ECZEMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Eczema: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83621-3 1. Eczema-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on eczema. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ECZEMA .................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Eczema .......................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ECZEMA ........................................................................................ 135 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 135 Finding Nutrition Studies on Eczema ....................................................................................... 135 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 141 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ECZEMA .................................................................. 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 145 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 161 General References ..................................................................................................................... 172 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ECZEMA ............................................................................................... 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Patents on Eczema ..................................................................................................................... 173 Patent Applications on Eczema ................................................................................................. 178 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 181 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ECZEMA................................................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 183 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 184 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 187 Chapters on Eczema ................................................................................................................... 189 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ECZEMA ........................................................................................ 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Bibliography: Multimedia on Eczema........................................................................................ 191 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ECZEMA ..................................................................... 193 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 193 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 193 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 197 Academic Periodicals covering Eczema...................................................................................... 198 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 201 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 203 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 205 The Genome Project and Eczema ............................................................................................... 205 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 209 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 209 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 209 Associations and Eczema ........................................................................................................... 219 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 221 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 223 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 223 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 223 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 223
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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 223 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 229 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 229 ECZEMA DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 231 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 297
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with eczema is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about eczema, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to eczema, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on eczema. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to eczema, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on eczema. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ECZEMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on eczema.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and eczema, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Patient Education for Adults With Chronic Eczema Source: Dermatology Nursing. 11(2): 117-120, 122. April 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a study that evaluated the effects of patient education on eczema and determined the degree of satisfaction the patients had with the education. Seven patients with severe eczema participated in an individual educational project. The program provided knowledge about self care treatment. Patients completed a nine-item questionnaire before participating in the program, after being accepted as participants, and 2 weeks after the end of the program. Between the first and second individual teaching sessions, the patients were asked to read an informational pamphlet as homework. They were also asked to reflect on their daily activities to determine what their skin was subjected to during a normal day. The second teaching session was oriented toward patient reactions
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to the information presented in the pamphlet. Results of the program evaluation reveal that all patients felt the educational program gave them new knowledge about their disease and provided them with sufficient knowledge about how they should perform their topical treatment and take care of their personal hygiene. Participants also stated that the informational pamphlet was succinct and easy to understand. The article concludes that patient education can be helpful in providing support to patients who have chronic eczema. 1 figure, 2 tables, and 17 references. (AA-M). •
Recent Developments in the Treatment of Atopic Eczema Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 36(6):983-994; June 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals reports on recent developments in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) or eczema, which is a common, chronically relapsing skin disease with a genetic predisposition and unknown cause. Recent progress in the understanding of the pathophysiologic characteristics of AD has prompted new therapeutic strategies. The article evaluates the effectiveness of phototherapy, cytokines such as interferons and interleukins, and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and FK506. In addition, some new and promising but still experimental approaches are discussed, including experimental immunotherapies, Chinese herbal therapy, essential fatty acid supplementation, mast cell stabilizing agents, and topical immunoglobulin G preparations. 154 references and 6 tables. (AAM).
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Eczematous Dermatitis: A Practical Review Source: American Family Physician. 54(4):1243-1250. September 5, 1996. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article for dermatologists discusses various types eczematous dermatitis and their treatment. Eczematous dermatitis can interfere with social function, sleep, and employment, and that its persistence and accompanying pruritus may be stressful and frustrating for patients. The most common and best characterized type of eczema, atopic dermatitis, appears to be increasing in incidence. The authors suggest that other common eczematous dermatoses, particularly allergic dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, must be accurately diagnosed, since improvement and resolution rely on appropriate diagnosis and avoidance of pertinent triggering factors. Principles of treatment include general skin care, patient education about avoidance of irritants, skin hydration and the use of topical corticosteroids when necessary. Use of systemic corticosteroids is not generally recommended for the treatment of chronic eczematous dermatitis. (AA-M).
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Living With Eczema: The Dermatology Patient Source: British Journal of Nursing. 5(10):600-604,606-609; 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals presents an overview of eczema. The prevalence of all forms of eczema is unknown, but there is evidence that atopic eczema is increasing. Types of eczema are identified, including exogenous forms such as contact irritant eczema, contact allergic eczema, and photosensitive eczema; endogenous forms such as atopic eczema, seborrhoeic eczema, discoid eczema, gravitational eczema, and pompholyx; and unclassified or mixed forms such as asteototic eczema, lichen
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simplex, and juvenile plantar dermatosis. The clinical and histological features of eczema are described. The role of nursing care in the management of eczema is discussed in terms of the nursing assessment; the needs of children, young adults, adults, and the elderly with eczema; and the management of eczema. First-line treatments are discussed, including avoiding provoking factors, bathing, applying emollients, treating bacterial infections, and using topical corticosteroids and occlusive techniques. Other treatment considerations that nurses should discuss with patients are highlighted, including sensitivity to house dust mites, the role of diet in initiating or perpetuating atopic eczema, and the use of systemic treatments. 12 references, 6 figures, and 4 tables. (AA-M). •
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Atopic Eczema Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 78(3): 230-234. March 1998. Contact: Available from Archives of Disease in Childhood. Subscription Manager, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9JR, England. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with eczema and the association of such symptoms with the extent of eczema or the results of skin prick tests. Sixty-five children with atopic eczema and a control group matched for age and sex were recruited. Their parents completed a questionnaire about the children's gastrointestinal symptoms. The children's skin was examined; their weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured; and skin prick tests were carried out. Gastrointestinal symptoms, especially diarrhea, vomiting, and regurgitation, were more common in the children with eczema. Diarrhea appeared to be associated with the ingestion of specific foods. Gastrointestinal symptoms were related to diffuse eczema and positive skin prick tests to foods. There were no anthropometric differences between the patient and control groups. The article concludes that a gastrointestinal disorder is common in children with eczema, especially with diffuse distribution. This may be responsible for substantial symptoms and may play a part in the pathogenesis of the disease and in the failure to thrive with which it is sometimes associated. 4 tables. 22 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Eczema The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to eczema. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to eczema. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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animals or simulated models to explore eczema. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for eczema: •
Project Title: A TWIN STUDY OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME IN SWEDEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Pedersen, Nancy L.; Karolinska Institute Tomtebodavagen 11F Stockholm, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Despite considerable research, fundamental questions about CFS remain at best partially answered. These questions include its definition, validity, the degree to which it results from genetic versus environmental factors, the nature of the substantial comorbidity observed with other conditions, and the basis of the female preponderance. The overarching aim of this project is to shed light on a number of basic questions about CFS via a large, population-based classical twin study. First, we will collect data on approximately 32,000 adults aged 42-65 years (13,000 complete twin pairs) who are members of the population- based Swedish Twin Registry for persistent fatigue, several overlapping conditions (fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension headache, allergy/eczema, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depression), and a detailed medical history. Second, the medical records of all twins who appear to have CFS-like illness and a subset of those with "CFS-explained" will be requested via an efficient national retrieval system. Following expert review, these individuals will be classified in regard to the CDC CFS criteria. Obtaining these unique data will allow us to address a set of critical questions regarding CFS. First, we will estimate the prevalence of CFS and its common comorbidities (fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension headache, allergy/eczema, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depression) in one of the largest samples yet studied. Second, we will use a variety of multivariate techniques to derive an empirical typology of prolonged fatigue and to assess how this typology compares to the CFS definition. Third, we will quantify the genetic and environmental sources of variation for CFS and its comorbid conditions. Fourth, critically, we will examine the influence of gender on these sources of variation. Finally, we will analyze the patterns of comorbidity between CFS and fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, tension headache, allergy/eczema, generalized anxiety disorder, and major depression using multivariate twin analyses and thereby to estimate the extent of overlap between the shared and unique genetic and environmental sources of variation. In concert with other twin studies being conducted by the investigators and their collaborators, we hope to hasten progress in understanding the etiology of CFS by parallel studies in multiple populations. The current proposal has several unique aims and represents a costeffective means to extend this work in an epidemiological sample that is arguably the best twin registry in the world. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ALLERGIC CONDITION BIOMARKERS AND GLIOMA RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartzbaum, Judith A. None; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): An inverse association between self-reported allergic conditions (ACs) and glioma has been previously observed in seven case-control and two cohort studies. The mechanism for this association is not known, however, two cytokines that play a central role in ACs (i.e., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13) also suppress glioma growth. From among genetic polymorphisms that are associated with risk of
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ACs, we have identified polymorphisms also involved in normal astrocyte growth or glioma pathogenesis. Gene products of genetic polymorphisms found on the IL-4, IL-13, IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, HLA -DRB1, RANTES, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) play a role in both ACs and the brain. We will examine the case-control distribution of these polymorphisms and haplotypes to: 1) test the hypothesis that polymorphisms associated with ACs reduce glioma risk; 2) identify differential misclassification of serf-reported ACs (unequal measurement of cases and controls); 3) find out whether antihistamine use interferes with protection against glioma afforded by ACs; and 4) determine whether AC polymorphisms affect glioma risk independently of their association with ACs. The innovation in the proposed study is to focus on polymorphisms associated with ACs, an epidemiologic risk factor that reduces glioma risk, rather than on polymorphisms associated with carcinogenesis as has been done in previous studies. Our pilot study will make use of interviews with 260 glioma cases and 450 controls that have already been conducted and blood samples that have been collected in conjunction a population-based case-control study of mobile telephone use and brain tumors in Sweden. Study participants were asked whether they have been diagnosed with asthma, eczema, hay fever or other allergies, continue to have allergies, have symptoms of allergies without a diagnosis, and have used allergy medication. Twenty ml of blood from each participant was collected and stored in a -80 degree freezer and DNA preparation is ongoing. Each participant will be evaluated for the presence AC polymorphisms. Unconditional logistic regression will be used to estimate the association between AC polymorphisms and glioma risk. Assuming a 0.05 significance level and 80 percent power, depending on the polymorphism, the proposed sample is large enough to detect a confounding-adjusted odds ratios of 0.6. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CELLULAR DEFECTS IN THE WISKOTT/ALDRICH SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Remold-O'donnell, Eileen; Cbr Institute for Biomedical Research 800 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The Wiskott-Aldrich (WAS) is a severe X-linked blood cell disease caused by mutations of the WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) gene. The most common manifestations of this disease are thrombocytopenia and T lymphocyte based immune defects (eczema etc.). To define the molecular event(s) in Wiskott-Aldrich cells with respect to the role of WASP we intend to undertake biochemical and cell-biological approaches to characterize the pathology of WAS. We will identify blood cell populations from healthy individuals and from WASP- and WASP-defective patients that express WASP. We will determine whether WASP interacts with blood cell components such as CD43, GPIb, actin filaments, ezrin, moesin, Ca++ ions and the protease calpain. We will characterize interacting molecules by immune precipitation and by binding studies with GST fusion proteins of WASP and domains of WASP. We will investigate the effect of WASP depletion in T cells on cytoarchitecture, structure of microvilli, and density and distribution of CD43, ezrin, radixin, moesin and calpain. The relevance of WASP-depletion in Jurkatt cells will be evaluated by comparison with Tcells from WASP patients. We will define defective biochemical event(s) by studying pairs of WASP+ and WASP- T-cells to identify biochemical and morphological events responsible for the nonresponsiveness to immobilized anti-CD3. We will identify neoepitopes of WAS-patient platelets and lymphocytes responsible for premature loss of the cells from circulation. These studies will allow us to define the molecular events leading to platelet and T.lymphocyte defects and loss in the WAS. We hope to contribute to a
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better understanding of his disease and to establishing a basis for the development of new rational therapeutic modalities. We anticipate that these studies will also contribute to the understanding of mechanisms that regulate the function and lifespan of T lymphocytes and platelets in normal individuals and their respective disregulation in immunodeficiency diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A SAFER SMALLPOX VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cho, Michael W. Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Smallpox, which is caused by variola virus, is a highly contagious disease with a high fatality rate. A successful, worldwide vaccination campaign during the 1950s-l970s, using live vaccinia virus, resulted in eradication of smallpox. However, there remains a remote, but distinct possibility that large stockpiles of the virus may have been produced and stored as a part of bioweapons program in some countries or by terrorist organizations that are presently hostile to the United States. Smallpox poses a grave danger as an agent of biological weapon because of its highly contagious nature. Since vaccination against the disease stopped during early 1970s in the U.S., a large number of the young generation is unvaccinated and vulnerable to possible bioterrorist attacks. Although existing smallpox vaccine is relatively safe, it is not without serious medical complications including eczema vaccinatum, vaccinia necrosum, and encephalitis. Given the high frequency of AIDS patients who are immunodeficient, use of the current vaccine could result in a serious public health disaster. Therefore, it is imperative to consider developing a secondgeneration smallpox vaccine that is safer, yet as effective as the existing vaccine. Presently, variola virus is not available to perform additional research and the immune correlate of protection against either variola or vaccinia virus is largely unknown. Given these circumstances, a study is proposed with a long-term goal of developing a safer smallpox vaccine, with the following specific aims: (1) to characterize humoral and cellular immune responses against vaccinia virus in macaques previously immunized with the virus; (2) to evaluate immunogenicity and degree of attenuation of three recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from two different vaccinia strains (Western Reserve and Wyeth) in mice; and (3) to compare immunogenicity and safety of the newly generated vaccinia virus(es) with those of currently licensed smallpox vaccine strain in macaques previously infected with chimeric SlV/HIV -1 (SHIV). A successful completion of the proposed projects would allow better understanding of immune correlates of protection against vaccinia virus and could facilitate development of a safer smallpox vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS OF EARLY LIFE ECZEMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Halonen, Marilyn J. Professor; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, AZ 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The long term goal of this project is to characterize the immune status of infants at birth and to determine directly in human infants the susceptibility factors and antecedent pathway(s) that lead to eczema in the first two years of life. Early life eczema is a major risk factor for asthma. We will focus on
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clarifying the relative roles and identifying the participants of the innate and the adaptive immune system in the development of eczema. Preliminary data lead us to discard the current concept that infants at birth have a Th2 "default" status in favor of a more general state of limited cytokine production in cord blood cells. The hypothetical scenario proposed and tested here is that the immune system at birth has a limited capacity for producing many immune cytokines compared to the adult. This limited capacity may be a result of T cell naivete, immune cell immaturity or active suppression possibly via IL-10 (or some combination of these events). Eczema (we hypothesize) develops in children via complex gene by environment interactions, with an important role for a delayed capacity to produce IFN-gamma that provides a window of opportunity for allergen sensitization. We predict that with full maturation of the response, new sensitization will be reduced but sensitization that has occurred during this window will then be facilitated by LPS. The nature of the fully matured response will be influenced by gene variants in CD14, IL-10 and IL-13. Three specific aims are proposed. 1. Establish the main cellular mechanisms for the limited capacity of cytokine production of the immune cells of human infants at birth and assess the role of IL-10 in inducing and/or maintaining that status. 2. Test the hypothesis that the development of the response to pattern recognition molecules like LPS is delayed in infants who develop eczema and the delay permits enhanced allergen sensitization. 3. Determine the influence of IL-10, IL-13 and CD14 gene polymorphisms on the mechanism of overcoming the decreased capacity to produce IFN-gamma and on allergic sensitization. This project is a cell biology oriented project that focuses on dissecting immune development in early life in both normal infants and infants at risk for asthma and in doing so interfaces with each of the other projects mainly through providing a biologic context for testing in vivo the impact of genetic polymorphisms and the molecular mechanisms identified. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION OF FCERI ON EPIDERMAL LANGERHANS CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Borkowski, Teresa A. Professor; Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate is an assistant professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins and has commenced the fourth year of this KO8 research program. This application constitutes a request for the fifth year of funding. Langerhans cells (LC) are the principal antigen presenting cells in the skin and part of the network of professional antigen presenting cells. They are responsible for primary and secondary immune T cell responses. Recently the high affinity receptor of IgE (FcERI) has been identified on LC. FcERI complex plays a central role in allergic inflammation. While the function of FcERI in the degranulation of mast cells and basophils is well documented, little is known about the function of this receptor on antigen presenting cells. The aims of this proposal are: 1) To create a model system to study the role of FcERI on Langerhans cells and dendritic cells. 2) To determine the phenotype and changes induced in epidermal Langerhans cells following the ligation of FcERI, and 3) To determine in vivo and in vitro the functional changes induced in epidermal Langerhans cells following the ligation of FcERI. Related studies will determine if FcERI on LC plays a role in the polarization of T cells towards a Th2 phenotype. The studies proposed will be conducted in vitro, and in vivo using a unique transgenic murine model. Unlike human epidermal LC, FcERI is not expressed on murine epidermal LC. However, the mouse that is transgenic for human FcERI alpha (developed by the sponsor) expresses
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FcERI on epidermal LC. Thus, this mouse is uniquely suited for the study of FcERI on epidermal Langerhans cells in a murine system. Since LC occur in small numbers in human epidermis, a murine model may be the only meaningful way to study this receptor. This tansgenic mouse is exclusively available in the Laboratory of Jean-Pierre Kinet M.D., the candidate's sponsor. For this reason, the performance site of this grant is The Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA. Preliminary studies of phenotype have determined that IgE regulates the expression of FcEl on Langerhans cells and that up-regulation is independent of transcriptional regulation or signaling. The studies proposed here will further explore the mechanisms of upregulation. Preliminary functional studies indicated a need to cross the human alpha transgenic mouse onto a murine alpha knock-out background. Mice are now backcrossed 9 generations, and studies of function may proceed. A fifth year is requested to complete the specific aims indicated above. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HOUSE DUST MITE ANTIGEN ON SKIN OF PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Platts-Mills, Thomas A.; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, VA 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMMUNOLOGIC HYPERSENSITIVITIES
BASIS
OF
COW
MILK
INDUCED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sampson, Hugh A. Professor; Pediatrics; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, NY 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Cow mil is one of the major causes of food hypersensitivity in children. Based on 4 prospective studies, 2.5% of infants develop cow milk allergy in the first year of life [100,000 babies/year in the U.S.] Although exclusive breast feeding reduces the incidence of cow milk allergy, 0.5% of infants exclusively breast fed through the first 6 months of life develop cow milk allergy due to cow milk antigen passed in maternal breast milk. Long-term follow-up indicates that about 80% of these infants "outgrow" [become "tolerant"] their milk allergy by 3 years. However, 15% of infants with milkspecific IgE antibodies at 1 year of age remained milk allergic at 10 years of age and 35% were allergic to other foods at the age of 10 years. Cow milk allergy is associated with a broad spectrum of both IgE- and non-IgE-hypersensitivity disorders: IgE-mediated [urticaria, eczema, rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, colic, vomiting, diarrhea and hypotension; and non-IgE-mediated [milk-induced enterocolitis syndrome, benign eosinophilic proctocolitis, enteropathy syndrome, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis, eosinophilic eosophagitis, and gastroesopha-geal reflex]. The immunologic mechanisms responsible for these hypersensitivities, and the subsequent development of tolerance are poorly understood, and will be addressed in this program project. The combined resources of this program project provide a unique opportunity to define the immunologic bases for four common forms of cow milk hypersensitivity. The first project will identify four distinct patient groups with cow milk allergy [both IgE- and non-IgE-mediated] and non-allergic control group, establish the relative allergenicity of cow milk proteins and map allergenic epitopes [B cell and/or T cell] in these four forms
Studies 11
of mil hypersensitivity, investigate basic immunologic mechanisms associated with these hypersensitivities and determine the changes that occur when milk allergy is "outgrown". The second project will seek to define whether pathway(s) employed by intestinal epithelial cells [IELs] to handle cow milk proteins differ from those of nonallergens [e.g. tetanus toxoid] and whether IECs from milk allergic patients handle antigen differently compared to normal controls. Since most patients "outgrow" their milk allergy, IEC function will be re-evaluated once clinical tolerance has developed to determine whether antigen processing of cow milk protein changed [normalized], contributing to the loss of hypersensitivity. The third project provides a unique opportunity to address the issue of oral tolerance induction in normal children and those with distinct forms of cow milk hypersensitivity. Finally the fourth project provides an opportunity to dissect basic immunologic mechanisms of IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity not possible in man. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERCEPTUAL AND CONCEPTUAL LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldstone, Robert L. Professor; Psychology; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, IN 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: People show a remarkable ability to learn new concepts. Children learn to classify some animals as dogs, some foods as candy, and some people as relatives, Specialized experts learn to classify some mushrooms as poisonous, some tumors as malignant, and some wines as Bordeauxs. The proposed experiments and model explore how people learn new concepts. The central thesis is that concept learning often changes how objects are organized into features. We may build our concepts from the perceptual features of objects, but the concepts that we build in turn influence what we see as the features. The aim of the proposal is to provide a formal account of the interactions between conceptual and perceptual learning. The first series of experiments explores the mechanisms by which concept learning alters descriptions of the objects to be categorized. Particular emphasis is given to selective attention, unitization (integrating originally separate sources of information), and dimensionalization (isolating originally fused sources of information). The second series of experiments uses established and new operational definitions of features to quantify the influence of concept learning on object organization. A neural network model of concept learning is proposed. In this model, the concepts to be acquired alter the perceptual features used for categorization. Rather than assuming that fixed perceptual features are combined to determine categorization rules, this model allows for a mutual and simultaneous influence between concepts and perception. Medical professionals are often required to learn new concepts (e.g., malignant tumor, eczema, and Parkinson's disease). Many of these concepts have a strongly perceptual basis. An understanding of how perceptual concepts are learned, and how perceptual adaptation supports concept learning, could help to more effectively train medical professionals. More generally, the experimental results provide a framework for understanding expert/novice differences, for applying results on neural plasticity to behavior, for establishing training regimes for improving perceptual abilities, and for refining educational procedures that involve teaching concepts with a strong perceptual component. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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•
Project Title: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ATOPIC DERMATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hanifin, Jon M. Professor; National Eczema Assn for Science & Educ for Science and Education Portland, OR 97205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2002 Summary: This conference is being convened to bring together an international group of investigators in the field of atopic dermatitis. The objectives of the Symposium are to: 1) Provide a forum for presenting and discussing important research on atopic dermatitis (AD); 2) Assemble a cadre of recognized international experts from the fields of dermatology, allergy, molecular genetics, epidemiology and immunobiology to develop a comprehensive overview of the condition at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and population levels; 3) Encourage agreement on definitions and criteria for future genetic, epidemiologic and clinical investigations; 4) Identify a list of key research topics that deserve priority consideration by NIH Institutes, investigators. and public/ private sector funders; 5) Examine the impact of atopic disease on the prevalence, incidence, and costs of occupational dermatoses, specifically allergic contact dermatitis/hand eczema; 6) Improve the public awareness regarding the scope and prevalence of AD and the range of therapeutic options that are currently available to treat the condition in all of its clinical manifestations. Provide particular emphasis on the special problems faced by non-Caucasian populations with eczema/atopic dermatitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF WASP FUNCTION IN T CELL RESPONSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Geha, Raif S. Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: The Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (WAS), an X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by deficient T cell function, thrombocytopenia and eczema, is caused by mutations in the WASP gene. WASP is recruited to the immune synapse (IS) where it is thought to be activated by the small GTPase Cdc42 to initiate Arp2/3 mediated actin polymerization. Actin polymerization is important for formation, IL-2 secretion and proliferation by T cells in response to TCR ligation. T cells from patients and mice deficient in WASP fail to increase their cellular F-actin, secrete IL-2 and proliferate followinq TCR ligation. This suggests that WASP plays a critical role in actin dependent changes that are essential for T cell activation. Our preliminary data suggests that following TCR ligation WASP can be recruited to lipid rafts and the IS by phosphorylated ZAP-70 and that this is mediated by the adapter protein CrkL which bridges p-ZAP-70 to the WASP partner WIP. Interestingly the majority of WASP missense point mutations in WAS are located in the WIP binding WH1 domain. Furthermore, there is data to suggest that the proline rich region of WASP which interacts with SH3 domain containing protein may also be involved in localization of WASP to the IS. We hypothesize that WASP recruitment to GEMs and the IS is mediated by WIP and by the polyproline rich region of WAS, and that it plays a critical role in T cell activation and in the dynamic actin changes in T cells following TCR ligation. To test this hypothesis, we propose to: 1. Analyze the ability of WASP-/- T cells to form an immune synapse and to undergo actin based cytoskeletal changes following TCR ligation by a). examining IS formation with anti-CD3 coated beads, MHC class IIpeptide bilayers and antigen presenting cells, b). analyzing reorganization of cellular Factin, actin cytoskeleton architecture changes and cell motitity following engagement of the TCR/CD3 complex. 2. Examine the ability of WASP-/- T cells to form lipid rafts in
Studies 13
which key signaling molecules are concentrated leading to activation of the IL-2 gene. We will analyze the composition and stability of lipid rafts and the sustained activation of Ca ++mobilization, signaling intermediates and transcription factors that regulate IL2 gene expression. 3. Assess the role of WIP binding and of the polyproline rich region of WASP in WASP recruitment to lipid rafts and IS. We will generate and test WASP mutants that fail to bind WIP or that lack the polyproline rich region, and examine the recruitment to lipid rafts and IS of WASP mutants that fail to bind WlP or lack the polyproline rich region. 4. Dissect the role of WASP recruitment to lipid rafts in TCR signaling. We will analyze TCR signaling in T cells of WASP-/- mice reconstituted with WASP mutants that perturb its recruitment to lipid rafts. We will determine if targeting signals in WASP mutants to lipid raft bypasses the physiologic pathway of WASP recruitment to lipid rafts for TCR signaling. The results of these studies should help elucidate the mechanism of WASP function in T cell activation and will have important implications for our understanding of normal immunity to infection and for immunologic diseases that include immunodeficiency diseases, cancer, and autoimmunity and allergic diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A BLOOD CELL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Snapper, Scott B. Assistant Professor of Medicine; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, MA 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) The goal of this project is to use genetic approaches to determine the function of the protein recently found to be mutated in patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), a severe X-linked disease that is characterized by a B-and T-cell immunodeficiency, eczema, bloody diarrhea, and thrombocytopenia. Two strategies will be used to develop a mouse model of the WAS. First they have targeted and disrupted the murine homologue of the human WAS gene in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate WAS-deficient stem cells. For a rapid analysis of the effects of the WAS-deficiency on lymphoid development, they have generated somatic chimeras in the recombinase activating gene-2-deficient (RAG2-/-) complementation system. RAG2-deficient mice are unable to rearrange immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes and therefore lack mature B and T cells. WAS-deficient ES cells have been introduced into RAG2-/- blastocyts; all of the B- and T-cells from resulting chimeric mice are of ES cell origin; thus one can analyze the role of WASp selectively in lymphocyte development and function. Preliminary studies suggest that murine WASlymphocytes have defects that closely resemble the human disease. WAS-deficient ES cells will also be used to generate germline WAS- mice for the analysis of more widespread effects and for long term studies. Experiments will be carried out to determine whether the germline WAS-deficient mice and the WAS-deficient RAG2deficient chimeras are valid models to study the human disease. In vivo complementation analyses will be performed with various regions of the WAS gene to define and characterize functional domains of the protein. This application is for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award to an Applicant who has received graduate training in microbiology and immunology, and has completed post graduate training in internal medicine and clinical gastroenterology. The applicant's long term goals are to establish and direct his own independent basic research program in studies related to diseases that affect the human immune system with clinical interests in diseases that affect the mucosal immune system. Accordingly, these studies are co-
14 Eczema
sponsored by Dr. Frederick Alt from the Department of Genetics at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Center for Blood Research and by Dr. Daniel Podolsky from the Gastrointestinal Unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital, both at Harvard Medical School. (End of Abstract) Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MURINE MODELS OF THE WISKOTT ALDRICH SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosen, Fred S. Professor of Pediatrics; Cbr Institute for Biomedical Research 800 Huntington Ave Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a hematological disorder characterized by a T-and B-cell immunodeficiency, eczema, and thrombocytopenia. The defective protein (WASP) is thought to play a critical role in a complex signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells that involves the coordination of cell surface signals and cytoskeletal structural changes. Recently, we have disrupted the WAS gene in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and used the RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation system to show that WASP-deficient murine lymphocytes have proliferation defects that closely resemble the defects in WAS patients. In addition, we have identified several cellular signaling molecules, including Cdc42, that interact with WASP. Finally, we have identified th human and murine homologues of the second WASP-family member (NWASP. This project seeks to build on these studies to establish a murine model for the WAS and to further elucidate the function of WASP and WASP-related proteins. Our first aim is to characterize defects of the function of WASP and WASP-related proteins. Our first aim is to characterize defects of the immune system in WASP-deficient mice. Our second goal is to evaluate N-WASP function by gene targeted mutational and genetic comlementation approaches. The third goal is to employ human WASPdeficient platelets and WASP-deficient mice to study the role of WASP in platelet production and function. Our final goal is to elucidate functional domains of WASP and N-WASP by genetic complementation approaches. These studies should provide further insight into the pathogenesis associated with WAS while providing more general insights into the role of WASP-family proteins in intracellular signaling pathways that control cytoskeletal reorganization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORTHOPOX IMMUNIZATION IN NORMALS& PATIENTS WITH CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Reinherz, Ellis L. Chief; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 44 Binney St Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): While worldwide eradication of smallpox represents a major accomplishment of medicine in the 20th century, use of this virus as a bioterrorism agent against our largely disease-susceptible civilian population could result in unprecedented mortality. Individuals at risk for live-virus vaccine complications, including those with cancer and eczema, comprise a large percentage of the US population, mandating against massive large-scale vaccination. Recent developments in immunology, both with regard to mechanistic understanding of adaptive and innate immune responses now allow for evaluation of the cellular and humoral bases of protective immunity against orthopox and other classes of viruses. These advances include details of immune recognition at a structural level, antigen
Studies 15
presentation, cell migration and T cell memory. Here, four groups of investigators will utilize their considerable talents in vaccinology, virology, immunology, cutaneous biology, structure and bioinformatics to identify critical orthopox epitopes affording protective human immunity. Project 1 will examine protective immunity to vaccinia virus in normal and high-risk patients elicited during virus vaccination trials based on parameters identified in Project 2. Project 2 will identify T cell epitopes shared by vaccinia, MVA and smallpox by genome-wide comparison using bioinformatics and position-specific scoring matrices, and confirmed by T cell functional assays and mass spectrometry. Antigen-specific T memory cells elicited through vaccination will be assessed by pMHC tetramers, conventional and new biomarkers of T cell memory and molecularly detailed T cell memory repertoires as examined by single cell PCR at different times post-vaccination. Likewise, targets and biophysical parameters of human neutralizing antibodies to vaccinia and variola, the latter in conjunction with CDC, will be identified using recombinant orthopox proteins, BIAcore, ELISA and neutralization studies. In Project 3, investigators from the Harvard Skin Disease Research Center will examine human skin elements of orthopox vaccinated normals or atopic dermatitis patients for productive viral infection, and compare and contrast the nature of central memory and skin homing effector T cells therein. Murine models using biologic response modifiers and transgenic mice will be exploited to examine how manipulation of the cutaneous environment alters vaccination efficacy. Project 4 will use contemporary molecular genetics to mutate vaccinia virus-Wyeth strain to lower virulence by deleting immune escape functions but maintaining host range, replication and immunogenicity. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity assessment will be in C57BL/6, transgenic or mutant mice using systematic, mucosal and dermal scarification infectious routes. An Educational Component, Pilot Project Component and Research Resource Technical Development Component are proposed for rapid dissemination of methods and reagents resulting from this Center's effort. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRE-CLINICAL STUDIES ON LUPINUS TERMIS SEEDS EXTRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Antoun, Mikhail D. Professor and Faculty Chairperson; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition that affects an estimated 10-20 percent of the population. Aside from Protopic (tacrolimus) ointment, which has been recently approved by the FDA, the main treatment for the past 40 years has been steroids. This proposal is intended to carry out preliminary pharmacologytoxicology studies on an alcoholic extract obtained form the seeds of a plant which, in earlier clinical studies performed outside the US, demonstrated encouraging activity in the management of chronic hand and foot eczema. The results that will be obtained will be used to develop a future R01 grant application that will include a phase II clinical trial to evaluate the extract in the treatment of chronic atopic dermatitis. The studies are intended to 1) assure the quality of the imported seeds, by analyzing different crops obtained from the source country, over a period of two years; 2) develop a standardized reproducible method for the preparation of the extract; 3) determine the stability of the ointments prepared from the extract; 4) carry out a repeat-dose toxicology study of the ointments, for nine months, in pigs; 5) carry out a systemic exposure of rats to the active components of the extract, for 90 days, by oral administration; 6) perform a battery of genetic toxicology studies, and 7) investigate whether the extract and ointment
16 Eczema
preparations have the potential to induce sensitization. The source material is a commercial cash crop. Experimental procedures approved by the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary, or well-established published protocols will be used in the quality assurance studies. The animals will be housed in the Animal Resources Center of the Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico, throughout the period of the study, under the care of the facility's veterinarian. This facility is accredited by the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC International) Developing a new herbal treatment for chronic atopic dermatitis will benefit patients who are at risk or who have developed resistance to other therapies, including Protopic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLES OF THE WASP N-TERMINUS IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tsuboi, Shigeru; Professor; Burnham Institute 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, CA 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X chromosome-linked recessive disorder characterized by a crinical triad of eczema, thrombocytopenia and immunodeficiency. The gene responsible for this disorder was identified and shown to encode a multi-domain protein, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP). WASP stimulates actin assembly through its C-terminus, but the physiological roles of the WASP N-terminus remain unknown.The principle investigator, I have identified calcium integrin binding protein (CIB) as a WASP Nterminus binding partner. The preliminary results suggest that WASP and CIB may participate in platelet aggregation and leukocyte migration by modulating integrins' affinities for their ligands. And also, I have isolated a cDNA encoding a novel WASP Nterminus-interacting protein (WIP-2). WJP-2 sequence suggests that WIP-2 is involved in chemotaxis. Based on these critical findings, to understand the roles of the WASP Nterminus in hematopoietic cells, the following specific aims are proposed.I. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the affinity modulation of integrin allb(33 for its ligand by WASP, CIB and PIP2 in platelets. II. To determine the molecular basis underlying bleeding in XLT patients. III. To determine the roles of WASP and CLB in chemotactic migration of leukocytes. IV. To determine the roles of a novel WASP Nterminus interacting protein (WIP-2) in Ieukocyte migration.Elucidating the roles of the WASP N-terminus in hematopoietic cells will provide important information about critical biological processes such as cell migration, and it should facilitate the development of potential therapeutic agent to treat XLT and WAS Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SCANNING THE VACCINIA PROTEOME FOR ANTISMALLPOX ANTIGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, David A. Assistant Professor of Medicine; Gene Therapy Systems, Inc. 10190 Telesis Ct San Diego, CA 921212719 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): A technology developed by Gene Therapy Systems Inc. under a previously funded Phase I SBIR grant will be applied to producing the complete proteome from vaccinia virus and the proteome will be applied to the general problem of identifying potent vaccine antigens affective against smallpox. The technology called Transciptionally Active PCR (TAP) is a method for generating
Studies 17
functional PCR fragments that can be used directly in in vitro transfection assays, and in vivo. TAP fragments can also be used as templates in cell free in vitro transcription/translation reactions generating >20 micrograms of protein/50 microliter reaction volume, and the TAP system has been placed onto a robotics workstation enabling 384 different purified proteins to be produced and purified in 1 day.This system will be used to amplify and purify all 266 proteins encoded by vaccinia virus and the proteins will be used to scan humoral and cellular immune responses in vaccinia virus vaccinated mice. In this way humoral and cellular "vaccine antigen potency indexes" will be generated for each antigen. These potency indexes will be used together with other immunological and bioinformatics criteria to identify likely candidate antigens for a DNA vaccine. Plasmids encoding the antigens identified in this way, will be injected into mice and the mice will be challenged with an infectious dose of virus to determine DNA vaccine efficacy of the different antigens. The outcome of these challenge studies will be used to validate and refine this approach for identifying effective vaccine antigen candidates.The assays developed in mice will be adapted to human tissue samples, and the humoral aid cellular vaccine antigen potency indexes will be determined in a small group of vaccinia virus vaccinated human volunteers. Since vaccinia virus is substantially homologous to variola virus and since the vaccinia virus vaccine is known to be effective against variola virus infection, the responsive antigens identified from this assay will be candidates for use in a DNA or subunit subunit vaccine against smallpox. This vaccine will have no risk of producing vaccinia virus disease or Eczema vaccinatum. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SCOR IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ASTHMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Martinez, Fernando D. Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, AZ 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Most cases of asthma begin during the first years of life. This suggests that a significant proportion of the risk for the development of asthma can be attributed to complex gene by environment interactions occurring during these early years. Understanding the developmental alterations of the immune system in early life that are associated with the subsequent development of asthma, is essential to designing a strategy for primary and secondary prevention of the disease. In this SCOR proposal we will integrate molecular, immunologic, genetic, genomic, and epidemiologic approaches to study the immune, genetic, and environmental interactions that occur at the beginning of asthma. In Project 1 we explore the gene by environment interactions that may be involved in the apparent protective effect of an increased microbial burden in early life on the development of early allergic sensitization and asthma. A population sample of children living in rural areas of Europe and in whom exposure to indoor endotoxin has been assessed will be studied. Known or newly discovered polymorphisms in genes coding for the main components of the endotoxin response system will be assessed and related to endotoxin exposure and asthma-related outcomes. In Project 2, the genetic and immune factors that explain the strong and independent relation between atopic dermatitis (eczema) in early life and the subsequent development of asthma will be explored. It is well known that most children who will go on to develop asthma show Th2-deviated responses to local aeroallergens very early in life, but not all children who do show such responses develop the disease. Project 3 will explore the complex molecular mechanisms that determine if a Th2-
18 Eczema
deviated response will result in the synthesis of IgG4, IgE or both in humans. Finally, we have recently described five new polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CD14 gene. We have shown that these polymorphisms are associated with total serum IgE levels in school children. Project 4 will explore the biology of novel proximal and distant regulatory elements of the CD14 gene and will thus provide new insights on the mechanisms by which the innate immune response may influence the susceptibility to early allergies and asthma. Our SCOR offers a unique opportunity to study in a comprehensive manner the way in which environmental factors and genetic background influence the maturation of the immune system during the initial phases of the asthma process. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRIAL OF PAROXETINE AS ADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS SYMPTOMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccall, Calvin; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, GA 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common dermatologic condition often associated with significant pruritus. The pruritus and associated scratching can be the most debilitating aspects of AD and exacerbate the dermatitis. Patients often report that current treatments for pruritus in AD are ineffective. An agent that would provide relief of the pruritus associated with AD would be very important in the control of the disease. Recent studies suggest that serotonin has a role in causing pruritus, and that serotonin antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of pruritus. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may also prove to be effective in the treatment of pruritus. The goals of this investigation are to determine if 12 weeks of paroxetine will 1a) diminish the pruritus associated with moderate to severe AD, 1b) diminish AD associated skin severity, 1c) diminish AD-associated impairment of quality of life, 2a) diminish ADassociated potential co-morbid depression and anxiety, 2b) diminish AD- associated specific neuropsychiatric and bodily symptoms related to imbalances in cytokines that are modulated by anti-depressant therapy, 2c) reduce excessive, habitual, or obsessivecompulsive traits of scratching associated with moderate to severe AD. The study will be a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-site study of 40-60 adult subjects with moderate-to severe AD. Patients will receive paroxetine or placebo for 12 weeks followed by a two-week dose taper. Efficiency of treatment will be assessed based on the improvement in itching as measured by the pruritus Visual Analog Scale, improvement in the Physician's Global Assessment of skin symptoms, improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index, serial photography, improvement in the subject's Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis survey, improvement in the Atopic DermatitisInventory Trait for Compulsive, Habitual, and Excessive Scratching survey, improvement in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Beck's Depression and Speilberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventory scales, and improvement in the Neurotoxicity Rating Scale of neuro-psychiatric and bodily symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for eczema in the PubMed Central database: •
Atopic eczema in children. by Hoey J. 2002 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116161
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Prevalence of self-reported eczema in relation to living environment, socio-economic status and respiratory symptoms assessed in a questionnaire study. by Montnemery P, Nihlen U, Goran Lofdahl C, Nyberg P, Svensson A. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=183835
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Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. by Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A, Po AL, O'Neill C, Young S, Williams HC. 2002 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100318
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with eczema, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for eczema (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A baby with eczema and an abnormal sweat test. Author(s): Brand PL, Gerritsen J, van Aalderen WM. Source: Lancet. 1996 October 5; 348(9032): 932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843814&dopt=Abstract
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A case of clear cell acanthoma presenting as nipple eczema. Author(s): Kim DH, Kim CW, Kang SJ, Kim TY. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 November; 141(5): 950-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583200&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the efficacy and safety of mupirocin cream and cephalexin in the treatment of secondarily infected eczema. Author(s): Rist T, Parish LC, Capin LR, Sulica V, Bushnell WD, Cupo MA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2002 January; 27(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952661&dopt=Abstract
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A cost consequence study of the impact of a dermatology-trained practice nurse on the quality of life of primary care patients with eczema and psoriasis. Author(s): Kernick D, Cox A, Powell R, Reinhold D, Sawkins J, Warin A. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2000 July; 50(456): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954937&dopt=Abstract
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A dose-response study of irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic eczema. Author(s): Cowley NC, Farr PM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992 November; 72(6): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1362835&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind comparative study to compare the efficacy of Locoid C with TriAdcortyl in children with infected eczema. Author(s): Meenan FO. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1988 May; 42(5): 200-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2463849&dopt=Abstract
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A new syndrome of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, eczema and hypogammaglobulinaemia. Author(s): Slaney SF, Hall CM, Atherton DJ, Winter RM. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1999 April; 8(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319195&dopt=Abstract
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A relatively high prevalence and severity of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman. Author(s): Al-Riyami BM, Al-Rawas OA, Al-Riyami AA, Jasim LG, Mohammed AJ. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2003 March; 8(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856745&dopt=Abstract
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A retrospective epidemiology study of contact eczema among the elderly attending a tertiary dermatology referral centre in Singapore. Author(s): Goh CL, Ling R. Source: Singapore Med J. 1998 October; 39(10): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885705&dopt=Abstract
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A retrospective evaluation of azathioprine in severe childhood atopic eczema, using thiopurine methyltransferase levels to exclude patients at high risk of myelosuppression. Author(s): Murphy LA, Atherton D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174104&dopt=Abstract
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A thorough systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Author(s): Bigby M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 December; 137(12): 1635-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735714&dopt=Abstract
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ABC of dermatology. Treatment of eczema and inflammatory dermatoses. Author(s): Buxton PK. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 October 31; 295(6606): 11124. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3120904&dopt=Abstract
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Acetylcholine is an inducer of itching in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Heyer G, Vogelgsang M, Hornstein OP. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 October; 24(10): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375459&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant botulinum toxin A in dyshidrotic hand eczema: a controlled prospective pilot study with left-right comparison. Author(s): Wollina U, Karamfilov T. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 January; 16(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952288&dopt=Abstract
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Administration of acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to atopic eczema patients. Author(s): Rukwied R, Heyer G. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 1999 February; 8(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206720&dopt=Abstract
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Adult-onset recalcitrant eczema: a marker of noncutaneous lymphoma or leukemia. Author(s): Callen JP, Bernardi DM, Clark RA, Weber DA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 August; 43(2 Pt 1): 20710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906639&dopt=Abstract
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Advised best practice for the use of emollients in eczema and other dry skin conditions. Author(s): Holden C, English J, Hoare C, Jordan A, Kownacki S, Turnbull R, Staughton RC. Source: The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002 September; 13(3): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227871&dopt=Abstract
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Airborne and dietary allergens in atopic eczema: a comprehensive review of diagnostic tests. Author(s): Darsow U, Ring J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2000 October; 25(7): 544-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122226&dopt=Abstract
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Airborne eczema due to mould allergy. Author(s): Kanny G, Becker S, de Hauteclocque C, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 December; 35(6): 378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118647&dopt=Abstract
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Alcometasone dipropionate 0.05% ointment versus hydrocortisone 1.0% ointment in eczema & other dermatoses. Author(s): Handa F, Sharma PK, Guha A, Sharma SD. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1988 January; 33(1): 5-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3074045&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic contact eczema/dermatitis from cosmetics. Author(s): Gomez Vazquez M, Fernandez-Redondo V, Toribio J. Source: Allergy. 2002 March; 57(3): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11906352&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, eczema, and sensitization in two areas with differing climates. Author(s): Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Aberg N. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2001 August; 12(4): 208-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555318&dopt=Abstract
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Allergy and the skin. II--Contact and atopic eczema. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 April 18; 316(7139): 1226-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9553003&dopt=Abstract
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Alterations of melatonin secretion in atopic eczema. Author(s): Schwarz W, Birau N, Hornstein OP, Heubeck B, Schonberger A, Meyer C, Gottschalk J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(3): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2455415&dopt=Abstract
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Altered catecholamine synthesis and degradation in the epidermis of patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Schallreuter KU, Pittelkow MR, Swanson NN, Beazley WD, Korner C, Ehrke C, Buttner G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1997 November; 289(12): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9452885&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological comparison between hand eczema and non-hand eczema. Author(s): Goh CL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 118(6): 797-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3401415&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of hand eczema. I. Prevalence and cumulative prevalence among hairdressers compared with a control group of teachers. Author(s): Holm JO, Veierod MB. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 187: 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868489&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of hand eczema. II. Prevalence of atopic diathesis in hairdressers, compared with a control group of teachers. Author(s): Holm JO, Veierod MB. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 187: 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868490&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of hand eczema. III. Characterization of hairdressers with and without hand eczema, regarding demographic factors and medical histories. Author(s): Holm JO, Veierod MB. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 187: 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868491&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of hand eczema. IV. Degree and pattern of eczema in affected hairdressers, with and without atopic symptoms, compared with a control group of affected teachers. Author(s): Holm JO, Veierod MB. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 187: 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868492&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of hand eczema. V. Prevalence among hairdresser trainees, compared with a general population of hairdressers. Author(s): Holm JO, Veierod MB. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 187: 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868493&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemiological study of hand eczema. VI. A follow-up of hairdresser trainees, with the focus on various health complaints. Author(s): Holm JO. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1994; 187: 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9868494&dopt=Abstract
