310, 321 Evacuation, 300, 310, 326 Excipients, 210, 226, 310 Exocrine, 310, 337 Exogenous, 14, 307, 311 Extensor, 311, 346 External-beam radiation, 311, 347 Extracellular, 11, 33, 177, 185, 202, 212, 225, 300, 307, 311, 312, 323, 330, 353 Extracellular Matrix, 33, 202, 212, 300, 311, 312, 323, 330 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 311, 330 Extracellular Space, 311 Extremity, 311, 350 F Family Planning, 257, 311 Fat, 167, 230, 284, 289, 293, 295, 296, 301, 311, 326, 327, 333, 337, 342, 350, 351 Fatigue, 210, 230, 298, 311, 316 Fatty acids, 151, 285, 311, 327, 344, 357 Feces, 300, 311, 355 Femoral, 64, 311, 317 Femoral Neck Fractures, 311, 317 Femur, 311, 317 Ferritin, 197, 311 Fetal Blood, 297, 311 Fetoprotein, 311 Fetus, 21, 283, 286, 298, 310, 311, 312, 320, 341, 344, 354, 360, 361 Fibril, 312, 349 Fibrin, 292, 312, 339, 341, 357, 358 Fibrinogen, 312, 341, 357 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 60, 308, 312 Fibroblasts, 201, 300, 312, 324
Index 371
Fibroid, 34, 209, 232, 234, 235, 312, 326 Fibrosis, 181, 312, 346, 351 Fistula, 126, 312 Flavopiridol, 171, 312 Fluorescence, 34, 69, 70, 312 Fluorouracil, 154, 167, 312 Foetoplacental, 312, 335 Fold, 229, 293, 312 Follicles, 304, 312, 322 Follicular Fluid, 83, 312 Follicular Phase, 14, 312 Foramen, 297, 312, 339 Free Radicals, 6, 289, 305, 312 G Gallbladder, 283, 291, 297, 304, 313 Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer, 216, 313 Gamma Rays, 313, 347 Gamma-interferon, 313, 323 Gas, 286, 294, 313, 318, 334, 342 Gasoline, 291, 313 Gastrectomy, 37, 313 Gastric, 21, 25, 163, 190, 290, 305, 309, 313 Gastrin, 313, 318 Gastroenterologist, 238, 313 Gastroenterology, 45, 68, 92, 95, 238, 313 Gastrointestinal, 29, 97, 151, 227, 238, 266, 267, 293, 294, 309, 312, 313, 326, 352, 355, 359 Gastrointestinal tract, 151, 227, 312, 313, 326, 352, 359 Gelsolin, 197, 313 Gene Expression, 6, 14, 26, 34, 43, 61, 78, 83, 116, 208, 313 Gene Therapy, 207, 313 Genetic Code, 313, 335 Genetic Engineering, 292, 299, 314 Genetics, 25, 51, 58, 68, 69, 72, 78, 99, 100, 109, 124, 284, 314 Genistein, 150, 314 Genital, 26, 38, 54, 193, 203, 234, 235, 298, 314, 361 Genitourinary, 314, 361 Genomics, 63, 314 Genotype, 314, 340 Germ Cells, 314, 336, 337, 353, 356, 362 Gestation, 26, 214, 314, 341, 354 Gestrinone, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 314 Giardiasis, 314, 331 Gland, 149, 177, 182, 190, 211, 220, 284, 302, 314, 319, 329, 337, 341, 345, 351, 355, 357
Glomeruli, 314, 347 Glottis, 314, 339 Glucocorticoid, 197, 199, 210, 314, 331, 332 Glucose, 292, 304, 314, 315, 317, 322, 323, 350 Glucose Intolerance, 304, 314 Glutamic Acid, 314, 334, 344 Glycine, 286, 315, 334, 352 Glycoprotein, 21, 88, 89, 184, 202, 205, 310, 312, 315, 326, 357, 359 Glycoside, 305, 315, 350 Glycosylation, 21, 72, 315 Gonad, 315, 356 Gonadal, 17, 19, 31, 34, 38, 176, 177, 210, 315, 355 Gonadal Dysgenesis, 210, 315 Gonadorelin, 315, 326, 333, 359 Gonadotropic, 180, 315 Goserelin, 42, 74, 132, 138, 139, 243, 250, 315 Governing Board, 315, 343 Gp120, 315, 338 Grade, 315 Grading, 208, 315 Graft, 315, 318, 321 Graft Rejection, 315, 321 Grafting, 178, 315, 321 Granulocytes, 316, 326, 333, 352, 362 Granulosa Cells, 83, 106, 113, 316, 322 Gravidity, 316, 338 Groin, 64, 316, 322 Growth, 5, 6, 10, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 35, 39, 53, 60, 67, 74, 76, 83, 107, 113, 131, 137, 162, 166, 167, 170, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 193, 197, 198, 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 213, 217, 225, 226, 235, 284, 287, 288, 289, 292, 296, 307, 308, 309, 312, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323, 324, 329, 333, 334, 336, 341, 342, 346, 348, 351, 357, 359, 360 Growth factors, 15, 20, 22, 35, 113, 178, 217, 308, 316 Guanine, 197, 316 Guanylate Cyclase, 316, 334 Gynaecological, 56, 316 Gynecologic cancer, 20, 169, 170, 316 H Habitual, 193, 226, 297, 316 Haemorrhage, 283, 316 Hair Color, 109, 316 Half-Life, 188, 316
372 Endometriosis