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An interaction between the IL-4Ralpha gene and infection is associated with atopic eczema in young children. Author(s): Callard RE, Hamvas R, Chatterton C, Blanco C, Pembrey M, Jones R, Sherriff A, Henderson J; ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 July; 32(7): 990-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12100043&dopt=Abstract
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Association between genetic variants of mast-cell chymase and eczema. Author(s): Mao XQ, Shirakawa T, Yoshikawa T, Yoshikawa K, Kawai M, Sasaki S, Enomoto T, Hashimoto T, Furuyama J, Hopkin JM, Morimoto K. Source: Lancet. 1996 August 31; 348(9027): 581-3. Erratum In: Lancet 1997 January 4; 349(9044): 64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774571&dopt=Abstract
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Association between mast cell chymase genotype and atopic eczema: comparison between patients with atopic eczema alone and those with atopic eczema and atopic respiratory disease. Author(s): Tanaka K, Sugiura H, Uehara M, Sato H, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Furuyama J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 June; 29(6): 800-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10336597&dopt=Abstract
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Association between severity of atopic eczema and degree of sensitization to aeroallergens in schoolchildren. Author(s): Schafer T, Heinrich J, Wjst M, Adam H, Ring J, Wichmann HE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 December; 104(6): 1280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589013&dopt=Abstract
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Association between variants of mast cell chymase gene and serum IgE levels in eczema. Author(s): Mao XQ, Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S, Dake Y, Kitano H, Hagihara A, Hopkin JM. Source: Human Heredity. 1998 January-February; 48(1): 38-41. Erratum In: Hum Hered 1998 March-April; 48(2): 91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9463800&dopt=Abstract
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Associations between duration of breast-feeding, sensitization to hens' eggs and eczema infantum in one and two year old children at high risk of atopy. Author(s): Wetzig H, Schulz R, Diez U, Herbarth O, Viehweg B, Borte M. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2000 March; 203(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10956585&dopt=Abstract
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Asthma, hay fever and eczema in Irish teenagers (ISAAC protocol). Author(s): Manning PJ, Curran K, Kirby B, Taylor MR, Clancy L. Source: Ir Med J. 1997 April-May; 90(3): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183097&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic dermatitis versus infantile eczema. Author(s): Christophers E, Folster-Holst R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423861&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and allergy. Author(s): Ring J, Darsow U, Behrendt H. Source: Curr Allergy Rep. 2001 January; 1(1): 39-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899283&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and domestic water hardness. Author(s): McNally NJ, Williams HC, Phillips DR, Smallman-Raynor M, Lewis S, Venn A, Britton J. Source: Lancet. 1998 August 15; 352(9127): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9716057&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and orthodontic headgear. Author(s): McComb JL, King CM. Source: Dent Update. 1992 November; 19(9): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1306839&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and other manifestations of atopy: results of a study in East and West Germany. Author(s): Schafer T, Vieluf D, Behrendt H, Kramer U, Ring J. Source: Allergy. 1996 August; 51(8): 532-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874656&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and preterm birth. Author(s): David TJ, Ewing CI. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1988 April; 63(4): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3365015&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and staphylococcal endocarditis: time to recognize an association? Author(s): Conway DS, Taylor AD, Burrell CJ. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 May; 61(5): 356-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10953745&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and the allergist. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 1999 September-October; 20(5): 305-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10566100&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and the home environment. Author(s): De Berker D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 393; Author Reply 3934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174126&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and the home environment. Author(s): McNally NJ, Williams HC, Phillips DR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 November; 145(5): 730-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736896&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema and wet-wrap dressings. Author(s): Twitchen LJ, Lowe AJ. Source: Prof Nurse. 1998 November; 14(2): 113-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873348&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema in children. Author(s): Hoey J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 June 25; 166(13): 1694. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126329&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema in children: what to do when treatment fails to work. Author(s): Hogan PA. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 37(3): 119-22; Quiz 1234. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771863&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema in monozygotic twins with Dubowitz syndrome. Author(s): Mohrenschlager M, Beham A, Abeck D, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 June; 138(6): 1091-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747384&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema is associated with delayed maturation of the antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine. Author(s): Arkwright PD, Patel L, Moran A, Haeney MR, Ewing CI, David TJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 October; 122(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11012612&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema. Author(s): Smethurst D. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1467-82. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230763&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema. Author(s): Odent M, Culpin E, Kimmel T. Source: Lancet. 1994 July 9; 344(8915): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7912384&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema. Author(s): Niggemann B. Source: Lancet. 1994 July 9; 344(8915): 140. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7912383&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome - a genetically complex disease. New advances in discovering the genetic contribution. Author(s): Kluken H, Wienker T, Bieber T. Source: Allergy. 2003 January; 58(1): 5-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580800&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and Malassezia. Author(s): Scheynius A, Johansson C, Buentke E, Zargari A, Linder MT. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 March; 127(3): 161-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979041&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema: how to tackle the most common atopic symptom. Author(s): Wahn U, Staab D, Nilsson L. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1999; 10(12 Suppl): 19-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392489&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema: its impact on the family and financial cost. Author(s): Su JC, Kemp AS, Varigos GA, Nolan TM. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1997 February; 76(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068310&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema: its social and financial costs. Author(s): Kemp AS. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 June; 35(3): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404440&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema: management and control. Author(s): Donald S. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 1997 October; 9(8): 29-34; Quiz 35, 37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386541&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema: role of microorganisms on the skin surface. Author(s): Ring J, Abeck D, Neuber K. Source: Allergy. 1992 August; 47(4 Pt 1): 265-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1443443&dopt=Abstract
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Baby with eczema and abnormal sweat test. Author(s): Besnard M, Munck A, Navarro J. Source: Lancet. 1996 December 21-28; 348(9043): 1737. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8973452&dopt=Abstract
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Baby-wipe dermatitis: preservative-induced hand eczema in parents and persons using moist towelettes. Author(s): Guin JD, Kincannon J, Church FL. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753890&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial and viral infections in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Sauer GC. Source: Mo Med. 1966 June; 63(6): 440-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5915394&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial infection and atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ, Cambridge GC. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1986 January; 61(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3954415&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteriology of infected eczema. Author(s): Puavilai S, Sathapatayavongs B. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1988 December; 71(12): 677-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3249173&dopt=Abstract
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Bedding and eczema. Author(s): Harrison PV. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 May; 18(3): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348732&dopt=Abstract
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Behavior modification: a nursing approach for young children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Buchanan PI. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2001 February; 13(1): 15-8, 21-3; Quiz 24-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917295&dopt=Abstract
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Benign intracranial hypertension in a child with eczema treated with topical steroids. Author(s): Hosking GP, Elliston H. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 March 4; 1(6112): 550-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=630215&dopt=Abstract
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Beta-methasone-17-valerate in the topical treatment of hypostatic leg eczema. Author(s): Haeger K. Source: Angiology. 1969 January; 20(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4885020&dopt=Abstract
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Blepharophimosis, eczema, and growth and developmental delay in a young adult: late features of Dubowitz syndrome? Author(s): Lyonnet S, Schwartz G, Gatin G, de Prost Y, Munnich A, Le Merrer M. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1992 January; 29(1): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1552551&dopt=Abstract
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Breast feeding and atopic eczema. Author(s): Mahood JM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 November 19; 287(6404): 1553. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6416502&dopt=Abstract
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Breast feeding and atopic eczema. Author(s): Atherton DJ. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 September 17; 287(6395): 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6412823&dopt=Abstract
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Breast feeding as prophylaxis for atopic eczema: a controlled study of 368 cases. Author(s): Shohet L, Shahar E, Davidson S. Source: Acta Paediatr Hung. 1985; 26(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3986049&dopt=Abstract
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Breast feeding, eczema, asthma, and hayfever. Author(s): Taylor B, Wadsworth J, Golding J, Butler N. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1983 June; 37(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6886591&dopt=Abstract
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Breast milk fatty acids in mothers of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Wright S, Bolton C. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1989 November; 62(3): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2557889&dopt=Abstract
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Breast milk from mothers of children with newly developed atopic eczema has low levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Author(s): Businco L, Ioppi M, Morse NL, Nisini R, Wright S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 June; 91(6): 1134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509576&dopt=Abstract
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Breast-feeding and childhood eczema. Author(s): Peters T, Golding J, Butler NR. Source: Lancet. 1985 January 5; 1(8419): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2856974&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding and eczema. Author(s): Pratt HF. Source: Early Human Development. 1984 April; 9(3): 283-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6734490&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding and eczema/asthma. Author(s): Golding J, Butler NR, Taylor B. Source: Lancet. 1982 March 13; 1(8272): 623. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6121207&dopt=Abstract
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Breastfeeding duration is a risk factor for atopic eczema. Author(s): Bergmann RL, Diepgen TL, Kuss O, Bergmann KE, Kujat J, Dudenhausen JW, Wahn U; MAS-study group. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 32(2): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929483&dopt=Abstract
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Can atopic eczema be prevented? Author(s): Guin JD. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1979 June; 72(6): 408. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=458179&dopt=Abstract
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Casebook: atopic eczema. Author(s): Poyner T. Source: Practitioner. 2000 October; 244(1615): 830, 832, 834-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11116731&dopt=Abstract
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Cement eczema. An epidemiological intervention study. Author(s): Avnstorp C. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992; 179: 1-22. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1288039&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in collagen I and collagen III metabolism in patients with generalized atopic eczema undergoing medium-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. Author(s): Mempel M, Schmidt T, Boeck K, Brockow K, Stachowitz S, Fesq H, Schafer T, Thomsen S, Schnopp C, Ring J, Probst R, Luppa P, Abeck D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 March; 142(3): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735953&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of monocyte subtypes in the allergic form of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Novak N, Allam P, Geiger E, Bieber T. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 931-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269940&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood atopic eczema. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Rogers M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 June 8; 324(7350): 1376-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052810&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood eczema: community care. Author(s): Bullus S. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1997 October 29-November 4; 12(6): 49-53; Quiz 54, 56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9407872&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood eczema: disease of the advantaged? Author(s): Williams HC, Strachan DP, Hay RJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 April 30; 308(6937): 1132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173454&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood eczema: empowering the parent. Author(s): Malcolm B. Source: Practitioner. 1997 June; 241(1575): 332-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9230515&dopt=Abstract
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Children with atopic eczema. I: Clinical response to food elimination and subsequent double-blind food challenge. Author(s): Sloper KS, Wadsworth J, Brostoff J. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1991 August; 80(292): 677-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1754670&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosome 11q13 and atopy underlying atopic eczema. Author(s): Coleman R, Trembath RC, Harper JI. Source: Lancet. 1993 May 1; 341(8853): 1121-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8097806&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic finger dermatitis after trauma. Diagnosis: posttraumatic eczema with allergic contact dermatitis to neomycin, bacitracin, and topical corticosteroids. Author(s): Sherertz EF. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 April; 132(4): 461, 464. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629854&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic generalized eczema caused by multiple dye sensitization. Author(s): Mathelier-Fusade P, Aissaoui M, Chabane MH, Mounedji N, Leynadier F. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1996 December; 7(4): 224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8955485&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic leg ulcers and eczema. Author(s): Perrenoud D, Ramelet AA. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 27: 165-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10547742&dopt=Abstract
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Circulating interleukin 16 (IL-16) in children with atopic/eczema dermatitis syndrome (AEDS): a novel serological marker of disease activity. Author(s): Frezzolini A, Paradisi M, Zaffiro A, Provini A, Cadoni S, Ruffelli M, De Pita O. Source: Allergy. 2002 September; 57(9): 815-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169178&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and immunologic variables in skin of patients with atopic eczema and either positive or negative atopy patch test reactions. Author(s): Langeveld-Wildschut EG, Bruijnzeel PL, Mudde GC, Versluis C, Van Ieperen-Van Dijk AG, Bihari IC, Knol EF, Thepen T, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, van Reijsen FC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 1008-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10808184&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical evidence: atopic eczema. Author(s): Charman C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 12; 318(7198): 1600-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10364122&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical experience with 0.05% halometasone/1% triclosan cream in the treatment of acute infected and infection-prone eczema in Egypt. Author(s): Abdel Aal H, Abdallah MA, Iskandar IO, Salama NR. Source: J Int Med Res. 1987 November-December; 15(6): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3325321&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical manifestations of hand eczema compared by etiologic classification and irritation reactivity to SLS. Author(s): Kang YC, Lee S, Ahn SK, Choi EH. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227480&dopt=Abstract
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Clobetasone butyrate and hydrocortisone butyrate in the treatment of eczema: a double-blind comparison. Author(s): Lassus A. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1979; 6(3): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=391489&dopt=Abstract
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Close association of predominant genotype of herpes simplex virus type 1 with eczema herpeticum analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Yoshida M, Umene K. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2003 April; 109(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668262&dopt=Abstract
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Color atlas: eczema. Author(s): Rudikoff D, Akhavan A, Cohen SR. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 101-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706327&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary: eczema. Author(s): Rudikoff D. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 93-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706325&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Author(s): Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, Reitamo S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 September; 76(5): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891011&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of fluticasone propionate cream, 0.05%, and hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cream, 0.1%, in the treatment of eczema. Author(s): Juhlin L. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 February; 57(2 Suppl): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8646871&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the association with eczema herpeticum in the two predominant genotypes of herpes simplex virus type 1. Author(s): Umene K, Yoshida M, Sakaoka H. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1996 August; 49(4): 329-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877767&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the influence of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone-17,21dipropionate treatment on quality of life in chronic hand eczema. Author(s): Granlund H, Erkko P, Reitamo S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 January; 77(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9059680&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of topical PUVA with UVA for chronic vesicular hand eczema. Author(s): Grattan CE, Carmichael AJ, Shuttleworth GJ, Foulds IS. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675518&dopt=Abstract
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Complete remission of refractory dyshidrotic eczema with the use of radiation therapy. Author(s): Stambaugh MD, DeNittis AS, Wallner PE, Heymann WR. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 April; 65(4): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795080&dopt=Abstract
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Complete resolution of generalized eczema craquele after treatment with metronidazole of occult amebiasis. Author(s): Wahba-Yahav AV. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1990 October; 23(4 Pt 1): 75960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2229511&dopt=Abstract
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Compliance problems in paediatric atopic eczema. Author(s): Fischer G. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 37 Suppl 1: S10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713002&dopt=Abstract
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Compositae dermatitis presenting as hand eczema. Author(s): Fitzgerald DA, English JS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 October; 27(4): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451494&dopt=Abstract
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Concentration and kinetic studies of intravenous acyclovir in serum and breast milk of a patient with eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Bork K, Benes P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 June; 32(6): 1053-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751454&dopt=Abstract
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Consecutive patch testing with sodium sulfite in eczema patients. Author(s): Petersen CS, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 November; 27(5): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1493705&dopt=Abstract
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Conservation of CNS1 and exclusion of its role in atopic eczema susceptibility. Author(s): Elliott KS, Anney RJ, Fitzpatrick EB, Williamson R, Forrest SM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 January; 109(1): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799387&dopt=Abstract
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Constitutional pompholyx eczema complicated by secondary lymphoedema. Author(s): Gach JE, King CM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 November-December; 81(6): 437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859954&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergens in shoe leather among patients with foot eczema. Author(s): van Coevorden AM, Coenraads PJ, Pas HH, van der Valk PG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 March; 46(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000322&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy and hand eczema in Swedish dentists. Author(s): Wallenhammar LM, Ortengren U, Andreasson H, Barregard L, Bjorkner B, Karlsson S, Wrangsjo K, Meding B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 192-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011917&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy in patients with periorbital eczema: an analysis of allergens. Data recorded by the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology. Author(s): Ockenfels HM, Seemann U, Goos M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(2): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310716&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy in relation to hand eczema and atopic diseases in north Norwegian schoolchildren. Author(s): Dotterud LK, Falk ES. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1995 April; 84(4): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7795349&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy to methyldibromo glutaronitrile presenting as severe scalp seborrhoeic eczema. Author(s): Armstrong DK, Smith HR, Rycroft RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 June; 40(6): 335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385345&dopt=Abstract
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Contact nummular (discoid) eczema from depilating cream. Author(s): Le Coz CJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 February; 46(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918608&dopt=Abstract
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Contact sensitization to dipropylene glycol in an eczema population. Author(s): Johansen JD, Jemec GB, Rastogi SC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 September; 33(3): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8565478&dopt=Abstract
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Content and reactivity to product perfumes in fragrance mix positive and negative eczema patients. A study of perfumes used in toiletries and skin-care products. Author(s): Johansen JD, Rastogi SC, Andersen KE, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 June; 36(6): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237007&dopt=Abstract
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Cortisol, corticotropin, and beta-endorphin responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Rupprecht M, Hornstein OP, Schluter D, Schafers HJ, Koch HU, Beck G, Rupprecht R. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995; 20(5): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675938&dopt=Abstract
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Cost of atopic dermatitis and eczema in the United States. Author(s): Ellis CN, Drake LA, Prendergast MM, Abramovits W, Boguniewicz M, Daniel CR, Lebwohl M, Stevens SR, Whitaker-Worth DL, Cheng JW, Tong KB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 March; 46(3): 361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862170&dopt=Abstract
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Cross sectional study of the relation between sibling number and asthma, hay fever, and eczema. Author(s): Ponsonby AL, Couper D, Dwyer T, Carmichael A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 October; 79(4): 328-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875043&dopt=Abstract
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Current management and future trends in atopic eczema (A.E.) Author(s): Buckley D. Source: Ir Med J. 1995 July-August; 88(4): 110, 112. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7672939&dopt=Abstract
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Current management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Ravenscroft JC, Thomas KS, Williams HC. Source: Practitioner. 2002 October; 246(1639): 690-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407953&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurring with atopic eczema: report of three cases. Author(s): Kubeyinje EP, Belagavi CS. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 October; 77(10): 572-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862130&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous manifestations in Kartagener's syndrome: folliculitis, nummular eczema and pyoderma gangraenosum. Author(s): Vazquez J, Fernandez-Redondo V, Sanchez-Aguilar D, Toribio J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 186(4): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513194&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous reactions and sensations after intracutaneous injection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine in atopic eczema patients and healthy controls. Author(s): Rukwied R, Heyer G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 April; 290(4): 198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617439&dopt=Abstract
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Cutaneous reactivity of the hands in nickel-sensitive patients with hand eczema. Author(s): Banfield CC, Basketter DA, Powell SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 June; 38(6): 316-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9687029&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase activity in cultured keratinocytes from patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Wright S, Navsaria H, Leigh IM. Source: Journal of Dermatological Science. 1991 July; 2(4): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1655006&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclosporin A responsive chronic severe vesicular hand eczema. Author(s): Petersen CS, Menne T. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992 November; 72(6): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1362836&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokine dermatosis: reactivation of eczema during interleukin-2 infusion. Author(s): Cork MJ, Keohane SG, Gawkrodger DJ, Hancock BW, Sheridan E, Bleehen SS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155987&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokine-mediated effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic eczema on keratinocytes (HaCaT) in a new coculture system. Author(s): Neuber K, Steinrucke K, Kowalzick L, Kohler I, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 November; 133(5): 750-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8555028&dopt=Abstract
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Death from eczema herpeticum in a child with severe eczema, mental retardation and cataracts. Author(s): Ewing CI, Roper HP, David TJ, Haeney MR. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989 March; 82(3): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2704016&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased adrenergic responses in lymphocytes and granulocytes in atopic eczema. Author(s): Busse WW, Lee TP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1976 November; 58(5): 586-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=185243&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased monocyte interleukin-1 beta production in atopic eczema. Author(s): Jakob T, Neuber K, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 March; 132(3): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7718454&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased natural killer cell activity in atopic eczema. Author(s): Hall TJ, Rycroft R, Brostoff J. Source: Immunology. 1985 October; 56(2): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3876984&dopt=Abstract
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Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and raised serum ige levels in a child with recurrent bacterial infections and eczema. Influence of levamisole. Author(s): De Cree J, Emmery L, Timmermans J, Eeckels R, De Cock W, Verhaegen H. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1978 February; 53(2): 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=306223&dopt=Abstract
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Defective neutrophil chemotaxis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and impaired cellular immunity in a child with recurrent pyogenic infections and chronic eczema. Author(s): Komiyama A, Morosawa H, Hanamura K, Miyagawa Y, Akabane T. Source: Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1977 August; 40(4): 513-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=920056&dopt=Abstract
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Deformability of red blood cells in eczema. Author(s): el-Saaiee L, Meky N. Source: J Med. 1986; 17(5-6): 273-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3473169&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of Herpes virus by electron microscopy in the crust of a healing lesion of eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Medenica M, Steinberg T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1977 April; 113(4): 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=192156&dopt=Abstract
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Density of the microflora in hand eczema before and after topical treatment with a potent corticosteroid. Author(s): Nilsson E, Henning C, Hjorleifsson ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 August; 15(2 Pt 1): 1927. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745523&dopt=Abstract
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Dental restorative materials and the prevalence of eczema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma in schoolchildren. Dental amalgam and allergy in schoolchildren. Author(s): Herrstrom P, Hogstedt B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1994 March; 12(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8009097&dopt=Abstract
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Depression of cell-mediated immunity in atopic eczema. Author(s): McGeady SJ, Buckley RH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1975 November; 56(5): 393406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=810508&dopt=Abstract
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Dermacase. Eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Enta T. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1994 September; 40: 1537, 1541. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7920046&dopt=Abstract
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Dermatitis-eczema disorders. Author(s): Pearlstein HH, Auerbach R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1972 March; 51(3): 80-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4259730&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of Herpes simplex virus DNA in non-herpetic areas of patients with eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Amatsu A, Yoshida M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(2): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773695&dopt=Abstract
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Detergents and hand eczema. Author(s): Sarkany I. Source: Nurs Times. 1971 September 30; 67(39): 1211-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5095359&dopt=Abstract
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Development and isotype diversity of antibodies to inhalant and dietary antigens in childhood atopic eczema. Author(s): Barnes RM, Lewis-Jones MS, Allan S, Dixon TA, Vickers CF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 May; 18(3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348713&dopt=Abstract
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Development of childhood eczema and its classification. Author(s): Oranje AP. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1995; 6 Suppl 7: 31-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8574320&dopt=Abstract
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Development of hand eczema in junior hairdressers: an 8-year follow-up study. Author(s): Majoie IM, von Blomberg BM, Bruynzeel DP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 April; 34(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730160&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of eczema. Author(s): Dobson RL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 May 17; 235(20): 2228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946853&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic accuracy of the atopy patch test and the skin-prick test for the diagnosis of food allergy in young children with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Stromberg L. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(10): 1044-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434888&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic procedures for eczema patients. Author(s): Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1987 July; 17(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2958211&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema symptom prevalence: an ecological analysis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) data. ISAAC Phase One Study Group. Author(s): Ellwood P, Asher MI, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Pearce N, Robertson CF. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2001 March; 17(3): 436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405522&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and atopic eczema in children. Author(s): Ventura A, Longo G, Longo F, Florean P, Scornavacca G. Source: Allergy. 1989; 44 Suppl 9: 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2479281&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and atopic eczema. Author(s): Neild V. Source: Mod Midwife. 1994 April; 4(4): 22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788368&dopt=Abstract
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Diet and atopic eczema. Author(s): Atherton DJ. Source: Clin Allergy. 1988 May; 18(3): 215-28. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3293844&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary management of atopic eczema: is this justified? Author(s): Arkwright PD, Patel L, David TJ. Source: Hosp Med. 1998 September; 59(9): 690-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829075&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary manipulation in eczema. Author(s): Ursell A. Source: Practitioner. 1994 April; 238(1537): 284-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8183814&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary treatment of atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989 October; 64(10): 1506-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2684034&dopt=Abstract
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Diet-related eczema. Author(s): Hill DJ, Hosking CS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 January; 19(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2702515&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in parental- and self-report of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among Italian adolescents. SIDRIA collaborative group. Studi Italiani sui Disordini Respiratori dell' Infanzia e l'Ambiente. Author(s): Renzoni E, Forastiere F, Biggeri A, Viegi G, Bisanti L, Chellini E, Ciccone G, Corbo G, Galassi C, Rusconi F, Sestini P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 September; 14(3): 597-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10543281&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in skin-prick and patch-test reactivity are related to the heterogeneity of atopic eczema in infants. Author(s): Kekki OM, Turjanmaa K, Isolauri E. Source: Allergy. 1997 July; 52(7): 755-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9265992&dopt=Abstract
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Different pathways in irritant contact eczema? Early differences in the epidermal elemental content and expression of cytokines after application of 2 different irritants. Author(s): Grangsjo A, Leijon-Kuligowski A, Torma H, Roomans GM, Lindberg M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 December; 35(6): 355-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118630&dopt=Abstract
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Different sensitization profile for asthma, rhinitis, and eczema among 7-8-year-old children: report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden studies. Author(s): Ronmark E, Perzanowski M, Platts-Mills T, Lundback B. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2003 April; 14(2): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675754&dopt=Abstract
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Differential IL-10 receptor gene expression in acute versus chronic atopic eczema. Modulation by immunosuppressive drugs and cytokines in normal cultured keratinocytes. Author(s): Muschen A, Mirmohammadsadegh A, Jarzebska-Deussen B, Abts HF, Ruzicka T, Michel G. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1999 October; 48(10): 539-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563471&dopt=Abstract
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Diluted steroid facial wet wraps for childhood atopic eczema. Author(s): Tang WY. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 200(4): 338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10894971&dopt=Abstract
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Diproderm with gentamicin--a new very potent steroid ointment in infected eczema. Author(s): Bjornberg A, Hellgren L, Nygren B. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 October; 18(4): 556-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=810315&dopt=Abstract
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Discoid eczema as a consequence of contact with irritants. Author(s): Wilkinson DS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1979 March; 5(2): 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=157251&dopt=Abstract
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Diseases of the skin. Infantile eczema. Author(s): Beveridge GW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 January 26; 1(899): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4812409&dopt=Abstract
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Diseases of the skin. Management of eczema. I. Author(s): Baker H. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 December 1; 4(5891): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4271325&dopt=Abstract
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Diseases of the skin. Management of eczema. II. Author(s): Baker H. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 December 8; 4(5892): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4148462&dopt=Abstract
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Diseases of the skin. Management of varicose ulcers and eczema. Author(s): Ryan TJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 February 2; 1(900): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4590671&dopt=Abstract
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Disodium cromoglycate ointment in atopic eczema. Author(s): Thirumoorthy T, Greaves MW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 August 12; 2(6135): 500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=98201&dopt=Abstract
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Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent atopic eczema? Author(s): Kramer MS, Moroz B. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 April; 98(4): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7205479&dopt=Abstract
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Does natural sensitisation in eczema occur through the skin? Author(s): Carswell F, Thompson S. Source: Lancet. 1986 July 5; 2(8497): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2873316&dopt=Abstract
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Double blind controlled study of treatment of atopic eczema with a preparation of hydrocortisone in a new drug delivery system versus betamethasone 17-valerate. Author(s): Almeyda J, Burt BW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1974 November; 91(5): 579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4611469&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind study of cetirizine in atopic eczema in children. Author(s): La Rosa M, Ranno C, Musarra I, Guglielmo F, Corrias A, Bellanti JA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 August; 73(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067594&dopt=Abstract
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Doxepin affects acetylcholine induced cutaneous reactions in atopic eczema. Author(s): Groene D, Martus P, Heyer G. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2001 April; 10(2): 110-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11260249&dopt=Abstract
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Dyshidrotic eczema and occupation: a descriptive study. Author(s): Lehucher-Michel MP, Koeppel MC, Lanteaume A, Sayag J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011918&dopt=Abstract
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Dyshidrotic eczema and sensitization to dithiocarbamates in a florist. Author(s): Crippa M, Misquith L, Lonati A, Pasolini G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 September; 23(3): 203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2149332&dopt=Abstract
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Dyshidrotic eczema as an occupational dermatitis in metal workers. Author(s): de Boer EM, Bruynzeel DP, van Ketel WG. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 September; 19(3): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2973394&dopt=Abstract
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Dyshidrotic eczema associated with piroxicam photosensitivity. Author(s): Braunstein BL. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1985 May; 35(5): 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4006513&dopt=Abstract
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Dyshidrotic eczema giving rise to painful lower leg ulceration as a result of smoking? Author(s): van der Vleuten C, van der Valk P. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(1): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013215&dopt=Abstract
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Dyshidrotic eczema treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Pickenacker A, Luger TA, Schwarz T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 March; 134(3): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9521043&dopt=Abstract
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Ectopic cilia in a Caucasian girl with atopic eczema. Author(s): Mohrenschlager M, Kohler LD, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534897&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema after intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin. Author(s): Barucha C, McMillan JC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 October 31; 295(6606): 1141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3120918&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema and an abnormal sweat test. Author(s): Raeburn JA. Source: Lancet. 1996 December 7; 348(9041): 1597. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950919&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema and foods. Author(s): Borok G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 February; 93(2): 118-9. Erratum In: S Afr Med J. 2003 June; 93(6): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640880&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema and hay fever in schoolchildren. Author(s): Taylor MR, Holland CV, O'Lorcain P. Source: Ir Med J. 1996 November-December; 89(6): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8996957&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema and the family. Author(s): Watts J. Source: Community Nurse. 1997 September; 3(8): 35-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9469024&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema and thrombocytopenia in an 8-month-old infant boy. Author(s): Weiss SJ, Schuval SJ, Bonagura VR. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 February; 78(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9048525&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema and Type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Douek IF, Leech NJ, Bingley PJ, Gale EA. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2002 February; 19(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874437&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema as a complication of pulsed dye laser therapy. Author(s): Shahidullah H, Frieden IJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1999 February; 135(2): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10052420&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema caused by magnetic tapes. Author(s): Silvestre JF, Botella R, Betlloch MI, Albares MP, Vergara G. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 December; 12(4): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753898&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema craquele and internal malignancy. Author(s): Higgins EM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1997 July; 22(4): 206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9499616&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema craquele as a pointer of internal malignancy--a case report. Author(s): Guillet MH, Schollhammer M, Sassolas B, Guillet G. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 November; 21(6): 431-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167339&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema craquele resulting from acute oedema: a report of seven cases. Author(s): Bhushan M, Cox NH, Chalmers RJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 145(2): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531813&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum during treatment of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Author(s): Lubbe J, Pournaras CC, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(3): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096198&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum in children with atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Lai YC, Shyur SD, Fu JL. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 1999 September-October; 40(5): 325-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910542&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum in parthenium dermatitis. Author(s): Sahoo B, Handa S, Kumar B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 February; 44(2): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205385&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum in pregnancy successfully treated with acyclovir. Author(s): Garland SM, Hill PJ. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1994 May; 34(2): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7980319&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum. Clinical and laboratory features. Author(s): Novelli VM, Atherton DJ, Marshall WC. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1988 May; 27(5): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2835199&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum: a dermatologic emergency. Author(s): Mackley CL, Adams DR, Anderson B, Miller JJ. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2002 October; 14(5): 307-10, 323; Quiz 313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430518&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema herpeticum: atopic dermatitis complicated by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Author(s): Terezhalmy GT, Tyler MT, Ross GR. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979 December; 48(6): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=292955&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema in a port-wine stain. Author(s): Tsuboi H, Miyata T, Katsuoka K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780725&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema in young infants: developing a protocol for the primary health care team. Author(s): Langley-Hobbs M. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1999; 9(6): 157-9, 161. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855229&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema mimicking child abuse: a case of mistaken identity. Author(s): Heider TR, Priolo D, Hultman CS, Peck MD, Cairns BA. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 357-9; Discussion 357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352140&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema responsive to treatment for Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Wilson WH. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1995 September; 75(3): 290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7552934&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema, asthma and allergy. Author(s): Golding J, Emmett PM, Rogers IS. Source: Early Human Development. 1997 October 29; 49 Suppl: S121-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9363421&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema, scratching and acrylic nails. Author(s): O'Brien TJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 February; 38(1): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046657&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema. Author(s): Peters J. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2000 January 5-11; 14(16): 49-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209440&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema/dermatitis: management & tips. Author(s): Edwards L. Source: Compr Ther. 1997 February; 23(2): 148-54. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9083727&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema: a rational approach. Author(s): Woodrow S, Norris P. Source: Practitioner. 1996 November; 240(1568): 628-30, 632-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8945877&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema: making an unpleasant condition more bearable. Author(s): Bysshe J. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1996; 6(3): 59, 61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8718001&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema: quality of life by body site and the effect of patch testing. Author(s): Thomson KF, Wilkinson SM, Sommer S, Pollock B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 627-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966694&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema-like plaques to enoxaparin. Author(s): Valdes F, Vidal C, Fernandez-Redondo V, Peteiro C, Toribio J. Source: Allergy. 1998 June; 53(6): 625-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689351&dopt=Abstract
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Education on eczema. Author(s): Williams K. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1995 October 4-10; 10(2): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577510&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of gentian violet, corticosteroid and tar preparations in Staphylococcus-aureuscolonized atopic eczema. Author(s): Brockow K, Grabenhorst P, Abeck D, Traupe B, Ring J, Hoppe U, Wolf F. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(3): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592403&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of RA-233 on erythrocytes from patients with eczema. Author(s): Meky N. Source: J Med. 1988; 19(1): 33-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3221142&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of topical capsaicin on the cutaneous reactions and itching to histamine in atopic eczema compared to healthy skin. Author(s): Weisshaar E, Heyer G, Forster C, Handwerker HO. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1998 June; 290(6): 306-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9705161&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of indoor environmental factors on risk for atopic eczema in a subtropical area. Author(s): Yang CY, Cheng MF, Hsieh YL. Source: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A. 2000 October 27; 61(4): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071318&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of recombinant human soluble interleukin-4 receptor on interleukin4/staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Sperhake K, Neuber K, Enssle K, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 139(5): 784-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892942&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of trimeprazine and trimipramine on nocturnal scratching in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Savin JA, Paterson WD, Adam K, Oswald I. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1979 March; 115(3): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=373632&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate ointment, 0.005%, in the treatment of eczema. Author(s): Lebwohl M. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1996 February; 57(2 Suppl): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8646873&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and tolerability of erythromycin acistrate and erythromycin stearate in acute skin infections of patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Salo OP, Gordin A, Brandt H, Antikainen R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1988 June; 21 Suppl D: 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3391871&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of borage oil in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Kapoor R, Klimaszewski A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 July; 143(1): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886164&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of naltrexone on acetylcholine-induced alloknesis in atopic eczema. Author(s): Heyer G, Groene D, Martus P. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2002 October; 11(5): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12366698&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in asthma and eczema. Author(s): Pajno GB, Peroni DG, Barberio G, Boner AL. Source: Chem Immunol Allergy. 2003; 82: 77-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12947994&dopt=Abstract
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Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 in patients with severe atopic eczema and influence of UVA1 treatment. Author(s): Kowalzick L, Kleinheinz A, Neuber K, Weichenthal M, Kohler I, Ring J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1995; 190(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7534511&dopt=Abstract
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Elimination diet and intestinal permeability in atopic eczema: a preliminary study. Author(s): Caffarelli C, Cavagni G, Menzies IS, Bertolini P, Atherton DJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 January; 23(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8439817&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of allergic skin wheal responses by microwave radiation from mobile phones in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 December; 129(4): 34850. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483040&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of allergic skin wheal responses in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome by playing video games or by a frequently ringing mobile phone. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 June; 33(6): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795649&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of IgE production in B cells by neutrophils via galectin-3 in IgEassociated atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 June; 128(2): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065918&dopt=Abstract
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Environmental associations with eczema in early life. Author(s): Harris JM, Cullinan P, Williams HC, Mills P, Moffat S, White C, Newman Taylor AJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 April; 144(4): 795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298539&dopt=Abstract
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Eosinophil protein X and eosinophil cationic protein as indicators of intestinal inflammation in infants with atopic eczema and food allergy. Author(s): Majamaa H, Laine S, Miettinen A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 November; 29(11): 1502-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10520078&dopt=Abstract
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Erythema ab igne in a child with atopic eczema. Author(s): Wilson NJ, Sharpe GR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 July; 24(4): 337-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10458696&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluating the relevance of aeroallergen sensitization in atopic eczema with the atopy patch test: a randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Atopy Patch Test Study Group. Author(s): Darsow U, Vieluf D, Ring J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 1): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10025743&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the atopy patch test and the cutaneous late-phase reaction as relevant models for the study of allergic inflammation in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Langeveld-Wildschut EG, Thepen T, Bihari IC, ven Reijsen FC, de Vries IJ, Bruijnzeel PL, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 December; 98(6 Pt 1): 1019-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8977500&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the gut mucosal barrier: evidence for increased antigen transfer in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 April; 97(4): 985-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655895&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the patch test results with standard antigens in various types of eczema. Author(s): Akyol A, Gurgey E, Erdi H, Taspinar A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 November; 35(5): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9007378&dopt=Abstract
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Experience with low-dose methotrexate for the treatment of eczema in the elderly. Author(s): Shaffrali FC, Colver GB, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 March; 48(3): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637922&dopt=Abstract
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Experimentally induced pruritus and cutaneous reactions with topical antihistamine and local analgesics in atopic eczema. Author(s): Weisshaar E, Forster C, Dotzer M, Heyer G. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1997; 10(4): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413892&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to endotoxin decreases the risk of atopic eczema in infancy: a cohort study. Author(s): Gehring U, Bolte G, Borte M, Bischof W, Fahlbusch B, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J; LISA study group. Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 November; 108(5): 84754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692114&dopt=Abstract
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Exposure to selected fragrance materials. A case study of fragrance-mix-positive eczema patients. Author(s): Johansen JD, Rastogi SC, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 February; 34(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681536&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of the high affinity IgE-receptor on human Langerhans' cells. Elucidating the role of epidermal IgE in atopic eczema. Author(s): Haas N, Hamann K, Grabbe J, Cremer B, Czarnetzki BM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992 August; 72(4): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357883&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing the occurrence of hand eczema in adults with a history of atopic dermatitis in childhood. Author(s): Rystedt I. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1985 April; 12(4): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4017565&dopt=Abstract
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Few food diets in the treatment of atopic eczema. Author(s): Pike MG, Carter CM, Boulton P, Turner MW, Soothill JF, Atherton DJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989 December; 64(12): 1691-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2624475&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrinolytic enzyme system in infantile eczema. Author(s): Yamamoto K, Takada A, Yamada K. Source: Keio J Med. 1965 September; 14(3): 107-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5850789&dopt=Abstract
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Finger-nail fungal infection as a sensitizer in eczema of the hands. (Clinical observations). Author(s): Belezos NK. Source: G Ital Dermatol Minerva Dermatol. 1969 September; 44(9): 454-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4251372&dopt=Abstract
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Flare reaction due to vitamin B12 in a patient with psoriasis and contact eczema. Author(s): Malten KE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1975 October; 1(5): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=139261&dopt=Abstract
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Flare responses of atopic eczema patients analysed with true colour images. Author(s): Rukwied R, Nischik M, Forster C, Heyer G, Handwerker HO. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 1997 September; 46(9): 336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9339388&dopt=Abstract
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Fluocinonide compared with betamethasone in the treatment of eczema and psoriasis. Author(s): Ronn HH. Source: Practitioner. 1976 June; 216(1296): 704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=781661&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescence microscopy of acantholytic cells in primordial vesicles in chronic forms of eczema. Author(s): Neumann E, Winter V. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1965; 45(6): 488-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4162874&dopt=Abstract
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Fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream in the treatment of atopic eczema: a multicentre study comparing once-daily treatment and once-daily vehicle cream application versus twice-daily treatment. Author(s): Bleehen SS, Chu AC, Hamann I, Holden C, Hunter JA, Marks R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 October; 133(4): 592-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577590&dopt=Abstract
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Food allergy and atopic eczema. Author(s): Przybilla B, Ring J. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 220-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206923&dopt=Abstract
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Food allergy and atopic eczema. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Merrett TG. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1983 June; 42(2): 247-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6351083&dopt=Abstract
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Food and drug reactions, wheezing, and eczema in preterm infants. Author(s): Lucas A, Brooke OG, Cole TJ, Morley R, Bamford MF. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990 April; 65(4): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2189368&dopt=Abstract
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Forefoot eczema--further studies and a review. Author(s): Young E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1986 November; 11(6): 523-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3311491&dopt=Abstract
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Formaldehyde is a significant allergen in women with hand eczema. Author(s): Cronin E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 November; 25(5): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809530&dopt=Abstract
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Fragrance allergy and hand eczema - a review. Author(s): Heydorn S, Menne T, Johansen JD. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 February; 48(2): 59-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694206&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency and activity of IgE-secreting peripheral blood B-cells in atopic eczema. Author(s): Thomas P, Pfutzner W, Przybilla B. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 November; 75(6): 422-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651015&dopt=Abstract
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Frequency of sensitization to antimicrobials in patients with atopic eczema compared with nonatopic individuals: analysis of multicentre surveillance data, 1995-1999. Author(s): Jappe U, Schnuch A, Uter W. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 149(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890199&dopt=Abstract
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Frullania (liverwort) phytodermatitis (woodcutter's eczema). Author(s): Mitchell JC. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1986 April-June; 4(2): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2941134&dopt=Abstract
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Fusidic acid plus betamethasone in infected or potentially infected eczema. Author(s): Hjorth N, Schmidt H, Thomsen K. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1985; 4(2): 126-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3903779&dopt=Abstract
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Fusidic acid-betamethasone combination in infected eczema: an open, randomized comparison with gentamicin-betamethasone combination. Author(s): Strategos J. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1986; 4(9): 601-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3763654&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal symptoms in atopic eczema. Author(s): Caffarelli C, Cavagni G, Deriu FM, Zanotti P, Atherton DJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 March; 78(3): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613352&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema craquele as a presenting feature of adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Greenwood R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1983 August; 109(2): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6871100&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema craquele as a presenting feature of lymphoma. Author(s): Barker DJ, Cotterill JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 September; 97(3): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=921903&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema craquele: a marker of zinc deficiency? Author(s): Weismann K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 September; 99(3): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=708604&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema craquele: a sign of internal malignancy. Author(s): Huilgol SC, Hanna MJ. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 37(3): 161. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771876&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema due to codeine. Author(s): Estrada JL, Puebla MJ, de Urbina JJ, Matilla B, Prieto MA, Gozalo F. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217996&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema elicited by trace elements in a nickel-sensitised patient. Author(s): el Sayed F, Garigue J, Sans B, Marguery MC, Bazex J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 August; 35(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917848&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema from vitallium osteosynthesis material. Author(s): Merle C, Vigan M, Devred D, Girardin P, Adessi B, Laurent R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 October; 27(4): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451495&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema in an 18-month-old boy due to phenoxyethanol in DPT vaccine. Author(s): Vogt T, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 January; 38(1): 50-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9504254&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eczema induced by nadroparin. Author(s): Estrada Rodriguez JL, Gozalo Reques F, Ortiz de Urbina J, Matilla B, Rodriguez Prieto MA, Gonzalez Moran NA. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861855&dopt=Abstract
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Generalized eruption in a child with eczema due to coxsackievirus A16. Author(s): Nahmias AJ, Froeschle JE, Feorino PM, McCord G. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 February; 97(2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5636047&dopt=Abstract
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Genital eczema in an elderly man. Author(s): Aldeen T, Lau RK. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1999 February; 10(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215119&dopt=Abstract
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Giving early solids to infants. Beware of misclassifying eczema. Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 August 14; 307(6901): 444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8374464&dopt=Abstract
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Glucose tolerance in eczema. Author(s): Hamza SH, el-Mazny HR, Abdallah MA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 September; 99(3): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=708595&dopt=Abstract
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Gramineae pollen as trigger factors of atopic eczema: evaluation of diagnostic measures using the atopy patch test. Author(s): Darsow U, Behrendt H, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292067&dopt=Abstract
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Growth impairment in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Kristmundsdottir F, David TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1987 January; 80(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3560137&dopt=Abstract
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Growth in atopic eczema. Author(s): Massarano AA, Hollis S, Devlin J, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 May; 68(5): 677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8323339&dopt=Abstract
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Growth in atopic eczema: a controlled study by questionnaire. Author(s): Pike MG, Chang CL, Atherton DJ, Carpenter RG, Preece MA. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1989 November; 64(11): 1566-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2604416&dopt=Abstract
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Growth of herpes simplex type 1 on skin explants of atopic eczema. Author(s): Goodyear HM, Davies JA, McLeish P, Buchan A, Skinner GR, Winther M, Harper JI. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1996 May; 21(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8914357&dopt=Abstract
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Gut eczema in slaughterhouse workers. Author(s): Hjorth N. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1978 February; 4(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=148996&dopt=Abstract
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Halo eczema and junctional naevi: a case report. Author(s): Krivanek JF, Cains GD, Paver K. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1977 August; 18(2): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=588194&dopt=Abstract
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Halo eczema around melanocytic nevi. Author(s): Brenan J, Kossard S, Krivanek J. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1985 May; 24(4): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4008152&dopt=Abstract
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Halo eczema in melanocytic nevi. Author(s): Fernandez Herrera JM, Aragues Montanes M, Fraga Fernandez J, Diez G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(2): 161-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2453998&dopt=Abstract
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Halo eczema surrounding seborrhoeic keratoses: an example of perilesional nummular dermatitis. Author(s): Rosen R, Paver K, Kossard S. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1990; 31(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2151363&dopt=Abstract
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Halo eczema--resolution after excision of the central naevus alone. Author(s): Cox NH, Bloxham CA, Lawrence CM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1991 January; 16(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2025942&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema among hard-metal workers. Author(s): Fischer T, Rystedt I. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1985; 8(4-5): 381-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073037&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema and all that. Author(s): Cunliffe WJ, Tan SG. Source: Practitioner. 1976 June; 216(1296): 678-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=940796&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema and atopy in housewives. Author(s): Glickman FS, Silvers SH. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1967 May; 95(5): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6023701&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema and long-term prognosis in atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Rystedt I. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1985; 117: 1-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2931938&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema associated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Author(s): Geldof BA, Oranje AP, van Joost T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1989 May; 20(5): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2527722&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Parker RK, Guin JD. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 October; 52(4): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8261809&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in 45 bakers - a clinical study. Author(s): Meding B, Wrangsjo K, Brisman J, Jarvholm B. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 January; 48(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12641572&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in a prospectively-followed cohort of office-workers. Author(s): Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 February; 38(2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9506220&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in children with atopic dermatitis: a low prevalence? Author(s): Effendy I, Maibach HI. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 February; 85(2): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640041&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in Finnish farmers. A questionnaire-based clinical study. Author(s): Susitaival P, Husman L, Hollmen A, Horsmanheimo M, Husman K, Hannuksela M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 March; 32(3): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774186&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in hairdressers and nurses: a prospective study. I. Evaluation of atopy and nickel hypersensitivity at the start of apprenticeship. Author(s): van der Burg CK, Bruynzeel DP, Vreeburg KJ, von Blomberg BM, Scheper RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1986 May; 14(5): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2943555&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in hairdressers. Author(s): Marks R, Cronin E. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1977 December; 18(3): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=148884&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in Malaysians. Author(s): Ting HC. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1983 December; 38(4): 304-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6599987&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in metalworker trainees--an analysis of risk factors. Author(s): Berndt U, Hinnen U, Iliev D, Elsner P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 December; 43(6): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11140382&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in nickel-sensitive female twins. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Author(s): Menne T, Holm NV. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 July; 9(4): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6684530&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in patients with history of atopic manifestations in childhood. Author(s): Rystedt I. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(4): 305-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2413684&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in Swedish adults - changes in prevalence between 1983 and 1996. Author(s): Meding B, Jarvholm B. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 April; 118(4): 719-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918722&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in twins: a questionnaire investigation. Author(s): Bryld LE, Agner T, Kyvik KO, Brondsted L, Hindsberger C, Menne T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 298-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730764&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema. Author(s): Sibbald RG. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1998 August; 44(8): 68-78; Discussion 77-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782961&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema. Author(s): White IR. Source: Occup Health (Lond). 1990 November; 42(11): 322-4, 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2147466&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema: a 15-minute tour of the Louvre or how to mold frustration into the Winged Victory. Author(s): Jordan WP. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1998 December; 9(4): 240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810027&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema: an evaluation of the frequency of atopic background and the difference in clinical pattern between patients with and without atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Svensson A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(6): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2467490&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema: evaluation of 250 patients. Author(s): Duarte I, Terumi Nakano J, Lazzarini R. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 1998 December; 9(4): 216-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810022&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema: the atopic subject and work. Author(s): Adams RM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1993 November; 52(5): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299386&dopt=Abstract
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Hapten conjugation in the leucocyte migration inhibition test in allergic chromate eczema. Author(s): Rytter M, Haustein UF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 February; 106(2): 161-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6174139&dopt=Abstract
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Hay fever, eczema and urticaria in southwest Norway. Lifetime prevalences and association with sex, age, smoking habits, occupational airborne exposures and respiratory symptoms. Author(s): Bakke P, Gulsvik A, Eide GE. Source: Allergy. 1990 October; 45(7): 515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2252162&dopt=Abstract
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Hay fever, eczema, and wheeze: a nationwide UK study (ISAAC, international study of asthma and allergies in childhood). Author(s): Austin JB, Kaur B, Anderson HR, Burr M, Harkins LS, Strachan DP, Warner JO. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 September; 81(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451395&dopt=Abstract
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Heparin-like activity, atopic eczema, and contact dermatitis. Author(s): Boinot C, Martin J, Larregue M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 August; 105(2): 302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3729217&dopt=Abstract
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Herpes simplex infections in atopic eczema. Author(s): Liddle BJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990 March; 65(3): 333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2334218&dopt=Abstract
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Herpes simplex infections in atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ, Longson M. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1985 April; 60(4): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4004311&dopt=Abstract
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High prevalence of superantigens associated with the egc locus in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Mempel M, Lina G, Hojka M, Schnopp C, Seidl HP, Schafer T, Ring J, Vandenesch F, Abeck D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 22(5): 306-9. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743832&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose ultraviolet A1 (UVA1), but not UVA/UVB therapy, decreases IgE-binding cells in lesional skin of patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Grabbe J, Welker P, Humke S, Grewe M, Schopf E, Henz BM, Krutmann J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 September; 107(3): 419-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8751980&dopt=Abstract
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Histamine and atopic eczema. Author(s): Ring J, Thomas P. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 70-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2477978&dopt=Abstract
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Histamine and cutaneous nociception: histamine-induced responses in patients with atopic eczema, psoriasis and urticaria. Author(s): Heyer G, Koppert W, Martus P, Handwerker HO. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 March; 78(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534890&dopt=Abstract
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Histamine, antihistamines and atopic eczema. Author(s): Behrendt H, Ring J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 November; 20 Suppl 4: 25-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1980856&dopt=Abstract
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Histamine-induced itch and alloknesis (itchy skin) in atopic eczema patients and controls. Author(s): Heyer G, Ulmer FJ, Schmitz J, Handwerker HO. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 September; 75(5): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615049&dopt=Abstract
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Histocompatibility antigens in atopy with special reference to eczema and hay fever. Author(s): Turner MW, Brostoff J, Wells RS, Soothill JF. Source: Monogr Allergy. 1977; 11: 19-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=876119&dopt=Abstract
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Histopathology of exogenous and systemic contact eczema. Author(s): White CR Jr. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 226-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206924&dopt=Abstract
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HLA in eczema and hay fever. Author(s): Turner MW, Brostoff TJ, Wells RS, Stokes CR, Soothill JF. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1977 January; 27(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=849649&dopt=Abstract
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HLA-DR-dependent increased mannan-induced lymphoproliferative response in atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Savolainen J, Kosonen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Yssel H, Bousquet J. Source: Allergy. 2003 January; 58(1): 72-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580811&dopt=Abstract
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Homing receptor expression on cord blood T lymphocytes and the development of atopic eczema in infants. Author(s): Kohno Y, Shimojo N, Kojima H, Katsuki T. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2001 January-March; 124(13): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11307007&dopt=Abstract
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House dust mite allergy and atopic eczema: a case report. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Macfarlane HA, Benton EC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 June; 116(6): 857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3620346&dopt=Abstract
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House-dust mite hypersensitivity, eczema, and other nonpulmonary manifestations of allergy. Author(s): Tupker RA, de Monchy JG, Coenraads PJ. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(48 Suppl): 92-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096817&dopt=Abstract
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Housewives' eczema and the role of chromates. Author(s): Feuerman EJ. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1969; 49(3): 288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4184274&dopt=Abstract
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How I treat atopic eczema in children. Author(s): Goltz RW. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1967 October; 42(4): Suppl: A151-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4383248&dopt=Abstract
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How I treat nummular eczema. Author(s): Luscombe HA. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1968 April; 43(4): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4384878&dopt=Abstract
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How we treat hand eczema. Author(s): Dobson RL, Provost TT. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1969 February; 45(2): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5763379&dopt=Abstract
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Humoral and cellular immunity in atopic eczema. Author(s): Grove DI, Reid JG, Forbes IJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1975 June; 92(6): 611-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1101939&dopt=Abstract
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Hydration studies on scaly hand eczema. Author(s): Blichmann C, Serup J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1987 March; 16(3): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3581823&dopt=Abstract
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Hygiene levels in a contemporary population cohort are associated with wheezing and atopic eczema in preschool infants. Author(s): Sherriff A, Golding J; Alspac Study Team. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 July; 87(1): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089117&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. I. Bacterial culture, skin tests and immunofluorescent detection of immunoglobulins and bacterial antigens. Author(s): Welbourn E, Champion RH, Parish WE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 June; 94(6): 619-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=132959&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. II. Titre and immunoglobulin class of antibodies to staphylococci and micrococci. Author(s): Parish WE, Welbourn E, Champion RH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 September; 95(3): 285-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=974019&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. III. Arthus-like responses to bacterial antigens without specific antibody. Author(s): Welbourn E, Champion RH, Parish WE. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 October; 95(4): 379-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=135574&dopt=Abstract
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Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. IV. Cytotoxic effect of antibacterial antibody on skin cells acquiring bacterial antigens. Author(s): Parish WE, Welbourn E, Champion RH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 November; 95(5): 493-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=990168&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying genes predisposing to atopic eczema. Author(s): Forrest S, Dunn K, Elliott K, Fitzpatrick E, Fullerton J, McCarthy M, Brown J, Hill D, Williamson R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 November; 104(5): 106670. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550754&dopt=Abstract
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IgE and IgG4 antibodies to bovine milk fat globule membrane in atopic eczema patients: a study of their occurrence, relevance and antigenic specificity. Author(s): Shakib F, Brown HM, Redhead R, Phelps A. Source: Clin Allergy. 1985 May; 15(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2408787&dopt=Abstract
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IgE antibodies to Malassezia furfur, M. sympodialis and Pityrosporum orbiculare in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic eczema or pityriasis versicolor, and identification of respective allergens. Author(s): Mayser P, Gross A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 September-October; 80(5): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11200834&dopt=Abstract
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IgE-bearing Langerhans cells are not specific to atopic eczema but are found in inflammatory skin diseases. Author(s): Bieber T, Braun-Falco O. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 April; 24(4): 658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2033152&dopt=Abstract
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IgE-mediated allergy in adults with severe atopic eczema. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Wright AL, Benton EC. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 May; 19(3): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2736432&dopt=Abstract
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Images in clinical medicine. Eczema vaccinatum--a timely reminder. Author(s): Moses AE, Cohen-Poradosu R. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 April 25; 346(17): 1287. Epub 2002 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923488&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate hypersensitivity reaction to amphibian serum manifesting as hand eczema. Author(s): Thomsen RJ, Honsinger RW Jr. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1987 November; 123(11): 1436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2960269&dopt=Abstract
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Immune dysregulation in atopic eczema. Author(s): Bos JD, Wierenga EA, Sillevis Smitt JH, van der Heijden FL, Kapsenberg ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1992 November; 128(11): 1509-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1444507&dopt=Abstract
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Immune responses to herpes simplex virus in patients with facial herpes simplex and those with eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Vestey JP, Howie SE, Norval M, Maingay JP, Neill WA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 118(6): 775-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2840941&dopt=Abstract
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Immune status in atopic eczema: a survey. Author(s): Byrom NA, Timlin DM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 May; 100(5): 491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=312651&dopt=Abstract
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Immunisation and eczema. Author(s): Lingham S, Wells RS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1978 July 29; 2(6133): 355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=687916&dopt=Abstract
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Immunofluorescent patterns in the skin in Besnier's prurigo. The eczema asthma syndrome. Author(s): Hodgkinson GI, Everall JD, Smith HV. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 April; 96(4): 357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=324512&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoglobulin E and the eczema-asthma syndrome in early childhood. Author(s): Gordon RR, Noble DA, Ward AM, Allen R. Source: Lancet. 1982 January 9; 1(8263): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6119493&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoglobulin E antibodies to ingested cereal flour components: studies with sera from subjects with asthma and eczema. Author(s): Sutton R, Hill DJ, Baldo BA, Wrigley CW. Source: Clin Allergy. 1982 January; 12(1): 63-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7067068&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical studies on NAP-1/IL-8 in contact eczema and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Sticherling M, Bornscheuer E, Schroder JM, Christophers E. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1992; 284(2): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1610217&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical study of intestinal biopsies from children with atopic eczema due to food allergy. Author(s): Perkkio M. Source: Allergy. 1980 October; 35(7): 573-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7468943&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological studies of herpes simplex virus infection in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Goodyear HM, McLeish P, Randall S, Buchan A, Skinner GR, Winther M, Rolland J, Morgan G, Harper JI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 January; 134(1): 85-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8745891&dopt=Abstract
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Immunologically mediated reactions to foods: IgE in eczema. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1987 November; 59(5 Pt 2): 71-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3688575&dopt=Abstract
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Immunomorphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell (IDEC) population in lesional skin of atopic eczema. Author(s): Wollenberg A, Kraft S, Hanau D, Bieber T. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1996 March; 106(3): 446-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8648175&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired H2 histamine granulocyte response in active atopic eczema. Author(s): Busse WW, Lantis SD. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1979 August; 73(2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=222850&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired lymphocyte cyclic adenosine monophosphate responses in atopic eczema. Author(s): Archer CB, Morley J, MacDonald DM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1983 November; 109(5): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6315045&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of palmoplantar keratoderma of nonhereditary type (eczema tyloticum) after oral administration of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Author(s): Katayama H, Yamane Y. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 December; 125(12): 1713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2531571&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement of skin symptoms and mineral imbalance by drinking deep sea water in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Author(s): Kimata H, Tai H, Nakagawa K, Yokoyama Y, Nakajima H, Ikegami Y. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2002; 45(2): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12325458&dopt=Abstract
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Improving care of eczema in general practice. Author(s): Edwards V. Source: Community Nurse. 1997 February; 3(1): 29-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451104&dopt=Abstract
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In situ quantification of T-lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of atopic eczema. Author(s): Zachary CB, Allen MH, MacDonald DM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 February; 112(2): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3155958&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro IgE synthesis in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Ring J, Senner H. Source: Monogr Allergy. 1983; 18: 242-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6685818&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro IgE-secretion in atopic eczema: influence of allergens and mitogens and role of CD8 T cell subpopulation. Author(s): Thomas P, Senner H, Rieber P, Ring J. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2529725&dopt=Abstract
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Inability to produce white dermographism in the early stage of infantile eczema. Author(s): Aizawa H, Tagami H. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1989 March; 6(1): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2704663&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of work-related hand eczema during apprenticeship: first results of a prospective cohort study in the car industry. Author(s): Funke U, Fartasch M, Diepgen TL. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 March; 44(3): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217989&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in NGF content and nerve fiber sprouting in human allergic contact eczema. Author(s): Kinkelin I, Motzing S, Koltenzenburg M, Brocker EB. Source: Cell and Tissue Research. 2000 October; 302(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079713&dopt=Abstract
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Increase of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Swedish schoolchildren between 1979 and 1991. Author(s): Aberg N, Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 September; 25(9): 815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8564719&dopt=Abstract
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Increased concentration of fecal alpha1-antitrypsin is associated with cow's milk allergy in infants with atopic eczema. Author(s): Majamaa H, Aittoniemi J, Miettinen A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 31(4): 590-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359427&dopt=Abstract
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Increased intestinal permeability in atopic eczema. Author(s): Pike MG, Heddle RJ, Boulton P, Turner MW, Atherton DJ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1986 February; 86(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745938&dopt=Abstract
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Increased skin reactivity to primary irritants provoked by hand eczema. Author(s): Bjornberg A. Source: Arch Dermatol Forsch. 1974 June 11; 249(4): 389-400. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4407532&dopt=Abstract
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Increased succinate dehydrogenase activity of lymphocytes in eczema. Author(s): Shelley WB, Comaish JS. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1977; 57(3): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=71826&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing incidence of eczema herpeticum: analysis of seventy-five cases. Author(s): Bork K, Brauninger W. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 December; 19(6): 10249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3204177&dopt=Abstract
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Individual and environmental risk factors for hand eczema in hospital workers. Author(s): Nilsson E. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1986; 128: 1-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2949472&dopt=Abstract
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Indoor risk factors for atopic eczema in school children from East Germany. Author(s): Schafer T, Heinrich J, Wjst M, Krause C, Adam H, Ring J, Wichmann HE. Source: Environmental Research. 1999 August; 81(2): 151-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433847&dopt=Abstract
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Infant feeding causes all cases of asthma, eczema, and hay fever. Or does it? Author(s): David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1998 August; 79(2): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797587&dopt=Abstract
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Infantile eczema. Author(s): Roxburgh RC. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 July 24; 71(30): 1166-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1144114&dopt=Abstract
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Infantile eczema: A long-term follow-up study. Author(s): Musgrove K, Morgan JK. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1976 October; 95(4): 365-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=974022&dopt=Abstract
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Infection and prevention: current controversies in childhood atopic eczema: a review. Author(s): David TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1989 July; 82(7): 420-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2685302&dopt=Abstract
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Infective endocarditis associated with atopic eczema. Author(s): Grabczynska SA, Cerio R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 140(6): 1193-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354109&dopt=Abstract
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Inflammation markers and symptom activity in children with bronchial asthma. Influence of atopy and eczema. Author(s): Carlsen KH, Halvorsen R, Pettersen M, Carlsen KC. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1997 August; 8(3): 112-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9532250&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of airborne nitrogen dioxide or formaldehyde on parameters of skin function and cellular activation in patients with atopic eczema and control subjects. Author(s): Eberlein-Konig B, Przybilla B, Kuhnl P, Pechak J, Gebefugi I, Kleinschmidt J, Ring J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 January; 101(1 Pt 1): 1413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449520&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of maternal food antigen avoidance during pregnancy and lactation on incidence of atopic eczema in infants. Author(s): Chandra RK, Puri S, Suraiya C, Cheema PS. Source: Clin Allergy. 1986 November; 16(6): 563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3791630&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of weather and climate on subjective symptom intensity in atopic eczema. Author(s): Vocks E, Busch R, Frohlich C, Borelli S, Mayer H, Ring J. Source: International Journal of Biometeorology. 2001 February; 45(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411412&dopt=Abstract
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Information and support for people with eczema. Author(s): Ransome S, Ward S. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2000 February 2-8; 14(20): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209357&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of leucocyte migration by the Clausen agarose method (LMAT) in chromium eczema. Author(s): Wasik F, Miklaszewska M, Blizanowska A, Sierawska M. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1985 April-June; 17(2): 107-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4079467&dopt=Abstract
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Intact nerve supply for eczema. Author(s): Moller H. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422060&dopt=Abstract
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Interferon-gamma for treatment of severe atopic eczema in two children. Author(s): Horneff G, Dirksen U, Wahn V. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 May; 72(5): 400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8086777&dopt=Abstract
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Intermittent maintenance therapy in chronic hand eczema with clobetasol propionate and flupredniden acetate. Author(s): Moller H, Svartholm H, Dahl G. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1983; 8(9): 640-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6365465&dopt=Abstract
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International patterns of tuberculosis and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema. Author(s): von Mutius E, Pearce N, Beasley R, Cheng S, von Ehrenstein O, Bjorksten B, Weiland S. Source: Thorax. 2000 June; 55(6): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817790&dopt=Abstract
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International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): validation of the written questionnaire (eczema component) and prevalence of atopic eczema among Brazilian children. Author(s): Yamada E, Vanna AT, Naspitz CK, Sole D. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002; 12(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109530&dopt=Abstract
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Interrelationship between biliary dyskinesia and chronic urticaria, chronic eczema and atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Nishimura T. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1986 August; 13(4): 250-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3540052&dopt=Abstract
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Interstitial del(13)(q21.3q31) associated with psychomotor retardation, eczema, and absent suck and swallowing reflex. Author(s): Peet PJ, Pereira RR, Van Hemel JO, Hoogeboom AJ. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 December; 24(12): 786-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3430559&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal inflammation in children with atopic eczema: faecal eosinophil cationic protein and tumour necrosis factor-alpha as non-invasive indicators of food allergy. Author(s): Majamaa H, Miettinen A, Laine S, Isolauri E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1996 February; 26(2): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835126&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal permeability in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Barba A, Schena D, Andreaus MC, Faccini G, Pasini F, Brocco G, Cavallini G, Scuro LA, Chieregato GC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 January; 120(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2517877&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Author(s): Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM. Source: Lancet. 1981 June 13; 1(8233): 1285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6112605&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal permeability, atopic eczema and oral disodium cromoglycate. Author(s): Ventura A, Rinaldi S, Florean P, Agosti E. Source: Pediatr Med Chir. 1991 March-April; 13(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1910165&dopt=Abstract
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Intolerance to oral and intravenous calcium supplements in atopic eczema. Author(s): Devlin J, David TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1990 August; 83(8): 497-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2231577&dopt=Abstract
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Intractable atopic eczema suggests major affective disorder: poor parenting is secondary. Author(s): Allen AD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1989 April; 125(4): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2930219&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation into the increase in hay fever and eczema at age 16 observed between the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. Author(s): Butland BK, Strachan DP, Lewis S, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 September 20; 315(7110): 717-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9314757&dopt=Abstract
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Is deficiency of interferon gamma production by allergen triggered cord blood cells a predictor of atopic eczema? Author(s): Warner JA, Miles EA, Jones AC, Quint DJ, Colwell BM, Warner JO. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 May; 24(5): 423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087653&dopt=Abstract
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Is occupational irritant contact dermatitis predictable by cutaneous bioengineering methods? Results of the Swiss Metalworkers' Eczema Study (PROMETES). Author(s): Berndt U, Hinnen U, Iliev D, Elsner P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(4): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449933&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a geographical variation in eczema prevalence in the UK? Evidence from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Author(s): McNally NJ, Williams HC, Phillips DR, Strachan DP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 712-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792221&dopt=Abstract
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Jaccoud's arthropathy secondary to severe chronic eczema of the palms. Author(s): Kane D, Bresnihan B. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 December; 36(12): 1339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448601&dopt=Abstract
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Keratinocytes in lesional skin of atopic eczema bear HLA-DR, CD1a and IgE molecules. Author(s): Bieber T, Dannenberg B, Ring J, Braun-Falco O. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1989 January; 14(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2478318&dopt=Abstract
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Know how guide to eczema/dermatitis. Author(s): Poyner T. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 March 26-April 1; 93(13): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9128578&dopt=Abstract
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Know how treatment for childhood eczema. Author(s): Layton A. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 October 14-20; 94(41): 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9832864&dopt=Abstract
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Know how. Wet wraps in atopic eczema. Author(s): Donald S. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 October 29-November 4; 93(44): 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9393033&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory evaluation of the child with recalcitrant eczema. Author(s): Hebert AA. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1994 January; 12(1): 109-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8143375&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and asthma, allergic rhinitis, or eczema at age 5 years. Author(s): Celedon JC, Litonjua AA, Ryan L, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 July 1; 166(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091174&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association between atopic eczema and the genetic variants of interleukin-4 and the interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain gene: heterogeneity of genetic backgrounds on immunoglobulin E production in atopic eczema patients. Author(s): Tanaka K, Sugiura H, Uehara M, Hashimoto Y, Donnelly C, Montgomery DS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 October; 31(10): 1522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678851&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association between atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and polymorphisms in the promoter region of RANTES and regulatory region of MCP-1. Author(s): Kozma GT, Falus A, Bojszko A, Krikovszky D, Szabo T, Nagy A, Szalai C. Source: Allergy. 2002 February; 57(2): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11929421&dopt=Abstract
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Lactose-intolerance may induce severe chronic eczema. Author(s): Grimbacher B, Peters T, Peter HH. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 August; 113(4): 516-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250600&dopt=Abstract
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Latency and duration of pruritus elicited by trypsin in aged patients with itching eczema and psoriasis. Author(s): Rajka G. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1969; 49(4): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4185109&dopt=Abstract
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Late-onset atopic eczema and multiple food allergies after infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Barnetson RS, Hardie RA, Merrett TG. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 October 24; 283(6299): 10867. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6794770&dopt=Abstract
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Latex allergy. Review of 44 cases including outcome and frequent association with allergic hand eczema. Author(s): Taylor JS, Praditsuwan P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1996 March; 132(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8607629&dopt=Abstract
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Latex gloves as a cause of inflammation and eczema. Author(s): Garred P, Vage DI, Mollnes TE, Harboe M. Source: Lancet. 1990 June 16; 335(8703): 1469. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1972244&dopt=Abstract
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Latex: a cause of allergic contact eczema in users of natural rubber gloves. Author(s): Wilkinson SM, Burd R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 July; 39(1): 36-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674395&dopt=Abstract
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Leg ulcers and venous eczema in the elderly. Author(s): Cour Palais IJ. Source: Midwife Health Visit Community Nurse. 1988 May; 24(5): 162-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3419330&dopt=Abstract
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Lenticular complications of long-term steroid therapy in children with asthma and eczema. Author(s): Sevel D, Weinberg EG, Van Niekerk CH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1977 October; 60(4): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=409750&dopt=Abstract
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Lesional expression of interferon-gamma in atopic eczema. Author(s): Grewe M, Gyufko K, Schopf E, Krutmann J. Source: Lancet. 1994 January 1; 343(8888): 25-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905045&dopt=Abstract
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Lesson of the week: importance of distinguishing between cellulitis and varicose eczema of the leg. Author(s): Quartey-Papafio CM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 19; 318(7199): 1672-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10373173&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Retinoic acid versus placebo in linear verrucose naevi, scaly, lichenified eczema, and verrucae plantaris. Author(s): Gunther SH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 September; 89(3): 317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4582720&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Smallpox vaccination and eczema. Author(s): Formby D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 October 26; 2(17): 644. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4444614&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Smallpox vaccination and eczema. Author(s): Ferry B. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 October 19; 2(16): 612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4437425&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Smallpox vaccination and eczema. Author(s): Stuart J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 August 17; 2(7): 269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4420071&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Steroids and hypostatic eczema. Author(s): Haeger K. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 April 17; 1(6015): 962-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1268513&dopt=Abstract
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Leukocyte and lymphocyte cyclic AMP responses in atopic eczema. Author(s): Parker CW, Kennedy S, Eisen AZ. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1977 May; 68(5): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=192803&dopt=Abstract
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Leukotriene B4 receptors on neutrophils in patients with psoriasis and atopic eczema. Author(s): Meier F, Gross E, Klotz KN, Ruzicka T. Source: Skin Pharmacol. 1989; 2(2): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2560652&dopt=Abstract
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Leukotrienes in atopic eczema. Author(s): Ruzicka T. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2552723&dopt=Abstract
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Levels of essential and other fatty acids in plasma and red cell phospholipids from normal controls and patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Oliwiecki S, Burton JL, Elles K, Horrobin DF. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(3): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1678225&dopt=Abstract
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Liposome encapsulation improves efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate in atopic eczema but not in psoriasis vulgaris. Author(s): Korting HC, Zienicke H, Schafer-Korting M, Braun-Falco O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1990; 39(4): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2076716&dopt=Abstract
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Living with eczema: the dermatology patient. Author(s): Lawton S. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1996 May 23-June 12; 5(10): 600-4, 606-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717825&dopt=Abstract
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Local and systemic effect of UVB irradiation in patients with chronic hand eczema. Author(s): Sjovall P, Christensen OB. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1987; 67(6): 538-41. Erratum In: Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988; 68(5): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2451385&dopt=Abstract
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Local treatment of hemorrhoidal disease and perianal eczema. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of an Escherichia coli culture suspension alone or in combination with hydrocortisone. Author(s): Wienert V, Heusinger JH. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2002; 52(7): 515-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12189774&dopt=Abstract
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Local treatment of psoriasis and eczema with betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate (Diproderm cream): a double-blind comparsion with fluocortolone caproate, fluocortolone pivalate (Ultralanum cream). Author(s): Nordwall C. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1974 August; 16(8): 798-803. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4217246&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term follow-up of eczema patients treated with cyclosporine. Author(s): Granlund H, Erkko P, Reitamo S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 January; 78(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498025&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term morbidity of infantile eczema. Author(s): Cantani A. Source: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol. 1990 December; 12(6): 367-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2132291&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Author(s): Veien NK, Olholm Larsen P, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Schou G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 140(5): 882-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354026&dopt=Abstract
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Low 1-year prevalence of atopic eczema in very low birthweight infants. Author(s): Buhrer C, Grimmer I, Niggemann B, Obladen M. Source: Lancet. 1999 May 15; 353(9165): 1674. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335790&dopt=Abstract
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Low breast milk IgA and high blood eosinophil count in breast-fed newborns determine higher risk for developing atopic eczema after an 18-month follow-up. Author(s): Calbi M, Giacchetti L. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1998 May-June; 8(3): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684189&dopt=Abstract
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Low dose versus medium dose UV-A1 treatment in severe atopic eczema. Author(s): Kowalzick L, Kleinheinz A, Weichenthal M, Neuber K, Kohler I, Grosch J, Lungwitz G, Seegeberg C, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 January; 75(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7538257&dopt=Abstract
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Low serum zinc in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ, Wells FE, Sharpe TC, Gibbs AC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 November; 111(5): 597-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6498092&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocyte subtypes in patients with atopic eczema, protein calorie malnutrition, SLE and liver disease. Author(s): Joffe MI, Kew M, Rabson AR. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1983 February; 10(2): 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6302260&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocyte suppressor activity in atopic eczema. Author(s): Ogden BE, Krueger GG, Hill HR. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1979 February; 35(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=219977&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocyte transformation, IgE and T-cells in eczema vaccinatum treated with transfer factor. A case report. Author(s): Dahl B, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Ellegaard J, Zachariae H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1975; 55(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=50689&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphocytes with receptors for IgG and IgM in atopic eczema and their relationship to serum IgE levels. Author(s): Campbell MA. Source: Clin Allergy. 1981 November; 11(6): 509-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6977421&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance of hand eczema by oral pantothenic acid in a patient sensitized to dexpanthenol. Author(s): Hemmer W, Bracun R, Wolf-Abdolvahab S, Focke M, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 July; 37(1): 51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255501&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy: does it have a role in the treatment of severe atopic eczema? Author(s): Morris AD, Saihan EM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 705-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966712&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance treatment with cyclosporin in atopic eczema. Author(s): Munro CS, Levell NJ, Shuster S, Friedmann PS. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 March; 130(3): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8148281&dopt=Abstract
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Management and treatment of contact eczema. Author(s): Bettley FR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 November 19; 2(524): 1245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5917839&dopt=Abstract
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Management of atopic eczema in the community. Author(s): Bridgman A. Source: Health Visit. 1994 July; 67(7): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7960812&dopt=Abstract
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Management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Ellis J, David T. Source: Nurs Times. 1986 February 5-11; 82(6): 38-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3634346&dopt=Abstract
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Management of atopic eczema. Joint Workshop of the British Association of Dermatologists and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Author(s): McHenry PM, Williams HC, Bingham EA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 1; 310(6983): 843-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711624&dopt=Abstract
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Management of chronic photosensitive eczema. Author(s): Bilsland D, Ferguson J. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 July; 127(7): 1065-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2064412&dopt=Abstract
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Management of chronic photosensitive eczema. Author(s): Yokel BK, Hood AF, Morison WL. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1990 October; 126(10): 1283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2221934&dopt=Abstract
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Management of eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Atherton DJ, Harper JI. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 April; 18(4 Pt 1): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3372774&dopt=Abstract
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Management of patients with atopic eczema in the primary care setting. Author(s): Peters J. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2000 February; 5(2): 58-60, 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125453&dopt=Abstract
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Managing atopic eczema: running a specialist clinic. Author(s): Lawton S, Lynn SE, Newham S, Cox M, Williams HC, Emerson R. Source: Prof Nurse. 1997 July; 12(10): 706-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248450&dopt=Abstract
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Managing atopic eczema: the needs of children. Author(s): Lynn SE, Lawton S, Newham S, Cox M, Williams HC, Emerson R. Source: Prof Nurse. 1997 June; 12(9): 622-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248434&dopt=Abstract
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Managing eczema and dermatitis. Author(s): Bennett A. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1999 July 7-13; 13(42): 67-70, 72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524112&dopt=Abstract
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Managing gravitational eczema and allergic contact dermatitis. Author(s): Patel GK, Llewellyn M, Harding KG. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2001 August; 6(8): 394-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865207&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants. Author(s): Kramer MS. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000131. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796148&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal diet and atopic eczema. Author(s): Badrinath P. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1990 June; 44(2): 174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2370510&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal history, sensitization to allergens, and current wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema among children in Costa Rica. Author(s): Soto-Quiros ME, Silverman EK, Hanson LA, Weiss ST, Celedon JC. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2002 April; 33(4): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11921451&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and lactation increases the risk for atopic eczema in the offspring. Author(s): Schafer T, Dirschedl P, Kunz B, Ring J, Uberla K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 April; 36(4): 550-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9092740&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of body surface area involvement in atopic eczema: an impossible task? Author(s): Charman CR, Venn AJ, Williams HC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 January; 140(1): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215778&dopt=Abstract
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Measuring health-related quality of life in patients with mild to moderate eczema and psoriasis: clinical validity, reliability and sensitivity to change of the DLQI. The Cavide Research Group. Author(s): Badia X, Mascaro JM, Lozano R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 141(4): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583119&dopt=Abstract
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Microbial eczema of the feet. Author(s): Weismann K, Hjorth N. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 September; 107(3): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7115612&dopt=Abstract
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Microbial eczema--bacterial findings, skin tests, state of natural resistance and of humoral immunity. Author(s): Viktorinova M, Koukalova D, Matouskova I, Polcrova A, Werkmannova A. Source: Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med. 1988; 119: 275-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2977490&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiology of infected eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Brook I, Frazier EH, Yeager JK. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 April; 38(4): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555806&dopt=Abstract
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Migraine and symptoms in childhood: bilious attacks, travel sickness and eczema. Author(s): Waters WE. Source: Headache. 1972 July; 12(2): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5056179&dopt=Abstract
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Milk-induced eczema is associated with the expansion of T cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Author(s): Abernathy-Carver KJ, Sampson HA, Picker LJ, Leung DY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995 February; 95(2): 913-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7532192&dopt=Abstract
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Mite elimination--clinical effect on eczema. Author(s): Friedmann PS, Tan BB. Source: Allergy. 1998; 53(48 Suppl): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10096818&dopt=Abstract
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Mite patch testing in atopic eczema: a search for correct concentration. Author(s): Pigatto PD, Bigardi AS, Valsecchi RH, Di Landro A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1997 November; 38(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9431726&dopt=Abstract
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Modern management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Verbov J. Source: Practitioner. 1984 November; 228(1397): 1013-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6150476&dopt=Abstract
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Modern topical glucocorticoids and anti-infectives for superinfected atopic eczema: do prednicarbate and didecyldimethylammoniumchloride form a rational combination? Author(s): Korting HC, Zienicke H, Braun-Falco O, Bork K, Milbradt R, Nolting S, Schopf E, Tronnier H. Source: Infection. 1994 November-December; 22(6): 390-4. Review. Erratum In: Infection 1995 January-February; 23(1): 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7698835&dopt=Abstract