Haptens, 284, 316 Headache, 186, 294, 316, 342, 343 Headache Disorders, 316 Heart attack, 295, 316 Heart failure, 316, 346 Heme, 106, 286, 302, 316 Hemoglobin, 106, 287, 292, 310, 316, 317, 326 Hemoglobin A, 106, 317 Hemoglobinopathies, 313, 317 Hemoptysis, 51, 317 Hemorrhage, 302, 307, 316, 317, 355, 362 Hemostasis, 317, 323, 352 Heparin, 308, 317 Hepatic, 15, 68, 75, 76, 285, 317 Hepatocyte, 47, 76, 317 Hepatocyte Growth Factor, 47, 317 Herbicides, 305, 317 Hereditary, 230, 317 Heredity, 283, 313, 314, 317 Hernia, 15, 64, 317 Heterodimers, 317, 323 Heterogeneity, 285, 317 Hip Fractures, 210, 311, 317 Hirsutism, 10, 176, 193, 209, 226, 302, 317, 319 Histology, 10, 318 Homeostasis, 206, 318 Homologous, 285, 313, 318, 346, 356 Hormonal therapy, 3, 318 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 32, 73, 74, 90, 91, 108, 211, 216, 230, 264, 265, 318 Hormone therapy, 13, 162, 167, 171, 172, 200, 219, 318 Host, 23, 177, 198, 202, 291, 303, 312, 318, 320, 321, 326, 362 Humoral, 204, 315, 318 Humour, 318 Hyaluronidase, 21, 318 Hybrid, 318 Hybridization, 40, 58, 71, 100, 296, 318 Hybridomas, 318, 324 Hydrogen Bonding, 39, 318, 335 Hydrogen Peroxide, 295, 318, 327, 356 Hydrolysis, 177, 284, 298, 318, 325, 340, 346 Hydronephrosis, 121, 319 Hydrophobic, 5, 319, 327 Hydroxylysine, 299, 319 Hydroxyproline, 286, 299, 319 Hyperandrogenism, 12, 319
Hypercalcemia, 210, 319 Hypercholesterolemia, 153, 179, 201, 319 Hyperlipidemia, 181, 319 Hyperplasia, 80, 170, 172, 176, 190, 198, 210, 216, 319 Hypersensitivity, 285, 304, 309, 319, 326, 350 Hyperstimulation, 56, 83, 102, 319 Hypertension, 111, 178, 187, 290, 295, 316, 319, 360 Hyperthermia, 167, 319 Hypertrichosis, 317, 319 Hypertrophy, 176, 179, 187, 194, 201, 291, 319 Hypnotic, 291, 319, 356 Hypogonadism, 37, 210, 319 Hypokinesia, 319, 338 Hypothalamic, 17, 19, 31, 180, 189, 194, 218, 319 Hypothalamus, 177, 180, 190, 194, 304, 315, 319, 341, 357 Hypoxic, 320, 331 I Id, 114, 143, 151, 188, 264, 265, 267, 268, 274, 276, 320 Idiopathic, 82, 320 Ileum, 105, 320 Iliac Vein, 63, 320 Imidazole, 292, 320 Immaturity, 12, 320 Immune adjuvant, 23, 320 Immune function, 191, 204, 320 Immune response, 23, 26, 38, 109, 200, 284, 288, 290, 302, 315, 316, 320, 321, 329, 355, 362 Immune Sera, 320 Immune system, 31, 38, 269, 288, 292, 320, 321, 326, 329, 333, 361, 362 Immune Tolerance, 43, 320 Immunity, 32, 285, 303, 320, 324, 358 Immunization, 32, 320, 321 Immunoassay, 188, 320 Immunochemistry, 20, 320 Immunodeficiency, 230, 320 Immunogenic, 200, 320, 327 Immunoglobulin, 197, 205, 288, 320, 332 Immunohistochemistry, 195, 320 Immunologic, 297, 320, 347 Immunology, 42, 60, 61, 64, 71, 78, 81, 82, 88, 93, 97, 106, 114, 115, 119, 188, 284, 321 Immunosuppressant, 312, 321
Index 373
Immunosuppressive, 314, 321 Immunosuppressive therapy, 321 Immunotherapy, 23, 135, 142, 292, 304, 321 Impairment, 209, 321, 324, 331 Implant radiation, 321, 324, 347 Impotence, 310, 321 In situ, 32, 35, 41, 116, 203, 321 In Situ Hybridization, 41, 321 In vivo, 6, 7, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 28, 31, 33, 38, 127, 149, 197, 225, 296, 313, 317, 321, 327, 357 Incision, 293, 309, 321, 325, 326 Incontinence, 4, 23, 148, 179, 201, 209, 267, 321 Incubation, 321, 339 Incubation period, 321, 339 Indicative, 204, 231, 321, 338, 361 Indole-3-carbinol, 223, 321 Induction, 41, 82, 211, 212, 287, 321, 337 Infancy, 230, 321 Infant Mortality, 26, 321 Infant, Newborn, 285, 321 Infarction, 321 Inferior vena cava, 320, 322 Infiltration, 78, 322 Inflammatory bowel disease, 37, 230, 322 Informed Consent, 165, 322 Infusion, 107, 322 Ingestion, 15, 322, 342 Inguinal, 42, 112, 322 Inguinal Hernia, 112, 322 Inhalation, 215, 216, 322, 342 Inhibin, 18, 19, 67, 75, 322 Initiation, 33, 322, 358 Initiator, 322, 324 In-line, 226, 322 Innervation, 322, 339, 350, 357 Inorganic, 298, 322, 333 Inositol, 177, 322 Insight, 15, 17, 39, 323 Insomnia, 323, 343 Insulator, 323, 333 Insulin, 35, 83, 213, 323 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 323 Insulin-like, 35, 83, 213, 323 Integrins, 15, 202, 323 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, 43, 55, 323 Interferon, 7, 123, 213, 313, 323 Interferon-alpha, 323
Interleukin-1, 43, 54, 57, 71, 81, 105, 114, 120, 123, 163, 217, 323, 324 Interleukin-10, 71, 323 Interleukin-11, 105, 323 Interleukin-12, 54, 123, 163, 323 Interleukin-15, 81, 324 Interleukin-2, 73, 323, 324 Interleukin-6, 45, 47, 83, 120, 125, 324 Interleukin-8, 89, 105, 120, 324 Interleukins, 60, 324 Internal Medicine, 8, 225, 307, 313, 324 Internal radiation, 324, 347 Interstitial, 4, 118, 213, 293, 311, 324 Interstitial Collagenase, 213, 324 Intestinal, 29, 50, 63, 86, 101, 108, 132, 138, 187, 217, 246, 286, 295, 324, 362 Intestinal Mucosa, 324, 362 Intestinal Obstruction, 63, 324 Intestinal Polyps, 187, 324 Intestine, 29, 184, 221, 293, 324, 326 Intracellular, 6, 18, 177, 185, 199, 211, 212, 225, 294, 322, 323, 324, 334, 343, 345, 352 Intraductal carcinoma, 306, 324 Intraepithelial, 80, 324 Intramuscular, 324, 337 Intraperitoneal, 123, 208, 324 Intravenous, 322, 324, 337 Intravesical, 85, 325 Intrinsic, 24, 285, 291, 325 Invasive cancer, 325, 328 Ion Transport, 325, 332 Ionizing, 286, 325, 347 Ions, 291, 305, 307, 313, 318, 325 Isoelectric, 184, 325 Isoelectric Point, 184, 325 J Joint, 15, 290, 325, 328, 336, 356 K Kb, 256, 325 Keloid, 201, 298, 325 Keratinocytes, 324, 325 Kidney Disease, 174, 256, 319, 325 Kidney Pelvis, 325, 360 Kidney stone, 319, 325 Killer Cells, 325 L Labile, 299, 326 Lacerations, 309, 326 Lactation, 147, 193, 226, 326, 335 Laminin, 45, 202, 213, 291, 311, 326
374 Endometriosis
Laparoscopy, 13, 22, 59, 63, 65, 70, 86, 88, 97, 112, 126, 188, 193, 195, 208, 240, 264, 279, 326 Laparotomy, 126, 237, 279, 326 Large Intestine, 304, 305, 324, 326, 348, 353 Latent, 326, 343 Laxative, 294, 326 Leiomyoma, 24, 27, 124, 312, 326, 353 Lens, 295, 326, 349 Leptin, 113, 326 Lethal, 201, 326 Leucine, 189, 212, 218, 326 Leucocyte, 286, 309, 326 Leukemia, 130, 137, 148, 164, 306, 313, 326 Leukocytes, 203, 292, 293, 297, 316, 323, 324, 326, 359 Leukotrienes, 88, 133, 140, 289, 326 Leuprolide, 40, 58, 88, 96, 131, 138, 215, 243, 245, 250, 326 Levonorgestrel, 54, 123, 164, 326, 335 Libido, 210, 287, 327 Library Services, 274, 327 Ligament, 87, 213, 327, 345 Ligands, 5, 6, 33, 39, 179, 195, 209, 223, 296, 323, 327 Ligation, 327 Linkages, 317, 327 Lipid, 5, 88, 289, 290, 297, 323, 327, 333, 337 Lipid A, 5, 327 Lipid Peroxidation, 327, 337 Lipid Peroxides, 88, 327 Lipophilic, 327, 342 Lipopolysaccharides, 327 Lipoprotein, 25, 327, 328 Liposomal, 167, 168, 169, 327 Liposome, 207, 327 Litter, 16, 327 Litter Size, 16, 327 Liver, 5, 283, 285, 286, 289, 291, 292, 304, 310, 311, 313, 317, 327, 360 Liver cancer, 286, 327 Lobe, 180, 194, 327, 338 Lobular carcinoma in situ, 164, 327 Local therapy, 181, 328 Localization, 11, 33, 80, 89, 190, 320, 328 Localized, 7, 96, 189, 307, 317, 319, 322, 326, 328, 341, 351 Longitudinal study, 22, 328 Loop, 15, 18, 186, 212, 317, 328 Loss of Heterozygosity, 285, 328 Low-density lipoprotein, 82, 327, 328
Lucida, 326, 328 Luciferase, 7, 328 Lumbago, 186, 328 Lumbar, 291, 328, 350, 357 Lumen, 308, 324, 328 Lupus, 230, 328 Luteal Phase, 105, 328, 331 Luteolytic Agents, 189, 218, 328 Luxation, 305, 328 Lymph, 166, 297, 308, 318, 328, 329, 355 Lymph node, 166, 297, 329 Lymphadenectomy, 166, 329 Lymphatic, 183, 208, 308, 322, 328, 329, 331, 342, 353, 354, 357 Lymphatic system, 328, 329, 353, 354, 357 Lymphocyte, 78, 288, 324, 325, 329, 330 Lymphoid, 288, 326, 329 Lysine, 319, 329, 344 Lysosome, 6, 329 M Macrophage, 15, 24, 57, 78, 92, 113, 323, 329 Macula, 329 Macula Lutea, 329 Macular Degeneration, 206, 329 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 54, 59, 114, 329 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 195, 329 Malignancy, 91, 210, 224, 329 Malignant tumor, 294, 329, 333 Mammary, 222, 329, 356 Mandible, 286, 297, 329, 349 Matrix metalloproteinase, 11, 17, 71, 92, 93, 103, 107, 109, 115, 213, 329 Meat, 180, 330 Medial, 290, 330, 336, 357 Mediate, 7, 27, 217, 296, 325, 330 Mediator, 211, 324, 330, 352 Medical Records, 36, 330 Medical Staff, 306, 330 MEDLINE, 257, 330 Medroxyprogesterone, 150, 164, 170, 172, 237, 244, 330 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 237, 244, 330 Megakaryocytes, 323, 330 Melanin, 330, 340, 360 Melanocytes, 330 Melanoma, 109, 197, 330 Memory, 179, 201, 288, 303, 330 Menarche, 16, 36, 230, 330