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Monoamine and diamine oxidase activities in atopic eczema. Author(s): Ionescu G, Kiehl R. Source: Allergy. 1988 May; 43(4): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3133954&dopt=Abstract
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Montelukast and improvement of eczema: observations from a prescription event monitoring study in England. Author(s): Biswas P, Wilton LV, Shakir SA. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 December; 39(12): 529-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770833&dopt=Abstract
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More than just eczema. Author(s): Kullavanijaya P. Source: Lancet. 2000 December; 356 Suppl: S59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191518&dopt=Abstract
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Morphology of atopic eczema. Author(s): Soter NA. Source: Allergy. 1989; 44 Suppl 9: 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2683838&dopt=Abstract
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Morphology of the jejunum in children with eczema due to food allergy. Author(s): McCalla R, Savilahti E, Perkkio M, Kuitunen P, Backman A. Source: Allergy. 1980 October; 35(7): 563-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7468942&dopt=Abstract
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Mosaic atopic eczema cured by autotransplantation? Author(s): Turner RJ, Dahl MG, Shuster S, Rees JL. Source: Lancet. 1998 September 19; 352(9132): 961. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752825&dopt=Abstract
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Mother and child characteristics and involvement in dyads in which very young children have eczema. Author(s): Solomon CR, Gagnon C. Source: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : Jdbp. 1987 August; 8(4): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3611362&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple seborrheic verrucae following eczema--a case report. Author(s): Horiuchi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1989 December; 16(6): 505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2628459&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple squamous cell carcinomas following photochemotherapy for atopic eczema. Author(s): Kirby B, Chalmers RJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1999 July; 24(4): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457143&dopt=Abstract
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Mycophenolate mofetil-induced dyshidrotic eczema. Author(s): Semhoun-Ducloux S, Ducloux D, Miguet JP. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 March 7; 132(5): 417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10691595&dopt=Abstract
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Mycosis-fungoides-type cutaneous T cell lymphoma of the hands and soles: a variant causing delay in diagnosis and adequate treatment of patients with palmoplantar eczema. Author(s): Spieth K, Grundmann-Kollmann M, Runne U, Staib G, Fellbaum C, Wolter M, Kaufmann R, Gille J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 205(3): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399670&dopt=Abstract
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Nargile (Hubble-Bubble) smoking-induced hand eczema. Author(s): Onder M, Oztas M, Arnavut O. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2002 November; 41(11): 771-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12453000&dopt=Abstract
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Narrowband (TL-01) UVB air-conditioned phototherapy for atopic eczema in children. Author(s): Collins P, Ferguson J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 October; 133(4): 653-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577604&dopt=Abstract
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Narrow-band ultraviolet B and broad-band ultraviolet A phototherapy in adult atopic eczema: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Reynolds NJ, Franklin V, Gray JC, Diffey BL, Farr PM. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 23; 357(9273): 2012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438134&dopt=Abstract
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Natural course of cow's milk allergy in childhood atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Oranje AP, Wolkerstorfer A, de Waard-van der Spek FB. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 December; 89(6 Suppl 1): 52-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487205&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal head circumference, neonatal weight, and risk of hayfever, asthma and eczema in a large cohort of adolescents from Sheffield, England. Author(s): Katz KA, Pocock SJ, Strachan DP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 33(6): 737-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801306&dopt=Abstract
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Neuraminidase production by Propionibacterium acnes-strains isolated from patients with acne vulgaris, seborrheic eczema and healthy subjects. Author(s): Hoffler U, Gloor M, von Nicolai H. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [a]. 1981; 250(1-2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6458977&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropeptides in skin disease: increased VIP in eczema and psoriasis but not axillary hyperhidrosis. Author(s): Anand P, Springall DR, Blank MA, Sellu D, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 June; 124(6): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1712221&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropeptides, nerve growth factor and eczema. Author(s): Giannetti A. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 37 Suppl 1: S1-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8713000&dopt=Abstract
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New topical treatments in the management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Ronda L. Source: Prof Nurse. 2003 June; 18(10): 567-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808855&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel allergy and dyshidrotic eczema: Are they related? Author(s): Fowler JF Jr, Storrs FJ. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2001 June; 12(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381350&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel allergy and hand eczema. Author(s): Christensen OB, Moller H. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1975 June; 1(3): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1235075&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel concentrations in serum and urine of patients with nickel eczema. Author(s): Christensen JM, Kristiansen J, Nielsen NH, Menne T, Byrialsen K. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1999 September 5; 108(2-3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511261&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel feeding in nickel-sensitive patients with hand eczema. Author(s): Jordan WP Jr, King SE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1979 December; 1(6): 506-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=393731&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel levels in serum and urine in five different groups of eczema patients following oral ingestion of nickel. Author(s): Hindsen M, Christensen OB, Moller H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1994 May; 74(3): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7915456&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel sensitization in adolescents and association with ear piercing, use of dental braces and hand eczema. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis (TOACS). Author(s): Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(5): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430735&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema). Author(s): Veien NK, Kaaber K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1979 December; 5(6): 371-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=160856&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel-induced cytokine production from mononuclear cells in nickel-sensitive individuals and controls. Cytokine profiles in nickel-sensitive individuals with nickel allergy-related hand eczema before and after nickel challenge. Author(s): Borg L, Christensen JM, Kristiansen J, Nielsen NH, Menne T, Poulsen LK. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2000 June; 292(6): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929769&dopt=Abstract
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Nickel-sensitive patients with vesicular hand eczema: oral challenge with a diet naturally high in nickel. Author(s): Nielsen GD, Jepsen LV, Jorgensen PJ, Grandjean P, Brandrup F. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1990 March; 122(3): 299-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2322495&dopt=Abstract
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Nitric oxide metabolite levels in children and adult patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Guzik TJ, Adamek-Guzik T, Czerniawska-Mysik A, Dembinska-Kiec A. Source: Allergy. 2002 September; 57(9): 856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169184&dopt=Abstract
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No eczema without keratinocyte death. Author(s): Schwarz T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 July; 106(1): 9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10880042&dopt=Abstract
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Noninvasive measuring methods for the investigation of irritant patch test reactions. A study of patients with hand eczema, atopic dermatitis and controls. Author(s): Agner T. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1992; 173: 1-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1636360&dopt=Abstract
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Numerical and functional deficiency of suppressor T cells precedes development of atopic eczema. Author(s): Chandra RK, Baker M. Source: Lancet. 1983 December 17; 2(8364): 1393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6140496&dopt=Abstract
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Nummular (orbicular) eczema. Author(s): Jillson OF. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1983 February; 31(2): 131, 134, 137 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6831924&dopt=Abstract
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Nummular eczema during isotretinoin treatment. Author(s): Bettoli V, Tosti A, Varotti C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 March; 16(3 Pt 1): 617. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2950149&dopt=Abstract
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Nummular eczema of statis origin. The backbone of a morphologic pattern of diverse etiology. Author(s): Bendl BJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1979 March; 18(2): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=422311&dopt=Abstract
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Nummular eczema: An addition of senile xerosis and unique cutaneous reactivities to environmental aeroallergens. Author(s): Aoyama H, Tanaka M, Hara M, Tabata N, Tagami H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10559579&dopt=Abstract
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Nummular eczema--clinical and statistical data. Author(s): Hellgren L, Mobacken H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1969; 49(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4184567&dopt=Abstract
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Nurses' involvement in the care of children with eczema. Author(s): Elliott B. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 April; 4(3): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9763942&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing assessment and care of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Jackson K. Source: Prof Nurse. 2001 November; 17(3): 195-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029899&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing care study. Eczema and paraplegia: lingering irritation. Author(s): Davies N. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1980 March 6; 150(10): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6899224&dopt=Abstract
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Nursing care study: atopic eczema. Author(s): Keane E. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 December 18; 71(51): 2013-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1197001&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional hazards of elimination diets in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ, Waddington E, Stanton RH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1984 April; 59(4): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6721557&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational allergic contact dermatitis eczema caused by obeche and teak dusts. Author(s): Estlander T, Jolanki R, Kanerva L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 September; 41(3): 164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475519&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational contact dermatitis in nurses with hand eczema. Author(s): Strauss RM, Gawkrodger DJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 May; 44(5): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298696&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational contact urticaria from beef associated with hand eczema. Author(s): Jovanovic M, Oliwiecki S, Beck MH. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 September; 27(3): 188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451468&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational eczema from N-isopropyl -N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD) and N-dimethy-1,3 butyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (DMPPD) in tyres. Author(s): Herve-Bazin B, Gradiski D, Duprat P, Marignac B, Foussereau J, Cavelier C, Bieber P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1977 February; 3(1): 1-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=139282&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational eczema from para-tertiary-butylphenol formaldehyde resins: a review of the sensitizing resins. Author(s): Foussereau J, Cavelier C, Selig D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1976 October; 2(5): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=138517&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational eczema with photosensitivity due to Japanese sargassum. Author(s): Jeanmougin M, Civatte J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1988 November; 19(5): 394. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2976656&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational hand eczema from formaldehyde in price labels. Author(s): Pedersen NB. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1980 January; 6(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6447018&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational hand eczema in an industrial city. Author(s): Meding B, Swanbeck G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 January; 22(1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2138952&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of IgE-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells in atopic eczema: a study of the time course of the lesions and with regard to the IgE serum level. Author(s): Bieber T, Dannenberg B, Prinz JC, Rieber EP, Stolz W, Braun-Falco O, Ring J. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1989 August; 93(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2474029&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of self reported hand eczema in Swedish bakers. Author(s): Brisman J, Meding B, Jarvholm B. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 November; 55(11): 750-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924451&dopt=Abstract
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Olive oil as a cause of contact allergy in patients with venous eczema, and occupationally. Author(s): Malmkvist Padoan S, Pettersson A, Svensson A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 August; 23(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2145130&dopt=Abstract
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Onchocerciasis: an unusual presentation as eczema. Author(s): al-Khawajah MM, Siddiqui MA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1990 January-February; 29(1): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2329030&dopt=Abstract
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Onycholysis in a case of atopic eczema treated with PUVA photochemotherapy. Author(s): Morgan JM, Weller R, Adams SJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1992 January; 17(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1424267&dopt=Abstract
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Oral acyclovir in eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Woolfson H. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 February 18; 288(6416): 5312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6421367&dopt=Abstract
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Oral challenge with metal salts. (I). Vesicular patch-test-negative hand eczema. Author(s): Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 September; 9(5): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6226480&dopt=Abstract
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Oral challenge with metal salts. (II). Various types of eczema. Author(s): Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 September; 9(5): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6627927&dopt=Abstract
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Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) of dyshidrotic eczema. Author(s): LeVine MJ, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1981; 61(6): 570-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6177177&dopt=Abstract
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Oral pentoxifylline is not effective in the treatment of recalcitrant chronic hand eczema. Author(s): Yawalkar N, Hunziker T, Braathen LR. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 July; 33(1): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601936&dopt=Abstract
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Oral provocation tests with food additives in atopic eczema. Author(s): Vieluf D, Wieben A, Ring J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224393&dopt=Abstract
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Oral psoralen photochemotherapy in severe childhood atopic eczema: an update. Author(s): Sheehan MP, Atherton DJ, Norris P, Hawk J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1993 October; 129(4): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8217758&dopt=Abstract
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Oral psoralen photochemotherapy of atopic eczema. Author(s): Morison WL, Parrish J, Fitzpatrick TB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1978 January; 98(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=626712&dopt=Abstract
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Oral tacrolimus for severe recalcitrant atopic eczema. Author(s): Schroer B, Lockey R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 June; 111(6): 1409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12789248&dopt=Abstract
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Orange-induced skin lesions in patients with atopic eczema: evidence for a non-IgEmediated mechanism. Author(s): Brockow K, Hautmann C, Fotisch K, Rakoski J, Borelli S, Vieths S, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636022&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome measures of disease severity in atopic eczema. Author(s): Charman C, Williams H. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 June; 136(6): 763-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10871941&dopt=Abstract
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Over-the-counter drugs for skin disorders. Part 2: dry skin, eczema, psoriasis and antiseborrheic preparations. Author(s): Collar M, Brown MS. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1977 May-June; 2(5): 14-8, 35-6, 38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=585436&dopt=Abstract
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Painful skin erosions and fever in an infant. Eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Katta R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2001 February; 109(2): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11272689&dopt=Abstract
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Palmar eczema: a pathogenetic role for acetylsalicylic acid, contraceptives and smoking? Author(s): Edman B. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(5): 402-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2461023&dopt=Abstract
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Palmar skin is not involved in severe atopic eczema. Author(s): Bonven TF, Hansen L, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Dermatologica. 1991; 183(4): 237-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809583&dopt=Abstract
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Parental issues in the treatment of chronic infantile eczema. Author(s): Koblenzer PJ. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1996 July; 14(3): 423-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818551&dopt=Abstract
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Patch testing and aeroallergen intradermal testing in suspected allergic contact dermatitis, unclassified endogenous eczema and non-atopic chronic urticaria. Author(s): Li LF, Wang J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 August; 45(2): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553117&dopt=Abstract
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Patch testing in cases of eczema and dermatitis in Beijing, China. Author(s): Zhang XM, Niklasson B, Li SY. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 October; 25(4): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1839263&dopt=Abstract
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Patch testing in discoid eczema. Author(s): Khurana S, Jain VK, Aggarwal K, Gupta S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 29(12): 763-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12532040&dopt=Abstract
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Patch testing in discoid eczema. Author(s): Fleming C, Parry E, Forsyth A, Kemmett D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 May; 36(5): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197962&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of atopic eczema. Author(s): Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML, Smitt JH. Source: Lancet. 1994 May 28; 343(8909): 1338-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7910330&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of eczema. Author(s): Sampson HA. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 September; 20(5): 459-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2253077&dopt=Abstract
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Pathological case of the month. Eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Bajoghli A, Babl FE, Travers RL. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 August; 153(8): 891-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437768&dopt=Abstract
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Patient education for adults with chronic eczema. Author(s): Nilsson T, Klang B, Berg M. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1999 April; 11(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670330&dopt=Abstract
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Patients with atopic eczema do become sensitized to contact allergens. Author(s): Cronin E, McFadden JP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 April; 28(4): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508633&dopt=Abstract
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Perioral eczema as a manifestation of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Amann U, Mielke V, Metze D, Bonsmann G, Schwarz T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 671-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748768&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IgE- and non-IgE-associated allergic atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) demonstrate increased capacity of generating interleukin-13 but differ in their potential of synthesizing interferon-gamma. Author(s): Simon D, Borelli S, Braathen LR, Simon HU. Source: Allergy. 2002 May; 57(5): 431-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972483&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent hand eczema in a child. Author(s): Rodriguez-Serna M, Molinero J, Febrer I, Aliaga A. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 March; 13(1): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887103&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent molluscum contagiosum. Case study in a 6-year-old girl with asthma and eczema. Author(s): Hedden AZ. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2002 May; 10(5): 79-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420536&dopt=Abstract
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Photo quiz. Eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Embil JM, Hurst L, Doucette K. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 May 15; 32(10): 1480, 1500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11398758&dopt=Abstract
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Photoallergic eczema caused by sunscreens in a 12-year-old girl. Author(s): Ferriols AP, Boniche AA. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011928&dopt=Abstract
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Phototherapy for atopic eczema with narrow-band UVB. Author(s): Grundmann-Kollmann M, Behrens S, Podda M, Peter RU, Kaufmann R, Kerscher M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 June; 40(6 Pt 1): 995-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365933&dopt=Abstract
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Phototherapy of eczema. Author(s): Larko O. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 1996 June; 12(3): 91-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956356&dopt=Abstract
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Physical stress-induced secretion of adrenal and pituitary hormones in patients with atopic eczema compared with normal controls. Author(s): Rupprecht M, Salzer B, Raum B, Hornstein OP, Koch HU, Riederer P, Sofic E, Rupprecht R. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 1997; 105(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088893&dopt=Abstract
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Pityriasis rosea and discoid eczema: dose related reactions to treatment with gold. Author(s): Wilkinson SM, Smith AG, Davis MJ, Mattey D, Dawes PT. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1992 July; 51(7): 881-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1385941&dopt=Abstract
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Pityrosporum orbiculare and atopic eczema. Author(s): Nordvall SL, Scheynius A. Source: Allergy. 1993 August; 48(6): 391-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8238793&dopt=Abstract
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Pityrosporum ovale extracts increase interleukin-4, interleukin-10 and IgE synthesis in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Kroger S, Neuber K, Gruseck E, Ring J, Abeck D. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 September; 75(5): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615051&dopt=Abstract
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Pompholyx (vesicular eczema) after i.v. immunoglobulin therapy for neurologic disease. Author(s): Iannaccone S, Sferrazza B, Quattrini A, Smirne S, Ferini-Strambi L. Source: Neurology. 1999 September 22; 53(5): 1154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10496291&dopt=Abstract
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Pompholyx: a still unresolved kind of eczema. Author(s): Crosti C, Lodi A. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 186(4): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8513186&dopt=Abstract
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Port-wine stains and eczema. Author(s): Sidwell RU, Syed S, Harper JI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 June; 144(6): 1269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422059&dopt=Abstract
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Possible alleviation of atopic eczema in a breastfed infant by maternal supplementation with a fish oil concentrate. Author(s): Jensen RG, Ferris AM, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Henderson RA, Bush VJ, Siu-Caldera ML. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1992 May; 14(4): 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1517955&dopt=Abstract
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Post-contact chronic eczema: pension or rehabilitation. Author(s): Lobel E. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1995 May; 36(2): 59-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7646390&dopt=Abstract
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Post-traumatic eczema. Author(s): Mathias CG. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1988 January; 6(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3383458&dopt=Abstract
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Post-viral fatigue syndrome, viral infections in atopic eczema, and essential fatty acids. Author(s): Horrobin DF. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1990 July; 32(3): 211-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2204789&dopt=Abstract
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Practical management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Przybilla B, Eberlein-Konig B, Rueff F. Source: Lancet. 1994 May 28; 343(8909): 1342-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7910331&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting atopic eczema. Author(s): Burr ML. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 May; 24(5): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8087648&dopt=Abstract
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Predictive factors for hand eczema. Author(s): Meding B, Swanbeck G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1990 September; 23(3): 154-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2149316&dopt=Abstract
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Predictive washing test for evaluation of individual eczema risk. Author(s): Gehring W, Gloor M, Kleesz P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 July; 39(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9686971&dopt=Abstract
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Preferential expression of T-cell receptor V beta-chains in atopic eczema. Author(s): Neuber K, Loliger C, Kohler I, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 May; 76(3): 214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8800302&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal factors and occurrence of rhinitis and eczema among offspring. Author(s): Xu B, Jarvelin MR, Pekkanen J. Source: Allergy. 1999 August; 54(8): 829-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10485386&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and risk factors of childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Hong Kong. Author(s): Lau YL, Karlberg J. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1998 February; 34(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9568941&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema in 13- to 14-year-old schoolchildren from the northeast of England. Author(s): Shamssain MH, Shamsian N. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 April; 86(4): 428-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345287&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema: the north east study. Author(s): Shamssain MH, Shamsian N. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1999 October; 81(4): 313-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10490435&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in Singapore schoolchildren. Author(s): Goh DY, Chew FT, Quek SC, Lee BW. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996 February; 74(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8660075&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and severity of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and atopic eczema in secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Falade AG, Olawuyi F, Osinusi K, Onadeko BO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1998 December; 75(12): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065208&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among university students in Bangkok. Author(s): Vichyanond P, Sunthornchart S, Singhirannusorn V, Ruangrat S, Kaewsomboon S, Visitsunthorn N. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2002 January; 96(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863208&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in 13- to 14-year-old children in Kuwait: an ISAAC study. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Behbehani NA, Abal A, Syabbalo NC, Abd Azeem A, Shareef E, Al-Momen J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 July; 85(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923606&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among children in 2 Canadian cities: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Habbick BF, Pizzichini MM, Taylor B, Rennie D, Senthilselvan A, Sears MR. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 June 29; 160(13): 1824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10405666&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among schoolchildren in Kelantan, Malaysia. Author(s): Quah BS, Razak AR, Hassan MH. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997 June; 39(3): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241894&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in children from the Bangkok area using the ISAAC (International Study for Asthma and Allergy in Children) questionnaires. Author(s): Vichyanond P, Jirapongsananuruk O, Visitsuntorn N, Tuchinda M. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 March; 81(3): 175-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9623008&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in Northern Thai children from Chiang Mai (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, ISAAC). Author(s): Trakultivakorn M. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1999 December; 17(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698462&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of atopic eczema in the community: the Lothian Atopic Dermatitis study. Author(s): Herd RM, Tidman MJ, Prescott RJ, Hunter JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 135(1): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776352&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Urumqi and Beijing. Author(s): Zhao T, Wang A, Chen Y, Xiao M, Duo L, Liu G, Lau Y, Karlberg J. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2000 April; 36(2): 128-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760010&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. Author(s): Bjorksten B, Dumitrascu D, Foucard T, Khetsuriani N, Khaitov R, Leja M, Lis G, Pekkanen J, Priftanji A, Riikjarv MA. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 August; 12(2): 432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727797&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of food allergies in young adults and their relationship to asthma, nasal allergies, and eczema. Author(s): Woods RK, Thien F, Raven J, Walters EH, Abramson M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 February; 88(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11868923&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of infantile and early childhood eczema in a Japanese population: comparison with the disease frequency examined 20 years ago. Author(s): Sugiura H, Uchiyama M, Omoto M, Sasaki K, Uehara M. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 January; 77(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9059679&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of self-reported hand eczema and skin symptoms associated with dental materials among Swedish dentists. Author(s): Ortengren U, Andreasson H, Karlsson S, Meding B, Barregard L. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 1999 December; 107(6): 496-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10625110&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of atopic eczema: a dream not so far away? Author(s): Williams HC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 March; 138(3): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902991&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of dryness and eczema of the hands of hospital staff by emulsion cleansing instead of washing with soap. Author(s): Lauharanta J, Ojajarvi J, Sarna S, Makela P. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1991 March; 17(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1675649&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of hand eczema in atopics. Author(s): Meding B. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1996; 25: 116-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8787595&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of hand eczema in the metal-working industry: risk awareness and behaviour of metal worker apprentices. Author(s): Itschner L, Hinnen U, Elsner P. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1996; 193(3): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8944345&dopt=Abstract
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Prognosis and atopic background of juvenile plantar dermatosis and gluteo-femoral eczema. Author(s): Svensson A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1988; 68(4): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2459880&dopt=Abstract
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Providing relief from the itching of atopic eczema. Author(s): Wyatt H. Source: Community Nurse. 1999 October; 5(9): S9-10. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10732581&dopt=Abstract
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Pruritogenic effects of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in atopic eczema. Author(s): Cremer B, Heimann A, Dippel E, Czarnetzki BM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1995 November; 75(6): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651016&dopt=Abstract
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Psoriasis and eczema are not mutually exclusive diseases. Author(s): Williams HC, Strachan DP. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1994; 189(3): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7949474&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological disturbance in atopic eczema: the extent of the problem in school-aged children. Author(s): Absolon CM, Cottrell D, Eldridge SM, Glover MT. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292073&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological profile of the atopic eczema patient. Author(s): White A, Horne DJ, Varigos GA. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 1990; 31(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2073204&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial adjustment in preschool children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Daud LR, Garralda ME, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 December; 69(6): 670-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8285781&dopt=Abstract
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Qualitative and quantitative investigations on the resident bacterial skin flora in healthy persons and in the non-affected skin of patients with seborrheic Eczema. Author(s): Hoffler U, Gloor M, Peters G, Ko HL, Brautigan A, Thurn A, Pulverer G. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1980; 268(3): 297-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6452100&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life, health-state utilities and willingness to pay in patients with psoriasis and atopic eczema. Author(s): Lundberg L, Johannesson M, Silverdahl M, Hermansson C, Lindberg M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 December; 141(6): 1067-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606854&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of stratum corneum lipids in xerosis and asteatotic eczema. Author(s): Akimoto K, Yoshikawa N, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Imokawa G. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 January; 20(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8482746&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets in atopic eczema, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytofluorimetry. Author(s): Zachary CB, MacDonald DM. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1983 April; 108(4): 411-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6220732&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of tryptase- and chymase-containing mast cells in atopic dermatitis and nummular eczema. Author(s): Jarvikallio A, Naukkarinen A, Harvima IT, Aalto ML, Horsmanheimo M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 June; 136(6): 871-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217819&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative and functional deficit of suppressor T cells in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Butler M, Atherton D, Levinsky RJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1982 October; 50(1): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6217005&dopt=Abstract
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Radiologic-Pathologic Conference of Children's Hospital Boston: chest wall mass in an infant with eczema. Author(s): Dwek JR, Kozakewich HP, Taylor GA. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1996; 26(2): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8587822&dopt=Abstract
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Raised serum-IgE levels and defective neutrophil chemotaxis in three children with eczema and recurrent bacterial infections. Author(s): Hill HR, Quie PG. Source: Lancet. 1974 February 9; 1(7850): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4129875&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Author(s): Lever R, MacDonald C, Waugh P, Aitchison T. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 1998 February; 9(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560837&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. Author(s): Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A, Po AL, O'Neill C, Young S, Williams HC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 30; 324(7340): 768. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923161&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized controlled trial of a single dermatology nurse consultation in primary care on the quality of life of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Chinn DJ, Poyner T, Sibley G. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 March; 146(3): 432-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952543&dopt=Abstract
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Ranitidine treatment of hand eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Veien NK, Kaaber K, Larsen PO, Nielsen AO, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 June; 32(6): 1056-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7751455&dopt=Abstract
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Reassociation of dreams. II. An LSD study of sexual conflicts in eczema and asthma. Author(s): Abramson HA. Source: J Asthma Res. 1976 July; 13(4): 193-233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1010810&dopt=Abstract
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Recalcitrant eczema. Author(s): Kingsley HJ. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1974 June; 20(6): 126. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4415486&dopt=Abstract
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Recent developments in the treatment of atopic eczema. Author(s): Brehler R, Hildebrand A, Luger TA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 June; 36(6 Pt 1): 983-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204066&dopt=Abstract
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Recent developments in the treatment of childhood atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1991 April; 25(2): 95-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2066937&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery of prostaglandin-like fatty acids from human allergic contact eczema by the use of a skin perfusion method. Author(s): Greaves MW, Sondergaard JS, Holt G, McDonald-Gibson W. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1971 February; 103(2): P8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5567931&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery of prostaglandin-like fatty acids from human allergic contact eczema using a skin perfusion method. Author(s): Greaves MW, McDonald-Gibson W, Sondergaard JS. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1971 February; 41(2): 416P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5572310&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent eczema herpeticum associated with ichthyosis vulgaris. Author(s): Verbov J, Munro DD, Miller A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1972 June; 86(6): 638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4114690&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent eczema herpeticum in an adult. Author(s): Hata S. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1985 August; 12(4): 372-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3910696&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent eczema herpeticum: an underrecognised condition. Author(s): Harindra V, Paffett MC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 February; 77(1): 76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158702&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent facial eczema in females due to “strike anywhere” matches. Author(s): Steele MC, Ive FA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 April; 106(4): 477-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7073973&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent impetiginized eczema as a presenting manifestation of cyclic neutropenia. Author(s): Parodi A, Parentini AM, Rebora A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 January; 18(1): 80-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8440064&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced soluble CD14 levels in amniotic fluid and breast milk are associated with the subsequent development of atopy, eczema, or both. Author(s): Jones CA, Holloway JA, Popplewell EJ, Diaper ND, Holloway JW, Vance GH, Warner JA, Warner JO. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 May; 109(5): 858-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994712&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of allergic inflammation by skin-homing T cells in allergic eczema. Author(s): Akdis CA, Akdis M, Simon HU, Blaser K. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1999 February-April; 118(24): 140-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10224362&dopt=Abstract
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Rehabilitation in hand eczema. Author(s): Hjorth N, Avnstorp C. Source: Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1986 May-June; 34(3): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2943574&dopt=Abstract
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Rehabilitation of workers with cement eczema due to hypersensitivity to bichromate. Author(s): Forstrom L, Pirila V, Huju P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1969; 1(3): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4257257&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between serum levels of total and milk- and egg-specific IgG4 and the expression of G2m(n) in atopic eczema patients. Author(s): Shakib F, Brown HM, Phelps A, Redhead R, McDonald D. Source: Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 1984; 1(4): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6400997&dopt=Abstract
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Relevance of milk- and egg-specific IgG4 in atopic eczema. Author(s): Shakib F, Brown HM, Stanworth DR. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1984; 75(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6332079&dopt=Abstract
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Remarkable success of antioxidant treatment (selenomethionine and vitamin E) to a 34-year old patient with posterior subcapsular cataract, keratoconus, severe atopic eczema and asthma. Author(s): Ahlrot-Westerlund B, Norrby A. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1988 April; 66(2): 237-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3389102&dopt=Abstract
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Repeated exposures to cobalt or chromate on the hands of patients with hand eczema and contact allergy to that metal. Author(s): Nielsen NH, Kristiansen J, Borg L, Christensen JM, Poulsen LK, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011920&dopt=Abstract
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Reproducibility of skin prick test reactions to common allergens in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Wagenpfeil S, Grabbe J, Jeep S, Czarnetzki BM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 January; 89(1 Pt 1): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1730835&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory allergy and atopic eczema in a thatcher due to storage and house dust mite allergy. Author(s): Vieluf D, Przybilla B, Baur X, Ring J. Source: Allergy. 1993 April; 48(3): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8506992&dopt=Abstract
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Responses of skin temperature to different thermic stimuli in atopic eczema. Author(s): Hornstein OP, Heyer G. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2800900&dopt=Abstract
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Retinoid dermatitis mimicking “eczema craquele”. Author(s): Taieb A, Maleville J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1985; 65(6): 570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2420133&dopt=Abstract
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Rippled hyperpigmentation resembling macular amyloidosis--a feature of atopic eczema. Author(s): Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1990 September; 15(5): 380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2225545&dopt=Abstract
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Rising incidence of eczema. Author(s): Taylor B, Wadsworth J, Wadsworth ME, Peckham CS. Source: Lancet. 1985 February 23; 1(8426): 464-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2857843&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for cement eczema. Author(s): Avnstorp C. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 August; 25(2): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1834430&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors in childhood eczema. Author(s): Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1982 June; 36(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6896887&dopt=Abstract
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Risk for hand eczema in employees with past or present atopic dermatitis. Author(s): Coenraads PJ, Diepgen TL. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1998 February; 71(1): 7-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523243&dopt=Abstract
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Risk of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with eczema or psoriasis of the hand. Author(s): Guadagnino V, Ayala F, Chirianni A, Picciotto L, Tiseo D, Piazza M. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1982 January 9; 284(6309): 84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6797668&dopt=Abstract
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Risk-group-related prevention of hand eczema at the workplace. Author(s): Funke U, Diepgen TL, Fartasch M. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1996; 25: 123-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8787596&dopt=Abstract
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Role of aeroallergens in atopic eczema: proof of concept with the atopy patch test. Author(s): Ring J, Darsow U, Behrendt H. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S4952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423874&dopt=Abstract
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Role of allergies in eczema. Author(s): Ratcliffe J. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 June; 4(5): 17-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9763965&dopt=Abstract
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Role of diet in treating atopic eczema: dietary manipulation has no value. Author(s): Allen R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 December 3; 297(6661): 1459-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3147017&dopt=Abstract
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Role of diet in treating atopic eczema: elimination diets can be beneficial. Author(s): Atherton DJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 December 3; 297(6661): 1458, 1460. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3147016&dopt=Abstract
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Role of household factors in eczema management. Author(s): Wyatt H. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 October; 4(9): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326365&dopt=Abstract
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Role of lanolin in managing eczema and dry skin conditions. Author(s): Suleyman F. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 December; 6(11): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982173&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the atopy score and of single atopic features as risk factors for the development of hand eczema in trainee metal workers. Author(s): Berndt U, Hinnen U, Iliev D, Elsner P. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 May; 140(5): 922-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10354034&dopt=Abstract
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Rubber bank note counters as the cause of eczema among employees at the Swedish Post Giro Office. Author(s): Eriksson G, Ostlund E. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1968; 48(3): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4176743&dopt=Abstract
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Rubber, alcohol and eczema. Author(s): Van Ketel WG. Source: Dermatologica. 1968; 136(5): 442-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5662295&dopt=Abstract
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Scaly lesions on the feet in children--tinea or eczema? Author(s): Broberg A, Faergemann J. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1990 March; 79(3): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2333750&dopt=Abstract
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Screening for cataracts in patients with severe atopic eczema. Author(s): Norris PG, Rivers JK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1987 January; 12(1): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3652498&dopt=Abstract
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Screening patch tests in 4190 eczema patients 1972-81. Author(s): Lynde CW, Warshawski L, Mitchell JC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 November; 8(6): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7172658&dopt=Abstract
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Seborrheic dermatitis and atopic eczema in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Froschl M, Land HG, Landthaler M. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 230-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2145024&dopt=Abstract
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Seborrhoeic eczema--a disease entity or a clinical variant of atopic eczema? Author(s): Podmore P, Burrows D, Eedy DJ, Stanford CF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1986 September; 115(3): 341-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2944536&dopt=Abstract
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Selective IgG2 subclass deficiency--a marker for the syndrome of pre/postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, hypotrophy of distal extremities, dental anomalies and eczema. Author(s): Ainsworth SB, Baraitser M, Mueller RF, Massey RF. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 1997 April; 6(2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9134294&dopt=Abstract
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Self-reported hand eczema: symptom-based reports do not increase the validity of diagnosis. Author(s): Svensson A, Lindberg M, Meding B, Sundberg K, Stenberg B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 August; 147(2): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12174100&dopt=Abstract
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Sensitization in atopic and non-atopic hairdressers with hand eczema. Author(s): Sutthipisal N, McFadden JP, Cronin E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 October; 29(4): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8281785&dopt=Abstract
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Serological evidence of herpes simplex virus infection in atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ, Richmond SJ, Bailey AS. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1987 April; 62(4): 416-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3036021&dopt=Abstract
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Serum eosinophil chemotactic factor levels in patients with bullous pemphigoid, drug reactions and atopic eczema. Author(s): Czarnetzki BM, Kalveram KJ, Dierksmeier U. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1979 August; 73(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=156767&dopt=Abstract
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Serum IgG antibodies to gliadin and other dietary antigens in adults with atopic eczema. Author(s): Finn R, Harvey MM, Johnson PM, Verbov JL, Barnes RM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1985 May; 10(3): 222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4006283&dopt=Abstract
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Serum levels of trace metals in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ, Wells FE, Sharpe TC, Gibbs AC, Devlin J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1990 April; 122(4): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2337517&dopt=Abstract
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Serum lipid profile in a skin disorder eczema. Author(s): Pandya AK, Sane AS, Vora NS, Shah BH. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1988 January-March; 30(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3419853&dopt=Abstract
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Several factors were not considered in study of increase in hay fever and eczema. Author(s): McClelland V, Watson E, Safar M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 28; 316(7132): 707. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522819&dopt=Abstract
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Severe atopic eczema, recurrent pneumococcal meningitis and recurrent eczema herpeticum. Author(s): David TJ, Lakhani PK, Haeney MR. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1984 August; 77(8): 696-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6481746&dopt=Abstract
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Severe atopic eczema: response to oral cyclosporin A. Author(s): Logan RA, Camp RD. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1988 July; 81(7): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3411590&dopt=Abstract
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Severe eczema herpeticum is associated with prolonged depression of cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus. Author(s): Vestey JP, Howie SE, Norval M, Maingay JP, Neill WA. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1989; 18: 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2545414&dopt=Abstract
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Severe eczema in a patient with DiGeorge's syndrome. Author(s): Archer E, Chuang TY, Hong R. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1990 June; 45(6): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2350983&dopt=Abstract
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Severe eczema of the hands due to an orthopaedic plate made of Vitallium. Author(s): Thomas RH, Rademaker M, Goddard NJ, Munro DD. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 January 10; 294(6564): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3105634&dopt=Abstract
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Severe varicella in a child with atopic eczema and ichthyosis. Author(s): Verbov J, Hart A. Source: Practitioner. 1986 January; 230(1411): 15-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952053&dopt=Abstract
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Short stature in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 41-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2678865&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term effects of topical fusidic acid or mupirocin on the prevalence of fusidic acid resistant (FusR) Staphylococcus aureus in atopic eczema. Author(s): Ravenscroft JC, Layton AM, Eady EA, Murtagh MS, Coates P, Walker M, Cove JH. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 May; 148(5): 1010-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786834&dopt=Abstract
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Significance of eczema in Paget's disease of the breast. Author(s): Maor M. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1979 January; 15(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=217690&dopt=Abstract
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Significance of elevated serum squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-related antigen and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in senile erythroderma following eczema. Author(s): Tsukahara T, Otoyama K, Horiuchi Y. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1993 June; 20(6): 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349923&dopt=Abstract
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Significance of squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen in psoriasis and generalized eczema. Preliminary report. Author(s): Numahara T, Nakashima K, Yamamoto S, Nishimoto M. Source: Dermatologica. 1989; 178(2): 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2924985&dopt=Abstract
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Skin microflora of atopic eczema in first time hospital attenders. Author(s): Goodyear HM, Watson PJ, Egan SA, Price EH, Kenny PA, Harper JI. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 July; 18(4): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8403461&dopt=Abstract
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Skin prick tests to common allergens in adult atopic eczema and rhinitis patients: reproducibility on duplicate and repeated testing. Author(s): Grabbe J, Zuberbier T, Wagenpfeil S, Czarnetzki BM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 186(2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8428038&dopt=Abstract
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Skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin roughness related to atopic eczema and skin dryness in a population of primary school children. Author(s): Eberlein-Konig B, Schafer T, Huss-Marp J, Darsow U, Mohrenschlager M, Herbert O, Abeck D, Kramer U, Behrendt H, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 May; 80(3): 188-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954209&dopt=Abstract
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Skin susceptibility in uninvolved skin of hand eczema patients and healthy controls. Author(s): Agner T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 August; 125(2): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911297&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep difficulties and their management in preschoolers with atopic eczema. Author(s): Reid P, Lewis-Jones MS. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 January; 20(1): 38-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7671394&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep patterns in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Bartlet LB, Westbroek R, White JE. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1997 November; 77(6): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9394978&dopt=Abstract
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Small intestinal permeability to sugars in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Ukabam SO, Mann RJ, Cooper BT. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 June; 110(6): 649-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6428445&dopt=Abstract
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Soluble interleukin 2 receptor in atopic eczema. Author(s): Colver GB, Symons JA, Duff GW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 May 27; 298(6685): 1426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2568868&dopt=Abstract
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Specific IgA and IgE in childhood asthma, eczema and food allergy. Author(s): Taylor B, Fergusson DM, Mahoney GN, Hartley WA, Abbott J. Source: Clin Allergy. 1982 September; 12(5): 499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6982792&dopt=Abstract
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Specific IgE to food and inhalant allergens in intestinal washings of children affected by atopic eczema. Author(s): Marcucci F, Sensi LG, Bizzarri G. Source: Clin Allergy. 1985 July; 15(4): 345-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028388&dopt=Abstract
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Heinz C, Fanihagh F, Steuhl KP. Source: Cornea. 2003 March; 22(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605048&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal enterotoxin B affects in vitro IgE synthesis, interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production in atopic eczema. Author(s): Neuber K, Steinrucke K, Ring J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1995 May-June; 107(1-3): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7613126&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcal toxin-induced T cell proliferation in atopic eczema correlates with increased use of superantigen-reactive Vbeta-chains in cutaneous lymphocyteassociated antigen (CLA)-positive lymphocytes. Author(s): Davison S, Allen M, Vaughan R, Barker J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 August; 121(2): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10931129&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcus aureus colonization of children with atopic eczema and their parents. Author(s): Patel GK, Wyatt H, Kubiak EM, Clark SM, Mills CM. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 October-November; 81(5): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800148&dopt=Abstract
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Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins induce histamine and leukotriene release in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Wehner J, Neuber K. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 August; 145(2): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531797&dopt=Abstract
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Starvation reduces allergen-induced skin wheal responses and plasma substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Author(s): Kimata H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002 October; 32(10): 785-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406028&dopt=Abstract