Index 375
Meninges, 296, 302, 330 Menopause, 8, 16, 23, 107, 134, 141, 148, 153, 172, 193, 210, 226, 230, 235, 330, 335, 343 Mental, iv, 4, 99, 174, 230, 256, 258, 297, 299, 303, 305, 311, 319, 330, 331, 346, 360 Mental Disorders, 174, 319, 330 Mental Health, iv, 4, 174, 256, 258, 331, 346 Mesenchymal, 309, 331 Mesentery, 331, 339 Mesoderm, 331, 359, 362 Mesothelial, 11, 21, 82, 127, 331 Metabolite, 310, 331 Metaplasia, 80, 124, 183, 208, 331 Metastasis, 17, 33, 296, 330, 331 Metastatic, 94, 161, 162, 167, 171, 172, 181, 188, 315, 331, 351 Methyltransferase, 51, 331 Metronidazole, 29, 331 MI, 35, 177, 185, 187, 209, 211, 212, 280, 331 Microbe, 331, 358 Microbiology, 11, 25, 29, 31, 290, 331 Microcirculation, 331, 341 Microorganism, 299, 331, 362 Microscopy, 5, 56, 291, 331 Microsomal, 217, 331 Microtubules, 331, 337 Mifepristone, 197, 331 Migration, 33, 92, 113, 217, 323, 332 Milliliter, 293, 332 Mineralocorticoid, 199, 332 Mitosis, 289, 332 Mitotic, 216, 305, 332 Mobility, 27, 332 Modification, 286, 314, 332, 347 Modulator, 210, 332 Molecular Conformation, 23, 332 Monitor, 10, 59, 111, 188, 332, 335 Monoclonal, 163, 173, 195, 202, 203, 318, 332, 347, 359 Monocyte, 82, 98, 101, 114, 244, 332 Mononuclear, 24, 332, 359 Morphogenesis, 33, 332 Morphological, 12, 20, 110, 203, 307, 330, 332 Morphology, 16, 332 Motility, 190, 313, 332, 352 Motion Sickness, 332, 333 Mucinous, 29, 59, 102, 332 Mucosa, 9, 38, 328, 332, 355
Mucus, 332, 333, 346 Multiple Myeloma, 37, 333 Multiple sclerosis, 230, 333 Musculature, 9, 319, 333 Mutagenic, 22, 305, 333 Mydriatic, 305, 333 Myelin, 333 Myeloid Cells, 32, 333 Myocardial infarction, 182, 188, 219, 220, 291, 301, 331, 333 Myocardial Ischemia, 287, 333 Myocardium, 287, 331, 333 Myometrium, 5, 28, 333 N Nafarelin, 13, 42, 96, 124, 136, 250, 333 Natural killer cells, 81, 323, 333 Nausea, 186, 305, 333, 343, 360 NCI, 1, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 255, 298, 333 Need, 3, 34, 126, 188, 202, 203, 222, 229, 238, 246, 270, 284, 298, 329, 330, 333 Neonatal, 17, 26, 28, 96, 321, 333 Neoplasia, 49, 80, 333, 334 Neoplasm, 334, 350, 360 Neoplastic, 30, 97, 217, 287, 318, 328, 334, 348 Nerve Growth Factor, 78, 334 Nervous System, 284, 296, 330, 334, 355 Neural, 214, 284, 312, 318, 334 Neuromuscular, 151, 283, 334, 360 Neuronal, 177, 334 Neurons, 334, 356 Neuropathy, 18, 227, 334 Neurotransmitter, 283, 284, 286, 293, 296, 314, 315, 334, 352, 355 Neutrons, 286, 334, 347 Neutrophil, 67, 95, 323, 334 Niacin, 334, 359 Nidation, 307, 334 Nitric Oxide, 44, 82, 213, 334 Nitrogen, 287, 311, 334, 359 Non-small cell lung cancer, 163, 335 Norethindrone, 10, 40, 51, 335 Norgestrel, 326, 335 Nuclear, 6, 27, 33, 98, 181, 310, 313, 335 Nuclear Proteins, 27, 335 Nuclei, 213, 286, 313, 314, 329, 332, 334, 335, 346 Nucleic acid, 177, 183, 184, 207, 221, 224, 313, 318, 321, 334, 335 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 318, 335 Nucleoproteins, 335
376 Endometriosis
Nucleus, 33, 185, 212, 289, 298, 302, 303, 304, 310, 313, 332, 334, 335, 344, 346 O Observational study, 131, 138, 335 Occult, 52, 335 Odour, 289, 335, 360 Oestrogen, 84, 91, 98, 130, 137, 335 Ointments, 305, 336 Oligomenorrhea, 192, 336, 342 Oncogene, 317, 336, 348 Oncogenic, 178, 323, 336, 346 Oocytes, 109, 313, 336, 362 Oophorectomy, 4, 37, 99, 244, 336 Opacity, 295, 303, 336 Operon, 336, 349 Opsin, 336, 349, 350 Optic Chiasm, 319, 336 Optic Disk, 301, 304, 329, 336 Orbit, 304, 336 Orchiectomy, 37, 182, 220, 336 Orderly, 33, 336 Organ Culture, 336, 358 Orgasm, 54, 64, 113, 306, 336 Osteoarthritis, 187, 206, 336 Osteoporosis, 37, 153, 163, 164, 166, 179, 181, 187, 193, 201, 209, 210, 226, 230, 310, 335, 336 Ovarian Cysts, 189, 218, 235, 336, 346 Ovarian epithelial cancer, 69, 161, 163, 167, 169, 336 Ovarian Follicle, 10, 301, 312, 316, 336 Ovariectomy, 14, 20, 337 Ovary, 102, 107, 126, 176, 179, 180, 186, 189, 194, 199, 218, 287, 301, 310, 315, 335, 336, 337, 355 Overweight, 143, 187, 337 Ovulation, 5, 16, 17, 19, 22, 60, 62, 103, 179, 193, 216, 266, 288, 312, 316, 328, 335, 337, 359 Ovulation Induction, 62, 216, 337 Ovum, 301, 303, 312, 314, 336, 337, 344, 359, 362 Ovum Implantation, 337, 359 Oxidation, 48, 90, 283, 289, 302, 327, 337 Oxidative metabolism, 15, 284, 326, 337 Oxidative Stress, 22, 25, 27, 337 P Paclitaxel, 154, 159, 161, 163, 168, 169, 337 Palliative, 243, 302, 335, 337, 357 Pancreas, 184, 221, 283, 292, 304, 313, 323, 337, 359 Pancreatic, 178, 337
Pancreatitis, 216, 337 Papilla, 337 Papillary, 160, 165, 169, 170, 337 Paralysis, 337, 342 Parenteral, 132, 138, 337 Parietal, 337, 339, 342 Parity, 243, 338 Parkinsonism, 37, 338 Paroxysmal, 287, 316, 338, 339, 362 Parturition, 213, 338 Patch, 301, 338, 358 Pathologic, 66, 225, 237, 238, 289, 292, 301, 319, 338, 346, 349 Pathologic Processes, 289, 338 Pathologies, 36, 226, 338 Pathophysiology, 14, 27, 29, 37, 63, 66, 105, 119, 134, 140, 338 Patient Compliance, 24, 338 Patient Education, 239, 246, 266, 272, 274, 281, 338 Patient Satisfaction, 10, 338 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 11, 54, 69, 267, 338 Pelvis, 193, 246, 283, 293, 322, 325, 328, 337, 338, 347, 361 Penis, 306, 338, 349 Peptide, 5, 12, 23, 31, 38, 67, 181, 189, 194, 213, 218, 286, 312, 326, 338, 341, 344, 345, 346, 348, 356, 357 Peptide T, 23, 338 Perception, 151, 338 Percutaneous, 86, 216, 338 Perforation, 79, 312, 339 Perineal, 104, 339 Perineum, 339 Periodontal disease, 210, 339 Periodontitis, 26, 339 Peripheral blood, 57, 114, 323, 339 Peritoneal Cavity, 5, 7, 14, 20, 24, 84, 161, 195, 208, 324, 339, 346 Peritoneum, 20, 44, 79, 97, 127, 198, 204, 293, 331, 339 Peritonitis, 74, 339 Pernicious, 37, 339 Pernicious anemia, 37, 339 Peroneal Nerve, 339, 350 Pertussis, 177, 339, 362 PH, 51, 73, 114, 124, 128, 293, 339 Phagocytosis, 15, 339 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 189, 218, 227, 339 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 306, 340
Index 377
Pharmacokinetic, 31, 340 Pharmacologic, 150, 287, 302, 316, 340, 358 Phenotype, 38, 340 Phenyl, 223, 224, 340 Phenylalanine, 340, 360 Phorbol, 20, 217, 340 Phorbol Esters, 20, 217, 340 Phospholipases, 340, 352 Phospholipids, 311, 323, 327, 340 Phosphorus, 294, 340 Phosphorylation, 18, 33, 205, 340, 345 Photocoagulation, 299, 340 Physical Examination, 36, 340 Physical Therapy, 266, 340 Physicochemical, 320, 340 Physiologic, 20, 211, 285, 316, 319, 330, 340, 344, 348, 349, 359 Physiology, 16, 25, 34, 37, 39, 189, 213, 218, 230, 237, 307, 313, 340 Pigments, 295, 340, 349 Pilot study, 54, 341 Pituitary Gland, 34, 177, 190, 301, 312, 315, 341 Placenta, 189, 289, 310, 311, 312, 341, 344, 360 Plants, 293, 294, 297, 303, 314, 315, 317, 332, 340, 341, 350, 358 Plaque, 287, 290, 341 Plasma cells, 288, 333, 341 Plasma protein, 82, 285, 308, 312, 341 Plasmin, 341, 358, 360 Plasminogen, 227, 341, 358, 360 Plasminogen Activators, 227, 341 Platelet Activation, 341, 352 Platelet Aggregation, 287, 334, 341, 357 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 213, 341 Platelets, 291, 330, 334, 341, 352 Platinum, 298, 328, 341 Pleura, 51, 342 Pleural, 75, 92, 104, 195, 331, 342 Pleural cavity, 195, 342 Pleural Effusion, 104, 342 Plexus, 342, 350 Pneumonia, 301, 342 Pneumothorax, 51, 109, 342 Poisoning, 333, 342 Poliomyelitis, 37, 342 Polychlorinated Biphenyls, 21, 222, 342 Polycystic, 8, 12, 176, 189, 199, 218, 319, 342 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 199, 319, 342 Polymerase, 342, 349
Polymorphic, 16, 177, 297, 342 Polymorphism, 45, 51, 71, 72, 74, 78, 98, 205, 342 Polyp, 187, 342 Polyposis, 324, 342 Polysaccharide, 288, 343 Population Control, 196, 343 Posterior, 287, 290, 296, 298, 309, 337, 343, 351 Postmenopausal, 27, 102, 106, 113, 164, 167, 168, 225, 237, 310, 336, 343 Postoperative, 40, 66, 82, 123, 343 Postsynaptic, 343, 352 Post-translational, 28, 178, 343 Potassium, 285, 332, 343 Potentiate, 323, 343 Potentiating, 227, 343 Potentiation, 343, 352 Practice Guidelines, 258, 267, 343 Precancerous, 343 Preclinical, 23, 343 Precursor, 29, 40, 287, 289, 297, 306, 309, 340, 341, 343, 344, 359, 360 Predisposition, 22, 26, 88, 206, 208, 214, 343 Premalignant, 62, 203, 224, 343 Premenopausal, 37, 343 Premenstrual, 106, 107, 134, 141, 148, 176, 179, 219, 230, 343 Premenstrual Syndrome, 