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Stigmata of atopic constitution in patients with atopic eczema or atopic respiratory disease. Author(s): Przybilla B, Ring J, Enders F, Winkelmann H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(5): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1684469&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on dermographometry in atopic eczema. Author(s): Hornstein OP, Heyer G, Langenstein B. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 144: 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2800899&dopt=Abstract
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Study of T-cell subpopulations defined by monoclonal antibodies in asthmatic children with or without atopic eczema and normals. Author(s): Hsieh KH. Source: Ann Allergy. 1982 June; 48(6): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6212005&dopt=Abstract
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Study of the effects of hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate ointments on plasma ACTH levels and Synacthen responses in children with eczema. Author(s): Marten RH, Byrne JP, Peiris S, Butler J, Keenan J. Source: Dermatologica. 1980; 160(4): 261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6244198&dopt=Abstract
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Successful hyposensitization treatment in atopic eczema: results of a trial in monozygotic twins. Author(s): Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1982 November; 107(5): 597-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6751375&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of chronic hand eczema with oral 9-cis-retinoic acid. Author(s): Bollag W, Ott F. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 199(4): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640839&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Author(s): Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1996 November; 76(6): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8982415&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial X-ray therapy in the treatment of constitutional eczema of the feet. Author(s): Fairris GM, Jones DH, Mack DP, Rowell NR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 October; 111(4): 500-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6386035&dopt=Abstract
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Superficial X-ray therapy in the treatment of constitutional eczema of the hands. Author(s): Fairris GM, Mack DP, Rowell NR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 October; 111(4): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6386031&dopt=Abstract
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Superinfection of eczema with multiple Acinetobacter species. Author(s): Scheinfeld N. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2003; 83(2): 143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735650&dopt=Abstract
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Supraventricular tachycardia and eczema due to milk allergy. Author(s): Taylor M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1995 May; 24(5): 930-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7794165&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in schoolchildren from Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. an ISAAC study. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Teeratakulpisarn J, Pairojkul S, Heng S. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000 December; 18(4): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316038&dopt=Abstract
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Systemically induced (hematogenous) contact eczema. Author(s): Klaschka F, Ring J. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 210-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206921&dopt=Abstract
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Testing with fine fragrances in eczema patients: results and test methods. Author(s): Johansen JD, Frosch PJ, Rastogi SC, Menne T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 May; 44(5): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11298698&dopt=Abstract
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The -590C/T and -34C/T interleukin-4 promoter polymorphisms are not associated with atopic eczema in childhood. Author(s): Elliott K, Fitzpatrick E, Hill D, Brown J, Adams S, Chee P, Stewart G, Fulcher D, Tang M, Kemp A, King E, Varigos G, Bahlo M, Forrest S. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 August; 108(2): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496248&dopt=Abstract
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The association between contact allergy and hand eczema in 2 cross-sectional surveys 8 years apart. Author(s): Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menne T, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jorgensen T. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 August; 47(2): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423403&dopt=Abstract
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The atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Epidemiology, natural course, and immunology of the IgE-associated (“extrinsic”) and the nonallergic (“intrinsic”) AEDS. Author(s): Wuthrich B, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(1): 1-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861844&dopt=Abstract
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The 'atopy patch test' in evaluating the role of aeroallergens in atopic eczema. Author(s): Ring J, Darsow U, Gfesser M, Vieluf D. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1997 May-July; 113(1-3): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130585&dopt=Abstract
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The atopy patch test: an increased rate of reactivity in patients who have an airexposed pattern of atopic eczema. Author(s): Darsow U, Vieluf D, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 August; 135(2): 182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881657&dopt=Abstract
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The British Association of Dermatologists audit of atopic eczema management in secondary care. Phase 1: audit of service structure. Author(s): Shum KW, Lawton S, Williams HC, Docherty G, Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 September; 141(3): 430-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583045&dopt=Abstract
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The British Association of Dermatologists audit of atopic eczema management in secondary care. Phase 2: audit of service process. Author(s): Shum KW, Lawton S, Williams HC, Docherty G, Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730760&dopt=Abstract
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The British Association of Dermatologists audit of atopic eczema management in secondary care. Phase 3: audit of service outcome. Author(s): Shum KW, Lawton S, Williams HC, Docherty G, Jones J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 April; 142(4): 721-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792222&dopt=Abstract
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The burden of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivities and atopic eczema in children and adolescents in six New Zealand centres: ISAAC Phase One. Author(s): Asher MI, Barry D, Clayton T, Crane J, D'Souza W, Ellwood P, Ford RP, Mackay R, Mitchell EA, Moyes C, Pattemore P, Pearce N, Stewart AW; International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One. Source: N Z Med J. 2001 March 23; 114(1128): 114-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346157&dopt=Abstract
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The cost of atopic eczema. Author(s): Herd RM, Tidman MJ, Prescott RJ, Hunter JA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 July; 135(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776353&dopt=Abstract
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The disturbance of epidermal barrier function in atopy patch test reactions in atopic eczema. Author(s): Gfesser M, Rakoski J, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1996 October; 135(4): 560-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915146&dopt=Abstract
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The Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index - A score developed for the assessment of dyshidrotic eczema. Author(s): Vocks E, Plotz SG, Ring J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 198(3): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10393450&dopt=Abstract
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The early phase of epidermal barrier regeneration is faster in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Gfesser M, Abeck D, Rugemer J, Schreiner V, Stab F, Disch R, Ring J. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1997; 195(4): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9529552&dopt=Abstract
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The eczema area and severity index (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis. EASI Evaluator Group. Author(s): Hanifin JM, Thurston M, Omoto M, Cherill R, Tofte SJ, Graeber M. Source: Experimental Dermatology. 2001 February; 10(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168575&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of season-of-response to ISAAC questions about asthma, rhinitis and eczema in children. Author(s): Stewart AW, Asher MI, Clayton TO, Crane J, D'Souza W, Ellwood PE, Ford RP, Mitchell EA, Pattemore PK, Pearce N. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 February; 26(1): 126-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9126512&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology and experience of atopic eczema during childhood: a discussion paper on the implications of current knowledge for health care, public health policy and research. Author(s): Fennessy M, Coupland S, Popay J, Naysmith K. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2000 August; 54(8): 581-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890869&dopt=Abstract
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The excess of atopic eczema in East Germany is related to the intrinsic type. Author(s): Schafer T, Kramer U, Vieluf D, Abeck D, Behrendt H, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 992-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069508&dopt=Abstract
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The experiences of mothers caring for a child with severe atopic eczema. Author(s): Elliott BE, Luker K. Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 1997 May; 6(3): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9188342&dopt=Abstract
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The genetics of atopy and atopic eczema. Author(s): MacLean JA, Eidelman FJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 November; 137(11): 1474-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708950&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of cultural and educational factors on the validity of symptom and diagnosis questions for atopic eczema. Author(s): Kramer U, Schafer T, Behrendt H, Ring J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 December; 139(6): 1040-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9990368&dopt=Abstract
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The inhibition of cutaneous T cell apoptosis may prevent resolution of inflammation in atopic eczema. Author(s): Orteu CH, Rustin MH, O'Toole E, Sabin C, Salmon M, Poulter LW, Akbar AN. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 November; 122(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11091268&dopt=Abstract
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The management of eczema in adults (continuing education credit). Author(s): Perkins P. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1996 May 22; 10(35): 49-53; Quiz 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8716937&dopt=Abstract
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The natural history of childhood eczema: observations from the British 1958 birth cohort study. Author(s): Williams HC, Strachan DP. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 November; 139(5): 834-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892950&dopt=Abstract
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The new EURO releases nickel and elicits contact eczema. Author(s): Aberer W, Kranke B. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852917&dopt=Abstract
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The Nottingham Eczema Severity Score: preliminary refinement of the Rajka and Langeland grading. Author(s): Emerson RM, Charman CR, Williams HC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 February; 142(2): 288-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730763&dopt=Abstract
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The pathogenesis of atopic eczema. Author(s): Friedmann PS. Source: Hosp Med. 2002 November; 63(11): 653-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474608&dopt=Abstract
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The problem of atopic eczema: aetiological clues from the environment and lifestyles. Author(s): McNally NJ, Phillips DR, Williams HC. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1998 March; 46(6): 729-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522432&dopt=Abstract
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The problems of rubber hypersensitivity (Types I and IV) in chronic leg ulcer and stasis eczema patients. Author(s): Gooptu C, Powell SM. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 August; 41(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10445688&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship among markers of allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Costa Rica. Author(s): Celedon JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Hanson LA, Weiss ST. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2002 April; 13(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000480&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between clinical patterns, and exogenous and endogenous factors, in hand eczema. Author(s): Akyol A, Erdi H, Yavuz Y, Boyvat A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1997 May; 36(5): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197977&dopt=Abstract
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The role of food in atopic eczema. Author(s): Lever R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 July; 45(1 Suppl): S5760. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423877&dopt=Abstract
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The role of wet-wrapping technique in eczema management. Author(s): Lambert A. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 October; 4(9): S3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326367&dopt=Abstract
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The therapeutic efficacy of mometasone furoate cream 0.1% applied once daily vs clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% applied twice daily in chronic eczema. Author(s): Goh CL, Lim JT, Leow YH, Ang CB, Kohar YM. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 May; 40(5): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10489492&dopt=Abstract
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The unfavorable effects of concomitant asthma and sleeplessness due to the atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) on quality of life in subjects allergic to housedust mites. Author(s): Terreehorst I, Duivenvoorden HJ, Tempels-Pavlica Z, Oosting AJ, de Monchy JG, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Post MW, Gerth van Wijk R. Source: Allergy. 2002 October; 57(10): 919-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12269938&dopt=Abstract
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The use of azathioprine in severe adult atopic eczema. Author(s): Buckley DA, Baldwin P, Rogers S. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1998 September; 11(2): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784039&dopt=Abstract
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The use of protective gloves and the prevalence of hand eczema, skin complaints and allergy to natural rubber latex among dental personnel in the county of Uppsala, Sweden. Author(s): Lindberg M, Silverdahl M. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 July; 43(1): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902581&dopt=Abstract
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The varieties of “eczema”: clinicopathologic correlation. Author(s): Phelps RG, Miller MK, Singh F. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2003 March-April; 21(2): 95-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12706326&dopt=Abstract
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Tinea mammae mimicking atopic eczema. Author(s): Bohmer U, Gottlober P, Korting HC. Source: Mycoses. 1998 September-October; 41(7-8): 345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861843&dopt=Abstract
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Tolerance of desirudin in a patient with generalized eczema after intravenous challenge with heparin and a delayed-type skin reaction to high and low molecular weight heparins and heparinoids. Author(s): Schiffner R, Glassl A, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 January; 42(1): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10644031&dopt=Abstract
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Topical corticosteroid phobia in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Charman CR, Morris AD, Williams HC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 142(5): 931-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809850&dopt=Abstract
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Topical PUVA therapy for chronic hand eczema. Author(s): Gritiyarangsan P, Sukhum A, Tresukosol P, Kullavanijaya P. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1998 May; 25(5): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640882&dopt=Abstract
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Topical tacrolimus (FK506) and mometasone furoate in treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: a randomized, observer-blinded trial. Author(s): Schnopp C, Remling R, Mohrenschlager M, Weigl L, Ring J, Abeck D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2002 January; 46(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756949&dopt=Abstract
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Treating eczema in ethnic minority groups. Author(s): Godfrey K. Source: Community Nurse. 1998 February; 4(1): 31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9555330&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of atopic eczema with oral mycophenolate mofetil. Author(s): Neuber K, Schwartz I, Itschert G, Dieck AT. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 August; 143(2): 385-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10951150&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of chronic hand eczema with UV-B Handylux in the clinic and at home. Author(s): Sjovall P, Christensen OB. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 July; 31(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924298&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of eczema with a mixture of triamcinolone acetonide and retinoic acid: a double-blind study. Author(s): Schmied C, Piletta PA, Saurat JH. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1993; 187(4): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8274782&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of hand eczema. Author(s): Veien NK, Menne T. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2003 June; 8(5): 4-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12910323&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms (eczema keratoticum) with oral acitretin. A single-blind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Thestrup-Pedersen K, Andersen KE, Menne T, Veien NK. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 October-November; 81(5): 353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800144&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of lichenified atopic eczema with tacrolimus ointment. Author(s): Granlund H, Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Lauerma AI, Reitamo S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 August-September; 81(4): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720192&dopt=Abstract
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Treatments for atopic eczema. Author(s): Lord RW Jr. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 September; 48(9): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10498067&dopt=Abstract
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Trichosporon cutaneum (Trichosporon asahii) infection mimicking hand eczema in a patient with leukemia. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Nakashima K, Takaiwa T, Negayama K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 May; 42(5 Pt 2): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10767708&dopt=Abstract
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Two ceramide subfractions detectable in Cer(AS) position by HPTLC in skin surface lipids of non-lesional skin of atopic eczema. Author(s): Bleck O, Abeck D, Ring J, Hoppe U, Vietzke JP, Wolber R, Brandt O, Schreiner V. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999 December; 113(6): 894-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594727&dopt=Abstract
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Type I and Type IV sensitization to Anisakis simplex in 2 patients with hand eczema. Author(s): Conde-Salazar L, Gonzalez MA, Guimaraens D. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 June; 46(6): 361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190630&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrastructural changes in eczema. Author(s): Dobrescu G, Dobrescu AL, Petrescu Z, Stoica L. Source: Morphol Embryol (Bucur). 1987 April-June; 33(2): 123-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2956505&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrastructural study of the occurrence of autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris in atopic eczema. Author(s): Fartasch M, Haneke E, Anton-Lamprecht I. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1987; 279(4): 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2445305&dopt=Abstract
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Unclassified endogenous eczema. Author(s): MacKenzie-Wood AR, Freeman S. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1999 July; 41(1): 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10416703&dopt=Abstract
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Uncommon presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis as eczema-like eruption. Author(s): Uzun S, Acar MA, Uslular C, Kavukcu H, Aksungur VL, Culha G, Gurel MS, Memisoglu HR. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 1999 May; 12(3): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10461653&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral eruption of endogenous eczema after hemiparesis. Author(s): Troilius A, Moller H. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1989; 69(3): 256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2566236&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral resolution of palmar eczema and hyperhidrosis complicated by Horner's syndrome following ipsilateral endoscopic cervical sympathectomy. Author(s): Chowdhury MM, Hedges R, Lanigan SW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 September; 143(3): 653-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971352&dopt=Abstract
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Urea in the topical treatment of atopic eczema. Author(s): Hindson TC. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1971 September; 104(3): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5096834&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of immunoglobulin E in the nephrotic syndrome and atopic eczema. Author(s): Barratt TM, Turner MW, Johansson SG. Source: Lancet. 1971 August 21; 2(7721): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4105175&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary leukotriene levels are increased during exacerbation of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Relation to clinical status. Author(s): Adamek-Guzik T, Guzik TJ, Czerniawska-Mysik G, Korpanty G, Mastalerz L, Radwan J, Szczeklik A. Source: Allergy. 2002 August; 57(8): 732-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12121194&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the Self-Administered Eczema Area and Severity Index by parent caregivers: results of a validation study. Author(s): Housman TS, Patel MJ, Camacho F, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB Jr, Balkrishnan R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 December; 147(6): 1192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452870&dopt=Abstract
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UVA1 irradiation is effective in treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic hand eczema. Author(s): Schmidt T, Abeck D, Boeck K, Mempel M, Ring J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1998 July; 78(4): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689317&dopt=Abstract
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UVB reduces the cutaneous cellular infiltrate of atopic eczema: a preliminary study. Author(s): Britton FC, Gawkrodger DJ, McVittie E, Umbert I, Hunter JA. Source: Photodermatol. 1988 October; 5(5): 232-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2975779&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of expert opinion in identifying comorbidities associated with atopic dermatitis/eczema. Author(s): Ellis CN, Drake LA, Prendergast MM, Abramovits W, Boguniewicz M, Daniel CR, Lebwohl M, Stevens SR, Whitaker-Worth DL, Tong KB. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2003; 21(12): 875-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908843&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the Chinese translated version of ISAAC core questions for atopic eczema. Author(s): Chan HH, Pei A, Van Krevel C, Wong GW, Lai CK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 June; 31(6): 903-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422155&dopt=Abstract
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Validity of self-reports of hand eczema. Author(s): Meding B, Barregard L. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 August; 45(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553120&dopt=Abstract
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Varicella, ephemeral breastfeeding and eczema as risk factors for multiple sclerosis in Mexicans. Author(s): Tarrats R, Ordonez G, Rios C, Sotelo J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 105(2): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903117&dopt=Abstract
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Varicose eczema. Author(s): Reinharez D. Source: Phlebologie. 1982 January-March; 35(1): 259-72. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7071175&dopt=Abstract
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Venous ulcers may be associated with gravitational eczema. Author(s): Quartey-Papafio CM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 16; 324(7338): 678. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895841&dopt=Abstract
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Vesicular eczema and systemic contact dermatitis from sorbic acid. Author(s): Dejobert Y, Delaporte E, Piette F, Thomas P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722489&dopt=Abstract
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Vesicular palmar eczema from the neoprene tongue of an ankle support. Author(s): Haapasaari KM, Niinimaki A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 April; 42(4): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750868&dopt=Abstract
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Vignette: eczema, ichthyosis & psoriasis. Author(s): Burdette-Taylor SR. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1995 September; 41(8): 64-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7546121&dopt=Abstract
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Violin chin rest eczema due to east-indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia ROXB). Author(s): Haustein UF. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1982 January; 8(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6461497&dopt=Abstract
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Virus characterization studies in eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Goodyear HM, McLeish P, Buchan A, Harper JI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 March; 138(3): 545-6. Erratum In: Br J Dermatol 1999 January; 140(1): 378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9580819&dopt=Abstract
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Visceral involvement by herpes simplex virus in eczema herpeticum. Author(s): Monif GR, Brunell PA, Hsiung GD. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1968 September; 116(3): 324-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4300208&dopt=Abstract
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Vulnerability of the skin to surfactants in different groups of eczema patients and controls as measured by water vapour loss. Author(s): van der Valk PG, Nater JP, Bleumink E. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1985 March; 10(2): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3978871&dopt=Abstract
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Weeping areolar eczema. Author(s): Rago JL. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 1988 December; 4(4): 166-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3250587&dopt=Abstract
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Wet wrapping in eczema care. Author(s): Turnbull R. Source: Community Nurse. 1999 April; 5(3): 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513522&dopt=Abstract
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What's your assessment? Dyshidrotic eczema. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1996 April; 8(2): 1078. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8703609&dopt=Abstract
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What's your assessment? Nummular eczema with eczema craquele. Author(s): Bielan B. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 1998 December; 10(6): 426, 459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10670318&dopt=Abstract
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Wheeze, eczema and rhinitis in 6-7 year old Irish schoolchildren. Author(s): Harty SB, Sheridan A, Howell F, Nicholson A. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 April; 96(4): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793469&dopt=Abstract
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Widespread eczema vaccinatum acquired by contacts. A report of an autopsy case. Author(s): Shirasawa K, Akai K, Kawaguchi Y, Maeda S, Nagahara S, Toyoda H, Kurata T. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1979 May; 29(3): 435-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=377910&dopt=Abstract
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Work-related hand eczema in atopics. Author(s): Rystedt I. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1985 March; 12(3): 164-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3158473&dopt=Abstract
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Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Author(s): Williams H, Robertson C, Stewart A, Ait-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson R, Asher I, Beasley R, Bjorksten B, Burr M, Clayton T, Crane J, Ellwood P, Keil U, Lai C, Mallol J, Martinez F, Mitchell E, Montefort S, Pearce N, Shah J, Sibbald B, Strachan D, von Mutius E, Weiland SK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 January; 103(1 Pt 1): 12538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893196&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ECZEMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and eczema.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Eczema The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A look at complementary medicine's role in eczema. Author(s): National Eczema Society, London. Source: Ransome, S Community-Nurse. 1999 March; 5(2): 27-8 1351-1416
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An integrative approach to eczema (atopic dermatitis). Author(s): Certified Nutritional Consultant Faculty, Drexel University Nursing and Health Professions CE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Source: Ross, S M Holist-Nurs-Pract. 2003 Jan-February; 17(1): 56-62 0887-9311
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An open clinical trial with 2% miconazole plus 1% hydrocortisone ointment in the treatment of eczematous lesions. Author(s): The Surgery, Twyford, Berks, England. Source: Harcup, J W Tooley, P J Pharmatherapeutica. 1988; 5(3): 145-51 0308-051X
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Atopic eczema and the allergist. Author(s): Department of Allergy, University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, USA. Source: Charlesworth, E N Allergy-Asthma-Proc. 1999 Sep-October; 20(5): 305-10 10885412
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Atopic eczema in children. Source: Hoey, John CMAJ. 2002 June 25; 166(13): 1694 0820-3946
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Atopic eczema. Author(s): Department of Evidence-based Dermatology, Nottingham, UK. Source: Smethurst, D Clin-Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1467-82 1462-3846
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Atopic eczema: how to tackle the most common atopic symptom. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charite-Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany. Source: Wahn, U Staab, D Nilsson, L Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1999; 10(12 Suppl): 19-23 0905-6157
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Children with atopic eczema. I: Clinical response to food elimination and subsequent double-blind food challenge. Author(s): Department of Immunology, University College and Middlesex Hospital School of Medicine, London. Source: Sloper, K S Wadsworth, J Brostoff, J Q-J-Med. 1991 August; 80(292): 677-93 00335622
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Children with atopic eczema. II: Immunological findings associated with dietary manipulations. Author(s): Department of Immunology, University College and Middlesex Hospital School of Medicine, London. Source: Sloper, K S Wadsworth, J Brostoff, J Q-J-Med. 1991 August; 80(292): 695-705 0033-5622
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Chinese herbs for eczema: risks and benefits. Source: Sadler, C Community-Nurse. 1996 June; 2(5): 21-2 1351-1416
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Clinical manifestations of hand eczema compared by etiologic classification and irritation reactivity to SLS. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Korea. Source: Kang, Y C Lee, S Ahn, S K Choi, E H J-Dermatol. 2002 August; 29(8): 477-83 0385-2407
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Clinical observations on the treatment of 182 cases of acute, subacute and chronic eczema with shizhen san. Author(s): Second Dalian People's Hospital. Source: Zhou, S J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1998 June; 18(2): 118-21 0254-6272
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Comparative efficacy of hamamelis distillate and hydrocortisone cream in atopic eczema. Author(s): Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich, Germany. Source: Korting, H C Schafer Korting, M Klovekorn, W Klovekorn, G Martin, C Laux, P Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1995; 48(6): 461-5 0031-6970
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Complementary treatments for eczema in children. Source: Frost, J Prof-Nurse. 1994 February; 9(5): 330-2 0266-8130
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Current management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham. Source: Ravenscroft, J C Thomas, K S Williams, H C Practitioner. 2002 October; 246(1639): 690-5 0032-6518
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Cutaneous reactions and sensations after intracutaneous injection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine in atopic eczema patients and healthy controls. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. Source: Rukwied, R Heyer, G Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1998 April; 290(4): 198-204 0340-3696
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Diet and atopic eczema. Source: Neild, V Mod-Midwife. 1994 April; 4(4): 22 0963-276X
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Diet and eczema. Source: Graham, P. Nutr-Food-Sci. London, Eng. : Forbes Publications. Mar/April 1987. (105) page 6-8. ill. 0034-6659
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Dietary management of atopic eczema: is this justified? Author(s): University Department of Child Health, Booth Hall Children's Hospital, Blackley, Manchester. Source: Arkwright, P D Patel, L David, T J Hosp-Med. 1998 September; 59(9): 690-2 14623935
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Dietary manipulation in eczema. Source: Ursell, A Practitioner. 1994 April; 238(1537): 284-8 0032-6518
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Early solid food diet and eczema in childhood: a 10-year longitudinal study. Author(s): Christchurch Health & Development Study, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand. Source: Fergusson, D M Horwood, L J Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1994; 5(6 Suppl): 44-7 0905-6157
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Eczema. Author(s): Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. Source: Peters, J Nurs-Stand. 2000 January 5-11; 14(16): 49-56 0029-6570
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Eczema: a rational approach. Author(s): Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. Source: Woodrow, S Norris, P Practitioner. 1996 November; 240(1568): 628-30, 632-3 0032-6518
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Effect of dietetic therapy on serum immunoglobulin level in patients with chronic eczema [Hypoallergenic diet]. Source: SamsoNovember, M.A. Kalinina, A.A. Vopr-Pitan. Moskva : “Meditsina”. Mar/April 1982. (2) page 12-15. 0042-8833
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Effect of topical capsaicin on the cutaneous reactions and itching to histamine in atopic eczema compared to healthy skin. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Weisshaar, E Heyer, G Forster, C Handwerker, H O Arch-Dermatol-Res. 1998 June; 290(6): 306-11 0340-3696
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Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Nutrition Research Centre, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Bordoni, A Biagi, P L Masi, M Ricci, G Fanelli, C Patrizi, A Ceccolini, E DrugsExp-Clin-Res. 1988; 14(4): 291-7 0378-6501
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Exclusion diets in atopic eczema. Source: Armstrong, D. Food allergy / edited by R.K. Chandra. St John's, Nfld. : Nutrition Research Education Foundation, 1987. page 267-272. ill., charts. ISBN: 0920502679
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Externe Behandlung des atopischen Ekzems mit Gammalinolensaure? [External treatment of atopic eczema with gamma-linolenic acid?] Author(s): Fachbereich Gesundheitstheorie und Dermatologie, Universitat Osnabruck. Source: Melnik, B Plewig, G Hautarzt. 1993 September; 44(9): 604-5 0017-8470
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Fifty-six cases of stubborn eczema treated by oral administration and topical application of herbal medicine. Author(s): Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, Zhejiang Province. Source: Luo, W Wu, C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2001 December; 21(4): 259-60 0254-6272
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Flare responses of atopic eczema patients analysed with true colour images. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. Source: Rukwied, R Nischik, M Forster, C Heyer, G Handwerker, H O Inflamm-Res. 1997 September; 46(9): 336-41 1023-3830
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Food allergy and atopic eczema. Author(s): Dermatology Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, West Germany. Source: Przybilla, B Ring, J Semin-Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 220-5 0278-145X
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Gamolenic acid in atopic eczema: Epogam. Source: Anonymous Drug-Ther-Bull. 1990 September 3; 28(18): 69-70 0012-6543
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Improvement of skin symptoms and mineral imbalance by drinking deep sea water in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Author(s): Department of Allergy, Unitika Central Hospital, Uji-City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Kimata, H Tai, H Nakagawa, K Yokoyama, Y Nakajima, H Ikegami, Y ActaMedica-(Hradec-Kralove). 2002; 45(2): 83-4 1211-4286
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Intestinal permeability, atopic eczema and oral disodium cromoglycate. Author(s): Clinica Pediatrica dell'Universita, Trieste, Italia. Source: Ventura, A Rinaldi, S Florean, P Agosti, E Pediatr-Med-Chir. 1991 Mar-April; 13(2): 169-72 0391-5387
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Liver enzyme changes in a guinea-pig model of facial eczema (Sporidesmiotoxicosis). Source: Bonnefoi, M. Hasim, M. Sauvagnac, P. Burgat, V. Braun, J.P. Enzyme. Basel : S. Karger. 1989. volume 42 (1) page 39-46. ill. 0013-9432
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Local treatment of hemorrhoidal disease and perianal eczema. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of an Escherichia coli culture suspension alone or in combination with hydrocortisone. Author(s): University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Wienert, V Heusinger, J H Arzneimittelforschung. 2002; 52(7): 515-23 0004-4172
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Long-term morbidity of infantile eczema. Author(s): Dept of Pediatrics, Rome University La Sapienza. Source: Cantani, A Riv-Eur-Sci-Med-Farmacol. 1990 December; 12(6): 367-9 0392-291X
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Low breast milk IgA and high blood eosinophil count in breast-fed newborns determine higher risk for developing atopic eczema after an 18-month follow-up. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Villa Bianca Hospital, Naples, Italy. Source: Calbi, M Giacchetti, L J-Investig-Allergol-Clin-Immunol. 1998 May-June; 8(3): 161-4 1018-9068
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Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1A2.
[email protected] Source: Kramer, M S Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2000; (2): CD000131 1469-493X
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Nickel allergy and dyshidrotic eczema: Are they related? Author(s): University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. Source: Fowler, J F Jr Storrs, F J Am-J-Contact-Dermat. 2001 June; 12(2): 119-21 1046199X
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Nickel-induced cytokine production from mononuclear cells in nickel-sensitive individuals and controls. Cytokine profiles in nickel-sensitive individuals with nickel allergy-related hand eczema before and after nickel challenge. Author(s): Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
[email protected] Source: Borg, L Christensen, J M Kristiansen, J Nielsen, N H Menne, T Poulsen, L K Arch-Dermatol-Res. 2000 June; 292(6): 285-91 0340-3696
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Oral challenge of nickel-allergic patients with hand eczema. Source: Nielsen, G.D. Adv-Environ-Sci-Technol. New York, N.Y. : John Wiley & Sons. 1992. volume 25 page 201-210. 0065-2563
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Persistent molluscum contagiosum. Case study in a 6-year-old girl with asthma and eczema. Author(s): California State University, Bakersfield, USA. Source: Hedden, A Z Adv-Nurse-Pract. 2002 May; 10(5): 79-82 1096-6293
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Perspectives of atopic eczema in the third millennium. Author(s): Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Germany. Source: Ring, J Curr-Probl-Dermatol. 1999; 28194-204 0070-2064
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Post-viral fatigue syndrome, viral infections in atopic eczema, and essential fatty acids. Author(s): Efamol Research Institute, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada. Source: Horrobin, D F Med-Hypotheses. 1990 July; 32(3): 211-7 0306-9877
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Proof of efficacy of Kamillosan(R) cream in atopic eczema. Author(s): ASTA Medica AG, Weismullerstr. 45, D-60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Patzelt Wenczler, R Ponce Poschl, E Eur-J-Med-Res. 2000 April 19; 5(4): 171-5 0949-2321
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Randomised controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Source: Lever, R MacDonald, C Waugh, P Aitchison, T Pediatr-Allergy-Immunol. 1998 February; 9(1): 13-9 0905-6157
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Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. Author(s): Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, Queen's Medial Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH. Source: Thomas, K S Armstrong, S Avery, A Po, A L O'Neill, C Young, S Williams, H C BMJ. 2002 March 30; 324(7340): 768 1468-5833
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Rational approach to the management of eczemas. Author(s): Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore. Source: Fong, P H Singapore-Med-J. 1991 April; 32(2): 167-9 0037-5675
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Skin care in atopic eczema. Source: Forsdyke, H Watts, J Prof-Nurse. 1994 October; 10(1): 36-40 0266-8130
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Soy allergy and DSCG in atopic eczema: “much ado about nothing”? Author(s): Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica di Pisa, Italia. Source: Ventura, A De Seta, L Martelossi, S Florean, P Maggiore, G Salvatore, C M Berzioli, M Guidobaldi, G Lorenzini, G Peressini, P Pesenti, P Rollo, G Sacher, B Santoro, L Stanzione, V Stranamore, D Zannerio, E Pediatr-Med-Chir. 1996 May-June; 18(3): 283-8 0391-5387
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Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Author(s): Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. Source: Hoare, C Li Wan Po, A Williams, H Health-Technol-Assess. 2000; 4(37): 1-191 1366-5278
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The management and treatment of eczema. Source: Venables, J Nurs-Stand. 1995 July 26-August 1; 9(44): 25-8 0029-6570
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Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil: rationale and clinical results. Author(s): Dermatologische Klinik und Poliklinik Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen. Source: Kerscher, M J Korting, H C Clin-Investig. 1992 February; 70(2): 167-71 0941-0198
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Zhang Zhili's experience in treatment of eczema. Author(s): Beijing Hospital of TCM, 100010. Source: Wang, P Zhang, P J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 2001 September; 21(3): 193-7 0254-6272
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to eczema; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation:
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Vitamins Provitamin A Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html
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Minerals Bromelain/quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html Zinc/copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,938,00.html •
Food and Diet Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Burdock Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,235,00.html Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oats Alternative names: Avena sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Omega-6 fatty acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1037,00.html Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ECZEMA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to eczema. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to eczema and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to eczema: •
A case study of pruritic eczema treated by relaxation and imagery. Author(s): Gray SG, Lawlis GF. Source: Psychological Reports. 1982 October; 51(2): 627-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6758013&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical and patch test study of adult widespread eczema. Author(s): Li LF, Wang J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 December; 47(6): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581280&dopt=Abstract
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A controlled trial of traditional Chinese medicinal plants in widespread nonexudative atopic eczema. Author(s): Sheehan MP, Atherton DJ.
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Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 126(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536784&dopt=Abstract •
A double-blind placebo-controlled study of thymostimulin (TP-1) for the treatment of atopic eczema. Author(s): Harper JI, Mason UA, White TR, Staughton RC, Hobbs JR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1991 October; 125(4): 368-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1835403&dopt=Abstract
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A look at complementary medicine's role in eczema. Author(s): Ransome S. Source: Community Nurse. 1999 March; 5(2): 27-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326414&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary study of psychological therapy in the management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Horne DJ, White AE, Varigos GA. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1989 September; 62 ( Pt 3): 241-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2675960&dopt=Abstract
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Acute nicotine poisoning associated with a traditional remedy for eczema. Author(s): Davies P, Levy S, Pahari A, Martinez D. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 December; 85(6): 500-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719343&dopt=Abstract
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An eczema baby--Is the mother's crisis recognized? Author(s): Matthews HJ. Source: Health Visit. 1984 April; 57(4): 116-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6561189&dopt=Abstract
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An integrative approach to eczema (atopic dermatitis). Author(s): Ross SM. Source: Holistic Nursing Practice. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597676&dopt=Abstract
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Anaphylactic shock during elimination diets for severe atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1984 October; 59(10): 983-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6541895&dopt=Abstract
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Association of immunological changes with clinical efficacy in atopic eczema patients treated with traditional Chinese herbal therapy (Zemaphyte). Author(s): Latchman Y, Banerjee P, Poulter LW, Rustin M, Brostoff J.
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Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1996 March; 109(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8620093&dopt=Abstract •
Atopic eczema between rationality and irrationality. Author(s): Ruzicka T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 November; 134(11): 1462-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828885&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil (linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids) Author(s): Skogh M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1986 July; 15(1): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3013957&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil (linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids). Author(s): Bamford JT, Gibson RW, Renier CM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 December; 13(6): 95965. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3908514&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema, hyponatraemia, and hypoalbuminaemia. Author(s): Goodyear HM, Harper JI. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1990 February; 65(2): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2317073&dopt=Abstract
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Atopic eczema: problems and solutions in childhood and the teenage years. Author(s): Donald S. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1997; 7(5): 129-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9439218&dopt=Abstract
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Baby with eczema and behaviour problems. Author(s): Mark P. Source: Br Homeopath J. 2000 January; 89(1): 36-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703911&dopt=Abstract
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Bath psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy in atopic eczema. Author(s): de Kort WJ, van Weelden H. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2000 May; 14(3): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032059&dopt=Abstract
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Caring for Bangladeshi children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Robinson J. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2002; 12(3): 68-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415765&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in CD23 expression of blood and skin in atopic eczema after Chinese herbal therapy. Author(s): Banerjee P, Xu XJ, Poulter LW, Rustin MH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 March; 28(3): 306-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543080&dopt=Abstract
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Children with atopic eczema. II: Immunological findings associated with dietary manipulations. Author(s): Sloper KS, Wadsworth J, Brostoff J. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1991 August; 80(292): 695-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1754671&dopt=Abstract
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Chinese herbs for eczema, the active compound? Author(s): Galloway JH, Marsh ID, Bittiner SB, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ, Glet R, Forrest AR. Source: Lancet. 1991 March 2; 337(8740): 566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1671938&dopt=Abstract
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Chinese herbs for eczema. Author(s): Atherton D, Sheehan M, Rustin MH, Buckley C, Brostoff J, Taylor N. Source: Lancet. 1990 November 17; 336(8725): 1254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1978095&dopt=Abstract
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Chinese herbs for eczema. Author(s): Harper JI, Yang SL, Evans AT, Evans FJ, Phillipson JD. Source: Lancet. 1990 March 31; 335(8692): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1969539&dopt=Abstract
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Chinese herbs for eczema: risks and benefits. Author(s): Sadler C. Source: Community Nurse. 1996 June; 2(5): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9445726&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical observations on the treatment of 182 cases of acute, subacute and chronic eczema with shizhen san. Author(s): Zhou S.
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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1998 June; 18(2): 118-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10437229&dopt=Abstract •
Clinical studies of Euphorbia acaulis, Rox b. in cases of eczema--a preliminary report. Author(s): Agrawal DK, Chandra J, Raju TV. Source: Indian J Dermatol. 1971 April; 16(3): 57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4935910&dopt=Abstract
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Colophony (rosin) in newspapers may contribute to hand eczema. Author(s): Karlberg AT, Liden C. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 February; 126(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1536781&dopt=Abstract
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Colophony in paper as a cause of hand eczema. Author(s): Liden C, Karlberg AT. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 April; 26(4): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1395575&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative efficacy of hamamelis distillate and hydrocortisone cream in atopic eczema. Author(s): Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Klovekorn W, Klovekorn G, Martin C, Laux P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995; 48(6): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8582464&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of parent knowledge, therapy utilization and severity of atopic eczema before and after explanation and demonstration of topical therapies by a specialist dermatology nurse. Author(s): Cork MJ, Britton J, Butler L, Young S, Murphy R, Keohane SG. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 September; 149(3): 582-589. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14510993&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary therapy for atopic eczema and other allergic skin diseases. Author(s): Artik S, Ruzicka T. Source: Dermatologic Therapy. 2003 June; 16(2): 150-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919117&dopt=Abstract
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Complementary treatments for eczema in children. Author(s): Frost J. Source: Prof Nurse. 1994 February; 9(5): 330-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8140108&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy to colophony and hand eczema. A follow-up study of patients with previously diagnosed contact allergy to colophony. Author(s): Farm G. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1996 February; 34(2): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681565&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-reactivity with Tagetes in Arnica contact eczema. Author(s): Pirker C, Moslinger T, Koller DY, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 April; 26(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1356709&dopt=Abstract
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Dietary restrictions in the treatment of adult patients with eczema. Author(s): Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1987 October; 17(4): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3427949&dopt=Abstract
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Does smoking influence the efficacy of bath-PUVA therapy in chronic palmoplantar eczema? Author(s): Douwes KE, Karrer S, Abels C, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM. Source: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 2000 February; 16(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10721861&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, multicentre analysis of the efficacy of borage oil in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Henz BM, Jablonska S, van de Kerkhof PC, Stingl G, Blaszczyk M, Vandervalk PG, Veenhuizen R, Muggli R, Raederstorff D. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 April; 140(4): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10233322&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema in the young. Author(s): Turner TW. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1978 December; 7(12): 1485-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=743027&dopt=Abstract
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Eczema, ichthyosis, psoriasis: conditions of cornification. Author(s): Burdette-Taylor SR. Source: Ostomy Wound Manage. 1995 August; 41(7): 36-8, 40, 42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7662092&dopt=Abstract
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Eczematous contact dermatitis to turpentine signalled by a reaction to a hair piece adhesive. Author(s): Kanof NB.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1977 April; 3(2): 108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=872575&dopt=Abstract •
Efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal therapy in vitro. A model system for atopic eczema: inhibition of CD23 expression on blood monocytes. Author(s): Latchman Y, Bungy GA, Atherton DJ, Rustin MH, Brostoff J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1995 April; 132(4): 592-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748751&dopt=Abstract
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Elemental diet for refractory atopic eczema. Author(s): Devlin J, David TJ, Stanton RH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1991 January; 66(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1994860&dopt=Abstract
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Emulsifying oil in the bath helps children with Eczema. Author(s): Eisel L. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2000 December; 12(6): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912828&dopt=Abstract
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Environmentally friendly paper may increase risk of hand eczema in rosin-sensitive persons. Author(s): Karlberg AT, Gafvert E, Liden C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1995 September; 33(3): 42732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7657866&dopt=Abstract
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Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema. Author(s): Horrobin DF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 January; 71(1 Suppl): 367S-72S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617999&dopt=Abstract
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Essential fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Manku MS, Horrobin DF, Morse NL, Wright S, Burton JL. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 June; 110(6): 643-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6329254&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of massage with essential oils on childhood atopic eczema. Author(s): Anderson C, Lis-Balchin M, Kirk-Smith M.
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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2000 September; 14(6): 452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960901&dopt=Abstract •
Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of children with atopic eczema. Author(s): Bordoni A, Biagi PL, Masi M, Ricci G, Fanelli C, Patrizi A, Ceccolini E. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1988; 14(4): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3048953&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Author(s): Berth-Jones J, Thompson J, Graham-Brown RA. Source: Lancet. 1995 February 25; 345(8948): 520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7861894&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Author(s): Horrobin DF, Morse PF. Source: Lancet. 1995 January 28; 345(8944): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7823743&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Author(s): Horrobin DF, Stewart C. Source: Lancet. 1990 July 7; 336(8706): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1973228&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil and eczema. Author(s): Sharpe GR, Farr PM. Source: Lancet. 1990 May 26; 335(8700): 1283. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1971352&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil and eczema. Author(s): Sharpe GR, Farr PM. Source: Lancet. 1990 March 17; 335(8690): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1969047&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil in atopic eczema. Author(s): Horrobin DF, Stewart C. Source: Lancet. 1990 April 7; 335(8693): 864-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1969596&dopt=Abstract
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Evening primrose oil in the treatment of atopic eczema: effect on clinical status, plasma phospholipid fatty acids and circulating blood prostaglandins. Author(s): Schalin-Karrila M, Mattila L, Jansen CT, Uotila P.
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Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1987 July; 117(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3307886&dopt=Abstract •
Failure of oral zinc supplementation in atopic eczema. Author(s): Ewing CI, Gibbs AC, Ashcroft C, David TJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 October; 45(10): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1782922&dopt=Abstract
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False allergic reactions in children with atopic eczema. Author(s): David TJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991; 45 Suppl 1: 47-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1855507&dopt=Abstract
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Fifty-six cases of stubborn eczema treated by oral administration and topical application of herbal medicine. Author(s): Luo W, Wu C. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 December; 21(4): 259-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014123&dopt=Abstract
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Follow-up of adult patients with atopic eczema treated with Chinese herbal therapy for 1 year. Author(s): Sheehan MP, Stevens H, Ostlere LS, Atherton DJ, Brostoff J, Rustin MH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1995 March; 20(2): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8565248&dopt=Abstract
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Gradual increase in cutaneous threshold induced by repeated hypnosis of healthy individuals and patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Hajek P, Jakoubek B, Radil T. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1990 April; 70(2): 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2342854&dopt=Abstract
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Group psychotherapy as an aid in the medical treatment of eczema. Author(s): Cole WC, Roth HL, Sachs LB. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1988 February; 18(2 Pt 1): 286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3279087&dopt=Abstract
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Habit reversal technique and eczema. Author(s): Giannini AV. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 October; 100(4): 580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9338558&dopt=Abstract
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Hand eczema in car mechanics. Author(s): Meding B, Barregard L, Marcus K. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1994 March; 30(3): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8187510&dopt=Abstract
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Holidays and atopic eczema. Author(s): Turner MA, Devlin J, David TJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1991 February; 66(2): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2001105&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnosis in the management of eczema in children. Author(s): Mantle F. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 1999 June; 11(5): 24-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595155&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotherapy for the child with chronic eczema. A case report. Author(s): Mirvish I. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 September 2; 54(10): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=734553&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic skin analgesy in healthy individuals and patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Hajek P, Radil T, Jakoubek B. Source: Homeost Health Dis. 1991 October; 33(3): 156-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1818683&dopt=Abstract
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Infant feeding and subsequent risk of atopic eczema. Author(s): Moore WJ, Midwinter RE, Morris AF, Colley JR, Soothill JF. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1985 August; 60(8): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3899021&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of maternal diet during lactation and use of formula feeds on development of atopic eczema in high risk infants. Author(s): Chandra RK, Puri S, Hamed A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 July 22; 299(6693): 228-30. Erratum In: Bmj 1989 October 7; 299(6704): 896. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2504375&dopt=Abstract
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Intestinal permeability in patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Bjarnason I, Goolamali SK, Levi AJ, Peters TJ.