107, 134, 141, 148, 176, 179, 230, 343 Prenatal, 230, 307, 344 Preoperative, 42, 66, 112, 344 Presumptive, 52, 344 Prevalence, 7, 20, 21, 36, 107, 187, 344 Probe, 27, 344 Procollagen, 197, 344 Progeny, 29, 344 Progestogen, 107, 134, 141, 227, 344 Progression, 14, 20, 33, 62, 224, 236, 288, 344 Progressive, 47, 192, 290, 296, 298, 303, 310, 316, 336, 341, 344, 346, 360 Proliferative Retinopathy, 176, 198, 344 Proline, 189, 197, 218, 299, 319, 344 Promoter, 7, 12, 26, 34, 35, 41, 45, 71, 120, 179, 344 Prophase, 336, 344, 356 Prophylaxis, 227, 344 Prospective study, 22, 114, 126, 135, 141, 328, 344 Prostaglandin, 9, 57, 217, 344, 357
378 Endometriosis
Prostaglandins A, 22, 344, 345 Prostaglandins D, 345 Prostaglandins F, 217, 331, 345 Prostatic Hyperplasia, 345 Protease, 38, 180, 197, 227, 299, 345, 358 Protein C, 205, 285, 286, 289, 291, 311, 327, 345, 360 Protein Conformation, 286, 345 Protein Kinases, 345 Protein S, 6, 7, 20, 177, 185, 212, 227, 237, 292, 314, 345, 350, 356 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 314, 345 Proteinuria, 333, 345 Proteolytic, 11, 286, 300, 312, 341, 346, 358, 360 Protocol, 8, 13, 216, 313, 346 Protons, 286, 318, 325, 346, 347 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 337, 346 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 337, 346 Proto-Oncogenes, 346 Proximal, 34, 177, 305, 346, 351 Pseudomyxoma peritonei, 96, 346 Psoriasis, 178, 185, 205, 206, 211, 212, 225, 227, 346 Psychic, 327, 330, 346 Puberty, 16, 17, 19, 31, 176, 179, 180, 194, 215, 333, 346, 359 Public Health, 8, 13, 21, 36, 37, 41, 258, 346 Public Policy, 257, 346 Pulmonary, 51, 107, 122, 130, 135, 136, 142, 187, 206, 215, 292, 301, 309, 326, 346 Pulmonary Artery, 292, 346 Pulmonary Embolism, 187, 346 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 206, 346 Pulse, 332, 347 Pupil, 301, 305, 333, 347 Pustular, 283, 347 Pyelonephritis, 114, 347 Pyloric Stenosis, 58, 347 Q Quality of Life, 8, 108, 169, 170, 172, 347 Quiescent, 217, 347 R Race, 22, 26, 230, 326, 332, 335, 347 Racemic, 326, 335, 347 Radiation, 42, 160, 161, 165, 166, 280, 287, 311, 312, 313, 319, 320, 324, 325, 331, 347, 362 Radiation therapy, 42, 160, 161, 165, 166, 280, 311, 324, 347 Radioactive, 292, 316, 318, 321, 324, 335, 336, 347
Radioimmunotherapy, 347 Radiolabeled, 188, 347 Radiological, 66, 338, 347 Radiotherapy, 181, 200, 293, 347 Random Allocation, 347, 348 Randomization, 40, 348 Randomized clinical trial, 123, 348 Ras gene, 348 Ras Proteins, 178, 348 Reagent, 195, 328, 348 Rebound effect, 179, 348 Receptivity, 12, 14, 202, 203, 348 Recombinant, 73, 177, 348, 361 Recombination, 313, 348 Rectum, 50, 53, 95, 108, 123, 131, 289, 293, 299, 304, 305, 313, 321, 322, 326, 345, 348, 352 Recurrence, 13, 40, 108, 109, 135, 141, 168, 170, 181, 188, 223, 243, 244, 348 Reductase, 177, 178, 211, 289, 348 Refer, 1, 127, 293, 299, 328, 329, 334, 347, 348, 351, 358 Refraction, 348, 354 Refractory, 169, 307, 348 Regeneration, 312, 348 Regimen, 4, 10, 15, 40, 55, 131, 138, 159, 161, 162, 298, 306, 338, 348 Relaxin, 212, 213, 348 Reliability, 30, 349 Remission, 348, 349 Repressor, 78, 336, 349 Reproductive system, 5, 8, 41, 225, 349 Research Design, 13, 19, 349 Research Support, 27, 147, 244, 349 Resection, 50, 56, 85, 86, 87, 124, 240, 349 Resolving, 132, 138, 149, 349 Resorption, 16, 349 Respiration, 135, 142, 289, 294, 332, 349 Restoration, 340, 349, 362 Reticulin, 125, 349 Retina, 298, 300, 301, 304, 326, 329, 336, 344, 349, 350, 361 Retinal, 206, 304, 305, 336, 349, 350 Retinal Neovascularization, 206, 349 Retinal Vein, 349 Retinoid, 40, 350 Retinol, 40, 349, 350 Retinopathy, 206, 225, 227, 304, 350 Retrograde, 17, 20, 24, 83, 183, 191, 195, 198, 207, 208, 350 Retrospective, 37, 350 Retroviral vector, 313, 350
Index 379
Rheumatism, 350 Rheumatoid, 37, 176, 198, 205, 206, 210, 225, 227, 350 Rheumatoid arthritis, 37, 176, 198, 205, 206, 210, 225, 227, 350 Rhodopsin, 336, 349, 350 Ribose, 284, 350 Ribosome, 350, 359 Rigidity, 338, 341, 350 Risk factor, 26, 35, 36, 37, 78, 124, 128, 135, 141, 187, 230, 309, 344, 350 S Salivary, 304, 350, 355 Salivary glands, 304, 350 Salpingo-oophorectomy, 42, 149, 350 Saphenous, 178, 350 Saphenous Vein, 178, 350 Saponins, 350, 355 Sarcoma, 108, 163, 168, 350 Sciatic Nerve, 67, 339, 350, 357 Sclera, 298, 301, 351, 361 Scleroderma, 212, 290, 351 Sclerosis, 38, 237, 289, 290, 333, 351 Screening, 27, 29, 40, 112, 177, 195, 212, 298, 351 Scrotum, 302, 351 Sebum, 283, 351 Secondary tumor, 331, 351 Secretory, 14, 35, 38, 42, 184, 209, 286, 351 Segmental, 86, 240, 351 Segmentation, 351 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 351, 356 Sella, 341, 351 Semen, 16, 306, 345, 351 Seminiferous tubule, 322, 351 Semisynthetic, 310, 351 Senile, 336, 351 Sepsis, 28, 216, 351 Septal, 351 Septum, 73, 87, 91, 111, 351 Septum Pellucidum, 351 Sequence Homology, 338, 351 Serine, 189, 218, 315, 346, 352, 355, 358 Serologic, 320, 352 Serotonin, 334, 352, 359 Serous, 29, 80, 112, 308, 342, 352 Serum, 10, 12, 48, 67, 68, 93, 100, 106, 112, 113, 114, 135, 142, 180, 181, 188, 204, 285, 287, 299, 315, 320, 328, 332, 339, 352, 359
Sex Characteristics, 284, 287, 335, 346, 352, 356 Sexual Partners, 192, 352 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 32, 38, 352 Shedding, 11, 352 Shock, 22, 179, 352, 359 Side effect, 9, 13, 150, 163, 164, 182, 199, 220, 249, 284, 292, 352, 358 Sigmoid, 41, 63, 113, 352 Sigmoid Colon, 63, 352 Sigmoidal, 59, 352 Signal Transduction, 18, 34, 185, 212, 323, 352 Skeletal, 287, 333, 352, 353 Skeleton, 283, 311, 325, 344, 352, 353 Skull, 302, 336, 353, 356 Sleep apnea, 176, 353 Small cell lung cancer, 353 Small intestine, 298, 306, 314, 318, 320, 322, 324, 353 Smooth muscle, 124, 181, 209, 212, 213, 287, 294, 300, 312, 326, 333, 345, 353, 355 Smooth Muscle Tumor, 312, 353 Sneezing, 339, 352, 353 Social Environment, 347, 353 Sodium, 186, 285, 332, 353 Solid tumor, 163, 176, 198, 287, 306, 308, 353 Solvent, 291, 340, 353 Soma, 353 Somatic, 29, 114, 284, 296, 318, 332, 353, 356 Somatic cells, 296, 332, 353 Sonogram, 353, 359 Sound wave, 353, 359 Spasm, 353 Spasmodic, 186, 339, 353 Specialist, 269, 305, 353 Species, 5, 12, 28, 39, 177, 284, 295, 306, 308, 309, 318, 332, 347, 352, 353, 355, 359, 361, 362 Specificity, 188, 197, 285, 354, 356 Spectrum, 5, 30, 179, 201, 354 Sperm, 15, 287, 298, 313, 351, 354 Spermatogenesis, 177, 211, 354 Sphincter, 104, 123, 354 Spinal cord, 296, 297, 330, 334, 350, 354 Spleen, 329, 354 Spondylitis, 37, 216, 354 Spontaneous Abortion, 35, 36, 354 Spotting, 164, 278, 354 Squamous, 335, 354
380 Endometriosis
Squamous cell carcinoma, 335, 354 Stabilizer, 294, 354 Staging, 114, 117, 206, 354 Stasis, 132, 138, 149, 354 Stem Cells, 310, 354 Sterile, 214, 290, 354 Sterilization, 36, 43, 355 Steroid therapy, 135, 141, 355 Stimulant, 294, 355 Stimulus, 301, 306, 322, 324, 355, 357 Stomach, 283, 290, 304, 305, 310, 313, 318, 333, 339, 353, 354, 355 Stool, 299, 321, 326, 355 Stress, 26, 27, 103, 147, 230, 267, 302, 333, 337, 343, 350, 355 Stroke, 174, 187, 256, 295, 355 Stroma, 11, 52, 99, 185, 203, 209, 238, 355 Stromal, 7, 9, 11, 14, 20, 26, 35, 52, 60, 70, 90, 98, 108, 119, 149, 184, 238, 307, 355 Stromal Cells, 7, 11, 14, 20, 26, 35, 52, 60, 70, 90, 98, 184, 355 Subacute, 322, 355 Subarachnoid, 316, 355 Subclinical, 322, 355 Subcutaneous, 284, 306, 326, 337, 355 Submaxillary, 309, 355 Subspecies, 354, 355 Substance P, 292, 331, 344, 351, 355 Substrate, 217, 309, 355 Subtilisin, 213, 355 Subtrochanteric, 317, 356 Superoxide, 88, 356 Superoxide Dismutase, 88, 356 Supplementation, 150, 151, 356 Support group, 269, 280, 356 Suppression, 10, 14, 103, 116, 132, 138, 183, 193, 220, 301, 356 Symphysis, 297, 345, 356 Symptomatic, 23, 54, 56, 58, 243, 337, 356 Synaptic, 334, 352, 356 Systemic, 9, 167, 181, 250, 292, 309, 322, 347, 351, 356, 358 Systolic, 319, 356 T Talc, 22, 356 Tamoxifen, 7, 49, 164, 167, 351, 356 Telomerase, 30, 356 Temporal, 39, 203, 316, 329, 356 Teratogenic, 305, 356 Testicle, 315, 356, 361 Testicular, 179, 189, 201, 218, 289, 302, 356 Testis, 287, 310, 315, 335, 356