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Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1985 March; 112(3): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3919753&dopt=Abstract •
Is eczema herpeticum associated with the use of hot tubs? Author(s): Cox GF, Levy ML, Wolf JE Jr. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1985 July; 2(4): 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4011510&dopt=Abstract
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Know your organization: National Eczema Society. Author(s): Stein M. Source: Health Visit. 1980 December; 53(12): 532. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6907226&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Biofeedback skin conductance conditioning in dyshirdrotic eczema. Author(s): Miller RM, Coger RW, Dymond AM. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1974 May; 109(5): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4828549&dopt=Abstract
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Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response. Author(s): Morse PF, Horrobin DF, Manku MS, Stewart JC, Allen R, Littlewood S, Wright S, Burton J, Gould DJ, Holt PJ, et al. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 July; 121(1): 75-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2667620&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation by Chinese herbal therapy of immune mechanisms in the skin of patients with atopic eczema. Author(s): Xu XJ, Banerjee P, Rustin MH, Poulter LW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 January; 136(1): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9039295&dopt=Abstract
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Nonoccupational allergic contact dermatitis to cashew nut simulating photosensitivity eczema. Author(s): Criado RF, Criado PR, Malaman F, Ensina LF, Vasconcellos C, Aun WT, Mello JF, Pires MC. Source: American Journal of Contact Dermatitis : Official Journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society. 2002 June; 13(2): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053904&dopt=Abstract
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Novel therapies for atopic eczema. Author(s): Worm M.
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Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 November; 3(11): 1596-603. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476959&dopt=Abstract •
Novel unconventional therapeutic approaches to atopic eczema. Author(s): Worm M, Henz BM. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2000; 201(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096188&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Author(s): van Ketel WG, de Haan P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1978 February; 4(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=148998&dopt=Abstract
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On the chemical nature of the eczematogens in oil of turpentine. V. Pattern of sensitivity to different terpenes. Author(s): Pirila V, Kilpio O, Olkkonen A, Pirila L, Siltanen E. Source: Dermatologica. 1969; 139(3): 183-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5808469&dopt=Abstract
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One-year follow up of children treated with Chinese medicinal herbs for atopic eczema. Author(s): Sheehan MP, Atherton DJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1994 April; 130(4): 488-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8186115&dopt=Abstract
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Oral challenge with balsam of Peru in patients with eczema: a preliminary study. Author(s): Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1983 January; 9(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6839745&dopt=Abstract
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Oral evening-primrose-seed oil improves atopic eczema. Author(s): Wright S, Burton JL. Source: Lancet. 1982 November 20; 2(8308): 1120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6128449&dopt=Abstract
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Pain threshold in patients with atopic eczema influenced by hypnosis. Author(s): Hajek P, Jakoubek B, Radil T, Adamovska E. Source: Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1989 October; 31(3): 222-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2588982&dopt=Abstract
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Permeability of the small intestine to [51Cr]EDTA in children with acute gastroenteritis or eczema. Author(s): Forget P, Sodoyez-Goffaux F, Zappitelli A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1985 June; 4(3): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926981&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives of atopic eczema in the third millennium. Author(s): Ring J. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1999; 28: 194-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374065&dopt=Abstract
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Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Author(s): Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sutas Y, Moilanen E, Salminen S. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 November; 30(11): 1604-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069570&dopt=Abstract
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Proof of efficacy of Kamillosan(R) cream in atopic eczema. Author(s): Patzelt-Wenczler R, Ponce-Poschl E. Source: European Journal of Medical Research. 2000 April 19; 5(4): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10799352&dopt=Abstract
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Psychophysiological aspects of eczema. Author(s): Cotterill JA. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1990 September; 9(3): 216-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2206922&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy following treatment of atopic eczema with Chinese herbal medicine. Author(s): Ferguson JE, Chalmers RJ, Rowlands DJ. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 April; 136(4): 592-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155965&dopt=Abstract
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Self-help society for eczema sufferers and their families. Author(s): Launer J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 December 18; 2(6050): 1494-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1000264&dopt=Abstract
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Simple techniques for managing eczema in children. Author(s): Wyatt H.
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Source: Community Nurse. 2000 June; 6(5): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778536&dopt=Abstract •
Skin care in atopic eczema. Author(s): Forsdyke H, Watts J. Source: Prof Nurse. 1994 October; 10(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7972179&dopt=Abstract
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Skin conductance conditioning with dyshidrotic eczema patients. Author(s): Miller RM, Coger RW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1979 October; 101(4): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=508609&dopt=Abstract
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Soy allergy and DSCG in atopic eczema: “much ado about nothing”? Author(s): Ventura A, De Seta L, Martelossi S, Florean P, Maggiore G, Salvatore CM, Berzioli M, Guidobaldi G, Lorenzini G, Peressini P, Pesenti P, Rollo G, Sacher B, Santoro L, Stanzione V, Stranamore D, Zannerio E. Source: Pediatr Med Chir. 1996 May-June; 18(3): 283-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8858643&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on Sudanese medicinal plants I. The effect of an extract of Lupinus termis seeds in chronic eczema. Author(s): Antoun MD, El Khawad AO, Taha OM. Source: Lloydia. 1977 July-August; 40(4): 337-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=895392&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on Sudanese medicinal plants. II. Evaluation of an extract of Lupinus termis seeds in chronic eczema. Author(s): Antoun MD, Taha OM. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1981 March-April; 44(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7017074&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of itching and atopic eczema by transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Author(s): Bjorna H, Kaada B. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1987; 12(2): 101-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2890272&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected transmission of eczema herpeticum in a thermal bath establishment. Author(s): Agius G, Degand F, Herisse J, Bourgoin A, Beby A, Gandon P.
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Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 December; 13(12): 1084-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7889977&dopt=Abstract •
Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Author(s): Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Source: Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England). 2000; 4(37): 1-191. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134919&dopt=Abstract
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Systemically induced eczema in adults. Author(s): Veien NK. Source: Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1989; 147: 1-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2692372&dopt=Abstract
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The antioxidant activity of Chinese herbs for eczema and of placebo herbs--I. Author(s): Kirby AJ, Schmidt RJ. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 April; 56(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174970&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of traditional Chinese herbal therapy in atopic eczema. Author(s): Latchman Y, Whittle B, Rustin M, Atherton DJ, Brostoff J. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 1994 July; 104(3): 222-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8032233&dopt=Abstract
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The National Eczema Society. Author(s): Ardill L. Source: Practitioner. 1984 November; 228(1397): 1059-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6504808&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of eczema with Chinese herbs: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Armstrong NC, Ernst E. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 August; 48(2): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417508&dopt=Abstract
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Tickle responses in eczema patients and normal controls. Author(s): Brown DG.
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Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1974; 24(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4855211&dopt=Abstract •
Tinea versicolor, not eczema. Author(s): Okoro AN. Source: Niger Med J. 1973 January; 3(1): 47-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4805223&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Chinese medicine for eczema. Author(s): Harper J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 February 19; 308(6927): 489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8136663&dopt=Abstract
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Traditional Chinese plants for eczema. Author(s): Atherton DJ, Sheehan MP, Rustin M. Source: Lancet. 1991 August 24; 338(8765): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1678465&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil. Author(s): Greaves MW, Corbett MF. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 March; 118(3): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3355786&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil. Author(s): Lovell CR, Burton JL, Horrobin DF. Source: Lancet. 1981 January 31; 1(8214): 278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6109930&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil: rationale and clinical results. Author(s): Kerscher MJ, Korting HC. Source: Clin Investig. 1992 February; 70(2): 167-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1318129&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of atopic eczema with traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Author(s): Atherton DJ, Sheehan MP, Rustin MH, Whittle B, Guy G. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1992 December; 9(4): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1492062&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of childhood eczema. Author(s): Granlund H.
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Source: Paediatric Drugs. 2002; 4(11): 729-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390044&dopt=Abstract •
Treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema with local bath-PUVA therapy. Author(s): Schempp CM, Muller H, Czech W, Schopf E, Simon JC. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 May; 36(5 Pt 1): 733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146535&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of eczema by EMG biofeedback and relaxation training: a multiple baseline analysis. Author(s): McMenamy CJ, Katz RC, Gipson M. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1988 September; 19(3): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3069878&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of palmoplantar eczema with bath-PUVA therapy. Author(s): Zemtsov A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 March; 38(3): 505-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9520044&dopt=Abstract
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What do members of the National Eczema Society really want? Author(s): Long CC, Funnell CM, Collard R, Finlay AY. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1993 November; 18(6): 516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8252788&dopt=Abstract
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Zhang Zhili's experience in treatment of eczema. Author(s): Wang P, Zhang P. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2001 September; 21(3): 193-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789324&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to eczema; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eczema Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Indigestion, Heartburn, and Low Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Homeopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raktamoksha Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/r.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Traditional Chinese medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html
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Chinese Medicine Baifan Alternative names: Alum; Baifan (Bai Fan); Alumen Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baixianpi Alternative names: Densefruit Pittany Root-bark; Cortex Dictamni Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bianxu Alternative names: Common Knotgrass Herb; Herba Polygoni Avicularis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chishizhi Alternative names: Red Halloysite; Halloysitum Rubrum
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Source: Chinese Materia Medica Difuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Duanshigao Alternative names: Calcined Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Preparatum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fangji Alternative names: Fourstamen Stephania Root; Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuling Alternative names: Indian Bread; Poria Source: Chinese Materia Medica Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Geqiao Alternative names: Clam Shell; Concha Meretricis seu Cyclinae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huaijiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Huajiao; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huajiao Alternative names: Pricklyash Peel; Pericarpium Zanthoxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huangbo Alternative names: Amur Cork-tree; Cortex Phellodendri Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huashi Alternative names: Talc; Talcum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jindengiong Alternative names: Franchet Groundcherry Fruit; Calyx seu Fructus Physalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kumu Alternative names: Indian Quassiawood; Ramulus et Folium Picrasmae
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Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kushen Alternative names: Lightyellow Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Flavescentis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Longdan Alternative names: Chinese Gentian; Radix Gentianae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Luhui Alternative names: Aloes; Luhui (Lu Hui); Aloe Source: Chinese Materia Medica Machixian Alternative names: Purslane Herb; Herba Portulacae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mubiezi Alternative names: Cochinchina Momordica Seed; Semen Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfen Alternative names: Calomel; Calomelas Source: Chinese Materia Medica Sanbaicao Alternative names: Chinese Lizardtail Rhizome or Herb; Rhizoma seu Herba Saururi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shechuangzi Alternative names: Common Cnidium Fruit; Fructus Cnidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Songhuafen Alternative names: Pine Pollen; Pollen Pini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tufuling Alternative names: Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome; Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuchangqing Alternative names: Paniculate Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Paniculati Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zicao
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Alternative names: Arnebia Root Gromwell Root; Radix Arnebiae Radix Lithospermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Homeopathy Antimonium crudum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arsenicum album Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arum triphyllum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcarea carbonica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calendula Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Graphites Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hepar sulphuris calcareum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mezereum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Petroleum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rhus toxicodendron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sulphur Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com ALA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Arnica montana Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barberry Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca B-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-Carotene Alternative names: b-carotene, Trans-beta Carotene; Provitamin A, Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betacarotenum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black cohosh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10009,00.html Blue flag Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Blue-green algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html
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Burdock blend Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calendula Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chamomile Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chamomile Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,766,00.html Chickweed Alternative names: Stellaria media Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coleus forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colloidal oatmeal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10107,00.html Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html English Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedra Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Evening Primrose Alternative names: Oenothera biennis, Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Forskolin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10025,00.html French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com German Chamomile Alternative names: Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape seed extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Grapefruit seed extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hydroxyzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,798,00.html
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Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Lavandula angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavender Alternative names: Lavandula angustifolia, English Lavendar, French Lavendar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Matricaria recutita Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nettle Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oak bark Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10108,00.html Oenothera biennis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Organ mountain crape Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Plantain Alternative names: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Clover Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rosemary Alternative names: Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rosmarinus officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarsaparilla Alternative names: Smilax spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spirulina Alternative names: Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sun Drop Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Topical Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Trans-Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Walnut Leaf Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10110,00.html
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Witch Hazel Alternative names: Hamamelis virginiana Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yellow Dock Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Zanthoxylum Alternative names: Prickly Ash; Zanthoxylum sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ECZEMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “eczema” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on eczema, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Eczema By performing a patent search focusing on eczema, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on eczema: •
Antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease caused by trichophyton, eczema or various fungi, and also for activating the recovery of the skin and burns Inventor(s): Uehara; Kazutoyo (Zama, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Lotion Company (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,472,715 Date filed: December 29, 1994 Abstract: An antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease such as athlete's foot, ringworm and tinea caused by dermatophytes, eczema, tinea or various fungi, which comprises a 100 weight % of detergent solution including 0.01-40 weight % of sodium hypochlorite, 0.01-30 weight % of sodium sulfite, 0.01-40 weight % of sodium nitrite, 0.01-40 weight % of sodium chlorate, 0.01-40 weight % of potassium chlorate, 0.001-35 weight % of hydrogen peroxide, 0.01-40 weight % of ozone water, 0.01-40 weight % of sodium nitrite, 0.01-40 weight % of potassium nitrite, 0.001-1 weight % of nonionic surface active agent and 1-90 weight % of water.It is characterized in that trichophyton, eczema or various fungi in the dermis or deep layer are allured by oxygen contained in the antifungal agent to or near the surface of the skin for easy sterilization by oxidation, reduction, bleaching and fungicidal activity.A liquid agent is also efficacious for the treatment of a burn of the skin and of stiffness in the shoulders. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease (infecticosa eczematoides or Engmaris disease) caused by trichophyton, eczema or various fungi, and also for activating the recovery of the skin disease and burns. More particularly, this invention relates to an antifungal agent for the treatment of skin disease such as athlete's foot, ringworm and tinea by oxidation, reduction, bleaching and fungicidal activity of the antifungal agent, which is characterized in that trichophytons or various fungi in a deep layer of the skin are allured by oxygen contained in the antifungal agent to or near the surface of the skin for easy sterilization, and also for activating the early recovery of the skin diseases and burns. In case trichophyton causing athlete's foot or ringworm are in the epidermis of the skin, it is comparatively easy to sterilize them. When they are in a deep layer such as keratin or dermis of the skin, complete sterilization of trichophytons cannot be expected, thus leaving the skin disease beyond medical treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472715__
•
Composition for treating and/or ameliorating the diseases of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema and symptoms thereof Inventor(s): Hopkins; John (Newbury, GB), Baker; Rex J. (Shanghai, CN), Khaiat; Alain (Singapore, SG), Ping; Elizabeth Wen (Shanghai, CN), Manigbas; Noel D. (Muntinlupa, PH) Assignee(s): Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc. (Skillman, NJ) Patent Number: 6,333,027 Date filed: April 21, 2000
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Abstract: A composition that is useful for treating and/or ameliorating the diseases of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema and/or the symptoms associated therewith, and is non-stinging to the eyes is disclosed. The composition contains from about 0.5 weight percent to about 16 weight percent of at least one amphoteric surfactant; from about 1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one anionic surfactant; from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one non-ionic surfactant; and from about 0.1 percent to about 15 percent active ingredient selected from Undecylenamidopropylbetaine, Undecylenic Acid, and mixtures thereof. A method for treating and/or ameliorating the diseases of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema and/or the symptoms associated therewith including topically applying an effective amount of the composition to the area desired is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition that is useful for treating and/or ameliorating the disease of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis And eczema and/or the symptoms associated therewith and has a low degree of ocular and skin irritation. More specifically, this invention is related to such compositions comprised of undecylenamidopropylbetaine and mixtures thereof with undecylenic acid which are suitable for such uses. It is well known that many surfactants used in shampoos are irritating to the eyes, which is of particular concern in shampoos used on infants and children. As a result, several less irritating surfactants have been developed. However, as children approach the age of puberty, hormonal changes associated with the development of scalp conditions normally associated with dandruff, such as scalp irritation and scaling, often occur. Unfortunately the active ingredients that are effective in treating such conditions are irritating to the eyes. For example, Undecylenic Acid, which is commercially available from Elf Atochem of France, and its betaine derivative, Undecylenamidopropylbetaine, which is commercially available from CECA-ATO of France under the tradename, "Amphoram U," are known as being useful for antidandruff properties in shampoos, but not without the disadvantage of eye irritancy. Therefore, there is a need for a shampoo formulation, which is not only suitable for use by children to effectively treat the skin conditions cited above, but also possesses a low degree of ocular and skin irritation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06333027__ •
Method and composition for treating psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and eczema Inventor(s): Smith; Steven A. (5801 E. 41st St., Suite 420, Tulsa, OK 74135), Smith; Lorraine J. (5801 E. 41st St., Suite 420, Tulsa, OK 74135) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,681,593 Date filed: July 18, 1995 Abstract: Psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and eczema are treated by oral administration of inorganic nickel compound(s), with or without inorganic bromide(s). In an especially preferred embodiment, the nickel compound used to treat these diseases is NiBr.sub.2. Excerpt(s): Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that is proliferative in nature and widespread throughout the world, afflicting millions of humans and even domesticated animals having similar proliferative integument problems. The skin disorder is characterized by recurrent, elevated red lesions, plaques or rarely pustules on the skin. These plaques are the results of an excessively rapid growth and shedding of epidermal
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(skin) cells. No one knows what causes this abnormal cell proliferation. Its severity and course vary greatly from case to case, and also in the individual afflicted with the disease. Recurrences are almost the rule with intervals varying from one month to many years. One person may go through life with a single patch on the elbow, knee or scalp, while another will have repeated attacks of a generalized eruption or widespread chronic lesions lasting for years without remission. As discouraging as it may be, medical science and literature are replete with indications that patients exhibiting such lesions are destined for life to be "psoriatic." With all of the advances in medical science, no one knows what causes this abnormal cell proliferation. With some of it, it is felt that some type of biochemical stimulus triggers this abnormal cell growth. It is still unknown whether the origin of this biochemical malfunction resides in the skin, in the immune system, in the white blood cells, or is possibly psycho-neural. It is known that certain environmental factors can "trigger" the initial appearance or worsening of psoriasis. Conversely, the symptoms can spontaneously clear for reasons scientists do not understand. Treatment of the psoriasis is aimed at clearing the lesions for as long as possible. This is what is meant by the term "remission" or "clearance." In any event, medical science has fairly well agreed that psoriasis is an heritable disease in which the specific defect seems to be unknown. For years there have been many attempts to treat the disease, and several topical and systemic treatments for psoriasis which inhibit cell division have been with limited success in clearing the skin for short periods of time. Yet, the reason why these treatments work is not yet clearly understood. Treatments which have been suggested in the art appear to be symptomatic and palliative. Lesions may disappear spontaneously or as a result of the therapy, but recurrences are likely. There is a tendency for each remedy gradually to lose its effectiveness or develop dangerous accumulative toxicity. Rarely, however, is the disease apparently cured, showing no evidence for years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681593__ •
Method and compositions for treating psoriasis, eczema, seborrhea and arthritis Inventor(s): Smith; Steven A. (5801 E. 41st, Ste 200, Tulsa, OK 74135) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,613,800 Date filed: December 3, 2001 Abstract: A method and composition for treating psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and possibly arthritis. The present invention involves treatment of these conditions with an oral administration of a mixture comprised of three primary ingredients: fumaric acid and/or fumarate compounds, inorganic nickel compound(s) such as nickel sulfate, and inorganic bromide compound(s) such as potassium bromide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for treating psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and possibly arthritis. More specifically, the present invention involves treatment of these conditions with an oral administration of a mixture of fumaric acid, inorganic nickel compound(s), and inorganic bromide(s). Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that proliferates in nature and is widespread throughout the world, afflicting millions of humans and even afflicting domesticated animals having similar proliferative integument problems. The skin disorder is characterized by recurrent, elevated red lesions, plaques and on rarely pustules on the skin. These plaques are the result of an excessively rapid growth and shedding of epidermal or skin cells. No one knows what causes this abnormal cell proliferation. Its
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severity and course vary greatly from case to case, and also vary in the individual afflicted with the disease. Recurrences are almost the rule with intervals varying from one month to many years. One person may go through life with a single patch on the elbow, knee or scalp, while another will have repeated attacks of a generalized eruption or widespread chronic lesions lasting for years without remission. As discouraging as it may be, medical science and literature are replete with indications that patients exhibiting such lesions are destined for life to be "psoriatic". With all of the advances in medical science, no one knows what causes this abnormal cell growth. With some of it, it is felt that some type of biochemical stimulus triggers this abnormal cell growth. It is still unknown whether the origin of this biochemical malfunction resides in the skin, in the immune system, in the white blood cells, or is possibly psycho-neural. It is know that certain environmental factors can "trigger" the initial appearance or worsening of psoriasis. Conversely, the symptoms can spontaneously clear for reasons scientists do not understand. Treatment of the psoriasis is aimed at clearing the lesions for as long as possible. This is what is meant by the term `remission" or "clearance". In any event, medical science has fairly well agreed that psoriasis is a heritable disease in which the specific defect seems to be unknown. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613800__ •
Method for combating summer eczema and malanders Inventor(s): Koniger; Helmut (Dresselstrasse 33, Munchen, DE 81827) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,589,571 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method for combating summer eczema caused by gnats of the species Culicoides pulicolaris and malanders in non-human mammals with a composition for external application which contains components of plants of the species Equisetum. Excerpt(s): The invention is concerned with a method for combating summer eczema and malanders (Scurf) caused by the gnats of the species Culicoides pulicularis as well as the cosmetic consequences with an external application of a suitable composition which contains components of plants of the genus Equisetum. The so-called summer eczema, which in the case of animals, also incorrectly called summer mange, is due to a hypersensitivity reaction of mammals (for example, horses, cattle, but also humans) to the contents of the saliva of gnats of the species Culicoides pulicularis, which are generally called in the vernacular in Germany "Gnietzen," "Bartmucken" (Bearded gnat), "Sandmucken" (sand flies), or "Kriebelmucken" (Columbatz gnat). These insects, which are only up to 2 mm in size, can be found in all biogeographic regions of the earth and are observed in the Northern Hemisphere, depending upon the weather and sometimes also on the region, from March-April to October-November. The gnats prefer mainly the areas of skin where there is a transition from hairy to less hairy skin. Thus, in the case of humans, it is mostly at the hairline, eyebrows, skin at the collars, sleeves, hosiery that are bitten and, in the case of mammalian animals, especially horses, near the forelock and the crown of the mane, at the croup as well as in skin areas where the hair stands up, such as the cowlick under the abdomen and on the flanks. Malanders is a skin disease in the distal area of the limbs, widespread in hoofed animals, especially in horses and quite especially in carthorses. The disease begins as an eczema aquamosum or madidans (eczematous or regular or chapped malanders) in the fetlock joint bend,
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especially of the hind legs with white markings, produced by moisture, wetness, dirt during thawing, paths with droppings, and can develop to Dermatitis verrucosa with the formation of cauliflower-like growths with foul-smelling secretion. Other symptoms are the development of little blisters and cracks, painful reddening and swelling of the pasterns, strong wetness of the transfer folds which frequently become cracked, sores under sticky hairs, with strong thickening of the skin (callused malanders). After healing of the cracks, welts and ulcers, mostly severe peeling occurs (squamous eczema) and bulging skin sclerosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589571__ •
Use of essential fatty acids for the preparation of a drug for the treatment of infantile seborrheic eczema Inventor(s): Tollesson; Anders (Saltsjovag 15 A, S-181 62 Lidingo, SE), Frithz; Anders (Borjessonsvagen 49, S-161 55 Bromma, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,352,700 Date filed: December 9, 1991 Abstract: The use of essential fatty acids having 18-20 carbon atoms for producing a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment of infantile seborrhoeic eczema or asteatotic eczema. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of essential fatty acids having 18-20 carbon atoms in the preparation of a drug for the treatment of infantile seborrhoeic eczema and asteatotic eczema. Essential fatty acids are long-chained unsaturated fatty acids acids which cannot be synthetized in the body but must be provided via food. Linoleic acid, which is the essential fatty acid having the shortest chain, metabolizes by elongating and desaturating via gammalinolenic acid and dihomogammalinolenic acid to arachidonic acid, which is a precursor for prostaglandin E.sub.2, PGE.sub.2. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05352700__
Patent Applications on Eczema As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to eczema: •
Method for combating summer eczema and malanders Inventor(s): Koniger, Helmut; (Munchen, DE) Correspondence: BAKER & DANIELS; 205 W. JEFFERSON BOULEVARD; SUITE 250; SOUTH BEND; IN; 46601; US Patent Application Number: 20020068099 Date filed: September 20, 2001
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: The invention is concerned with a method for combating summer eczema caused by gnats of the species Culicoides pulicolaris and malanders in non-human mammals with a composition for external application which contains components of plants of the species Equisetum. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-In-Part application of Ser. No. 09/374,754, filed Aug. 13, 1999. The invention is concerned with a method for combating summer eczema and malanders (Scurf) caused by the gnats of the species Culicoides Pulicularis as well as the cosmetic consequences with an external application of a suitable composition which contains components of plants of the genus Equisetum. The socalled summer eczema, which in the case of animals, also incorrectly called summer mange, is due to a hypersensitivity reaction of mammals (for example, horses, cattle, but also humans) to the contents of the saliva of gnats of the species Culicoides Pulicularis, which are generally called in the vernacular in Germany "Gnietzen," "Bartmucken" (Bearded gnat), "Sandmucken" (sand flies), or "Kriebelmucken" (Columbatz gnat). These insects, which are only up to 2 mm in size, can be found in all biogeographic regions of the earth and are observed in the Northern Hemisphere, depending upon the weather and sometimes also on the region, from March-April to October-November. The gnats prefer mainly the areas of skin where there is a transition from hairy to less hairy skin. Thus, in the case of humans, it is mostly at the hairline, eyebrows, skin at the collars, sleeves, hosiery that are bitten and, in the case of mammalian animals, especially horses, near the forelock and the crown of the mane, at the croup as well as in skin areas where the hair stands up, such as the cowlick under the abdomen and on the flanks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Treating eczema and/or psoriasis Inventor(s): Meakin, Timothy David; (Auckland, NZ), Healtley, Craig Leonard; (Auckland, NZ), Cadwallader, Dianne; (Auckland, NZ) Correspondence: JACOBSON HOLMAN PLLC; 400 SEVENTH STREET N.W. SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030153620 Date filed: February 12, 2003 Abstract: The treatment of humans or other mammals for eczema and/or psoriasis using dosage forms or compositions that include cetyl myristate alone or (in admixture or serially) both cetyl myristate and cetyl palmitate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of eczema and psoriasis. Eczema can be described as an inflammation of the skin where swelling, redness, itching or a burning sensation is present. Sometimes the first inflammation is felt, rather than seen, as it is immediately beneath the skin's surface. Eczema can also be seen as reddened spots, scales, crusts or blisters may also be present, either alone or in combination. It may take a mild form, or be more severe, as in the case of psoriasis. The present invention has surprisingly determined that the ingestion of cetyl myristate, and particularly cetyl myristate in conjunction with cetyl palmitate, provides an effective treatment of eczema and/or psoriasis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of resveratrol for the treatment of exfoliative eczema, acne and psoriasis Inventor(s): Giannella, Jenny; (Codogno, IT), Giannella, Attilio; (Codogno, IT), Pelliccia, Maria Teresa; (Avellino, IT) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20010056071 Date filed: March 22, 2001 Abstract: The use of resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) and derivatives thereof, for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of exfoliative eczema, acne and psoriasis, topical pharmaceutical formulations containing resveratrol or derivatives thereof in combination with other active principles. Treatment consists in topical administrations of resveratrol at concentrations of 0.01 to 20%, in the form of lotions, creams or ointments, optionally in combination with other active principles such as melatonin, vitamins D, E and A and derivatives thereof, hormones, vegetable and/or animal extracts. Contrary to current therapies, the use of resveratrol has neither systemic nor topical effects during and after therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxytrans-stilbene) and derivatives thereof (esters, glycosides, 3'-oxyresveratrol), for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of exfoliative eczema, acne and psoriasis. Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin produced by a number of vegetables under stress conditions, is one of the natural substances of vegetable origin at present arousing great interest in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutritional fields, due to the important, established effects this molecule exerts in humans. In vitro and in vivo studies on resveratrol proved that the molecule: a) exerts protective action on the cardiovascular system, (Clin. Chim. Acta, 235:207, 1995) and decreases arteriosclerosis risks (Clin. Chim. Acta, 246:163, 1996); b) has vasal relaxing effect on the arteries (Gen. Pharm. 27:363, 1996); c) has antioxidant action which inhibits LDL cholesterol peroxidation (The Lancet, 341:1103, 1993); reduces oxidative stress (Neuroreport 8:1499, 1997); protects from the radical damage in cerebral ischemia (Chin. Pharm. Bull. 12:128, 1996); prevents the propagation of free radicals responsible for the molecular damage of the biological systems and for cell aging; d) modulates lipid synthesis, preventing the accumulation of cholesterol and fats in the liver, decreases the concentrations of blood triglycerids and of cholesterol in low-density LDL lipoproteins and reduces the atherogenic index (Chem Pharm. Bull. 30:1766, 1982); e) inhibits platelet aggregation, preventing the formation of thrombi (Int. J. Tiss. Reac. XVIII, 1, 1995; Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 76:818, 1996); f) inhibits the production of proatherogenic eicosanoids by platelets and neutrophils, exerting anti-inflammatory action (Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 834:275, 1985); g) inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase which modulates cell proliferation and differentiation and the signaling processes in the immune system cells, biological processes involved in the inflammatory response and in severe pathologies such as cancer, arteriosclerosis and psoriasis (J. Natural Products, 56:1805, 1993, Science 267:1782, 1995); h) has marked antimutagenic action, inhibiting the cell events connected with the initiation, promotion and progression of the tumor (Science 275:218, 1997, Anal. Biochem, 169:328, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 91:3147, 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. USA, 72:1848, 1975, Carcinogenesis, 8:541, 1987). The presence of resveratrol traces in red wines is believed to be the main cause of the beneficial nutritional effects thereof (Am, J. Enol. Vitic. 46:159, 1996, Clin. Chim. Acta, 246:183, 1996, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr., 55:1012, 1992). The poor concentrations of resveratrol in wine and in wine industry by-products have, until some time ago, remarkably restricted a wide use of this molecule in the
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pharmaceutical and nutritional fields. Recently, rhizomes of the Chinese plant Poligonum cuspidatum have been found to contain high amounts of resveratrol (more than about 400 times those in wine) thus inducing a strong commercial development of this molecule as alimentary supplement, in particular on the U.S. market. Lately, the actions of resveratrol for pharmacological or cosmetic use have been claimed (WO9959561; WO9958119; EP0773020; FR2766176; WO9904747). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ezcema, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ezcema” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ezcema. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ezcema. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ECZEMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to eczema. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on eczema include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on eczema: •
Under My Skin: A Kid's Guide to Atopic Dermatitis Source: Deerfield, IL: Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. 2000. 48 p. Contact: Available from Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. Three Parkway North Center, Deerfield, IL. 60015-2548. (800) 727-7003. Website: www.fujisawa.com. Summary: This book presents information about atopic dermatitis (AD), or eczema, to children. The book is divided into four sections discussing the physical and emotional aspects of AD, healing, and common triggers of AD. Topics within these sections include causes of itching; identifying irritants; the role of stress, allergens, and weather in flare-ups; infections; understanding feelings; struggling with scratching; having a healthy attitude; working with a doctor; flare care; and side effects of medications. Tips for controlling and coping with AD from children with the condition are included. A place for the child to write down questions for their doctor and a sample daily routine are appended. Numerous illustrations.
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Food Allergy Book: The Foods That Cause You Pain and Discomfort and How to Take Them Out of Your Diet Source: St. Paul, MN: ACA Publications, Inc. 1995. 202 p. Contact: Available from ACA Publications, Inc. 1690 University Avenue West, Suite 450, St. Paul, MN 55104. (800) 649-3523 or (612) 649-3523. Fax (612) 649-3509. PRICE: $12.95. ISBN: 0963154478. Summary: This book provides information about identifying and managing food allergies. The author describes the role that food allergy may play in migraine headache, sinus congestion and headache, stuffy nose, persistent cough, recurring sore throats, canker sores, wheezing, hives, eczema, persistent muscle and joint aching, recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, tiredness, and irritability. The author reviews the hows and whys of food allergy and describes how certain commonly eaten foods can cause illness. Specific chapters discuss citrus, monosodium glutamate (MSG), low-calorie sweeteners, refined sugar, an adult and child allergy elimination diet, living with a restricted diet, reading food labels, shopping, meal planning and preparation, snack foods, and eating out in restaurants. A final chapter outlines a recommended diet for identifying and eliminating food allergy triggers. The book concludes with a bibliography and a subject index. 32 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “eczema” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “eczema” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “eczema” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Dr Spot Casebook: Rachel Has Eczema (A Dr Spot Casebook) by Leigh Jenny; ISBN: 1902463927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902463927/icongroupinterna
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An Atlas of Atopic Eczema (Encyclopedia of Visual Medicine Series) by Lionel Fry (2003); ISBN: 1842142364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1842142364/icongroupinterna
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Asthma and Eczema:Easy and Delicious Calcium Rich Recipes.(Special Diet Cookbooks) by Carol Bennett; ISBN: 0722518218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722518218/icongroupinterna
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Atopic Dermatitis: The Epidemiology, Causes and Prevention of Atopic Eczema by Hywel C. Williams (Editor); ISBN: 0521570751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521570751/icongroupinterna
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Atopic Palmoplantar Eczema by Hans Joachim Schwanitz; ISBN: 0387178635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387178635/icongroupinterna
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Atopic Palmoplantar Eczema (1989); ISBN: 3540178635; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540178635/icongroupinterna
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Breaking the Eczema Cycle: A Six-Week Program for Total Relief by Sue ArmstrongBrown (2003); ISBN: 1569753512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569753512/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Eczema by Robert Youngson (1995); ISBN: 0859697363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859697363/icongroupinterna
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DR V COLEMANS ECZEMA DERMATITIS by COLEMAN; ISBN: 0727820575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0727820575/icongroupinterna
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Dry Skin and Eczema by Liz Earle; ISBN: 075220548X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075220548X/icongroupinterna
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Eczema (Natural Way) by Sheena Meredith; ISBN: 1843330326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843330326/icongroupinterna
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Eczema and Dermatitis by Coleman; ISBN: 072782077X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072782077X/icongroupinterna
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ECZEMA AND DERMATITIS - PHG; ISBN: 0132350106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0132350106/icongroupinterna
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Eczema and Dermatitis: How to Cope With Inflamed Skin by Rona M., M.D. MacKie; ISBN: 0668056290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668056290/icongroupinterna
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Eczema and Dry Skin (Liz Earle's Quick Guides) by Liz Earle; ISBN: 0752216406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0752216406/icongroupinterna
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Eczema and Other Skin Disorders: The Self-care Guide by Jovanka Bach; ISBN: 0246129476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0246129476/icongroupinterna
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Eczema and Psoriasis: How Your Diet Can Help (Nutritional Health Guide) by Stephen Terrass; ISBN: 0722531486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722531486/icongroupinterna
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Eczema and Your Child: A Parent's Guide by Tim Mitchell, et al; ISBN: 1872362869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1872362869/icongroupinterna
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Eczema Handbook by Jarski; ISBN: 0091783771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091783771/icongroupinterna
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Eczema in Childhood: The Facts (Oxford Medical Publications) by David J. Atherton; ISBN: 0192623982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192623982/icongroupinterna
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Eczema in Children : A Guide for Parents by Frank A. Oski (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1885274092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885274092/icongroupinterna
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Eczema Relief by Christine Orton; ISBN: 0722511809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722511809/icongroupinterna
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Eczema Relief: A Complete Guide to All Remedies--Alternative and Orthodox by Christine Orton; ISBN: 0722521316; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722521316/icongroupinterna
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Eczema: It's Nature, Cure and Prevention by Arthur Bobroff; ISBN: 0398001847; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398001847/icongroupinterna
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Eczema: Practical and Easy-To-Follow Advice (Your Child) by Maggie Jones; ISBN: 1862042098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862042098/icongroupinterna
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Eczema: Recipes and Advice to Provide Relief by Patsy Westcott; ISBN: 1566491835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566491835/icongroupinterna
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Food Solutions: Eczema (Food Solutions) by Patsy Westcott; ISBN: 0600601579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0600601579/icongroupinterna
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Hand Eczema (CRC Series in Dermatology) by Torkil, M.D. Menne, Howard I., M.D. Maibach (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0849373557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849373557/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Atopic Eczema by J. Ring, et al (1991); ISBN: 0387529926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387529926/icongroupinterna
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Handbook of Atopic Eczema (1991); ISBN: 3540529926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540529926/icongroupinterna
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Herbs for Healthy Skin, Hair & Nails: Banish Eczema, Acne and Psoriasis With Healing Herbs That Cleanse and Tone to Body Inside and Out (Keats Good Herb Guide) by Brigitte Mars; ISBN: 0879838388; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879838388/icongroupinterna
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I Have Eczema by Althea, Sarah Altham (Illustrator); ISBN: 0851227120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851227120/icongroupinterna
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Immunological and Pharmacological Aspects of Atopic and Contact Eczema (Pharmacology and the Skin, Vol 4) by Cird Galderma Symposium on Advances in Skin Pharmacology 1990 Cannes, J.J. Czernielewski Valbonne (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 3805554338; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805554338/icongroupinterna
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Kim Has Eczema (Doctor Toby Books) by Andrew Pattison, Virginia Barrett (Illustrator); ISBN: 0947062343; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0947062343/icongroupinterna
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Managing Staphylococcus Aureus in Eczema (Round Table Series (RTS)) by F.D.R Hobbs (Editor); ISBN: 1853153621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853153621/icongroupinterna
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Pocket Guide to Eczema and Contact Dermatitis by Colin Holden, Lucy Ostlere; ISBN: 0632056630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632056630/icongroupinterna
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Psoriasis and Eczema by Lionel Fry (2000); ISBN: 0746200641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0746200641/icongroupinterna
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Recipes for Health Asthma & Eczema: Over 150 Easy and Delicious Recipes for Those Allergic to Cow's Milk by Carol Bennett, Carolyn Bennett; ISBN: 0722531451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722531451/icongroupinterna
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Rob Has Eczema (Problem Solvers) by Nigel Snell; ISBN: 0237601044; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0237601044/icongroupinterna
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Tell Me More about Atopic Eczema: A Patient's Guide by B. Roger Allen, John BerthJones; ISBN: 1853171905; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853171905/icongroupinterna
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The Bacteriology of Eczema (Round Table Series (RTS)) by R. Lever (Editor), J. Levy (Editor); ISBN: 1853152609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853152609/icongroupinterna
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The Eczema Solution by Sue Armstrong-Brown; ISBN: 0091882842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0091882842/icongroupinterna
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The Homoeopathic Treatment of Eczema (The Beaconsfield Homoeopathic Library) by Robin Logan FFHom (1998); ISBN: 0906584477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906584477/icongroupinterna
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The Natural Way With Eczema/a Comprehensive Guide to Gentle, Safe and Effective Treatment (The Natural Way) by Sheena Meredith, Richard Thomas (Editor); ISBN: 1852304936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852304936/icongroupinterna
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The Psoriasis & Eczema Solution: New Hope for Physical & Emotional Relief by Daniel A. Lobovits, et al (1999); ISBN: 1890819069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890819069/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Childhood Eczema by Penny Titman (Author); ISBN: 047084759X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047084759X/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Skin Problems: Acne, Eczema, Psoriasis and Related Conditions by Linda Papadopoulos (Author), Carl Walker (Author); ISBN: 047084518X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047084518X/icongroupinterna
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Your Child with Eczema: A Guide for Parents by David J. Atherton; ISBN: 0433009403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0433009403/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
A practical treatise upon eczema, including its lichenous and impetiginous forms. Author: Anderson, Thomas M'Call,; Year: 1974; London, Churchill, 1874
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A practical treatise upon eczema, including its lichenous, impetiginous, and pruriginous varieties. Author: Anderson, Thomas M'Call,; Year: 1972; London, Churchill, 1863
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Allergy and applied immunology; a handbook for physician and patient, on asthma, hay fever, urticaria, eczema, migraine and kindred manifestations of allergy. Author: Vaughan, Warren Taylor,; Year: 1933; St. Louis, Mosby, 1934
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Contact dermatitis and atopic eczema Author: Sauer, Gordon C. (Gordon Chenoweth),; Year: 1965; Kansas City, Mo.: American family physician, 1977
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Eczema and faulty metabolism Author: Conklin, A. B.; Year: 1930; [Pennsylvania: s.n.?], 1905
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Eczema in childhood: the facts Author: Atherton, David J.; Year: 1970; Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1994; ISBN: 0192613510
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Eczema of the hands; investigations into dyshidrosiform eruptions. Author: Simons, R. D. G. Ph. (Robert David George Philippus); Year: 1967; Basel, Karger, 1966
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Eczema, its pathology & newer methods of treatment [microform] Author: Stevens, Rollin H. (Rollin Howard); Year: 1931; [Toledo, Ohio?]: R.H. Stevensn, [1905?]