Testosterone, 23, 31, 134, 141, 180, 182, 190, 211, 220, 287, 348, 356 Tetracycline, 306, 356 Thalidomide, 170, 356 Therapeutics, 33, 193, 226, 251, 357 Thigh, 63, 311, 316, 357 Third Ventricle, 319, 357 Thoracic, 46, 51, 92, 94, 109, 240, 291, 304, 342, 357, 362 Thorax, 51, 121, 283, 328, 357 Threonine, 338, 346, 352, 357 Threshold, 20, 40, 319, 357 Thrombin, 312, 341, 345, 357 Thrombolytic, 341, 357 Thrombomodulin, 345, 357 Thrombosis, 291, 323, 345, 355, 357 Thromboxanes, 289, 357 Thymus, 320, 329, 357 Thyroid, 148, 194, 230, 357, 360 Thyroid Gland, 357 Thyroid Hormones, 357, 360 Thyrotropin, 180, 357 Thyroxine, 285, 340, 357 Tibial Nerve, 350, 357 Tissue Culture, 9, 33, 358 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 227, 358 Tomography, 76, 293, 358 Torsion, 84, 321, 358 Total hysterectomy, 42, 108, 358 Toxic, iv, 291, 303, 320, 327, 334, 342, 358 Toxicity, 95, 306, 358 Toxicology, 150, 258, 358 Toxin, 17, 177, 308, 358 Trachea, 293, 357, 358 Transcriptase, 356, 358 Transcription Factors, 26, 35, 199, 358 Transdermal, 226, 358 Transduction, 18, 113, 185, 212, 225, 352, 358 Transfection, 18, 292, 313, 358 Transfer Factor, 320, 358 Transferases, 315, 358 Translation, 213, 286, 358 Translational, 359 Transmitter, 283, 330, 359 Transplantation, 59, 116, 149, 183, 207, 237, 298, 307, 320, 329, 359 Transvaginal ultrasound, 16, 73, 359 Trastuzumab, 163, 172, 173, 359 Trauma, 104, 337, 359 Tremor, 338, 359 Trichomoniasis, 331, 359
Index 381
Triptorelin, 60, 102, 131, 138, 359 Trophoblast, 11, 28, 35, 292, 359 Tryptophan, 223, 299, 352, 359 Tubal ligation, 22, 359 Tumor marker, 200, 359 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 29, 105, 357, 359 Tumor suppressor gene, 71, 203, 328, 359 Tumour, 64, 97, 121, 217, 359 Tunica, 307, 332, 360 Tunica Intima, 307, 360 Tyrosine, 53, 131, 137, 185, 205, 211, 212, 225, 345, 360 U Ultrasonography, 54, 308, 360 Umbilical Cord, 298, 360 Umbilicus, 121, 360 Unconscious, 303, 320, 360 Uraemia, 337, 360 Urea, 39, 360 Ureter, 121, 319, 325, 360 Ureteroscopy, 122, 360 Urethra, 291, 338, 345, 360 Urethritis, 266, 360 Urinary, 3, 10, 33, 64, 123, 130, 132, 137, 148, 179, 201, 237, 267, 302, 314, 321, 358, 360, 361 Urinary Plasminogen Activator, 358, 360 Urinary tract, 3, 64, 123, 130, 132, 137, 237, 267, 360 Urinary tract infection, 4, 267, 360 Urine, 267, 291, 292, 305, 309, 310, 319, 321, 325, 345, 360 Urogenital, 125, 314, 361 Urokinase, 227, 361 Urolithiasis, 37, 361 Uterine Contraction, 283, 361 Uteroglobin, 222, 361 Uvea, 361 Uveitis, 216, 361 V Vaccine, 23, 200, 284, 346, 361 Vacuoles, 307, 361 Vagina, 38, 96, 297, 304, 316, 330, 349, 354, 359, 361 Vaginal, 9, 26, 29, 85, 87, 97, 98, 104, 125, 132, 138, 172, 222, 235, 250, 278, 279, 309, 361 Varicocele, 15, 361 Vascular, 14, 66, 83, 102, 125, 126, 176, 178, 183, 187, 201, 205, 206, 208, 209, 225,
298, 304, 308, 316, 321, 322, 331, 334, 336, 341, 357, 361 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 14, 66, 83, 102, 125, 126, 205, 225, 361 Vasculitis, 337, 361 Vasodilators, 334, 361 Vasomotor, 96, 310, 361 Vector, 7, 358, 361 Vein, 320, 322, 324, 335, 349, 350, 360, 361 Venous, 291, 292, 345, 361 Venules, 292, 294, 308, 331, 361 Vertebrae, 210, 354, 361 Vesicular, 312, 316, 331, 361 Veterinary Medicine, 257, 361 Viral, 38, 178, 336, 342, 346, 358, 361 Virilism, 319, 361 Virulence, 358, 361 Virus, 230, 291, 296, 309, 314, 315, 323, 341, 350, 358, 361, 362 Visceral, 51, 339, 362 Viscosity, 226, 318, 362 Vitamin A, 40, 322, 350, 362 Vitelline Membrane, 362 Vitreous, 304, 326, 349, 362 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 304, 362 Vitro, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 20, 28, 31, 38, 44, 45, 48, 56, 61, 62, 73, 82, 83, 90, 102, 118, 119, 127, 133, 135, 136, 139, 142, 189, 202, 213, 216, 217, 218, 225, 296, 307, 313, 317, 321, 358, 359, 362 W Weight Gain, 187, 362 White blood cell, 163, 288, 326, 329, 332, 333, 334, 341, 362 Whooping Cough, 339, 362 Windpipe, 357, 362 Womb, 184, 221, 349, 361, 362 Wound Healing, 176, 198, 206, 225, 296, 298, 312, 323, 330, 362 X Xenograft, 183, 207, 288, 362 X-ray, 160, 161, 165, 166, 181, 293, 312, 313, 335, 347, 354, 362 Y Yeasts, 340, 362 Yolk Sac, 102, 362 Z Zygote, 216, 300, 362 Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer, 216, 362 Zymogen, 345, 363
382 Endometriosis
Index 383
384 Endometriosis