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Eczema; its nature, cure, and prevention. Author: Bobroff, Arthur,; Year: 1966; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1962]
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Experimental studies on guinea pig's eczema, their significance in human eczema. Author: Hunziker, Nicole.; Year: 1969; Berlin, New York, Springer, 1969
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Hand eczema Author: Menné, Torkil.; Year: 1967; Boca Raton: CRC Press, c2000; ISBN: 084937362X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084937362X/icongroupinterna
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Hand eczema and long-term prognosis in atopic dermatitis Author: Rystedt, Ingela.; Year: 1994; Stockholm, Sweden: Distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell Periodical Co., 1985; ISBN: 9172228814
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Individual and environmental risk factors for hand eczema in hospital workers Author: Nilsson, Eskil.; Year: 1962; Umeå: [s.n.]; Stockholm, Sweden: Distributed by the Almqvist; Wiksell Periodical Co., 1986
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Microbiological aspects of facial eczema; a symposium held at Wellington, 11 May 1961. Papers presented. Author: New Zealand Microbiological Society.; Year: 1969; [Wellington] 1964
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Psoriasis & eczema Author: Fry, Lionel.; Year: 2000; Bristol: Clinical Press, c1989; ISBN: 1854570021 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1854570021/icongroupinterna
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Psychological problems in the father-son relationship; a case of eczema and asthma. Author: Abramson, Harold A. (Harold Alexander),; Year: 1969; New York, October House, 1969; ISBN: 807901547
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Skin diseases: eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, erysipelas, impetigo, alopecia, warts, rashes &c. Author: Brain, Reginald Thomas,; Year: 1970; London, Duckworth [1955]
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The bronchitis-emphysema-eczema-asthma complex. Author: Oliver, H. G.; Year: 1964; London, Lewis, 1965
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The eczemas; a symposium by ten authors. Author: Loewenthal, Leonard Joseph Alphonse.; Year: 1963; Edinburgh, Livingstone, 1954
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The treatment of eczema in infants and children. Author: Hill, Lewis Webb,; Year: 1954; St. Louis, Mosby, 1956
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Ulcers and eczema of the leg, sequels of phlebitis, etc. studies on static diseases of the lower limbs and their treatment. Author: Bisgaard, Holger Ove,; Year: 1970; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1948
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Varicose veins; phlebitis, leg ulcers, dropsy, eczema, haemorrhoids. Author: Foote, Robert Rowden.; Year: 1954; London, Duckworth [1954]
Chapters on Eczema In order to find chapters that specifically relate to eczema, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and eczema using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on eczema: •
Chapter 127: Vesicular Palmoplantar Eczema Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 1489-1494. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, pathology, differential diagnosis, treatment, course, and prognosis of vesicular palmoplantar eczema. This disease group can present as a spectrum ranging from acute episodic eczema to more subacute or chronic forms of vesicular or hyperkeratotic eczema. Although most cases of vesicular palmoplantar eczema are of uncertain origin, the condition is often regarded as being primarily constitutional. Stress can sometimes have a role. Allergens can act as a trigger in some cases. Pompholyx affects the palms and sides of the fingers. Discomfort and itching usually precede the development of blisters. Subacute or chronic relapsing vesicular palmar eczema often develops against a background of mild recurrent pompholyx or else develops de novo. Hyperkeratotic palmar eczema is characterized by highly itchy, hyperkeratotic, and often fissured eczema of the central palm or palmar surface of the hands and fingers. The histologic features vary depending on the acuteness of the eczema and the stage of evolution of the disease. Mild cases of pompholyx usually resolve spontaneously within 1 to 2 weeks. More acute and severe cases require more intensive treatment with wet soaks, compresses, and creams or lotions. Drug therapy has also been used to treat palmar eczema. Acute vesicular eczema tends to be intermittent or sporadic. The prognosis is less satisfactory for subacute and chronic forms of vesicular and hyperkeratotic eczema. 6 figures and 92 references.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ECZEMA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on eczema. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Eczema The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in eczema (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on eczema (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •
Acne, eczema, and vesicular diseases of children [sound recording] Source: American Academy of Pediatrics; Year: 1989; Format: Sound recording; Chicago, IL: Teach'em, [1989]
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Lupus erythematosus, collagen-vascular diseases, and eczema [videorecording] Source: Dept. of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1979; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta: Emory Medical Television Network: [for loan and sale by A. W. Calhoun Medical Library, 1979]
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ECZEMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover eczema.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on eczema is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to eczema. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “eczema” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for eczema: •
Report finds limited role for new eczema therapies Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 12, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/08/12/business/links/20030812inds017. html
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New drugs have limited role in eczema: UK report Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 12, 2003
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GlaxoSmithKline to co-promote Fujisawa eczema drug in U.S. Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 04, 2003
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Novartis withdraws ad for eczema cream Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003
•
Novartis' Elidel eczema cream approved in Switzerland Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 07, 2003
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Skin with eczema contains fewer disease fighters Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 09, 2002
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Routine smallpox vaccine risky for eczema patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 10, 2002
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Super-clean kids get asthma, eczema, more often Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 27, 2002
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Novartis says Elidel shows longterm efficacy against eczema in babies Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 16, 2002
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Fujisawa launches eczema drug in UK Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2002
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Fujisawa says EU approved eczema drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 06, 2002
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House dust linked to lower eczema risk in babies Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 26, 2001
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Glaxo pulls out of Adolor eczema-drug deal Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 24, 2001
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Novartis' Elidel eczema treatment approved by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 13, 2001
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GSK launching over-the-counter Eumovate for eczema Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 21, 2001
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PhotoMedex excimer laser earns FDA clearance for eczema Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 14, 2001
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Peanut allergies may be linked to eczema creams Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 2001
•
Breastfeeding lowers risk of infection and eczema Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 23, 2001
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Novartis files new eczema treatment with FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 18, 2000
•
Fujisawa eczema drug approved by FDA Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 08, 2000
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Novartis eczema drug effective in clinical trials Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 13, 2000
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Children with itchy eczema at risk for asthma Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 12, 2000
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Preemies have lower risk of eczema Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 14, 1999
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•
Hard water increases children's eczema risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 14, 1998
•
Smoking Moms Up Child's Eczema Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 16, 1997 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “eczema” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to eczema, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “eczema” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on eczema: •
Role of Food Allergy in Eczema, The Source: ISDInformation. 1(1): 2,4. January 2003. Contact: Available from ISDInformation. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601. Summary: This newsletter article discusses the prevalence of food allergy in children with eczema. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) runs in families and affects almost one in seven children. Children with eczema often develop asthma and hayfever as they grow older. The rash of eczema can be reduced or prevented by diet. Studies show that one out of every three children with moderate to severe eczema has food allergy and the more severe the rash, the greater the likelihood a food allergy exists. An IgE antibody test and skin prick (scratch) tests should be performed. The results of these tests in addition to medical history will help the physician determine a diet. A diet that excludes various foods may be suggested. A specialist should be consulted in managing exclusion diets to help interpret ingredient labels and to aid in the management of possible severe allergic reactions when a food is reintroduced into the diet. The majority of children with eczema will outgrow or experience a reduction in their symptoms in the first three to five years of life and most will outgrow their food allergies. However, parents and doctors need to watch for the development of respiratory symptoms.
•
Skin Disease: Eczema Source: Harvard Health Letter. 26(6): 7. April 2001. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter. P.O. Box 380, Department BI, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-9045 or (617) 432-1485. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have eczema with information on its causes, symptoms, and treatment. The terms eczema and dermatitis are used interchangeably to describe almost any itchy rash. People who go to the doctor for eczema or dermatitis usually do so because they have atopic dermatitis. This chronic, hereditary condition that mainly affects children presents as a red, scaly rash. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in the United States is 12 percent to 15 percent. People who have atopic dermatitis often have family members who suffer from asthma or other allergy based atopic disorders. Specific foods and stress can trigger an attack. Self
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treatment involves using a combination of moisturizers to alleviate dryness and nonprescription steroid creams to reduce itching, avoiding irritants and common allergens, bathing in warm water, and limiting the use of soap. Topical steroids are the mainstay of treatment for difficult cases. Alternatives to steroid treatments are cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Cyclosporine can cause kidney damage and is not as effective as topical cream or ointment. Tacrolimus is more potent than cyclosporine, works when applied topically, and does not have severe adverse effects. 1 figure. •
Tacrolimus: A Promising New Therapy for Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: The Advocate. 11(2): 1-2,9. 2nd Quarter 1999. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.com. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have eczema or atopic dermatitis with information on a new agent to treatment atopic dermatitis. This agent, known as tacrolimus, was first isolated from a fungus found in Japanese soil. Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant, decreases the production and release of cytokines. Atopic dermatitis includes an immune component, so it seems logical that an immunosuppressive drug should help treat this skin condition characterized by pruritus, lichenification, and dry, flaky, red, and swollen skin. Scratching makes the condition worse by releasing increasing amounts of cytokines and antibodies. Traditional therapies for atopic dermatitis include corticosteroids and antihistamines; however, corticosteroids have side effects that increase with chronic use, and antihistamines target only one aspect of the inflammation process. Cyclosporine is another immunosuppressant drug that works similarly to tacrolimus, but its side effects do not justify its systemic use in atopic dermatitis. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus use in people who have atopic dermatitis. Topical tacrolimus is not commercially available in the United States, but once clinical trials are concluded and the drug is approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration, the drug should become widely used in the therapy of atopic dermatitis. 6 references.
Academic Periodicals covering Eczema Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to eczema. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering eczema that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 10602 175 56 21 0 10854
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “eczema” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Eczema In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and eczema. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for eczema: •
Growth Retardation, Small and Puffy Hands and Feet, and Eczema Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?233810 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
23
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on eczema can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to eczema. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to eczema. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “eczema”:
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Guides on eczema Eczema http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eczema.html
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Other guides Dermatitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dermatitis.html Latex Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/latexallergy.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseases.html Smallpox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to eczema, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews What Is Eczema? Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/whatIs.html
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Treatment Eczema Treatment Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/treatment.html Itching for a Little Relief? New Therapies Proving Effective for Millions of Adults and Children with Eczema Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/PressReleases/itchingRelief.html Treating Eczema with Steroids Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/update_current.html
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Specific Conditions/Aspects Keratosis Pilaris Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00611 Nummular Eczema Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/nummular_eczema.html People Who Should NOT Get the Smallpox Vaccine (Unless They Are Exposed to Smallpox) Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/contraindications-public.asp
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Children Atopic Eczema: Ditch the Itch! Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/Kids/atopiceczema.html Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/eczema_atopic_dermatitis.html Eek! It's Eczema! Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/skin/eczema.html
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Organizations American Academy of Dermatology http://www.aad.org/ National Eczema Association for Science and Education http://www.nationaleczema.org/index.html National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/
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Statistics FASTATS: Dermatological Conditions Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/skin.htm
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Teenagers All About Eczema Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/allergies_immune/eczema.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on eczema. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html.
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In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
FAQs About Eczema, The Source: Newport News, VA: Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute (ISDI). 2002. 8 p. Contact: Available from Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601. (757) 223-0795. Fax (757) 595-1842. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.isdionline.org. PRICE: Contact organization for pricing information. Summary: This brochure uses a question and answer format to provide people who have eczema with information on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of this common noncontagious skin disorder. Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, causes the skin to become dry, itchy, and inflamed. Eczema is most common in infants and young children, but it can occur in older people. Sites commonly affected include the face, scalp, neck, forearms, and legs. Although the exact cause of eczema is unknown, scientists believe it is a genetic disorder involving the immune system and influenced by environmental factors. Although symptoms usually improve as childhood progresses, some people will experience eczema flare ups throughout their lives. Factors that can trigger an eczema flare up include dry skin, irritants, allergens, stress, heat and sweating, and infections. Eating foods such as milk, eggs, peanuts, soy, wheat, and seafood can also cause a flare up of eczema. Keeping the skin moist is important in protecting the skin from invasive agents which may trigger a flare up. Diagnosis is based on the medical history and a physical examination. An eczema flare up can be treated with topical steroid creams and ointments, oral steroids, antihistamines, wet and cool compresses, antibiotics, and tar preparations. There is no cure for eczema, but it can be controlled with proper preventive measures and treatment of flare ups. People who have eczema are prone to developing dry sensitive skin, and they are at risk of developing widespread infections.
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Your Child Has Eczema Source: Newport News, VA: Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute (ISDI). 2002. 8 p. Contact: Available from Inflammatory Skin Disease Institute. P.O. Box 1074, Newport News, VA 23601. (757) 223-0795. Fax (757) 595-1842. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.isdionline.org. PRICE: Contact organization for pricing information. Summary: This brochure provides parents who have a child with eczema with information on understanding and managing this noncontagious chronic skin disorder. Eczema, which is common in infants and toddlers, is characterized by red, dry, and extremely itchy skin. The condition is a genetic disorder influenced by environmental factors. Parents need to pay attention to the time of year their child is most affected by eczema and be prepared with the right preventive action and treatment options. Keeping skin moist is the first line of defense against eczema. Bathing should be done in lukewarm water, and moisturizing should be done while the skin is still damp. Ways to keep a child comfortable include dressing a child in clothes made of fabrics that breathe, layering clothing in cool weather, making sure a child gets the right kind of exercise, and avoiding overheating the home. Treatment options for flare ups include topical steroid creams, antibiotics, and antihistamines. Although symptoms often improve as childhood progresses, some people experience eczema flare ups throughout their lives. As adults, people with eczema should avoid occupations that involve exposure to harsh chemicals and prolonged submersion of the hands in water.
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Living With Eczema: Hand Eczema Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 2001. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: $25.00 per 100, plus shipping and handling; contact for other quantities. Summary: This patient education pamphlet, one of a series of educational pamphlets developed by the National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE), provides people who have eczema and their families with information on hand eczema. The term hand eczema is used to describe various skin irritations that can develop on the hands. Diagnosis is based on the medical history and, possibly, patch testing for allergies. Medications that are usually prescribed to treat eczema include topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines. Avoiding frequent wetting and drying of the hands is also important in recovering from an episode of hand eczema and preventing a new one from occurring. The pamphlet outlines ways people can protect their skin at home and work, discusses the importance of moisturizing the skin, and comments on alternative therapies.
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Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis Source: American Academy of Dermatology. 2001. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. 930 N. Beacham Rd., P.O. Box 4014, Schaumberg, IL 60168-4014. (888) 462-DERM ext. 22. Website: www.aad.org. PRICE: Single copies free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure describes atopic dermatitis (AD), a common, chronic condition of the skin that is characterized by redness, itching, oozing, and crusting. It may be hereditary and can occur at any age. In infancy it is usually referred to as infantile eczema and is characterized by an itchy, oozing, or crusting rash usually on the face and scalp. Most babies improve by the age of 2. In older children with AD, the skin is still itchy but patches are dry and darker in color. The patches usually occur on the hands and feet in teens and young adults. Sometimes AD is associated with food allergies. Creams, ointments, lotions, and tars are used to treat AD. Antihistamines can help with the itching. Ultraviolet light may be recommended in severe cases of AD. Topical immunomodulators are a new class of drugs that may be helpful in treating moderate to severe AD. 3 figures.
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Eczema in Children: A Guide for Parents Source: San Ramon, CA: Health Information Network (HIN), Inc. 1999. 28 p. Contact: Available from Health Information Network (HIN), Inc. 231 Market Place, No. 331, San Ramon, CA 94583. (800) HIN-1947. Website: HINbooks.com. PRICE: $2.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN 1885274092. Order Number: 1015. Summary: This illustrated booklet helps parents learn about eczema in children. This inflammatory skin condition, also known as atopic dermatitis, causes reddening, scaling, and sometimes intense itching. When eczema is present, the skin may look dry and flaky. Eczema, which tends to run in families, may first appear during infancy or early childhood. The condition most likely affects the skin around the joints. Scratching makes the eczema worse, and the worse the skin becomes, the more it itches. Keeping
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the skin from drying out will help decrease the itch. The booklet offers tips on avoiding dry skin, such as applying moisturizing creams or ointments, dressing the child in long pants and long sleeved tops to retain moisture, and avoiding skin irritants. In addition, the booklet provides guidelines on reducing scratching and using medications such as antihistamines and ointments for itching. Other topics include the connection between food, medication, and environmental allergies and eczema. The booklet concludes with a glossary of terms. •
Living With Eczema: Choosing a Provider to Treat Your Skin Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1999. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: $25.00 per 100, plus shipping and handling; contact for other quantities. Summary: This patient education pamphlet, one of a series of educational pamphlets developed by the National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE), provides people who have eczema and their families with information on selecting an appropriate health care provider. Eczema is a condition that may linger throughout a person's lifetime, so selecting a provider with whom a person can form a long term relationship is important. Criteria to use in selecting a provider include provider empathy, credentials, proximity, and experience, as well as a record of no complaints filed against the provider. Resources that can help people find a good provider include the Internet, local medical societies, and word of mouth. The NEASE Provider Referral system is also available as a resource for finding a health care provider. The pamphlet includes information about this system and how to access it.
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Living With Eczema: The Basics Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1999. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: $25.00 per 100, plus shipping and handling; contact for other quantities. Summary: This patient education pamphlet, one of a series of educational pamphlets developed by the National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE), provides people who have eczema and their families with information on managing this chronic skin condition. General guidelines for managing eczema include trusting one's health care provider or finding a new provider, understanding one's health insurance plan, approaching new therapies with caution, and watching out for misleading language in product advertising. In addition, people who have eczema should avoid the assumption that an all natural regimen is best for the skin. Both nonprescription and prescription medications are available to relieve the symptoms of eczema. Many good moisturizers are available as nonprescription products, and they are important in terms of prevention and maintenance to reduce the affect of eczema. Prescription medications available to bring an eczema flare up under control include topical or oral corticosteroids. Guidelines for using prescription medications include considering the pros and cons of choosing a generic substitute for a prescription drug, reading product
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labels, selecting a specific day to start therapy, and analyzing treatment failures with one's provider. •
Living With Eczema: Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1999. 8 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE). 1220 SW Morrison, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: $25.00 per 100, plus shipping and handling; contact for other quantities. Summary: This patient education pamphlet, one of a series of educational pamphlets developed by the National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEASE), uses a question and answer format to provide people who have seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and their families with information on the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of this common skin disorder. This noncontagious condition, which causes flaking and redness of the skin, usually occurs when there is inflammation in areas of the skin where sebaceous glands are concentrated. Although the exact cause of SD is unknown, a yeast called Pityrosporum ovale may be a factor in its development. SD that occurs in infants is known as cradle cap. This condition is very common and usually responds well to simple treatment or clears up with no treatment within a few months after birth. In adults, SD is more common among the elderly, people who are immunocompromised, or people who have chronic neurological conditions. In addition, people who have had a traumatic medical crisis can also develop SD. There are differences between SD and other skin conditions such as dandruff, psoriasis, and eczema. Although SD cannot be prevented or cured, it can be treated and controlled. Treatment varies depending on the affected areas and the severity of the condition. Mild cases can be treated with medicated shampoos and nonprescription hydrocortisone cream. In more severe cases, prescription medications such as topical steroids may be needed.
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Hand Eczema Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Academy of Dermatology. 1997. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Dermatology. P.O. Box 681069, Schaumburg, IL 60168-1069. (888) 462-3376 or (847) 330-0230. http://www.aad.org/index.html. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk prices available. Summary: This brochure for people with hand eczema uses a question and answer format to provide information. It states that a hand rash may be caused by an external or internal trigger, and lists the items that can irritate the skin including overexposure to water, exposure to dry air, soaps and detergents, solvents, cleaning agents, chemicals, rubber gloves, and ingredients in skin and personal care products. Stress may also have a role in hand rashes for people with a psychological problem that causes them to rub, wring, or scratch their hands constantly or to wash them excessively. The brochure explains how a dermatologist can help the patient identify possible causes of a hand rash, what tests may be performed, and the possible treatments including oral antibiotics and ointments or creams. It also outlines techniques for minimizing hand rashes. 3 photographs.
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Power Over Eczema: A Guide for Parents Source: Portland, OR: National Eczema Association for Science and Education. 1996. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Eczema Association for Science and Education. 1220 SW Morrison Street, Suite 433, Portland, OR 97205-2235. (800) 818-7546 or (503) 2284430. Fax (503) 224-3363. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.eczema-assn.org. PRICE: Single copy free; $10.00 per 100, including shipping and handling. Summary: This booklet uses a question and answer format to provide parents of children who have eczema with information on this skin condition. Childhood eczema, a chronic condition characterized by dry, itchy skin, affects up to 10 percent of children under 5. The booklet presents some basic facts about childhood eczema as well as guidelines for controlling the itching through a routine of bathing, applying moisturizers, and using medication. It discusses the use of anti-inflammatory medications and the treatment of infected skin. The booklet presents general steps for managing environmental factors that cause flareups, including choosing nonirritating clothing and bedding; avoiding detergents, fabric softeners, and lotions that have perfumes or dyes; controlling the temperature and humidity in the house; keeping the child's fingernails trimmed; and maintaining a supply of moisturizer. In addition, the booklet offers suggestions on coping with eczema on a daily basis and includes a page for recording special instructions.
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Eczema--Atopic Dermatitis Source: Kirksville, MO: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology (AOCD). 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available online from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 1501 East Illinois Street, P.O. Box 7525, Kirksville, MO 63501. (800) 449-2623 or (660) 665-2184. Fax (660) 627-2623. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/ index.html. Summary: This fact sheet provides people with atopic dermatitis, or eczema, with information on this chronic skin condition, which causes red, itchy skin. In people who have this condition, the skin fails to hold moisture, becomes dry, then inflamed, itchy, and often infected. The most common factors causing this condition are allergies leading to an overactive immune system and hereditary dry skin (ichthyosis vulgaris). Treatment involves hydrating the skin by soaking the affected area in lukewarm water for 15 to 20 minutes, blotting or patting the skin dry, and applying a moisturizing cream. Other therapies for eczema include tars and extracts of crude coal tar, topical steroids such as hydrocortisone ointment or cream, ultraviolet light therapy, antibiotics, antipruritics such as antihistamines, zafirlukast, montelukast, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus. Hospitalization may be suggested for acute flares. 3 figures.
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Nummular Eczema Source: American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. 2001. 1 p. Contact: Available from American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. (800) 449-2623. Fax: (660) 627-2623. Website: www.aocd.org/skin. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This fact sheet provides patients with information about nummular eczematous dermatitis, a hypersensitivity skin disorder causing itchy, coin-shaped lesions. Although the cause is unknown, nummular eczema is often associated with dry
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skin. As with other types of eczema, rough clothing, soaps, detergents, hot and cold weather, and frequent bathing may irritate the skin. Prescription strength cortisone creams are used to control nummular eczema but should not be applied to the face, armpits, groin, or rectum. Coal tar may also help. Oral antibiotics are used to control outbreaks of nummular dermatitis. Ultraviolet light treatments are helpful for itch outbreaks. Skin should be kept lubricated by using nonprescription lotions or Vaseline. Lukewarm water and a gentle, moisturizing soap should be used for bathing and patients should not take more than one bath or shower a day. No fabric softener, dryer sheets, or detergents with fragrance should be used in the laundry. •
Help for Eczema Source: Patient Care. 33(9): 96. May 15, 1999. Summary: This patient information sheet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have eczema with general information on this skin condition. The information sheet lists questions people can ask themselves to determine whether something they have recently come into contact with may be causing their eczema. In addition, guidelines on bathing, moisturizing, and using laundry and skin care products are provided.
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Eczema--A Skin Problem Source: American Family Physician. 60(4): 1209-1210. September 15, 1999. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have eczema with information on this skin disease. Eczema causes dry skin that can itch, become red, and crack. Although the exact cause of eczema is unknown, it may be caused or exacerbated by soaps, laundry detergents, and perfumes; allergens; low humidity; heat, high humidity, and sweating; some foods; and emotional stress. Avoiding the agents that make eczema worse is one way to treat the disease. Skin care involves taking warm instead of hot showers, washing with mild soap, patting the skin dry, using a moisturizer, drinking a lot of water, running clothing through two rinse cycles, wearing gloves when working with products that might irritate the skin, washing sheets in hot water, soaking in an oatmeal bath, and wearing loose clothes. The article also explains what a person should do if food or emotional stress causes eczema, how medications can help eczema, and how to cope with itching.
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Tips on How to Care for Your Eczema Source: American Family Physician. 54(4): 1253-1254. September 5, 1996. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This information sheet for patients with eczema provides skin care tips and recommendations on how to help control the disease's severity. The sheet explains how to limit skin contact with irritants, including clothing and exposure to water and soap products; and the use of medications and moisturizers. Additional recommendations include avoidance of scratching or rubbing of the affected areas, limiting overheating and sweating, and stress management to control flare ups.
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Atopic Dermatitis Summary: Information about atopic dermatitis (or eczema) -- a chronic disease that causes extremely itchy, inflamed skin. Symptoms and treatments are discussed. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5978
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Eczema: Tips on How to Care for Your Skin Summary: These self care tips from the American Academy of Family Physicians are provided for patients with eczema. The information is designed to help patients manage this skin disorder. Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5247
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EczemaNet Summary: Links to information about eczema and its treatment. Includes a glossary. Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6394
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Handout on Health: Atopic Dermatitis Summary: This booklet is for people who have atopic dermatitis (often called “eczema”), parents and caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis, and others interested in learning more about the disease. Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6706
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Skincarephysicians.com Summary: An index to Web pages on psoriasis, eczema, aging skin, acne, melanoma, and actinic keratoses. Source: American Academy of Dermatology http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6380
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to eczema. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Eczema The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to eczema: •
American Skin Association Telephone: (212) 753-8260 Toll-free: (800) 499-7546 Fax: (212) 688-6547 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: None Background: The American Skin Association (ASA) is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to building a network of lay people to achieve more effective prevention, treatment, and cure of skin disorders. ASA programs include generating support for skin research and providing information and education to the public regarding the skin and its disorders. ASA's mission is to identify, promote, and support research in biology of the skin, stimulate the transfer of advances in the field to clinical care of dermatology patients, and educate the community regarding diseases, symptoms, and care of the skin. To meet this goal, the Association engages in fundraising to support research and develops local chapters throughout the country. Information on a wide spectrum of skin disorders is available including 'Your Newborn s Skin and the Sun,' 'Ultraviolet Index:
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What You Need To Know,' 'Outdoor Sports and Your Skin,' and 'Proper Skin Care Can Make Gardening a Bed of Roses.' Founded in 1987, ASA also publishes 'SkinFacts,' a quarterly newsletter. Relevant area(s) of interest: Eczema •
National Eczema Association for Science and Education Telephone: (503) 228-4430 Toll-free: (800) 818-7546 TTY: Fax: (503) 273-8778 Background: The National Eczema Association for Science and Education (NEA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to informing, educating, and providing resources for individuals affected by eczema; increase public awareness of the disease; support research to discover the cause, treatment, and cure of atopic dermatitis-eczema; and represent individuals with eczema in order to help improve their quality of life. Atopic Dermatitis-Eczema is a disease that causes itchy, inflamed skin that most typically affects the insides of the elbows, backs of the knees and the face, but can cover most of the body. NEA was established in 1988 in Portland, Oregon by a group of affected individuals, nurses, doctors, and others concerned with the enormous social, medical, and economic consequences of this disease. NEA is governed by a Board of Directors. The Association is guided by a Scientific Advisory Committee comprised of physicians and scientists who donate their time and expertise. Consisting of 3,000 members and eight chapters, the Association produces educational materials including a brochure entitled 'All About Atopic Dermatitis,' a video entitled 'Suffering in Silence,' and a newsletter entitled 'The Advocate.' Programs and activities include a support group, patient advocacy, patient networking, education, and the support of research. Relevant area(s) of interest: Eczema
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National Psoriasis Foundation Telephone: (503) 244-7404 Toll-free: (800) 723-9166 Fax: (503) 245-0626 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.psoriasis.org/ Background: The National Psoriasis Foundation is a voluntary not-for-profit organization dedicated to providing support to, and improving the quality of life for, individuals with psoriasis, a chronic skin disorder; educating the public; and promoting and supporting research for psoriasis. Established in 1968 by affected individuals, physicians, and researchers, the National Psoriasis Foundation is committed to publishing the most current information on psoriasis and providing a forum for affected individuals to speak out. The organization promotes funding for psoriasis research and seeks to establish an alliance between affected people, the medical and scientific communities, and the pharmaceutical industry. The National Psoriasis Foundation promotes patient advocacy and legislation beneficial to affected individuals; provides appropriate referrals (e.g., to support groups); and offers a variety of educational materials. These materials include a regular newsletter and reports. Relevant area(s) of interest: Eczema
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to eczema. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with eczema. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about eczema. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “eczema” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “eczema”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “eczema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “eczema” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 225
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 227
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
229
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
231
ECZEMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of etretinate with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate. [NIH]
Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH]
232 Eczema
Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU]
Dictionary 233
Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal
234 Eczema
glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]
Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]
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Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to
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mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU]
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Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like
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activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Betamethasone 17-Valerate: 9-Fluoro-11 beta,17,21-trihydroxy-16 beta-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione-17-valerate. A synthetic glucocorticoid with high topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]
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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal
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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and
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secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also
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controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2chlorobutadiene. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and
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providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clobetasol: Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than fluocinonide. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coal Tar: A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coculture: The culturing of normal cells or tissues with infected or latently infected cells or tissues of the same kind (From Dorland, 28th ed, entry for cocultivation). It also includes culturing of normal cells or tissues with other normal cells or tissues. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations
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which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as
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standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective tissue: The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. [NIH] Connective tissue: The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and
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the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU]
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU]
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Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Materials: Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis, Seborrheic: A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin of unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate erythema, dry, moist, or greasy scaling, and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp. On the scalp, it generally appears first as small patches of scales, progressing to involve the entire scalp with exfoliation of excessive amounts of dry scales (dandruff). [NIH] Dermatologic Agents: Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]
Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH]
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Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilated cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to enlargement of the heart's chambers, robbing the heart of its pumping ability. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments,
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pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dreams: A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eczema: A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The
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numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid
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and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Enoxaparin: A drug used to prevent blood clots. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticoagulants. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis: Infection and swelling of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine. The infection is caused by white blood cells (eosinophils). [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease
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most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Etretinate: An oral retinoid used in the treatment of keratotic genodermatosis, lichen planus, and psoriasis. Beneficial effects have also been claimed in the prophylaxis of epithelial neoplasia. The compound may be teratogenic. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far
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below usual levels for age. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. [NIH] Fluocortolone: 6 alpha-Fluoro-11 beta,21-dihydroxy-16 alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20diono. A topical glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is used also as the acetate, caproate, and pivalate. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Folliculitis: Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the
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same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Hypersensitivity: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens ingested in food. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene
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action. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmentic properties. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliadin: Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH]
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Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]
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Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU]
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Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1
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isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypotrophy: Abiotrophy. [EU] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Ichthyosis Vulgaris: Most common form of ichthyosis characterized by prominent scaling especially on the exterior surfaces of the extremities. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH]
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Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Diseases: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated or both. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH]
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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH]
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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-13: T-lymphocyte-derived cytokine that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature Blymphocytes. It appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
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diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH]
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Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lanolin: A yellow fat obtained from sheep's wool. It is used as an emollient, cosmetic, and pharmaceutic aid. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called
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colon. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lichenification: Hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder. [EU] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linolenic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain three double bonds. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A
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general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH]
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Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mange: Sarcoptic infestation of human skin, particularly a contagious skin disease caused by invasion of the epidermis with Sarcoptes scabiei. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU]
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Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA adducts in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Hypersensitivity: Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. In infants the hypersensitivity is manifested by colic, vomiting, diarrhea, rhinitis, wheezing, etc. Milk hypersensitivity should be differentiated from lactose intolerance, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative
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procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Morula: The early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum, form a compact mass. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging,
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reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelosuppression: A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,
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prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neoprene: An oil-resistant synthetic rubber made by the polymerization of chloroprene. [NIH]
Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU]
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Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH]
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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nummular: Coin-sized and coin-shaped. [EU] Nursing Assessment: Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological
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oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patch Tests: Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Care Planning: Usually a written medical and nursing care program designed for a particular patient. [NIH]
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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pentoxifylline: A methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perianal: Located around the anus. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH]
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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photochemotherapy: Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Photosensitizing Agents: Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH]
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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Piroxicam: 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1dioxide. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its usefulness has also been demonstrated in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. The drug has also been shown to be effective if administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequently reported side effects. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Hormones: Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and the pars intermedia, an ill-defined region between the two. Their secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus. [NIH] Pityriasis: A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. [EU] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH]
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Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH]
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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Proctocolitis: Inflammation of the rectum and colon. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate
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the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU]
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Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psoralen: A substance that binds to the DNA in cells and stops them from multiplying. It is being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease and is used in the treatment of psoriasis and vitiligo. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and
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enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called
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erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheology: The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and viscosity. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH]
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Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]
Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Seborrhea: Hypersecretion of sebum with excessive oily secretion from the sweat glands. [NIH]
Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and
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cellular debris. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenomethionine: Diagnostic aid in pancreas function determination. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotonin Agonists: Agents that have an affinity for serotonin receptors and are able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. These compounds are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine. [NIH]
Serotonin Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonin agonists. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH]
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Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Care: Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in decubitus ulcer. [NIH] Skin Tests: Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in analytical chemistry. It is used
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therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines. [NIH] Sodium sulfite: A chemical used in photography, paper making, water treatment, and for other purposes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU]
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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on
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man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Sublingual: Located beneath the tongue. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH]
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Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathectomy: The removal or interruption of some part of the sympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide
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range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]
Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicodendron: A genus (formerly Rhus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis. The most toxic species are Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), T. diversilobum (poison oak), and T. radicans
Dictionary 293
(poison ivy). T. vernicifera yields a useful varnish from which certain enzymes (laccases) are obtained. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of triamcinolone. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions. [NIH]
Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trichophyton: A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent
294 Eczema
or not functional. [NIH] Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Turpentine: The concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Mill. (Pinaceae) and other species of Pinus. It contains a volatile oil, to which its properties are due, and to which form it is generally used. (Dorland, 28th ed) Turpentine is used as a solvent and an experimental irritant in biomedical research. Turpentine toxicity is of medical interest. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This
Dictionary 295
includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Variola Virus: A species of Orthopoxvirus causing infections in humans. No infections have been reported since 1977 and the virus is now believed to be virtually extinct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body,
296 Eczema
especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitallium: An alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances. It is used in dentures, certain surgical appliances, prostheses, implants, and instruments. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
297
INDEX A Abdomen, 177, 179, 231, 238, 239, 242, 250, 257, 264, 267, 275, 276, 288, 289, 292, 296 Abdominal, 5, 184, 231, 244, 255, 264, 275, 276 Abdominal Pain, 184, 231, 255, 264 Acceptor, 231, 266, 275 Acetylcholine, 21, 22, 39, 46, 53, 137, 231, 242, 273 Acitretin, 128, 231 Acne, 90, 180, 186, 187, 191, 218, 231, 265 Acne Vulgaris, 90, 231, 265 Acrylonitrile, 231, 285 Actin, 7, 12, 16, 231, 271 Acyclovir, 36, 49, 96, 231 Adaptation, 11, 231, 278 Adenine, 231 Adenocarcinoma, 58, 231 Adenosine, 39, 71, 231, 277 Adenosine Monophosphate, 39, 71, 231 Adjustment, 106, 231, 232 Adrenal Cortex, 232, 246, 259, 280 Adrenal Glands, 232, 234 Adrenal Medulla, 232, 240, 252, 273 Adrenergic, 40, 232, 252 Adverse Effect, 198, 232, 265, 287 Affinity, 9, 16, 55, 232, 286, 287 Agar, 232, 278 Agarose, 75, 232 Agonist, 232, 271, 273 Agoraphobia, 232, 261, 277 Airway, 232, 296 Algorithms, 232, 238 Alimentary, 181, 232 Alkaline, 232, 233, 239, 276 Alkaloid, 232, 240, 270, 273 Allergen, 9, 57, 77, 119, 232, 286 Allergic Rhinitis, 21, 73, 79, 103, 104, 121, 125, 233, 242 Alopecia, 188, 233 Alpha Particles, 233, 283 Alpha-helix, 233, 265 Alternative medicine, 196, 233 Amber, 233, 261 Amebiasis, 36, 233, 269 Ameliorating, 174, 175, 233 Amine, 233, 259 Amino Acid Sequence, 233, 234, 237
Amino Acids, 233, 237, 253, 272, 276, 279, 281, 284, 286, 293, 294 Ammonia, 233, 290, 294 Amnion, 233 Amniotic Fluid, 110, 233 Ampulla, 233, 251 Amyloidosis, 111, 233 Anaesthesia, 234, 262 Anal, 180, 234, 254, 267 Analgesic, 234, 243, 270 Analog, 18, 231, 234, 254 Analogous, 234, 279, 293 Anatomical, 234, 237, 239, 242, 251, 261, 267, 285 Androgens, 232, 234, 246 Anemia, 207, 234, 243 Anergy, 234, 290 Anesthesia, 232, 234 Anionic, 175, 234 Anions, 234, 264 Ankle, 131, 234, 295 Annealing, 234, 279 Anomalies, 114, 234, 291 Anorexia, 234, 255 Antecedent, 8, 234 Antiallergic, 234, 246 Antibacterial, 68, 234, 256, 288 Antibiotic, 79, 234, 241, 253, 270, 272, 288 Antibodies, 10, 15, 42, 68, 69, 70, 115, 198, 234, 252, 257, 267, 270, 278 Antibody, 27, 68, 197, 232, 234, 235, 244, 257, 259, 261, 262, 264, 268, 270, 283, 286, 288, 296 Anticholinergic, 235, 242 Anticoagulant, 235, 281 Antidepressant, 235, 261, 294 Antidote, 235, 288 Antifungal, 174, 235, 256, 269 Antigen-presenting cell, 235, 248 Antihistamine, 7, 55, 235 Anti-infective, 88, 235, 254, 260, 287 Anti-Infective Agents, 235, 254 Anti-inflammatory, 180, 216, 235, 238, 246, 254, 256, 278, 293 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 235, 246 Antimetabolite, 231, 235, 254 Antimicrobial, 52, 235, 241, 248 Antineoplastic, 235, 246, 254
298 Eczema
Antioxidant, 110, 159, 180, 235, 275 Antipruritic, 235, 243 Antiseptic, 235, 293 Antiviral, 231, 235, 263 Anus, 234, 235, 276 Anxiety, 6, 18, 235, 277 Apoptosis, 124, 235 Aqueous, 236, 237, 247, 251, 260, 266 Arachidonic Acid, 178, 236, 250, 266, 280 Arginine, 236, 273, 294 Arterial, 236, 246, 260, 266, 281 Arteries, 180, 236, 238, 239, 246, 269, 282, 292 Arterioles, 236, 239 Arteriolosclerosis, 236 Arteriosclerosis, 180, 236 Arthropathy, 78, 236 Articular, 236, 274, 293 Artificial Organs, 236, 285 Ascites, 236, 274 Assay, 17, 236 Asymptomatic, 233, 236 Ataxia, 206, 207, 236, 259, 292 Atherogenic, 180, 236 Atrial, 236, 246, 293 Atrioventricular, 237, 246 Atrium, 236, 237, 246, 293, 295 Atrophy, 206, 237 Attenuation, 8, 237 Atypical, 237, 262 Autoimmune disease, 237, 270 Autoimmunity, 13, 237 Autonomic, 231, 237, 273, 276, 291 Autopsy, 133, 237 Axillary, 90, 237 B Bacteria, 68, 234, 235, 237, 238, 245, 250, 251, 252, 254, 257, 269, 287, 288, 289, 295 Bacterial Infections, 5, 40, 107, 237, 241 Bacterial Physiology, 231, 237 Bacteriostatic, 237, 253, 293 Bacterium, 237, 245, 258 Basal Ganglia, 236, 237, 239 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 236, 237 Base, 231, 237, 248, 253, 265, 276, 279 Basophils, 9, 237, 257, 266 Benign, 10, 30, 236, 237, 258, 271, 272, 283, 296 Beta-Endorphin, 38, 237 Betamethasone 17-Valerate, 46, 238 Bilateral, 238, 275 Bile, 167, 238, 255, 259, 267, 289
Bile Ducts, 238 Biliary, 76, 238 Biochemical, 7, 176, 177, 235, 238, 274, 286 Bioengineering, 78, 202, 238 Biological response modifier, 238, 263 Biomarkers, 15, 238 Biosynthesis, 236, 238, 286 Biotechnology, 19, 187, 196, 203, 205, 206, 207, 238 Bioterrorism, 14, 238 Bladder, 238, 270, 281, 294 Blastocyst, 14, 238, 294 Bloating, 238, 264 Blood Coagulation, 238, 240, 292 Blood Platelets, 238, 286, 292 Blood pressure, 238, 260, 282, 287 Blood vessel, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246, 251, 258, 265, 276, 287, 291, 292, 295 Body Fluids, 238, 239, 287, 294 Body Regions, 239, 244 Bone Marrow, 239, 247, 257, 261, 267, 271 Bowel, 6, 234, 239, 249, 252, 264, 289 Brachytherapy, 239, 264, 283, 296 Bradykinin, 239, 273 Brain Diseases, 239, 275 Branch, 227, 239, 275, 282, 288 Breast Feeding, 10, 239 Bronchi, 239, 252 Bronchial, 74, 239, 259 Bronchitis, 188, 239 Bullous, 115, 239 Burns, 174, 239 Burns, Electric, 239 C Calcification, 236, 239 Calcium, 16, 77, 184, 239, 240, 244 Calpain, 7, 240 Capsaicin, 52, 138, 240 Capsules, 240, 249 Carbohydrate, 240, 246, 256, 274, 279 Carcinogen, 240, 269, 271 Carcinogenesis, 7, 180, 240 Carcinogenic, 240, 242, 243, 262, 273, 274, 280, 288, 289 Carcinoma, 240 Cardiac, 240, 246, 251, 252, 271, 289 Cardiomyopathy, 240 Cardiovascular, 180, 240, 266, 286, 295 Cardiovascular System, 180, 240 Carotene, 167, 171, 240 Carrier State, 233, 240 Case report, 48, 61, 67, 84, 89, 154, 240, 243
Index 299
Case series, 240, 243 Cataract, 110, 240 Catecholamine, 23, 240 Cations, 241, 264 Caudal, 241, 260, 279 Caustic, 241, 287 Celiac Disease, 241, 256 Cell Adhesion, 241, 263 Cell Death, 235, 241, 272 Cell Division, 176, 206, 237, 241, 269, 278 Cell membrane, 241, 269, 277 Cell proliferation, 119, 176, 180, 236, 241, 263 Cellulitis, 80, 241 Cellulose, 241, 255, 278 Central Nervous System, 231, 239, 241, 255, 256, 258, 259, 266, 270, 286 Central Nervous System Infections, 241, 258, 259 Cephalexin, 20, 241 Cephaloridine, 241 Cephalothin, 241 Ceramide, 128, 241 Cerebellar, 236, 241, 284 Cerebral, 180, 236, 237, 239, 241, 252, 253, 259, 282, 288 Cerebrum, 241, 294 Cervical, 129, 242 Cervix, 242 Cetirizine, 46, 242 Chemotaxis, 16, 40, 107, 242 Chest wall, 107, 242 Chimeras, 13, 242 Chin, 132, 137, 138, 140, 149, 153, 161, 180, 242 Chlorophyll, 242, 255 Chloroprene, 242, 272 Cholesterol, 180, 238, 242, 289 Cholinergic, 242, 273 Chromates, 67, 242 Chromatin, 235, 242 Chromic, 242 Chromium, 75, 92, 242, 296 Chromosome, 16, 33, 242, 245, 257 Chronic, 3, 4, 15, 33, 35, 39, 40, 44, 56, 76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 96, 98, 99, 101, 120, 125, 126, 127, 130, 137, 138, 148, 150, 154, 158, 161, 175, 176, 189, 197, 198, 206, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 220, 231, 233, 236, 242, 244, 248, 251, 262, 265, 279, 282, 290, 296 Chronic Disease, 218, 242, 244
Chronic renal, 242, 279 CIS, 120, 242 Citrus, 184, 243 Clear cell carcinoma, 243, 248 Clinical Medicine, 69, 243, 280 Clinical study, 62, 243 Clinical trial, 5, 15, 136, 195, 198, 203, 243, 246, 247, 270, 281, 283 Clobetasol, 76, 126, 243 Cloning, 238, 243 Coal, 216, 217, 243 Coal Tar, 216, 243 Cobalt, 92, 111, 243, 296 Coculture, 39, 243 Cod Liver Oil, 243, 251 Codeine, 59, 243 Coenzyme, 243, 265 Cofactor, 243, 273, 281, 292 Cognitive restructuring, 243, 290 Cohort Studies, 6, 243 Colic, 10, 244, 269 Colitis, 244, 264 Collagen, 32, 191, 244, 259, 278, 280 Collagen disease, 244, 259 Comorbidity, 6, 244 Complement, 244, 245, 263, 267, 286 Complementary and alternative medicine, 145, 172, 244 Complementary medicine, 136, 145, 146, 244 Complementation, 13, 14, 245 Complete remission, 35, 245, 284 Computational Biology, 203, 205, 245 Concomitant, 126, 245 Cone, 245, 265 Confounding, 7, 245 Congestion, 184, 245, 253 Conjugated, 245 Conjugation, 64, 245 Conjunctiva, 118, 245 Conjunctivitis, 41, 103, 245 Connective tissue, 239, 241, 244, 245, 254, 255, 267 Consciousness, 234, 245, 249, 250 Constipation, 245, 264 Constitutional, 36, 120, 189, 245 Constriction, 245, 265, 282, 296 Consultation, 108, 245 Consumption, 246, 249, 255 Contact dermatitis, 4, 12, 33, 65, 78, 86, 94, 98, 131, 150, 155, 188, 246, 292 Contraindications, ii, 210, 246
300 Eczema
Control group, 5, 10, 23, 24, 246 Controlled study, 30, 46, 60, 128, 146, 246 Coordination, 14, 246, 270 Cor, 38, 246, 247 Corneum, 107, 117, 246, 252, 260 Coronary, 246, 269 Coronary Thrombosis, 246, 269 Cortex, 163, 164, 236, 239, 246, 253, 284 Corticosteroid, 19, 41, 51, 108, 127, 140, 243, 246, 289 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 38, 247 Cortisone, 217, 247 Cowpox, 247, 295 Cowpox Virus, 247, 295 Cranial, 247, 258, 264, 276 Craniocerebral Trauma, 237, 247, 258, 259, 292 Croup, 177, 179, 247 Cyanide, 247, 288 Cyclic, 39, 71, 81, 109, 240, 247, 257, 273, 277, 281 Cyclosporine, 4, 35, 82, 198, 216, 247 Cytokine, 9, 39, 92, 139, 247, 263, 276 Cytoplasm, 235, 237, 241, 247, 252, 257, 271, 284 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 240, 247 Cytoskeleton, 12, 247, 263 D Databases, Bibliographic, 203, 247 De novo, 189, 247 Decarboxylation, 247, 259 Decubitus, 247, 248, 287 Decubitus Ulcer, 248, 287 Defense Mechanisms, 248, 263 Degenerative, 248, 258, 274 Deletion, 235, 248 Denaturation, 248, 279 Dendrites, 248, 272 Dendritic, 9, 71, 248, 268 Dendritic cell, 9, 248 Density, 7, 41, 180, 248, 274 Dental Materials, 105, 248 Dentists, 37, 105, 248 Dentures, 248, 296 Dermal, 15, 248 Dermatitis, Seborrheic, 69, 248 Dermatologic Agents, 248 Dermatologist, 215, 248 Dermatosis, 5, 39, 105, 248 DES, 138, 248 Detergents, 41, 215, 216, 217, 248, 287 Deuterium, 249, 260
Developed Countries, 249, 254 Diagnostic procedure, 42, 173, 196, 249 Diarrhea, 5, 10, 13, 184, 233, 249, 252, 264, 265, 269 Diarrhoea, 249, 255 Diathesis, 23, 249 Digestion, 232, 238, 239, 249, 264, 267, 289 Digestive system, 249, 255 Digestive tract, 249, 287, 289 Dihydroxy, 249, 254, 285 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 157, 249 Diploid, 245, 249, 278 Direct, iii, 13, 120, 243, 249, 256, 284 Discoid, 4, 37, 45, 98, 100, 249 Dissociation, 232, 249, 264 Distal, 114, 177, 249, 281 Domesticated, 175, 176, 249 Dorsal, 249, 279 Dosage Forms, 179, 249, 276 Dreams, 108, 250 Drug Tolerance, 250, 292 Duodenum, 238, 250, 251, 265, 289 Dura mater, 250, 268, 275 Dyes, 216, 237, 250, 255, 276 Dysentery, 233, 250 Dyskinesia, 76, 250 Dysmenorrhea, 250, 278 Dysplasia, 20, 207, 250 Dystrophy, 206, 250 E Edema, 246, 250, 264, 271, 272, 273, 274 Effector, 15, 231, 244, 250, 277 Eicosanoids, 180, 250 Elasticity, 236, 250 Elastin, 244, 250 Elective, 114, 250 Electrolyte, 246, 250, 269, 279, 287 Electrons, 235, 237, 250, 264, 275, 283 Embryo, 233, 238, 251, 262, 270, 279 Emollient, 251, 256, 265, 274 Emphysema, 188, 251 Empirical, 6, 251 Emulsion, 105, 251, 254 Enamel, 251, 265 Encephalitis, 8, 251 Encephalitis, Viral, 251 Endemic, 251, 288 Endocarditis, 26, 74, 251 Endocardium, 251 Endocrine Glands, 251 Endoscope, 251 Endoscopic, 129, 251
Index 301
Endothelium, 251, 273 Endothelium-derived, 251, 273 Endotoxin, 17, 55, 251 End-stage renal, 242, 251, 279 Enkephalin, 237, 252 Enoxaparin, 51, 252 Enterocolitis, 10, 252 Enteropeptidase, 252, 294 Enterotoxins, 119, 252 Environmental Exposure, 252, 274 Environmental Health, 25, 52, 112, 202, 204, 252 Enzymatic, 240, 244, 252, 259, 279 Enzyme, 56, 139, 243, 250, 252, 257, 265, 269, 273, 277, 279, 281, 292, 296 Eosinophil, 54, 76, 83, 115, 139, 252, 263 Eosinophilic, 10, 252 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis, 10, 252 Epidemic, 252, 288 Epidemiological, 6, 23, 24, 32, 252 Epidermal, 9, 44, 55, 71, 95, 117, 123, 175, 176, 252, 265, 268, 296 Epidermis, 10, 23, 174, 246, 252, 259, 260, 265, 266, 268, 280, 282 Epidermoid carcinoma, 252, 289 Epinephrine, 232, 252, 273, 294 Epithelial, 11, 231, 252, 253, 258 Epithelial Cells, 11, 252, 258 Epitopes, 7, 10, 15, 252 Erysipelas, 188, 252 Erythema, 54, 246, 248, 253, 294 Erythrocytes, 51, 234, 239, 240, 253, 284, 286 Erythromycin, 52, 253 Esophagus, 249, 253, 255, 289 Essential Tremor, 206, 253 Ether, 253, 293 Etretinate, 231, 253 Evoke, 253, 289 Excimer laser, 195, 253 Excipients, 253, 254, 276 Exfoliation, 248, 253 Exogenous, 4, 66, 125, 250, 253 Extensor, 253, 282, 296 External-beam radiation, 253, 264, 283, 296 Extracellular, 253, 263, 287 Extracellular Matrix, 253, 263 Extremity, 253, 266 Eye socket, 253, 276 F Facial, 44, 70, 109, 139, 188, 253
Faecal, 76, 249, 253 Failure to Thrive, 5, 253 Family Planning, 203, 254 Fat, 69, 236, 239, 240, 241, 246, 248, 254, 265, 266, 270, 274, 279, 285, 290 Fatigue, 6, 102, 139, 254, 258 Fatty acids, 31, 82, 102, 109, 139, 143, 151, 152, 178, 250, 254, 256, 266, 280, 287 Feces, 245, 253, 254, 289 Femoral, 105, 254 Femur, 254 Fibrosis, 207, 254, 285 Fish Products, 254, 285 Fixation, 254, 286 Flavoring Agents, 254, 276 Fluocinonide, 56, 243, 254 Fluocortolone, 82, 254 Fluorouracil, 254, 266 Follicles, 254 Folliculitis, 38, 254 Food Additives, 96, 254 Food Coloring Agents, 254, 255 Food Hypersensitivity, 10, 255 Food Preservatives, 254, 255 Foramen, 242, 255, 276 Fungi, 174, 235, 245, 255, 269, 296 Fungistatic, 255, 288, 293 Fungus, 198, 255, 285 G Gallbladder, 231, 238, 249, 255 Gamma Rays, 255, 283 Ganglia, 231, 237, 255, 272, 276, 291 Gas, 233, 255, 259, 264, 271, 273, 284 Gastric, 249, 255, 259 Gastroenteritis, 157, 255 Gastroenterology, 13, 101, 157, 255 Gastrointestinal, 5, 14, 58, 239, 252, 255, 265, 266, 278, 286, 290, 294, 295 Gastrointestinal tract, 255, 265, 266, 286, 294 Gene, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 44, 79, 187, 207, 208, 238, 255, 263, 265, 274, 278 Gene Expression, 13, 44, 207, 255 Genetic testing, 256, 279 Genetics, 12, 14, 15, 30, 76, 124, 245, 256 Genotype, 25, 34, 256, 277 Gentian Violet, 51, 256 Giardiasis, 256, 269 Gland, 232, 247, 256, 267, 275, 278, 281, 285, 286, 289, 291 Gliadin, 115, 256 Glioma, 6, 256
302 Eczema
Glucocorticoid, 238, 254, 256, 259, 293 Gluconeogenesis, 256 Glucose, 60, 206, 241, 242, 256, 258, 262, 263, 277, 285 Glucuronic Acid, 256, 258 Glutamate, 184, 256 Glutamic Acid, 256, 280 Gluten, 241, 256 Glycerol, 256, 277 Glycerophospholipids, 256, 277 Glycogen, 256, 277 Gonadal, 257, 289 Governing Board, 257, 280 Grade, 257 Grading, 125, 257 Graft, 257, 259, 261, 271, 282 Graft Rejection, 257, 261 Graft-versus-host disease, 257, 271, 282 Gram-negative, 241, 257 Gram-positive, 241, 257, 270, 289 Granulocytes, 40, 257, 266, 296 Groin, 217, 257, 262 Guanylate Cyclase, 257, 273 H Habitual, 18, 257 Hair follicles, 254, 257, 289, 296 Half-Life, 231, 257, 278 Haploid, 257, 278 Haplotypes, 7, 257 Haptens, 232, 257 Headache, 6, 87, 184, 258, 259 Headache Disorders, 258 Heart failure, 258, 274 Hematogenous, 121, 258 Hematopoiesis, 258, 263 Hemiparesis, 129, 258 Hemoglobin, 234, 253, 258, 266 Hemoglobinuria, 206, 258 Hemolytic, 258, 261 Hemorrhage, 247, 258 Hemostasis, 258, 263, 286 Heparin, 65, 127, 258 Hepatitis, 112, 258, 262 Hepatocytes, 258 Hepatomegaly, 258, 262 Hereditary, 197, 213, 216, 258, 284 Heredity, 25, 231, 255, 256, 258 Herpes, 34, 35, 40, 41, 60, 65, 70, 71, 114, 116, 132, 231, 259 Herpes Zoster, 259 Heterodimers, 259, 263 Heterogeneity, 44, 79, 232, 259
Heterotrophic, 255, 259 Histamine, 44, 52, 56, 65, 66, 71, 119, 138, 235, 242, 259 Histidine, 259 Hoarseness, 247, 259 Homologous, 17, 259, 286, 291 Hormonal, 175, 237, 246, 259 Hormone, 237, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252, 259, 262, 280, 284 Horny layer, 252, 259 Host, 15, 240, 259, 261, 266, 285, 294, 295 Humoral, 8, 14, 17, 67, 87, 257, 259, 261 Humour, 259 Hydration, 4, 68, 117, 259 Hydrocephalus, 259, 264 Hydrocortisone, 22, 34, 35, 46, 82, 120, 136, 137, 139, 149, 215, 216, 259 Hydrogen, 174, 231, 233, 237, 240, 248, 249, 259, 260, 266, 270, 273, 275, 281 Hydrogen Peroxide, 174, 260, 266 Hydrolysis, 260, 279, 294 Hydrophilic, 248, 260 Hydrophobic, 248, 256, 260 Hydroxylysine, 244, 260 Hydroxyproline, 244, 260 Hygienic, 260, 287 Hyperaemia, 245, 260 Hyperhidrosis, 90, 129, 260 Hyperpigmentation, 111, 260 Hypertension, 236, 260, 264 Hypertrophy, 246, 260, 266, 293 Hypotension, 10, 260 Hypothalamus, 239, 247, 252, 260, 278 Hypotrophy, 114, 260 I Ichthyosis, 109, 116, 129, 131, 150, 216, 260 Ichthyosis Vulgaris, 109, 129, 216, 260 Id, 141, 161, 210, 219, 226, 228, 260 Ileum, 261, 265 Imidazole, 259, 261, 269 Imipramine, 261, 294 Immaturity, 9, 261 Immune system, 9, 13, 14, 17, 176, 177, 180, 212, 216, 235, 237, 261, 266, 267, 270, 295, 296 Immunity, 13, 14, 40, 41, 67, 87, 116, 261, 287, 293 Immunization, 261, 286 Immunocompromised, 215, 261 Immunodeficiency, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 114, 206, 261
Index 303
Immunoglobulin, 4, 13, 47, 68, 70, 79, 101, 130, 138, 234, 261, 263, 270 Immunologic, 10, 13, 17, 34, 261, 276, 283 Immunologic Diseases, 13, 261 Immunosuppressant, 198, 254, 261 Immunosuppressive, 4, 44, 198, 256, 261, 291 Immunosuppressive therapy, 261 Immunotherapy, 53, 261 Impairment, 18, 60, 236, 250, 261, 268 Impetigo, 188, 261 Implant radiation, 261, 264, 283, 296 In vitro, 9, 17, 72, 118, 151, 180, 261, 279, 291 In vivo, 9, 13, 17, 180, 258, 261, 288, 291, 292 Incision, 262, 264 Indicative, 184, 262, 275, 295 Induction, 11, 234, 262 Infancy, 55, 213, 262 Infantile, 25, 45, 56, 72, 74, 83, 98, 105, 139, 178, 213, 262 Infarction, 246, 259, 262, 269 Infectious Mononucleosis, 79, 262 Infestation, 262, 268 Infusion, 39, 47, 62, 262, 269 Ingestion, 5, 91, 179, 262, 279 Inguinal, 260, 262 Inhalation, 262, 279 Initiation, 180, 262, 293 Inorganic, 175, 176, 262 Insight, 14, 262 Insulator, 262, 270 Insulin, 62, 262, 263, 285 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 262, 263 Integrins, 16, 263 Interferon, 75, 77, 80, 99, 118, 263 Interferon-alpha, 263 Interleukin-1, 40, 99, 101, 263 Interleukin-10, 101, 263 Interleukin-13, 99, 263 Interleukin-2, 39, 263 Interleukin-4, 52, 79, 101, 118, 121, 263 Interleukin-5, 118, 263 Interleukins, 4, 263 Intermittent, 76, 83, 189, 263 Internal Medicine, 13, 65, 89, 255, 263 Internal radiation, 264, 283, 296 Interstitial, 76, 239, 264, 296
Intestinal, 11, 22, 39, 53, 54, 71, 73, 76, 77, 118, 137, 138, 154, 240, 241, 252, 264, 268, 295 Intestine, 239, 264, 265, 289 Intracellular, 14, 262, 263, 264, 273, 279, 281, 283 Intracranial Hypertension, 30, 258, 259, 264 Intramuscular, 264, 293 Intravenous, 36, 47, 77, 127, 262, 264, 269 Intrinsic, 121, 123, 232, 264 Invasive, 76, 212, 261, 264 Involuntary, 237, 253, 264, 271, 284, 287 Ion Exchange, 241, 264 Ionization, 264 Ions, 7, 237, 249, 250, 259, 264 Iontophoresis, 120, 264 Ipsilateral, 129, 264, 284 Irradiation, 82, 130, 264, 269, 296 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 6, 162, 264 Irritants, 4, 44, 45, 73, 183, 198, 212, 214, 217, 250, 265 Ischemia, 180, 237, 248, 265 Isopropyl, 94, 265 Isotretinoin, 93, 265 J Jejunum, 89, 265 Joint, 85, 177, 184, 236, 265, 274, 291 K Kb, 202, 265 Keratin, 174, 265, 285 Keratinocytes, 39, 44, 78, 265 Keratoconus, 110, 265 Kidney Disease, 202, 207, 265 Kinetic, 36, 265 L Laceration, 265, 291 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 117, 265 Lactation, 75, 86, 132, 139, 154, 265 Lactose Intolerance, 265, 269 Lanolin, 113, 265 Large Intestine, 249, 252, 264, 265, 283, 287 Laser therapy, 48, 266 Latent, 266, 280 Leg Ulcer, 33, 47, 125, 189, 266 Leishmaniasis, 38, 129, 266 Lens, 240, 266 Lesion, 40, 266, 267, 287, 294 Leucine, 237, 266 Leucocyte, 64, 75, 252, 266 Leukemia, 22, 128, 206, 266 Leukocytes, 16, 237, 239, 257, 263, 266
304 Eczema
Leukotrienes, 81, 236, 250, 266 Levamisole, 40, 266 Library Services, 226, 266 Lichenification, 198, 266 Life cycle, 255, 266 Ligament, 266, 281 Ligands, 16, 263, 266 Ligation, 9, 12, 266 Linolenic Acids, 147, 266 Lipid, 12, 115, 180, 236, 256, 262, 266, 270, 275 Lipid Peroxidation, 266, 275 Liquor, 266, 282 Localization, 12, 267 Localized, 233, 254, 260, 262, 267, 274, 278, 291, 294 Locomotion, 267, 278 Longitudinal study, 137, 267 Lymph, 237, 242, 251, 259, 262, 267 Lymph node, 237, 242, 267 Lymphadenopathy, 262, 267 Lymphatic, 251, 262, 267, 274, 288 Lymphocyte, 7, 13, 71, 72, 81, 83, 84, 87, 107, 119, 235, 263, 267, 268 Lymphocyte Subsets, 72, 107, 267 Lymphoid, 13, 234, 266, 267 Lymphoma, 22, 58, 89, 99, 206, 267 Lymphoproliferative, 66, 267 Lysine, 260, 267, 294 M Macrophage, 263, 267 Maintenance therapy, 76, 267 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 257, 263, 267 Malabsorption, 206, 241, 268 Malignancy, 48, 59, 268 Malignant, 11, 206, 231, 235, 236, 268, 272, 283 Malignant tumor, 11, 268 Malnutrition, 83, 237, 268, 271 Mandible, 242, 268 Mange, 177, 179, 268 Mannans, 255, 268 Meat, 268, 287 Medial, 140, 236, 268 Mediator, 263, 268, 286 Medical Records, 6, 268 MEDLINE, 203, 205, 207, 268 Melanocytes, 260, 268 Melanoma, 206, 218, 268 Membrane, 69, 233, 241, 244, 245, 253, 257, 268, 270, 277, 284
Memory, 15, 234, 268 Meninges, 241, 247, 250, 268, 288 Meningitis, 115, 268 Mental Health, iv, 5, 202, 204, 268, 282 Mental Retardation, 39, 208, 268 Metabolite, 92, 231, 268, 277 Methionine, 237, 269 Methoxsalen, 96, 269 Methyltransferase, 21, 269 Metronidazole, 36, 269 MI, 42, 48, 83, 122, 123, 229, 269 Miconazole, 136, 269 Microbe, 269, 292 Microbiology, 13, 65, 87, 159, 231, 237, 269 Microorganism, 243, 269, 296 Microscopy, 40, 56, 269 Microvilli, 7, 269 Migration, 15, 16, 64, 75, 269 Milk Hypersensitivity, 10, 269 Mineralocorticoids, 232, 246, 269 Minority Groups, 127, 269 Mitochondrial Swelling, 269, 272 Mitosis, 236, 269 Mobilization, 13, 269 Modification, 29, 151, 270, 282 Molecular, 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 127, 180, 203, 205, 233, 238, 245, 258, 270, 283, 285 Molecule, 180, 235, 237, 243, 244, 249, 250, 251, 260, 270, 275, 277, 279, 283, 295 Monoclonal, 107, 119, 264, 270, 283, 296 Monoclonal antibodies, 107, 119, 270 Monocyte, 32, 40, 270 Mononuclear, 39, 52, 92, 99, 106, 139, 262, 270 Morphine, 243, 270, 271 Morphological, 7, 251, 255, 268, 270 Morphology, 88, 89, 240, 270 Morula, 238, 270 Motility, 270, 286 Mucins, 270, 285 Mucocutaneous, 266, 270 Mucosa, 241, 252, 270, 295 Multicenter study, 54, 270 Multiple sclerosis, 131, 270 Mupirocin, 20, 116, 270 Muscle Fibers, 270 Muscular Atrophy, 206, 270 Muscular Diseases, 271, 275 Muscular Dystrophies, 250, 271 Musculoskeletal System, 271, 274 Mustard Gas, 265, 271 Mutagenic, 271, 273, 288
Index 305
Mutate, 15, 271 Mycophenolate mofetil, 47, 89, 127, 271 Myelin, 270, 271 Myelosuppression, 21, 271 Myocardium, 269, 271 Myofibrils, 240, 271 Myotonic Dystrophy, 206, 271 Myristate, 179, 271 N Naevus, 61, 271 Naloxone, 238, 271 Naltrexone, 53, 271 Narcotic, 270, 271 Nausea, 249, 255, 271, 282 NCI, 1, 201, 243, 271 Necrosis, 76, 235, 262, 269, 272 Need, 3, 10, 175, 183, 189, 197, 212, 220, 221, 242, 256, 272, 292 Neomycin, 33, 272 Neonatal, 90, 272 Neoplasia, 206, 253, 272 Neoplasm, 247, 271, 272, 294 Neoplastic, 259, 267, 272 Neoprene, 131, 242, 272 Nephropathy, 265, 272 Nephrosis, 272 Nephrotic, 130, 272 Nephrotic Syndrome, 130, 272 Nerve, 73, 75, 91, 158, 232, 234, 236, 242, 248, 268, 270, 272, 275, 276, 282, 285, 289, 293 Nerve Growth Factor, 91, 272 Nervous System, 206, 241, 268, 272, 276, 291 Neural, 11, 176, 177, 259, 272 Neurologic, 101, 259, 272 Neuromuscular, 231, 272, 275 Neuromuscular Junction, 231, 272 Neuronal, 7, 272 Neurons, 248, 255, 272, 273, 291 Neuropeptide, 247, 272 Neurosis, 272, 277 Neutralization, 15, 272 Neutrons, 233, 264, 273, 283 Neutropenia, 109, 273 Neutrophil, 40, 107, 273 Nickel, 39, 59, 62, 63, 91, 92, 124, 139, 175, 176, 273 Nicotine, 146, 273 Nitric Oxide, 7, 273 Nitrogen, 75, 232, 233, 234, 254, 273, 294 Nitrogen Dioxide, 75, 273
Nitrosamines, 273, 288 Nonverbal Communication, 273, 282 Norepinephrine, 232, 273 Nuclear, 237, 243, 245, 251, 255, 272, 273 Nuclei, 233, 245, 251, 269, 273, 281 Nucleic acid, 273 Nucleus, 235, 237, 242, 247, 249, 255, 270, 273, 274, 281, 289, 291 Nummular, 37, 38, 61, 67, 93, 107, 133, 210, 216, 274 Nursing Assessment, 5, 274 Nursing Care, 5, 274, 275 Nutritive Value, 254, 274 O Occult, 36, 274 Ocular, 175, 271, 274 Odds Ratio, 7, 274 Oedema, 48, 274 Ointments, 15, 120, 180, 212, 213, 214, 215, 249, 274, 287 Oncogene, 206, 274 Oncogenic, 263, 274 Opacity, 240, 248, 274 Orbit, 253, 274, 276 Orthopaedic, 116, 274 Osteoarthritis, 274, 278 Ovary, 274, 279 Oxidation, 174, 231, 235, 266, 274, 275 Oxidative Stress, 180, 275 P Pachymeningitis, 268, 275 Paediatric, 28, 36, 154, 161, 275 Palliative, 176, 275 Pancreas, 231, 238, 249, 255, 262, 275, 286, 294 Pancreatic, 206, 275 Pancreatic cancer, 206, 275 Paralysis, 258, 275, 288 Paraplegia, 94, 275 Paroxetine, 18, 275 Paroxysmal, 206, 258, 275 Partial remission, 275, 284 Patch Tests, 114, 275 Pathogenesis, 5, 7, 14, 98, 125, 189, 275 Pathologic, 107, 236, 239, 246, 260, 275, 282, 288 Pathologic Processes, 236, 275 Pathologies, 180, 275 Patient Advocacy, 220, 275 Patient Care Planning, 274, 275 Patient Education, 3, 4, 211, 213, 214, 215, 224, 226, 229, 276
306 Eczema
Pelvic, 276, 281 Pentoxifylline, 96, 276 Peptide, 12, 237, 252, 265, 276, 279, 281, 290 Perception, 11, 245, 276 Perfusion, 109, 276 Perianal, 82, 139, 276 Perineal, 260, 276 Periorbital, 37, 276 Peripheral blood, 39, 57, 99, 106, 263, 276 Peripheral Nervous System, 275, 276, 290, 295 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 275, 276 Peritoneal, 236, 274, 276 Peritoneal Cavity, 236, 274, 276 Petrolatum, 251, 276 Pharmaceutic Aids, 255, 276 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 250, 276 Pharmacologic, 234, 257, 276, 293 Phenolphthalein, 251, 276 Phenotype, 9, 245, 277 Phlebitis, 188, 189, 277 Phobia, 127, 277 Phobic Disorders, 277 Phonophoresis, 264, 277 Phosphodiesterase, 39, 276, 277 Phospholipids, 82, 151, 254, 277 Phosphorus, 239, 277 Phosphorylase, 240, 277 Phosphorylated, 12, 243, 277 Phosphorylation, 277, 281 Photochemotherapy, 89, 96, 97, 277 Photosensitivity, 46, 95, 155, 277 Photosensitizing Agents, 277 Phototherapy, 4, 32, 90, 100, 277 Physical Examination, 212, 277 Physiologic, 13, 232, 238, 257, 278, 280, 283, 286 Physiology, 42, 44, 104, 255, 278 Pigment, 268, 278 Pigmentation, 260, 271, 278 Pilot study, 7, 21, 278 Piroxicam, 46, 278 Pituitary Gland, 246, 247, 278 Pituitary Hormones, 100, 278 Pityriasis, 69, 100, 278 Plants, 145, 158, 160, 177, 179, 232, 238, 243, 256, 269, 270, 273, 278, 279, 285, 293 Plaque, 236, 278 Plasma, 82, 119, 120, 151, 152, 155, 234, 241, 258, 269, 278, 286
Plasma cells, 234, 278 Plasticity, 11, 278 Platelet Aggregation, 16, 180, 273, 276, 278, 292 Platelets, 7, 14, 16, 180, 240, 271, 273, 278, 292 Pleated, 265, 278 Pleural, 274, 278, 279 Pleural cavity, 274, 279 Point Mutation, 12, 279 Poisoning, 146, 255, 271, 279, 288 Pollen, 60, 165, 242, 279, 283 Polycystic, 207, 279 Polymerase, 34, 279 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 34, 279 Polymorphism, 7, 34, 279 Polypeptide, 22, 39, 137, 233, 244, 279, 295, 296 Polysaccharide, 232, 235, 241, 279 Polyunsaturated fat, 31, 279, 292 Port, 50, 101, 279 Port-a-cath, 279 Posterior, 110, 234, 236, 249, 275, 278, 279, 285 Postnatal, 114, 279, 289 Postoperative, 278, 279 Potassium, 174, 176, 269, 279, 287 Potentiates, 263, 279 Practice Guidelines, 204, 280 Precipitation, 7, 280 Precursor, 178, 236, 250, 252, 273, 280, 294 Predisposition, 4, 63, 280 Prickle, 265, 280 Private Sector, 12, 280 Proctocolitis, 10, 280 Progeny, 245, 280 Progesterone, 280, 289 Program Evaluation, 4, 280 Progression, 180, 280 Progressive, 236, 242, 250, 257, 271, 272, 274, 280, 294 Proline, 12, 244, 260, 280 Promoter, 18, 79, 121, 280 Prone, 34, 212, 280 Prophylaxis, 30, 179, 253, 280, 295 Prospective Studies, 10, 280 Prospective study, 62, 267, 280 Prostaglandin, 109, 178, 280, 292 Prostaglandins A, 281 Prostate, 206, 238, 281, 294 Protease, 7, 281 Protein C, 11, 83, 233, 265, 281, 294
Index 307
Protein S, 187, 207, 238, 253, 272, 281, 284 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 180, 281 Proteinuria, 272, 281 Protocol, 25, 50, 281 Protons, 233, 259, 281, 283 Protozoa, 245, 250, 266, 269, 281 Proximal, 18, 249, 281 Pruritic, 145, 250, 266, 282 Pruritus, 4, 18, 55, 79, 198, 282 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 264, 282 Psoralen, 84, 97, 147, 282 Psychiatric, 18, 282 Psychiatry, 161, 254, 282 Psychic, 272, 282, 286 Psychomotor, 76, 282 Psychotherapy, 153, 160, 282 Puberty, 175, 282 Public Health, 8, 123, 204, 282 Public Policy, 203, 282 Publishing, 19, 82, 220, 282 Pulmonary, 238, 246, 252, 266, 282, 284, 290, 295 Pulmonary hypertension, 246, 282 Purulent, 282 Pustular, 231, 261, 282 Pyoderma, 38, 282 Pyogenic, 40, 282 Q Quality of Life, 18, 20, 35, 51, 87, 108, 126, 220, 282 Quercetin, 142, 283 R Race, 269, 283 Radiation, 35, 53, 252, 253, 255, 264, 269, 277, 283, 296 Radiation therapy, 35, 253, 264, 283, 296 Radioactive, 257, 260, 261, 264, 270, 273, 274, 283, 296 Radiolabeled, 264, 283, 296 Radiotherapy, 239, 264, 283, 296 Randomized, 18, 54, 58, 108, 127, 159, 250, 283 Randomized clinical trial, 159, 283 Reactivation, 39, 283 Reagent, 283, 287 Receptor, 9, 13, 44, 52, 55, 67, 79, 102, 118, 231, 235, 245, 283, 286, 290 Receptors, Serotonin, 283, 286 Recombinant, 8, 15, 52, 283, 295 Recombination, 245, 283 Rectum, 217, 235, 249, 255, 265, 280, 281, 283
Red blood cells, 40, 253, 258, 271, 283, 285 Red Nucleus, 236, 284 Refer, 1, 244, 254, 255, 259, 267, 273, 284 Reflex, 10, 76, 163, 284 Refraction, 284, 288 Refractory, 35, 151, 284 Regeneration, 123, 284 Regimen, 214, 250, 284 Regurgitation, 5, 284 Reliability, 87, 123, 284 Remission, 176, 177, 267, 284 Respiratory System, 284, 295 Restoration, 283, 284, 296 Retinoblastoma, 206, 284 Retinoid, 111, 231, 253, 284 Retrospective, 21, 284 Rheology, 276, 284 Rheumatoid, 244, 278, 284 Rheumatoid arthritis, 244, 278, 284 Rhinitis, 44, 76, 86, 102, 103, 104, 117, 123, 133, 269, 284 Ribose, 231, 284 Ribosome, 284, 293 Rigidity, 278, 285 Risk factor, 7, 8, 31, 63, 74, 102, 112, 113, 131, 188, 280, 285 Risk patient, 15, 285 Robotics, 17, 285 Rubber, 80, 113, 125, 126, 215, 231, 242, 272, 285 Rutin, 283, 285 Rye, 256, 285 S Saliva, 177, 179, 285 Salivary, 249, 275, 285 Salivary glands, 249, 285 Saponins, 285, 289 Sclera, 245, 285 Scleroproteins, 265, 285 Sclerosis, 178, 206, 236, 244, 270, 285 Screening, 113, 114, 243, 285 Seafood, 212, 285 Sebaceous, 215, 265, 285, 296 Sebaceous gland, 215, 265, 285, 296 Seborrhea, 176, 285 Sebum, 231, 285 Secretion, 12, 23, 72, 100, 178, 231, 246, 259, 263, 265, 269, 270, 278, 285, 286 Sedative, 243, 261, 286, 294 Seizures, 275, 286 Selenomethionine, 110, 286 Self Care, 3, 218, 286
308 Eczema
Semen, 165, 281, 286 Semisynthetic, 241, 286 Senile, 93, 117, 286 Sensitization, 9, 16, 17, 23, 25, 33, 37, 44, 46, 54, 58, 86, 92, 114, 129, 286 Sequencing, 279, 286 Serine, 286, 294 Serotonin, 18, 275, 283, 286, 294 Serotonin Agonists, 286 Serotonin Antagonists, 18, 286 Serum, 18, 25, 36, 40, 53, 69, 83, 84, 91, 95, 107, 110, 115, 117, 138, 244, 269, 286 Sex Characteristics, 234, 282, 286 Sex Determination, 207, 286 Shedding, 175, 176, 287 Shock, 146, 255, 259, 287, 293 Side effect, 183, 198, 232, 242, 271, 278, 287, 292 Signs and Symptoms, 284, 287 Skeleton, 231, 254, 265, 281, 287 Skin Care, 4, 217, 220, 287 Skin Tests, 68, 87, 287 Small intestine, 157, 238, 250, 252, 256, 259, 261, 264, 265, 287, 294 Smallpox, 8, 14, 16, 81, 194, 210, 287, 295 Smooth muscle, 240, 259, 270, 271, 287, 290 Sneezing, 287 Soaps, 215, 217, 287, 293 Social Environment, 283, 287 Social Support, 287, 290 Sodium, 20, 36, 174, 269, 287, 288, 290 Sodium Nitrite, 174, 287 Sodium sulfite, 36, 174, 288 Solvent, 256, 276, 288, 294 Soma, 288 Somatic, 13, 259, 269, 276, 288 Sorbic Acid, 131, 288 Soybean Oil, 279, 288 Spastic, 264, 288 Specialist, 85, 149, 197, 221, 288 Specificity, 69, 232, 288 Spectrum, 10, 189, 219, 288 Sperm, 234, 242, 279, 288 Spinal cord, 241, 242, 250, 268, 272, 275, 276, 284, 288, 291 Spinal Cord Diseases, 275, 288 Spinous, 252, 265, 288 Spleen, 233, 267, 288 Splenomegaly, 262, 288 Sporadic, 189, 284, 288 Squamous, 89, 117, 118, 178, 252, 288, 289
Squamous cell carcinoma, 89, 117, 118, 252, 289 Squamous cells, 289 Staphylococcus, 51, 65, 116, 119, 186, 255, 261, 289 Staphylococcus aureus, 65, 116, 119, 255, 261, 289 Stasis, 125, 289 Stem Cells, 13, 257, 289 Sterilization, 174, 289 Steroid, 44, 45, 80, 198, 212, 247, 285, 289 Steroid therapy, 80, 289 Stimulant, 259, 289 Stimulus, 176, 177, 277, 284, 289, 292 Stomach, 162, 231, 249, 252, 253, 255, 259, 271, 276, 287, 288, 289 Stool, 264, 265, 289 Strand, 279, 289 Streptococci, 261, 270, 289 Streptococcus, 252, 289 Stress, 100, 180, 183, 189, 197, 212, 215, 217, 241, 255, 264, 271, 275, 280, 284, 285, 290, 294 Stress management, 217, 290 Stridor, 247, 290 Styrene, 285, 290 Subacute, 137, 148, 189, 262, 290 Subarachnoid, 258, 290 Subcapsular, 110, 290 Subclinical, 262, 286, 290 Subcutaneous, 62, 241, 250, 274, 290 Sublingual, 53, 290 Subspecies, 288, 290, 295 Substance P, 253, 268, 286, 290 Superantigens, 65, 290 Supplementation, 4, 101, 153, 290 Support group, 220, 290 Suppression, 9, 243, 246, 290 Suppurative, 241, 290 Surfactant, 175, 290 Sweat, 20, 29, 47, 285, 290, 291 Sweat Glands, 285, 290, 291 Sympathectomy, 129, 291 Sympathetic Nervous System, 291 Symphysis, 242, 281, 291 Symptomatic, 176, 291 Synaptic, 273, 291 Synaptic Transmission, 273, 291 Systemic disease, 260, 291 T Tachycardia, 120, 291
Index 309
Tacrolimus, 15, 49, 97, 127, 128, 198, 216, 291 Tear Gases, 265, 291 Telangiectasia, 207, 291 Teratogenic, 253, 265, 291 Tetani, 291 Tetanic, 291 Tetanus, 11, 291 Thalamic, 236, 291 Thalamic Diseases, 236, 291 Thermal, 158, 249, 273, 279, 292 Thigh, 254, 257, 292 Thorax, 76, 231, 292 Threshold, 153, 156, 260, 292 Thrombin, 278, 281, 292 Thrombocytes, 278, 292 Thrombocytopenia, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 48, 292 Thrombomodulin, 281, 292 Thrombosis, 180, 263, 281, 292 Thromboxanes, 236, 250, 292 Thrombus, 246, 262, 278, 292 Time Management, 290, 292 Tolerance, 10, 60, 127, 292 Tooth Preparation, 231, 292 Toxic, iv, 242, 245, 247, 252, 256, 261, 273, 285, 288, 290, 292, 293 Toxicity, 176, 292, 294 Toxicodendron, 166, 292 Toxicology, 15, 52, 91, 204, 293 Toxins, 235, 238, 251, 256, 262, 270, 293 Toxoid, 11, 293 Trace element, 59, 242, 243, 273, 293 Transcription Factors, 13, 293 Transcutaneous, 158, 293 Transfection, 17, 238, 293 Transfer Factor, 84, 261, 293 Translation, 17, 253, 272, 293 Translocation, 253, 293 Transmitter, 231, 268, 273, 293 Trauma, 33, 272, 293 Treatment Failure, 215, 293 Trees, 233, 285, 292, 293 Triad, 16, 293 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 128, 293 Trichomoniasis, 269, 293 Trichophyton, 174, 293 Triclosan, 34, 293 Tricuspid Atresia, 246, 293 Trimipramine, 52, 294 Trophoblast, 238, 294 Trypsin, 79, 252, 294, 296
Tryptophan, 244, 286, 294 Tuberculosis, 76, 246, 294 Tuberous Sclerosis, 207, 294 Tumor marker, 238, 294 Tumour, 76, 294 Turpentine, 150, 156, 294 Tyrosine, 281, 294 U Ulcer, 241, 248, 266, 294, 295 Unconscious, 248, 260, 294 Urea, 130, 290, 294 Urethra, 281, 294 Urine, 91, 238, 258, 281, 294 Urticaria, 10, 64, 66, 76, 94, 98, 188, 242, 294 Uterus, 242, 280, 294, 295 V Vaccination, 8, 14, 81, 210, 294, 295 Vaccine, 8, 14, 16, 27, 59, 194, 210, 281, 295 Vaccinia, 8, 15, 16, 295 Vaccinia Virus, 8, 15, 16, 295 Vagina, 242, 248, 295 Varicella, 116, 131, 295 Varicose, 45, 80, 131, 189, 266, 295 Variola, 8, 15, 17, 295 Variola Virus, 8, 17, 295 Vascular, 191, 251, 258, 262, 273, 274, 288, 292, 294, 295 Vasoactive, 22, 39, 119, 137, 295 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 119, 295 Vasodilator, 239, 259, 295 Vector, 295 Vein, 264, 273, 277, 295 Venous, 80, 95, 131, 266, 274, 281, 293, 295 Ventricle, 237, 246, 260, 293, 295 Ventricular, 246, 259, 293, 295 Vesicular, 35, 39, 92, 96, 101, 130, 131, 189, 191, 236, 259, 287, 295 Veterinary Medicine, 203, 295 Viral, 15, 29, 102, 139, 251, 274, 295, 296 Virulence, 15, 292, 295 Virus, 8, 14, 17, 34, 35, 40, 41, 70, 71, 112, 114, 116, 132, 241, 247, 262, 263, 278, 287, 295 Viscera, 288, 295 Visceral, 132, 266, 296 Vitallium, 59, 116, 296 Vitiligo, 282, 296 Vitro, 9, 17, 258, 296 Vivo, 9, 296 Vulgaris, 82, 296
310 Eczema
W Warts, 188, 296 Weight Gain, 253, 296 Wheezing, 57, 68, 86, 184, 269, 296 White blood cell, 176, 177, 234, 252, 262, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 278, 296 Wound Healing, 263, 270, 296
X X-ray, 120, 255, 264, 273, 283, 296 X-ray therapy, 120, 264, 296 Y Yeasts, 255, 277, 296 Z Zygote, 245, 296 Zymogen, 281, 296
Index 311
312 Eczema
